PR E FA CE
.
f o r m e r g ra mm a r s o f t h e H a w a i i a n l a ngu a ge
I h av e
a r e o u t o f p rin t a t t h e s o l ici t a t i o n o f f riends
revi sed a n d enl a rged a b rie f syn op s is o f Ha w a ii a n
gr a m m a r w h ich wa s o rigin a lly w ri tten fo r my p u p ils
A
a ll
s
,
,
,
,
1
4
u
lished
in
8
b
6
p
T h is li t t le w o r k d o es n o t p re t end t o b e a p hil o
S o p h ic a l t re a t ise o r to b e a c o m p le t e a cc o un t o f t h e
s t ruc t u re a n d p eculi a ri t ies o f th e Ha w a ii a n b r a nch o f
th e P o lynesi a n l a ngu a ge
B u t i t i s h oped t h a t i t m a y
be o f serv ice t o t h o se wh o w i sh t o s t udy t h e genuine
unc o rru p ted idi o m a s s p o k en b y t h e o lde r Ha w a i
i a ns a s well a s t o s t uden t s o f c o m p a r a t iv e p hil o l o gy
T h e t er m s a n d div isi o ns o f E u r op e a n gr a m m ar s
h a v e b een re ta ined f o r t h e c o nv enience o f s t uden t s
a l t h o ugh
t h ey a r e o nly p a r t i a lly a pp lic a b le t o la n
gu a ges o f a r a d ic a lly di ff eren t ty p e
I h a ve to a c k n o wledge my o b lig a t i o ns t o R e v L
A nd rews H a w a ii a n G r a mm a r to D r M a unsell s N e w
e a l a nd G r a mm a r a n d to M G a u s s i n s a b le w o r k o n
th e P o lynesi a n l a ngu a ge
an d
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
Z
’
.
’
,
.
’
-
,
.
.
W
M
ay ,
1908
.
D
.
A LE ! A N D E R
.
-
f
!
fill5 9 76 5 5
.
Sy n o p s i s
Sho r t
A
G
ra
o
mmar
PA R T I
Ha wa i i a n
f
.
.
T h e fo ll o wing
syn o p s is i s in tended to c o n ta in o nly
gener a l p rinci p les Fo r de t a ils see ! udge A ndrews
Ha w a ii a n G r a m m a r
’
,
.
.
O R T H O E PY
.
A l l p u r el y H a wa i i a n s o u nd s
b e rep re sent ed by
fiv e a r e v o w el s a n d s eve n c o n s o n a nt s
t u e l v e l ette r s o f w hi ch :
v i z a e i o u h k l m n p w A i s s o un d ed a s i n fa t h e r
l e an d n o t
e a s i n th e y i a s i n m a r i n e 0 1 a s i n n o t e i t a s i n r u
I n a fe w w o rd s a s m a k a ma k e ma n a & c ; th e
as i n mul e
s o u n d o f a a pp r o a ch e s t h a t o f a sh o rt a i n t u b I n th e c o m
p o u nd s o f wa h a a n d i n O a h u i t h a s a b ro a d s o u n d l i k e t h a t o f
a i n fa l l
I
.
can
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
'
,
.
N o d i st i ncti o n wa s f o rm e rl y m a d e b et wee n t h e s o u nd s
T h e s o un d o f t p re
o f k a n d t o r bet w ee n t h o s e o f l a n d
”
v a i l ed o n K a u a i t h a t o f k o n H a w a i i
I n the w o rd s H i l o
”
“
”
l i l o a n d h i l a hi l a the l wa s o ft en s o u n ded l i ke d I t i s o n
s o m e a cc o u nt s u n f o rt u n a t e th a t 13 wa s ch o se n r a th e r t h a n t t o
2
.
,
,
.
,
.
rep re s ent th e s o u nd wh i ch i s repres en t e d by t th r o ugh o u t th e
“
”
re st o f Po lyne si a wh i l e th e P o lyn e s i a n k c o r res p o nd s t o th e
gu tt u r a l o f th e H a w a i i a n d i a l ect T h e s o u nd o f w i s re a l l y b e
t w een t h a t o f U a n d w i n Engl i sh a n d i n the m i d d l e o f wo rd s
i t a pp r o a che s m o re cl o s el y t o th a t o f v a s i n 11mm la t t a & c
.
.
‘
,
,
'
,
,
,
.
Eve ry wo rd a n d syl l a b l e m u s t en d i n a v o w el a n d n o
t wo c o n s o n a nt s a r e eve r h e a r d w1t h o u t a v o we l s o un d betw een
T o t h i s ru l e t he re 1 5 n o e x c e p t 1o n
th em
3
.
,
.
.
B esi d e s t h e s o un ds ment i o n ed a b o ve th e re i s i n m a n y
w o rd s a gut t u r a l b re a k o r c a tch i ng o f t he b re a t h s o m et i me s a t
th e b e g m n m g b u t m o re o ft e n i n t h e m i d d l e o f a w o rd T h i s
gut tu r a l i s p r o pe rly a c o n s o n a n t a n d fo rm s a n es s e n t i al p a rt o f
the wo rd s 111 wh 1c h 1t 15 f o u nd I t a lm o s t i nv a ri a bl y t a ke s th e
4
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
HAW
6
A I I A N G RAM MAR
.
p l a c e o f th e P o lynes i a n 12 T h u s th e P o l yn es i a n i k a fi sh b e
c o m e s i a i n H a w a i i a n T h i s gu tt u r a l c o n s o n a n t i s re p re s ente d
by a n a p o st r o ph e i n a fe w c o mm o n w o rd s t o d i s ti ngu i sh
t h ei r m e a n i ng a s k o u m y k o u t h y
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
’
,
,
,
5 A l i s t o f a fe w
g u i s h e d by th e gu t t u r a l
.
to
a e,
s sen t
a
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
-
.
,
’
,
.
’
’
,
.
’
.
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
p a s s o v e r emb a rk
n eck P o lynes i a n k a lai
a i
t o t e a ch
a o
a u
a s w o rd fi s h
a u
mine
ak o ak o a
t h e h o rn e d c o r a l
é a a c l o u d o f d u st
i a a fish
i e a k ap a b e a t e r
i e qu a r re l s o m e i n l i q u o r
i i t o b e c r o wd ed
o a a r a fte r
o i t o l imp
é o rip e
o u
m me
u i y o u ng v i g o r o u s
h a i t o b e b r o ken
h a o t o d i sc r ed i t
h i u a fi sh s t a i l
h u a fo a m
h u a k a i s e a f o a m sp o nge
h u i rhe u m a t i sm
k a i t o c a r ry l e a d
k o a a c o r a l re e f
k o e a n a ngl e w o rm
to
—
.
,
:
a e,
.
.
,
th e m o re i mp o rt a nt w o rd s d i st i n
b re a k
of
’
t fo o d
ao
l i gh t a c lo u d
c u r rent t i m e & c
au
a
au th i ne
a k o a k o a t o a s s emb l e
ea
to r i s e u p
ia he s he or it
i e c l i mb i ng p l a nt
a
.
,
.
’
,
.
.
’
,
m o u ldy
0a
t o sp l i t
oi t o excel
6 6 a d i gge r
ou
th i n e
u i qu es t i o n
h a i t o t el l
ii
’
,
.
,
,
’
,
’
,
.
,
,
h a o , i ro n
h i u , s hy
h u a fr u i t
h u a k a i , p r o ce s s i o n
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
k o i an a x e
’
k o u mine
k u h t o p o un d
’
.
,
,
.
.
,
l i uli u
’
’
ma i
l o ng t i m e
a
,
.
.
s i ck
m a k a u a fr a i d
m o a c o o ked w el l d o ne
na u
fo r m e
’
‘
,
.
’
,
.
’
,
,
.
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
’
.
,
.
,
’
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
,
’
.
,
.
’
m i x u ni t e
k a i s ea w at e r
k o a a s o l di e r b r a v e
k o e rem a i ni ng
k o i t o u rge c o mp el
k o u t hi ne
k u i t o st i tch a n e ed l e
l i u l 1u t o get r e a dy
m a i h i th e r
m akau fi s h h o o k
m o a a ch i cken f o w l
n au t o ch ew
11 5
1 11
f o r th e e
p a u d o ne fin i sh e d
p 0 1 t a r o p a st e
p u e t o c r o uch
wa u I
,
.
’
’
,
’
,
.
to
.
,
.
,
.
’
.
hui
.
,
,
’
.
,
.
’
.
,
.
’
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
.
.
soot
p o i a c o ve r l i d
p u e t o s e d uce t o 11 111 p o t a t o e s
wa u t o s c r a tch
pa
’
u,
.
’
,
,
.
’
,
,
’
,
.
.
HA W A II A N G R A M M A R
7
.
i s i mp o rt a n t t o o b s e rve t h e d i s ti n c t i o n b e t we e n l o ng
T h u s awa m e a n s a h a rb o r b u t (710 0 a p l a n t
a n d sh o rt vo we l s
fr o m whic h a n i n t o x i c at i ng d ri nk i s m a d e A g a i n, k au a m e a n s
wa r wh i l e c a m e a n s w e t wo o r I a n d t h o u
M au i i s t h e
n a m e o f a n i s la n d M au i o f a f a m o u s d em i g o d a n d k au la
m e a n s a r o pe w h i l e k au la m e a n s a p r o ph et
Th i s i s t r u e
7 T he a ccent gen e r a ll y f a l l s o n th e p en u lt
o f a b o ut fi v e s i x t h s o f t h e w o r d s i n t h e la ng u a ge
The a c cen t i s fre q u en t ly d r a w n fo rw a rd b y t h e en c l i t i c
8
la w hi ch i s ge ne r a l ly p r o n o u nce d a s i f i t f o rme d p a r t o f t h e
p re c ed i ng w o rd T h u s a k u l a i s p r o n o u nce d a k ti la u a m o k u
6
It
.
,
.
,
'
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
-
.
.
,
.
la
m a k t i la
no
as
A Li st
9
.
,
,
.
of
S i m i la r w o rd s d i s t ingu i sh e d b y th e A
th e re
ak a sh a d o w
51a t o ri s e
an o l i ken e s s ch a r ac te r
eh a p a i n
i o m e at
i na i f
rip e
G o a bi rd
t 1e t o w ren c h
t u rn
k ak a t o ri n se cl o th e s
k é la t o p r o c l a i m t o p a rd o n
k éla t o e x cel
k en a t o be s at i a t ed o f t h i rs t
k a n ak a m a n
m al u a s h a d o w
m am a t o ch e w
m a l am a m o nth
n an a f o r h im
p oh o ch a l k
p ua a fl o we r
wé h i a pl a c e
a 1a ,
u ng o dly i m p i o u s
ak a b u t
a la
a p ebb l e
now
i mm edi a te ly
and
fo u r
e ha
i a yo n d e r
i n a c o m e o n ! b e q u i ck !
a d i gge r
ala,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
’
’
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
oc e n t
.
u é,
'
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
k a k a t o sp l i t w o o d
k al a a d o l l a r s i lve r
ke la t h a t
ken a t o o rde r s en d o n
k an a k a m en p e o p l e
m a l u s ec ret
m am a a ct i ve l i gh t
m al a m a t o t a k e c a re
n a n a t o l o o k to s ee
po ho to s i n k
p u a a b un dl e a fl o c k
wa h i t o w r a p u p
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
c ry
,
.
,
to
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
’
,
.
ET Y M O L O G Y
.
T he H a wa u a n l a ngu a ge h a s n o i n fl ec t i o n s wh a t eve r
A l l gr a mm a t ic a l rel a t i o n s s uch a s n umb e r c a se te ns e & c
a re e xp re s s ed by s ep a r a t e p a rti cl e s
II
M o s t w o rd s i n th i s l a ngu a ge c a n b e u se d e i th e r a s
no un s a dj ect i ves ve rb s o r a d ve rb s t he i r m e a ni ng b e i ng i nd i
c a t e d by th e i r p o s i t i o n i n the se n t ence a n d by t h e acc o mp a n
y
i ng p a rt i c les
10
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
HAWAIIA N G R A M M A R
8
N OU N S
.
.
Th e G en d e r o f n o u n s i s d i sti ngu i sh ed fi rst by th e u s e
o f ent i rel y d iff e rent w o rd s a s e l e ma k u l e o l d m a n a n d l u a h i n e
S ec o nd by t h e u s e o f th e a dj ect i ve s h a n e m a l e
o ld w o m a n
fem a l e a s m o a k axne a c o ck a n d m o a wa h z n e a
a n d wa h i n e
hen
13
Th e P l u r a l N u mb e r i s di st i ngu i she d
Fi r s t by the u s e o f t h e p l u r a l defin i t e a rt i cl e n a b e fo re t h e
n o u n a s n o h a le t h e h o u s e s
S e c o n d by th e us e o f t h e p lu r a l S i g n m a n wh i ch i s u se d
ch i e fly o f s m a l l n u mb e r s fr o m t wo t o t e n i nc l u si ve I t d o e s n o t
a dm i t th e d efin i t e a rt i c l e [
ea o r h e b e f o re i t
b u t i s gene r a l ly
p reced ed by t h e e fi n i t e a rt i cl e h e o r by a p o s se s s i ve o r
d e m o n st r a t ive p r o n o u ns a s h e m m a u m e a thes e thi ngs k u u
m a u m a k a my eye s ; h e m a u li o s eve r a l h o r ses
Th i r d by th e u s e o f th e p l u r a l s i gn s p o e pa e a n d p u u
wh i ch a r e p r o p e rl y c o l l ect i v e n o u n s a n d t a ke th e a rt i cl e s o r
P o e i s u s ed ch i e fly o f
o the r qu a l i fyi ng w o rd s b e f o r e th em
l i vi ng th i ngs a n d m e a n s a c o mp a ny c o l l ect i o n P n n l i te r a l l y
i s u s e d ch i e fly o f l i fel e s s thi ngs a n d pa e o f l a nds i s
a h eap
l a n ds & c E g h e p o e h a n m a n a a c o mp a ny o f d i sci pl e s ; h e
pu u p oh a k u a p i l e o f s t o n e s ; k e i a pa e m o k n the se i s l a n d s
A f e w w o rd s b e s i d e s th e m et h o d s expl a i ne d ab o ve
F o u r th
a l s o d i st i ngu i s h th e pl u r a l by p r o l o ngi n g a n d a ccent i ng t h e
fi rs t syl l a b l e
T h u s k ah é k a m a n p l u r a l k an a h a wah i ne
w o m a n p l u r a l wah i n e a n d a fe w o th e rs
T h e syl l a b l e ma a p pe nded t o th e n a m e o f a pe rs o n
Fi f th
den o te s t h e c o m p a ny a s s o ci a t e d w i t h:hi m a s H o a pz h m a
H o a p i li a n d hi s c o mp a ny
12
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
’
,
,
.
P R E PO S I T I O NS
§
.
T h e d i sti nc ti o n s o f c a s e a r e exp res se d by m e a n s
p rep o si ti o n s
T h e s i mpl e p r ep o s it i o n s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
o
I
4
.
of
.
; 223 g I
P
K
E
.
o
“
Ka p i k o
e (l i l i v a l e n t
of
to
.
m a u n a th e s umm i t o f th e m o u nt a i n
“
K0 k e a l i i a i n a t he ch i e f s l a n d ; k a h a n a a k e k a uw a
“
th e w o rk o f the s e rv a n t ; w a h i a k e a l 1i the ch i e f s a i d s o
“
”
N o al s o
N a a n d N o o f fo r c o n ce r ni ng an a cc o u n t o f
s o m e t 1m e s fr o m m wh 1c h c a s e th e f o ll o wm g n o u n t a kes
”
“
N o na a l i i k a a i na
th e d i rect i ve m a i a fte r i t E g
the
l a n d b el o ngs t o t h e c h i e f s ; n a m e a a u i l o h e a i no
L o n o th e th i ngs whi ch I h e a rd c o nce rn i ng L o n o n o
”
A m e ri k a m a i k a m o ku th e sh ip i s fr o m A m e ri c a ; n o
”
i a m a u m ea
c o nce rni ng t h o s e m a t t ers
.
g
.
,
0
ka
‘
,
’
,
,
.
,
2
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
'
’
,
,
,
,
.
HA W AIIA N G R A M M A R
9
.
I l a a n d I o to a t o f t i me a n d by w it h a dj ect i ve s a n d
ne u te r v e rb s I i s a l s o u s ed b e fo re wh a t i n o t he r gr a m
m a rs i s c a l l e d a p re di c a te a c c u s a t ive a fte r ve rb s si gn i fy
i ng t o ch a nge t o ch o o s e rend e r o r c o ns ti t u te t o beco m e
o r t o b e ch a nge d i nt o
I i s a l s o th e s i gn o f th e o bj e c t i v e c a s e a fte r t r a n s i t iv e
v e rb s I n ce rt a i n c o mm o n p h r a s es a v erb i s u n de rs t o o d
“
”
“
b e fo re the o bj ect ive s ign a s i wa i b ri ng w a t e r ; i
“
”
” “
p a hi
E h a i a k u i ke i a p o e
&c E g
g e t m e a kni fe
”
k a n a k a t e l l t o th e s e m en ; “
e h el e i k e k u a hi wi g o t o
”
“
“
”
th e m o u n t a i n ; 1 k a p o i n th e n i g ht ; p i h a i k a wa i
f u l l o f w a t e r ; ma i i k e an u i l l fr o m c o l d ; e ku ku l u 1
“
”
”
ua l i lo i a i kah u n a
k a h a le
he
t o b u i ld th e h o u se ;
”
b ec a m e a p r i e s t ; u a h a n a i a i m a k a u i t wa s m a d e i nt o
“
”
I h a ve ch o s en
a ho o k
n a k o h o a u i a K e a w e i el e l e
Ke a w e a s m e s senge r
M a a t o r i n o f p l a ce a n d by b e f o re p r o n o u n s a n d n a m e s
o f p e r so n s
i n w hi ch c a s e i t t a ke s 0 a fte r i t a n d th e
en c l i t i c la o r n e i a ft e r th e f o l l o w i ng n o u n o r p r on o u n
“
”
E g
h e l i ve d a t W a i me a ;
U a n o h o o i a ma W a i m e a
”
m a 0 I e s u 1a
by ! esus
M a i fr o m
T h e f o ll o w i ng n o u n t a kes i n a i o r a k n a fte r i t
a c c o rd i n g a s t he d i rect i o n i s t o w a rd s o r a w a y fr o m t h e
sp e a ke r
M a i t a ke s 0 a ft e r i t be fo re p ro n o un s a n d a b e fo re n a m e s
o f p e rs o n s i n re la t i o n t o t i m e
s o m et im e s w ritte n i a
“
M a i k a w a h a mai
E g
fr o m t h e m o u t h ; m a i H o n o l u l u
”
“
fr o m H o n o l u l u t o K a i l u a ; m a i o u a k u
a k u i Ka i l u a
“
“
”
n ei fr o m m e ; m a i k a p o m a i s i nc e th e n i ght ; m a i a
”
W ak ea
fr o m t h e t i m e o f W a k e a
“
”
M e wi th E g
E hel e p u m e i a g o t o geth e r w it h h im
”
“
” “
“
A s a n a dve rb me m e a n s
l i ke
E g
Me he
as
”
“
“
h i p a la
l i ke a s h eep ; e l i ke m e kei a
l i ke th i s ; me
”
k a a i o le
w i th o ut fo o d
E by o n l y u s e d a fte r p a s si ve ve rb s t o d en o t e th e a gen t
“
”
E g
t h e h o u s e has
U a k u k u lu i a k a h a l e e k e a l i i
b ee n b u i l t by th e ch i e f
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
R
E M A R KS
ON
TH E
PR E PO S I
Th e D i s ti n c ti o n be twe e n A
’
‘
I I ON S
a nd
.
O
The re i s a n i m p o rt a n t di st i nct i o n b e t we en th e th ree a
p rep o si t i o n s a tea a n d no a n d t he th re e 0 p rep o s i t i o n s 0 h a
“
”
”
“
a nd n o
0 i mp l i e s a p as s iv e o r i n tr a ns i t i v e re l a t i o n
an
a
“
”
a c t i v e a n d tr a n s i t i v e o n e
A
c a n o n ly b e u s ed be f o re a w o r d
d en o t i ng a l iv in g p er s o n o r a ge nt a n d i mp l i e s th a t the th i ng
15
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
HAWAIIA N G R A M M A R
10
.
p o ss es s ed i s h i s t o m a k e o r a c t u p o n o r i s s ubj ec t to h i s w i ll
“
w h i l e o0 i mpl i e s t h a t i t i s h i s m e rely t o p o s se s s o r u s e t o r e
Th i s d i st i nct i o n i s c o m m o n t o a l l P o l y
c e i v e o r b e a ffe c ted by
mes i a n l a ngu a ge s b u t i s m o s t cl e a r a n d s t ri ki ng i n th a t o f N e w
“
“
”
e a la n d T h u s k a h a l e a Ke a w e m e a n s th e h o u s e w h i c h
“
”
“
”
K e a w e b u i l t b u t k a h a l e o Ke a w e“ m e a n s si mpl y th ”e
h o u s e wh i ch Ke a w e l i ve s i n
A g a i n k a w a h i n e a Ke a w e
”
“
“
”
m e a n s th e w i fe o f Ke a we wh i l e k a w a h i n e o Ke a w e w o u l d
“
”
K e kei ki a Ke a w e
m e a n K e a we s m a i d se rv a nt
d en o te s
“
”
K e a we s o wn ch i l d w hi l e k e kei ki o Ke a w e w o u l d d en o t e h i s
“
”
e rr a n d b o y & c I n N e w e a l a nd h e h a ngi ma n i s a n o ve n
“
”
f o r y o u t o c o o k w i th b u t he h a ngi m a n i s a n o ve n i n w h i ch
y o u a r e t o b e c o o k ed a n d w o u l d b e a m o s t o ffen s i ve c u r s e
,
,
,
.
Z
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
-
Z
.
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
16
I t fo ll o w s o f c o u rs e th at s uch w o rd s a s h an a w o rk
r equ i re a a ft e r t h em a n d s o d o es a i f o o d a n d a ll i t s de ri v a
t i v es
W o r d s a r e c o nc e i ve d a s o f m a d e o r f a sh i o ned b y t h e
“
” “
”
m o u t h a n d h ence o le lo
n le
& c re qu i re a Fo r a s i m i
p
“
w rit i ng t a ke s a T he f o l l o wi n g n a m e s o f
l a r re a s o n p a la p a la
r el a ti o n sh ip k e i k i ch i l d m o o pn n a a d e sce nd a n t k a nwa a s e r
v a nt a n d ha u ma n a a p up i l re q u i re s a a ft e r t h em O n th e o t h
e r h a n d o u r p a re nt s b r o th ers a n d s i ste r s o u r a nce st o rs rul e rs
a n d fri en d s
t a ke 0 s i nc e th ey d o n o t o we t h e i r ex i s tence t o
u s n o r a r e s ubj ec t t o o u r w i l l 0 i s u s e d o f cl o th i ng c a n o es
a n d s u ch t h i ngs a s a r e o u rs t o w e a r o r u se b u t n o t t o p r o d u ce
A ll o f th e p a rt s o f t h e b o dy a n d th e f a cu l t i es o f th e m i nd a s
m a n a o m a k e m o k o & c t a ke 0 A l l t h e m o r e re m o t e rel a t i o n s
i nc l u d i ng th a t o f a p a r t t o a w h o l e a re exp res s e d b y 0
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
Th e f o l l o wi ng l i s t c o mp ri se s th e p ri nci p a l w o rd s t h a t
gen e r a l ly requ i r e t h e a p rep o s i t i o n s a fte r t h em
I
7
.
.
a 1,
fo o d
c o mm a n d
s e rv a n t
k a n e h u sb a n d
kei ki ch i l d
m o o p u n a d es cend a n t
k a uo h a
k a u w a,
.
o i h a n a, o
ffi c e
o l e lo
w o rd
h a u m a n a d i s cip l e
h a n a w o rk
.
.
,
,
.
.
O n Ka
a nd
K0
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
p a l a p a l a w ri t i ng
p u l e p r a ye r
w a n a n a p r o ph ecy
w a h i ne w i fe
b uke b o o k
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
p rep o s i ti o n s h a a n d k o a r e c a l l ed p r e fi x p r ep o s i
t i o ns b ec a u s e wh en th ey a r e u s ed t h e n o u n d en o t i ng t h e p o s
“
”
s e s s o r p re c e d e s
th e t hi ng p o s se s sed Th u s k o k e a l i i h a l e
“
”
th e ch i e f s h o u s e i s equ i v a l ent t o k a h a l e o k e a l i i the h o u s e
o f the ch i e f
T h es e p r e fi x p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e u n d o ubte d ly c o m
p o u n d ed o f th e d e fi ni t e a rt icl e h a a n d th e p rep o s i t i o n s a a n d 0
“
“
”
”
re sp ect i vel y T h u s k o k e a l i i h a l e i s fo r k a o k e a l i i h a l e
18
.
T he
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
'
.
-
.
,
.
HAWAI I A N G R A M M A R
On N
N
a nd
a
0
11
.
.
Th e fu nd a men t a l i de a i n n o a n d n o s e em s t o b e r i g h t
“
”
n o k e a l i i k a h a le
m e a n s th e h o u se i s fo r
o r p o s s es s i o n Th u s
Whe n a n a c ti v e v e rb i n th e i nfini t i ve
o r b el o ngs t o th e ch i e f
“
f o ll o w s na i s u s e d a n d no t n o A s n a Ke a w e e a o a k u i n a
“
”
k a n a k a i t b e lo ngs t o Ke a w e i t i s K s d u ty t o t e a c h m en N O
”
H i l o m a i fr o m H i l o i mp l i e s th a t o n e b e l o ngs t o H i l o N o
d en o te s o r i g i n fr o m m a i s e p a ra ti o n f r o m B o th n o a n d m ai
s i gni fyi ng f r o m re q u i re a d i rect i ve ma i o r a k n a fte r th e f o l
l o w i n g n o un a c c o rdi n g a s t h e m o t i o n i s t o w a rd s o r a w ay
fr o m th e spea k e r
19
.
,
.
.
’
.
,
’
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
On I
la
,
a nd
I
.
o
.
Z
Th e p rep o s i ti o n i to a n d i t h e o bj ect i ve s i gn a re
re a l ly di st i nct w o rd s I n th e N e w e a la nd T o ng a n a n d R a w
t o ng a n d i a l ec t s th e f o rm e r i s hi a n d th e la t t e r i T he y t a ke
t h e fo rm i n b e fo r e p r o n o u n s a n d p r o p e r n a me s
Th e f o rm i a
t o i s u s e d a ft e r ve rb s o f m o t i o n b e fo re p r o n o u n s o r p r o pe r
“
ia
n a me s wh i ch a r e ge ne r a lly f o l lo wed by n e i o r la E g
”
“
”
ma k o u n e i
i a Kr is to la
T h e 1st i n i a a n d
to u s
t o Ch ri st
th e o i n i a a r e n o d o ub t d i st i nct el em ent s a n d i n so m e d i a l ect s
“
”
P r o b a bl y l i k e t h e O emp h a t i c
a r e w ri tten s ep a r a t el y
t he y
e x p re s s pe r s o n a l it y o r i n d i v i d u a l i t y
Th e u s e o f i a s a s i gn o f th e o bj ecti ve c a s e m ay b e i l l u s t r a t ed
by t h e u se o f th e p rep o si ti o n d i n S p a n i s h b e fo re t h e d i rec t
o bj ect o f a ve rb w h en i t d en o t e s a n a n i m a te d b ei n g
I n a simi
la r m a nne r e th i s u s e d i n H eb re w b e f o r e a d efini t e o bj ec t
“
E g
P uh i l ak o u i k a h a l e
t h ey b u rned t h e h o u s e
21
Wh a t i s c a ll e d th e v o c a t i ve c a s e i s e x p res s e d b y t h e
“
”
p refi x e a s E Ke o n i ! 0 J o h n !
20
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
'
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
AR T I C L E S
.
H e i s t h e H a w a i i a n i n d e fi n i te a r ti c le c o r re sp o n d i ng
I t i s u s ed o nl y i n th e s m g u la r n umbe r
t o t h e Engl i sh a o r an
A ft e r a v e rb o r p rep o s it i o n t h e a rt i c le
a n d n o mi n a ti v e c a s e
“
“ ”
“
”
”
i s o fte n rend e red by k a h i o r k e k a h i
a
I t s u s e be fo r e
t h e pl u r a l s i gn s ma n po e & c c a n b e e x p l a i ne d b y t h e fa c t t h a t
th e se a r e p r o pe rly c o l l e c t i ve n o un s
23
Th e re a r e t wo defini t e a rti cl es c o r re s p o n d i ng t o th e
“
”
Engl i sh th e lea o r lee fo r t h e s i ngul a r a n d 11151 fo r t h e p lu r a l
The fo rm h e i s u s e d be fo re a ll w o rd s b egi nn i ng w ith k a fe w
begi nn i ng w i th p a n d a la rge n umbe r b egi nn i ng wi th a o r 0
T h e fo rm te prev a i l s t h r o ugh o u t a ll S o u th ern Po l yn e si a T h i s
a rt i c l e
lee m u s t n o t be c o n fo u n ded w i th t h e p a rt i c ip l e h e p re
fi x ed t o v e rb s
22
”
“
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
1
.
,
’
,
.
.
.
,
.
HAWAIIA N GRAM MAR
12
.
Th e b es t r ul e f o r th e fo rm o f th e d efin it e a rti cl e b e
f o r e w o r d s c o mm en c i n g wi t h a i s th e f o l l o w i ng Us e h e be fo re
a s h o r t a n d tea b e f o re a l o ng Th u s h e awa t he h a rb o r a n d lea
awa th e p l a n t a wa
L G a u s s i n s a ys th a t h a i s u sed be f o re
th o s e w o rd s a t t h e b egi nn i n g o f w h i c h a c o n s o n a nt (t h e P o l y
n e s i a n k gu tt u r a l ) h a s b ee n d r o pp ed a n d h e b e fo re th e s imp l e
v o wel s a a n d 0 T h e s e t wo r u l e s ge ne r a l l y c o i nci d e
24
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
Th e fo l lo w i ng a r e t he m o st c o m m o n w o rd s c o m m en c
i th:a o a n d p t h a t requ i re t h e a rt ic le h e b e f o re t hem
25
.
1n g W
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
,
.
th e j a w
a a
ro o t v e i n
ao
l igh t
a u p u n i ki ngd o m
ah i
fi re
even i ng
a h i ah i
b re a t h
aho
sh a d o w
ak a
akaakai
r u s he s
akua
G od
a 1a
ro a d
th e chi e f
al i i
fr o nt
a lo
l ha
a
,
a o
r a fte r
hai r
o ho
l i fe
o la
e a rth q u a ke
o la i
o a,
ut ri gge r
ami
h inge
gl a s s
aniani
an a
cav e
ana i na
a s semb ly
an o
l i ken es s
anu
co l d
apo
r i ng h o o p
h a rb o r
a wa
a wa k ea
noo n
b re a th
ea
fo rk
0
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
sand
o pe
b u nd le
m el e s o ng
p l at e
pa
p ri s o n e r
pio
p i b i b utt o n
p o i c o ve r
p o o h ead
o ne,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
’
,
’
,
’
Th e
O E mp h a ti c
s aw
o lo ,
,
,
Z
lo ve
,
am a , o
,
,
’
,
.
The
i t i s gene r a l ly c a l l ed h a i n
O emp h a t i c
as
N e w e a l a n d seem s t o b e a ki n d o f a rt i cl e I t s e rve s t o po i nt
I t i s u sed o nl y w i th t h e n o m i n a
o u t th e s ubj ect emp h a t i c a l l y
t i v e c a s e a n d ch i e fly b e f o re p r o pe r n a m e s a n d p r o n o u n s I t i s
t h e regu l a r p refi x t o a p r o p e r n a m e i n th e n o m i n a t ive c a s e
26
'
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
ccu rs w i th c o m mo n n o u ns o n ly wh e n t h ey a r e
d e fi n e d o r p a r t i cu la ri ze d by th e defin i te a rti cl e by a n a d
j e c t i v e p r o n o u n o r a n o u n i n the p o s s es s i ve c a s e a n d w hen a t
t h e s a m e t i m e th ey begi n th e cl a u s e I t m a y b e a d d ed th a t i t
o ccu rs w i th s uch n o u n s o n ly wh en i n Engl i sh t h ey w o u l d be th e
“
s ubj ect o f th e v e rb t o b e i n a cl a u se a ffi rm i ng t he i dent ity o f
t wo t e rm s o r whe n t h ey s t a n d i n t he n o m i n a t iv e a b s o l ut e
27
.
It
o
,
,
.
,
.
,
E
p l es o f
xa m
’
O E mp h a ti c
.
H o l o a k u l a 0 Lo n o L o n o s a i l e d a w a y
O o e n o k e k a na
“
”
”
ka
t h o u a rt t h e m a n
th 1 s i s my h o rs e
0
0 k o u li o ke i a
”
H a w a n k a m o k up u n i n u i
H a w a i i i s th e l a rge 1s la n d
.
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
.
HAWA II A N G R A M M A R
A D J ECT I V E S
28
A dj ect iv es h a ve
.
no
13
.
.
d i st inc t i o n
/
o
f C e n de r
N u mb e r
,
or
C a se
T h ey a r e c o mp a re d by s ubj o i n i ng a d ve rb s t o th em T he a d
ve rb s a e a n d a k u a r e u se d t o fo rm the c o mp a r a t iv e deg ree
”
v ery t o fo rm th e s up e rl a t i ve T h e p rep o s i t i o n i i s
a n d 10 a
“
“
”
s o m e t i me s u s ed l i ke th a n i n Engl i sh a n d t h e n m e a n s i n
”
w i th
C o mp a r i s o n i s a l s o o fte n e xp re s sed b y
c o mp a ri s o n
“
N a m e a n u i a k u i ke i a
u s i ng t h e v e rb o i t o s u rp a s s E g
“
thi ngs gre a t e r th a n t h i s
O i a k u k ei a m a m u a 0 kel a t h i s
“
s u rp a s s e s g o e s b e f o re th a t
E o i a k u k o o uk o u m a i k a i i k o
”
la k o u
y o u r be a uty w i l l s u rp a ss t h ei rs
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
N U M ER A L S
C a rd i n a l n umb ers
a re
.
f o ll o w s
as
:
u m i k u ma m a k a h i
m i k u m a m a lu a
i wa k a lu a
i wa k a l u a k u m a ma k a h i
u
k a n a k o lu
k a na h a
la u
man o
ki n i
le h u
s
The
[
i
i
o nar
50
60
70
80
fo ll o w i ng h a ve be e n i n t r o d u c ed by th e A m e ri c a n m i s
es ]
k a n a li ma
k a na o n o
k a na h i k u
k a n a wa l u
90
1 00
kanai wa
h an e ri
tau s ani
m i l i o n a &c
,
Fo rm e rly 100 w o u l d h a ve be en e xp re s s e d th u s ,
”
rn e k a i wa k a l u a
.
e lu a
k a n a ha
.
REM A R K S
.
I n st e a d o f c o u nt i ng by p a i r s a s i n m o s t o f th e s o u th
e rn gr o up s t h e H a w a i i a n s c o unt e d by f o u rs
A fo u r t a ke n
c o l l e c t i vel y i s c a l l ed a k a u na a n d fo rm e d t he b a s i s o f the i r s y s
t em T hi s p r o b a bly a r o s e fr o m the c u s to m o f c o u nt i ng fi s h
c o c o n ut s t a r o &c by t a ki ng a c o up l e i n e ac h h a n d o r by
t y i ng t h em i n b un dl e s o f fo u r
Th e w o rd k u mi o r mn i i s u sed i n the o t he r di a lect s o n ly i n
c o u nt i ng fa t h o ms On th e o the r h a n d a n a h u lu w h i ch i s u s e d
30
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
.
,
HA W AIIA N G R A MM A R
14
.
i n H a wa n a n o nly f o r a p e ri o d o f t e n da y s i s t h e w o rd f o r te n
i n a l l t h e o th e r M a lay o P o lyn e s i a n l a ngu a ge s B e s i de s they
h a v e f o r f o rt y th e sp ec i fi c n um e r a l s i a leo u sed i n c o u nt i n g
t a p a s a n d c a n o e s a n d k a a u u s e d i n c o u n t i ng fi sh th e S o u t h
e r n te k au
I n c o u nt i n g a i s gene r a l ly p refi xe d t o t h e n ume r a l s a s
31
ahahi
a lu a
&c
A t o th e r t i m e s e i s gen e r a l ly p re fixed Bu t
th e H a w a i i a n d i a l ec t gene r a l l y u s es h o o b e fo re h a h z a s
h o o k a h i p u a a o n e li o g & c A s G a u s s i n s a ys a c o nt a i n s t he
i de a o f s ucce s s i o n a n d o f ch a n ge e o f c o mp let i o n o r o f p e r
m a ne nt s ta t e
T h e h igh e r n umb ers a r e u s e d l i ke c o l le c t iv e
n o u n s a n d l i k e t hem t a ke t h e a rt i c le s b e f o re t hem a s h e u mi
h e ha na h a & c
C o mp a r e th e exp re s si o n s a h u nd re d a s c o r e
Th e u n i t s a r e co nnect e d t o t h e t ens b y t h e
& c i n Engl i s h
c o nnect iv e k u ma ma a s h a s b ee n s ee n a b o ve B u t th e h i ghe r
n u mb e rs a r e c o n nec t ed by m e fo l l o w ed b y t h e a rt i c le as
“
h o o k a h i h a n e r i m e k a i wa k a l u a k u m a m a h i k u = 1 2 7
,
'
-
.
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
’
~
’
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
O R DI N A L A N D
D I S T R I BUT I V E
N U M B ER S
.
Th e o rd i n a l s a re f o rme d by p r e fi x i n g t h e a rt i cl e lea o r
“
”
wh i ch i s m n a
lee t o t h e c a rd i n a l n umb e rs e xcep t th e fi rs t
”
“
” “
” “
ka
The th i rd d ay i s k e k o l u 0 k a l a
T he s eventh ye a r
h i k u 0 k a m a k a h i ki
D i st rib u ti v e s a r e f o rme d by p r e fi x i n g
pa a s p a k a hi o n e b y o n e o r o n e a p i e c e p a lu a t wo by t wo o r
S o m et im e s k o k o o i s p refix ed t o d en o t e c o m
t wo a pi ec e & c
p a ny o r p a rt ne r sh ip a s k o k o o l i ma fiv e i n c o mp a ny k o k o o
I n a a s ec o nd a p a rtne r o r a s s i s t a nt
32
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
.
’
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
FR A C TI O N S
.
P o lynes i a n la ngu a ge h a d o rigi n a l ly a n y w o r d t o
e xp r es s th e i d e a o f defin i t e fr a cti o n , t h o ugh t hey h a d a n a b un
d a nce o f w o rd s t o exp re s s th e i de a o f a p a r t T o s upp ly thi s
d e fec t, th e Engl i s h m i s s i o n a ri e s i nt r o d uce d i nt o T a h i t i a n t h
w o rd s a fa (h a l f ) a n d tn a ta (q u a rt e r )
I n a s i m i l a r wa y t h e
w o r d h a p a ( h a l f ) h a s b een i n t r o d u ce d i n t o t he H a w a i i a n la n
gu a ge , b u t h a s a cqu i re d t h e g e n e r a l sp eci fi c a t i o n o f a p a rt
By p re fi x i n g th i s h a p a t o th e seve r a l n um e r a l s , n a m e s h a v e
“
”
b ee n f o rme d fo r a ll p o s s ib l e f r a cti o ns , a s h a p a l u a , a h a l f ,
”
h ap a h a , a f o u r t h , & c
33
.
N
O
.
.
.
.
PR O N OU N S
34
.
The p e rs o n a l p r o n o u n s
I
Au
ST
PE R SO N
Ow a n
M au a K au a
M ako u Kak o u
or
,
,
fo l lo w s
PE R SO N
a re
2D
.
as
Oe
O u ko u
Ol ua
HA W AIIA N G R A M M A R
!
EM A R K S
R
15
.
.
O wa u i s s imp ly a m o re emp h a t i c f o rm fo r a n, a s o i a i s
T he d u a l wa s f o rme d by c o mp o u n di ng t he r o o t o f t h e
fo r
“
”
p r o n o u n w i t h lu a
t wo a n d th e p l u r a l i n l ike m a n ne r b y
“
”
H e nce t h es e p l u r a l s w e re
a dd i ng
k o lu
t h re e , t o th e r o o t
a s t hey a r e sti l l i n V i t i a n o r Fe ej e e , w h ich
o ri gi n a lly tr i na ls
T h e l s h a v e b ee n d r o p p e d i n a ll c a s e s e x
h a s f o u r n umb e rs
“
”
cep t i n O lu a b u t a r e st i l l re t a i ne d i n th e p l u r a l b y th e T o ng a n
d i a l ect a s ma n to ln & c N o ne O f th e p r o n o u n s h a v e a ny d i s
t i n c t i o n o f ge nde r
T h e fo rm s m a n a a n d m a k o n ex clu de w h i le k a n a a n d
36
lea /
e on i n c l u d e th e p e r s o n sp o ke n t o
T h i s rem a rk a b l e di s t i n c
t i o n i s fo u nd i n a ll Po lyne s i a n la ngu a ge s , a s w el l a s i n t h o s e o f
35
ia
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
M i c r o nes i a a n d eve n exten d s t o t h e E a s t I nd i a n A rch i p e l a g o
I n the s ec o n d pe r s o n t h e H a w a i i a n h a s d r o pp e d i n i t i a l 12 u si ng
.
,
,
ao
fo r k o e, & c
.
I n the s i ngu la r n umb e r t h e P e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s h a v e a
s ec o n d s h o r t e r s e t o f fo rms o r p r o n o m i n a l a ffi x e s u s e d o n l y
a ft e r ce rt a i n p repo s i t i o n s
(a 0 k a k o n a n o i a a n d i Q ) w i t h
wh i c h th ey u n i t e t o f o rm p a rt O f t h e s a m e w o r d T h e s e fo rm s
a r e i n th e fi rs t p e rs o n
i n t h e s e c o n d n i n t h e t h i rd n a
n
Th is n i n t h e fi rs t p e rs o n i s k n i n th e S W d i a l e c t s o f Po ly
37
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
’
.
n e 51a
.
38
as
N
T he
fo l l o w s
:
.
i
o m n at
D e c l e ns i o n
ls
i ve
r
Fo r & c
Th ro ug h
M
—
M
Fro m
W i th M
By — E
—
PE R S O N
Cc
u
.
3D
PE R S O N
.
la
s
a
Co mmo n
la
o u
a
O
ka
'
u
'
na u
nana
'
no u
ia
IO
—
21)
.
’
la
To
t he se p r o n o u n s i n th e s i ngu l a r i s
a u
N
.
f
’
Ka
N
o
Les
0
or
PE RS O N
A
Pre p o s i no n
1A
W 1t h t h e
By
.
'
i0
no l a
u
.
u
{i
a
l ei
flf
’
ma O u
ei
ma i O u a k u
m
ai
me a u
'
a
ma
o na la
ma i
0 11 3
’
ai
mai
ou
'
e
e au
Th e f o rm ia i a h i m i s p ro n o u nc ed a s o n e w o rd w it h t h e
a ccen t 0 11 t h e fi r s t syl l a bl e
l i ke y ay a
Th e d u a ls o f th e p e rs o n a l p r o n o u n s o fte n s e rv e to
39
“
c o nnect wo rd s de n o ti n g p e rs o n s
Th u s H o ap i l i 10 140 0 Ka la
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
HAWAIIA N GRAM MAR
16
.
Th e d u a l la na i nc l u de s t h em b o th I n s u ch s e n
“
”
t en c e s
0 f o l l o w s th e d u a l wh e n b o th n o u n s a r e subj ect s o f
“
t h e s a m e v e rb a s la n a o i n t he p rece di ng ex a mpl e
E o le lo
“
”
”
ma u a
p u m a u a m e M a n o n o m e a n s I w i l l t a l k w i th M a n o n o
by a n a pp a rent c o n q 1o n o f i d e a s i ncl u d i ng t h e sp e a ke r a n d
M a no n o
Th e H a wa n a n s gene r a l ly a v o i d a pp lyi ng la n a o r la k o u
40
T h e s a m e rem a rk a pp l i e s t o i a i a T he y
t o i n a ni m a t e o bj ect s
“
”
i a m e a o r s o m e s uch ph r a s e i n ste a d o f a p e r s o n a l p r o
us e
no un
”
S e lf a n d o wn a r e e xp re s s e d by i h o pl a c ed a ft e r
41
“
”
“
”
H i m s e lf i s i a i a i h o a n d h i s o wn k o n a i h o
th e p ro n o u n
n i mo k u
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
p le s
x am
E
Ka h a n a
.
,
my wo rk
’
o
f
P r o n o u ns
Ao l e
.
I h a v e n o h o rs e
”
“
Hea h a k o u m a n ao n o u
wh a t i s y o u r o p i n i o n o f m e
Ua
“
”
h o op u n i p u ni m ai O l u a i a u
M a O u
y o u t wo h a v e l i ed t o m e
l a n a m a l u h i a ke i a a i n a
t h r o u gh m e t h i s l a n d was i n pe a c e
“
“
h e wa s ki l l ed b y m e
H e ha l e k o
Ua p ep eh i i a o i a e a u
“
”
k a u a y o u a n d I h av e a h o u s e
Ua m a l ama mai o e i a m au a
“
Al o h a o e a m e na h anai au
y o u h a v e t a k e n c a re o f u s t wo
“
”
l o ve t o th ee a n d thy f o ste r ch i l d ren
H e manao k o u i a o e I
“
M a o u l a e la n a k i la a i m a k o u
h a ve a th o u ght t o y o u
“
th r o ugh y o u w e sh a l l c o nqu er
U a l a w e i a i a m e a ma i o u a k u
“
”
”
la
M al a i la n o i a
th a t th i ng wa s t a ke n a w a y fr o m y o u
“
“
the re h e i s
E k o ku a o e i a i a h e lp tho u h i m
H el e m a i l a
”
l a k o u i o n a l a they c a m e t o h im
M a i h o o h ik i m a o n a la
“
”
d o n o t s we a r by h i m
H a l i n a k u i a m a i o n a a k u h e t u rne d
“
“
”
a w a y fr o m h i m
Uwe p u l a u a th ey t wo w ep t t o geth e r
A O
“
”
h e t a ugh t t h em
ak u l a i a i a l a k o u
M a 0 l a k o u la e h o o u n a
”
”
ai o e
by th em d o th o u s en d
M a i o l a k o u a k u k a l eo k a u a
fr o m th e m wa s th e v o ice o f wa r
’
a u,
.
’
’
li o
o u
.
,
.
,
’
’
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
PO S S E S S IVE
P R O N OU N S
.
T h e Po s s es s ive
p r o n o un s a r e s i mp ly t h e p ers o n a l p r o
n o u ns p reced ed b y t h e p rep o s i ti o n s a 0 h a a n d h a 1 e t h e
fi rst f o u r fo rm s i n sect i o n 3 8 B e si de s the s e we fi n d th e p o s
s e s s i v e k u u my w h i ch i s u s ed f o r bo th k a n a n d leo u ; a n d h o
a c o nt r a ct i o n o f k o u thy w h i ch i s u sed f o r eith e r k a n o r k o u
w i th ce rt a i n c o mm o n w o rd s K n n a n d k o s eem m o re f a m i l i a r
a n d l e s s f o rm a l th a n th e r egu l a r f o rm s
T h e di st i nct i o n b e
t we en th e a a n d t h e 0 f o rm s m u st b e o b serve d
42
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
’
,
’
,
’
,
,
,
,
’
,
.
.
,
.
f P o s s es s i v es
K a u m a u kei ki t hy ch i l d ren
K0 m a k o u h a l e o u r h o u s e
”
”
Ka o uk o u h a n a y o u r wo rk
K a n a k a u o h a 11 15 c o mm a nd
E xi cn n p le s
o
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
HA W A II A N GRA M MAR
E
p le s
x am
o
f
I
n te rr o g a ti v e
.
P r o n o u ns
”
?
o a 1n o a
?
th e
o
.
w hat i s h i s n am e
N
o w a i k a li o ?
“
”
?
M e wa i o e i hel e a i
w i t h wh o m d i d
“
”
“
?
H ea h a i h a n a a i ? w h a t h a s t t h o u d o ne ?
M a
y o u go
k a h a le h e a
i n wh i c h h o u s e ?
O wa i k n
w ho s e i s
h rs e
“
?
'
INT
D E FI N I T E PR O N OU NS
.
b e reck o ned :
H a i a n o th er w h ich i s u s e d o n ly a fte r p repo si t i o ns a n d n eve r
“
”
o c cu rs i n the n o m i n a t i ve c a s e
E g
k o h a i w a i wa i
an
“
o t h er s p r o pe rty
H a a wi o i a i a ha i h e g a v e t o a n o th e r
W a h i s o me a li t tle I t wa s o ri gi n a l ly a n o u n b u t i s n o w u s e d
”
“
”
a dj ec t i vel y
as
wah i ai
s o m e fo o d w a h i l a a u s o m e
“
“
”
ua
t i mb e r
w a h i k a n a k a n ei
th i s fe l lo w
ke la w a h i
k a n a k a t h a t fel l o w H e r e i t h a s a d ep re ci at o ry o r d i m i
mu t i ve f o rce
I t n ev e r t a ke s t h e a r t i cl e k a b e f o r e i t, b u t
ve ry o fte n i s p re c ede d by h e a n d r a r ely b y n a
K au wa h i s o m e p a r t s om e
I t i s a c o mp o u nd o f t h e p re c ed
i ng a n d i s a l w a ys u s ed i n a p a rt i t i v e sens e I t i s s o m e
“
t i me s p rec ede d by t h e d efin i te a rti cl e h e a s k e k a u w a h i 0
”
k a o le lo a k e A ku a
a l i ttl e o f t h e w o r d o f G o d
K a hi o n e a a c e r ta i n I t i s th e s a m e a s t h e n u mer a l o n e b ut
h a s a cqu i re d a d egre e o f i n de fi n i t e n e s s l i ke th e Engl i s h a
o r a n w h i ch o ri gi n a l ly wa s th e s a m e a s t h e n u m e r a l o n e
“
”
E ia na i noa
E g
E i a k a h i h ew a h o u
h e re i s a n ew s i n
”
0 k a h i ma u m ea
h ere a r e th e n a m e s o f c e rt a i n p e rs o n s
Ke k a h i a c e r ta i n s o m e T h e a rt i cl e h e p refixed t o k a hri give s
“
”
i t gre a t e r i nd i vi d u a l i t y E g , i k ek a h i wa up o n a ce rt a i n
“
”
“
—
W h en rep e a t e d i t m e a ns s o m e o th e r s
Th u s u a
time
n ui n o k ek ah i bel e a u a n uk u l o a ho i k e k a h i i e s o m e
“
b e l l s a r e l a rge a n d o th e rs q u i t e sm a l l T he ph r a s e k e k a h i
“
”
i k ek ah i i s u se d i n a r ecip r o c a l s e n s e a n d m e a n s e a c h
” “
”
a l o h a a k u o u k o u i k ek a h i
E
o the r
o n e a n o th e r
“
”
i k ek a h i l o ve o n e a n o t h e r
K e k a hi p l a c e d a fte r th e s u b
“
” “
”
a l s o a n o th e r
as
o wa n
j e c t o f ”a s ente nce“ m e a n s a l s o
k ek a h i
I al s o
O o uk o u a ne i k e k a h i i m a k e m ak e e h el e
”
?
ak u
do y o u t o o w i s h fo g o a w a y ?
E o th e r d i ff e r e n t Th i s i s p r o p er ly a n a dj ect i ve b u t i t m a y b e
w el l t o m ent i o n i t i n th i s c o nne ct i o n I t s o ri gi n a l P o ly
n e s i a n f o rm s e em s t o h a v e b een k es e o f wh i ch w e fin d t h e
“
”
v a ri a t i o n s k e h e e s e k e a n d é By i t sel f i t m e a n s s tr a ng e
“
”
fo r ei gn b u t wh en f o l l o w ed by th e d i recti ve s a e o r a k u
“
”
“
N a
i t m e a n s o th er
E g
h e m e a é a s t r a nge th i ng
”
”
m ea e a e
th e o th e r th i ngs
A l l i s exp re s s ed by
“
a pa n
f o l l o w i ng th e n o u n o r p r o n o u n wh i ch i t m o d i fies
P r o n o u ns m ay
A m o n g I n defin i t e
45
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
'
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
’
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
’
,
“
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
’
,
.
.
HAWAIIA N GR AM MAR
V ER B S
19
.
.
th e d i st i nc t i o n s o f t en s e m o d e a n d v o i c e a re e x
p res s e d by s ep a r a te p a rt i c l es wh i l e n umbe r a n d p e r s o n a r e r e
g a rd ed a s a cc i dent s o f t h e s ubj ec t a n d n o t o f t h e v e rb T h e
t en se s a r e n o t n e a rl y a s defini t e a s i n Eng l i s h I n f a c t t h e d i s
t i n c t i o n s o f t i m e wh i ch i n o t h e r la ngu a ge s a r e c o n s i d e re d o f s o
m uch i m p o rt a nce a r e b u t l i t t l e reg a r de d i n H a w a i i a n w h i l e
t h e ch ie f a t te nt i o n i s p a i d t o t he a c c i de n t s o f p la ce
T h e fo l
lo wi ng i s
A Sy n o p s i s o f t h e Ve rb H a n a i n t h e A c t iv e V o i ce
P res en t
k e h a n a n e i a u I w o rk
ha na an
I w o rke d
P a s t I s t fo rm
2 n d f o rm
I w o rke d
i h ana an
I h a ve w o r k e d
P e r f ect
na h a n a a n
Pl up e r fect
I h a d w o rke d
ua h ana e au
Fut u re
e hana a n
I s h a ll w o rk
I mp e r a t i ve
e ha na o e
w o rk t h o u
t o w o rk
I nfin i t iv e
e ha na
P res ent o r
Pa rt ic i p le
e h a n a a na
w o rki n g
I mp e r fec t
h a v m g w o rke d o r
Pa s t P a rt ic i pl e
i h ana
wh o h a d w o rke d
46
A ll
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
,
,
!
,
.
T h e f o ll o wi ng i s t h e o rd e r i n w h ic h t h e v e rb a n d i t s
a dj unct s a r e pl a c e d :
I s t
The t en s e s i gn s a s i n a e &c
2d
Th e ve rb i t s e l f
T h e qu a l i fy i ng a dve rb a s ma n wa le o le pu & c
3 rd
T he p a s si ve si gn ! a
4th
Th e v e rb a l d i rec t i ve s a s a k u m a i & c
s th
6 t h T he l o c a t i ve s n e i o r to o r th e p a r t i c l e s a n a o r a i
T h e st re ngt hen i ng p a rt ic l e n o
7t h
T h e s ubj ect
8 th
Th e o bj ec t o r p re dic a t e n o u n
9t h
O f c o u rs e t h e a b o ve m ent i o n e d e l em en t s a r e neve r a l l fo u n d
t o geth e r a t o nc e O f t h e p a rt i c l e s i n t h e s i xt h p l a ce n e i la
m m a n d a i i f o n e i s u s ed th e o th e rs a r e e xc l u ded e xcep t i n a
“
fe w c a se s whe re la i s u se d a fte r a na E g
E h a na mu a i a
”
a k u a n a no k e a l a n u i
47
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
REM A R K S
48
ON
THE
TEN SES
.
Th e ve rb w it h o u t a ny p refi x h a s gen er a l ly a p a s t
me a ni ng Th i s i s th e regul a r f o rm fo r t h e l e a di ng v e rb i n p a s t
t im e e spec i a l ly a t th e b egi nn i ng o f a sentence I n t h i s c a s e i t
“
“
i s gener a l ly fo l l o w ed b y la e g
1 mai
he s a i d ; h o i ma i la
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
HAWAI I A N GRAM MAR
20
.
th ey re t u rn ed ; n o h o n o o i a m a O a h u h e l ive d a t
”
O a h u ; a la i la k uk a i h o 1a l a k o u th en th ey t o o k c o u n s e l ; k e
“
”
I i n fo rm y o u ; k e n o i a k u n e i m a k o u
h a i ak u nei a u i a o e
”
ia ia
w e en t re a t h i m ; a o l e a n e h a n a h o u p el a I w i l l no t
do s o a g a i n
la k o u ,
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
.
T h e p refi x i i s u s ed i n n eg a t i v e s en t ence s a fte r a o le a n d i n
u a li
I t n eve r begi n s a n u n q
a l l re l a t i v e s en t ences i n p a s t t i m e
fi e d s e nt ence Whe n i t b egi n s a s t a t em e nt a qu a l i fyi ng c la u s e
“
f o l l o w s exp re s si n g a re a s o n p u rp o s e t im e & c E g
I h el e
”
m a i n e i a n e h a i ak u i a o e
I h a v e c o m e he re t o i n f o rm y o u ;
“
“
ao l e o i a i a e ma i
h e d i d n o t c o n sent ; i k a wa i n o h o a i 0
”
Ka m eh a m eh a a t t h e t i m e whe n K a m eh a me h a l iv ed
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
T h e p refi x n a i s n eve r u s e d i n a n eg a t iv e c la u s e begi nn i ng
w it h a o le n o r i n wh a t w o u l d b e a rel a t i ve c l a u s e i n Engl i sh
I t h a s b e en qu e s ti o n e d w h eth e r i t i s p r o p e rl y a t en s e s i gn
We
t hi nk t h a t i t a fl i r m s t he c o m p l et i o n o f a n a cti o n o r t he re s ul t i ng
s t a t e a n d h enc e c o r re sp o nd s m o s t n e a rly t o th e Engl i sh per fec t
“
”
w i t h h a ve I t a l s o d i ff e rs fr o m i i n thi s a n d i t a fi i rm s a b s o
l u t e ly a n d w i th o u t l im i t a t i o n w h i l e i i s l im i te d o r q ua l i fie d i n
“
c o nst ru ct i o n Th e a dve rb s ma i n e i j u s t n o w a fte r a v e rb
p rec eded b y n a exp re s s m o s t t r ul y th e d i sti nct i o n o f t h e p e r
f e c t t en s e i n Engl i sh
Th e a dve rb e a fte r t h e ve rb m e a n s b e fo re a n d s o h e lp s t o
“
f o rm a s o r t o f p l u p er fect B u t e h a n a e a u d o e s n o t m e a n
“
“
”
”
I s h a l l h a ve w o rked b u t I sh al l p rev i o u sl y w o rk
“
”
E g
th e m en h a v e c o me ; na i ke
U a he l e m a i n a k a n a k a
“
I h a ve k n o w n y o u r ch a r a c t e r ; u a h i n a i ho n ei
a n i k o u a no
“
”
”
k a h al e
th e h o u s e h a s j u s t f a l l en ; n a l i l o e k e a u p u n i 1a i a
th e ki ngd o m h a s b ee n t r a n s ferre d t o h i m
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
I M P ER A T I V E
PA R T I C L E S
.
”
“
I ns t e a d o f e th e r egu la r p refi x o f th e i mp e r a t i ve 0 o r
“
”
”
i s s o m et i m es u sed a s a m i l d c o mm a n d T h e p a rti cl e u a
ou
“
”
s eem s t o b e u se d a s a n i mp e r a t i v e s i gn b e fo re o k i t o c u t o ff
“
”
as
s t o p th ere A p r o hib it i o n i s e x p re s se d by
u a o k i p el a
“
”
p la ci ng m a i b e f o r e t h e v e rb
E g O u h o i o uk o u ret u rn ye ; o h e l e o e g o t h o u
Ua
“
”
”
o k i o e i k a o l e lo
s t o p yo u r t a l k
M a i h a n a h o u o e p e la
d o n t d o s o a g a i n T h i s m u st n o t b e c o n fo unde d w i th th e
“
”
M ai mak e
a dv e rb
wh i ch m e a ns n e a rly a l m o s t E g
ma i
”
“
”
au
I wa s n e a r dyi ng ; ma i h a u le i a he c a m e ne a r f a l l i ng
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
HA W AIIA N GRAM M AR
O n th e P a r ti c les A
.
21
.
N
na a n d
O
.
T h e a ffi x a n a wh ich c o r re sp o n d s t o t h e end i ng i ng
i n Engl i sh d en o t e s c o n ti n u a n c e a n d m ay b e p re s ent p a st o r
“
”
“
fut u re Th u s e h a n a a n a a u m ay m e a n I a m wo rki ng o r
“
“
I wa s w o rk i ng o r I w i l l b e w o rki ng a cc o r di ng t o t h e
c o nnecti o n A n a i s a ffi xed t o th e p a s s iv e a s w e l l a s t o t h e
“
”
L ik e i ng i n Engl i sh a n a o ft e n fo rm s a p a rt i c i p i a l
a c t iv e
n o un B u t i n th i s c a s e a n a a l w a ys pr e c e d e s th e di rect i ve s a k n
”
“
C o mp a r e E h o l o m a i a n a h e i s s a i l i ng h i t h e r a n d
o r n za i
”
“
k o n a h o l o a n a m a i h i s s a i l i ng h ithe r I t ma y b e s ep a r a t ed
fro m the v e rb by a n a dve rb
T he i nfin it i v e a ft e r h i k i a n d s o m eti m e s a ft e r p o n o t a k e s k e
b e fo re i t i n ste a d o f e
Th e p a rt icl e n o i s i nt en s i ve a n d s e rve s t o emph a s i z e a n
I t i s o ft e n fo un d a l s o w i t h a dj ect ive s a nd n o un s
a s s e rti o n
“
wh e re i t h elp s t o e xp re s s th e i de a o f t h e v e rb t o b e
“
”
E g
I k o u hel e a n a k u i n my g o i ng i e wh i l e I a m
“
g o i ng
E kuku l u h a l e a n a i a h e i s h o u s e b u i l d i ng
E mah i
”
“
i a a na k a a i
th e fo o d i s bei n g c u l ti v a t e d
O ia k e ko l u o ko na
h o l o a n a m a i th a t wa s th e th i r d (t i m e ) o f h i s s a i l i n g h ith e r
”
“
A o l e o n a m a n a o e h el e h e h a d n o i n t ent i o n t o g o
H e po no
”
i a oe k e kok ua mai
i t i s ri g h t fo r y o u t o hel p
49
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
’
’
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
Th e P a s s i v e Vo i c e
.
The Pa s s i v e si gn i s i a a fii x e d t o t he v e rb T h e t ens e s
o f th e p a s s i ve v o i ce a r e f o rm e d i n th e s a m e way a s t h o s e o f th e
“
”
a ct i ve
A s h a n a i a i h o la n a m e a a p a u e i a a ll thi ngs w e re
m a de by h i m
S o m et im e s a n o t he r l et te r i s i n se rte d b e t wee n
t he ve rb a n d i a a s k a u li a t h e p a s s i ve o f lea n a n d a u h n li h i a
3
l
o
u
z
a
u
l
i
l
h
o o ia
&c
A few w o rd s o m i t th e i a s i k e a
fr m
p a s s i v e o f i k e t o kn o w a n d lo h e a th e p a s s iv e o f lo h e t o he a r
I n th e N e w e a l a nd d i a l ect th e c o m m o n m o d e o f e xp re ss i n g
th e i mp e r a t i v e o f a t r a ns it i ve v e rb i s by i t s p a s s i v e T r a ce s o f
thi s o cc u r i n H a w a i i a n
E g
seek
i m i i a k a o uk o u p o n o ”
“
Ka h c a i a k o k u p u n a
y o u r o wn a dv a nt a ge L a i e i lea w a i p 62
”
w a h i ne c a l l y o u r gr a n dm o th e r i d p 64 S o o le l o i a n o h o i a
m the s a m e wo rk
50
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
Z
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
Th e Ca u s a ti v e F o r m
p re fi
x i ng
ho
s o m et i me s h o b e fo re a v o w el a n d
s o m e t 1m e s h a a t o th e ve rb
a c a u s a t ive v erb i s f o rm e d
( T hi s
h a a i s th e o l d e r fo rm a s w e s e e fro m th e f o rm s wh o /
fa k a
ea
fa a a n d ha a o f t he o the r d i a l ect s ) Th u s fr o m a t o b u rn we
get 110 6 t o ki n d l e a n d fr o m h o mo to e nte r k o o h o mo t o c a u s e
t o ent e r & c
A ny verb i n th e l a ngu a ge m a y t a ke t h i s p refi x
P r o m l i k e i s fo rm ed h o o h a li k e t o c a u s e t o be l ike a n d fr o m
m u t o d ri nk h o o h a i nu t o c a u se t o d ri nk t o gi ve d ri nk t o
51
By
’
.
.
o,
,
,
’
,
.
’
,
’
,
,
’
.
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
HAWAIIA N GRAM MAR
22
Ve r ba l D i r e c ti v es , & c
.
.
.
w
Th a t w h i ch i s de n o t e d by a v e rb i n H a a i i a n , i s ge n
52
e ra l ly c o nce ive d o f a s h a v m g a m o t 1o n o r t enden c y m s o m e
d i re c t i o n wh ich i s exp re s s ed b y o n e o f th e fo l lo w i n g p a rt i c le s
.
.
,
M ai
h i th e r t hi s way t o w a rd s th e S p e a ke r
fr o m th e sp e a ker
o n w a rd s
a w ay
u pw a rd s o r s i de w a ys
d o wn
,
,
,
A k u,
A e,
111 0
’
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
”
I n n a r r a t i o n i h o m e a n s t he reup o n
i m med i a t e ly a fte r
“
”
A k u a n d a e a r e a l s o u s ed o f
a n d gen e r a l ly
a s a c o n s equ e nc e
“
“
“
”
”
t i me a s kel a la a k u a n d i a l a a e t h e n e x t day m a ke i a
h o pe a k u
h e re a ft e r & c
Th e p a r t i c le s n ei o r la we re o r 1g 1n a lly u s e d t o i nd i c a t e lo c a l
“
“
”
”
i ty li k e h e re a n d the re a n d a r e O pp o se d to e ac h o th e r i n
m e a ni n g N e i m e a n s p re sen t i n p l a ce a n d t i me h e re a n d n o w
wh i le la den o t e s d i s t a nc e i n p l a c e b u t n o t n eces s a ri ly i n t i m e
“
”
L a u ni t e s w i t h th e d i re c t iv e s s o a s t o f o rm o n e w o rd w i th
them i n p r o nu nci a t i o n a n d a fte r a k u i h o a n d a e i t s h i fts t h e
a c c ent t o th e l a s t syl la b l e
a s i h o la a k nla
a e lgat
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
’
,
,
Th e R
’
.
i s a re la t i v e p a rti c l e a n d o ft en S upp l i es t h e w a n t o f
a rel a ti v e p r o n o u n
I t f o l l o w s t h e verb a n d re fe r s b a c k t o a
p reced in g n o un o r to a n a dve rb o r a dv e rb i a l p h r a s e e xp re ss i ng
t i m e p l a ce c a u s e o r m a nne r
The i n i t i a l a i s O fte n d r o pped
a ft e r a v e rb e n di ng w i t h a
a n d a ft e r t he p a s si v e s i gn i a
as
h a n a i l o aa i h u n a i a i & c I t i s s o m e t i mes o m i t t e d wh en n e i
a n a o r l a t a k e s i t s p la c e
I t m u st b e u s e d
Fi r s t i n re la t i v e cl a u s e s i n wh i ch t h e re l a t i v e w o u l d b e t h e
“
”
o bj ect o f t h e ve rb i n Eng l i sh a s
th e th i ngs whi c h h e s a w
na
m e a a n a i i ke a i
S e c o n d i n rel a t i v e c la u se s i n wh i c h t h e r e l a t i ve re fe rs t o a
t hi ng w h i c h i s th e me a ns c a u se o r i n st ru m en t by wh i c h a n y
“
”
th i n g i s o r i s d o n e a s E i a k a m ea i m a ke a i n a k a n a k a he re
i s t h e c a u se fr o m wh i c h t h e p e o p l e d i e d
Th i r d i n r el a t ive cl a u se s wh e re i n En gl i s h t h e rel a t ive
a dve rb s wh e n o r wh er e w o u l d b e u s ed
re fe rri ng t o a ti me o r
“
p la c e i n w h ”i c h a ny th i ng i s o r i s d o n e a s I k a la a m a k o u 1
h i ki m a i a i o n t h e day wh en w e a r r 1v e d
F o u r th wh en a n a dve rb o r a dverb i a l p h r a se exp re s si ng t i m e
pl a c e c a u s e o r m a nn e r s t a n d s f o r emph a si s a t the begi nn i ng o f
“
th e s en t ence E g
t he re ( i s the p l a c e )
M a l a i la o i a i i ke a i
i n wh i c h h e s a w
Fo r fu rthe r exp l a n a t i o n s s e e P a r t I I
53
A i
,
P ar ti c le A i
e la ti v e
’
.
,
'
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
’
’
’
,
,
,
:
.
.
,
,
,
,
'
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
’’
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
HA WAI I A N GRAM MA R
A D V ER B S
0
0
[ O.
.
.
I t d o e s n o t en t e r i n to o u r p l a n to gi ve a c o mp le t e
a cc o u n t o f the a dverb s i n th e l a ngu a ge
A ny a dj ect ive o r n o u n m a y b e u s e d a s a n a dve rb by be i ng
pl a ce d i mm ed i a t e ly a ft e r the v e rb
T h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e a dve rb s a re a l l c o mp o u nd s o f h ea a s
w he re ? p e h e a h o w ? n oh e a w hence ? 1h e a
a u h ea a n d m a h e a
w hi the r ? a h e a a n d i n a he a w he n ? & c A he a re fe r s t o fu t u r e
a n d i n a h ea t o p a s t t im e
Qu e st i o n s wh ich requ i re ye s o r n o fo r a n a n sw e r a r e
a ske d by p l a ci ng a n e i a fte r th e l e a d i ng w o rd 1n t h e s en t e nce
Th e H a w a i i a n h a s t wo n eg a ti ve a dve rb s a o le a n d o le T h e
f o rm e r b egi n s a sente nce a n d i s t h e gen e r a l n ega t i v e ; t h e la t t e r
i s a s u fii x a n d m ay b e a d ded to al m o s t a ny n o u n a dj ec t i ve o r
“
v e rb i n th e la ngu a ge l i ke u n a n d le s s i n Engl i sh E g
h i la
“
“
”
h i l a o le s h a m el es s ; m e k a k a p a o le w i th o u t c lo t h e s ; m e
”
k e n o i o le m a m u a
w i th o u t a ski n g b e fo re h a nd
Th e fo l lo w i ng a r e t h e m o s t c o mm o n s i mpl e a dve rb s w h i c h
h a ve n o t b ee n m en t 1o n e d a l re a d y
54
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
:
O
A e , ye s
P a h a p e rh a p s
H o i a l s o c e rt a i n ly
Lo a v e ry
l k i a l it tl e
Pe a s
Pe 1a t h u s
P ene i i n th i s wa y
P el é i n t h a t wa y
,
.
,
.
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
n d,
A
.
.
.
a
ga i n
.
w
no
,
so
.
to m o r ro w
.
I n e h i n e i ye ste rd a y
A i a , t he re
E ia, h e r e
.
,
.
.
.
A po po
.
W a l e m e rely j u s t
Wa l e no o n l y
P u t o geth e r
,
Ho u
.
,
i n e a rl y
.
,
.
,
la
mo s t
,
.
.
M
al
,
.
,
n e ane ,
P i n e p i n e o ft en
M a u c o nt i n u a l ly eve r
D i a l a n d O i , -wh i l e
.
,
A
.
.
.
.
o i a io ,
K a i n o a I s upp o se d exp re s s i ng s u rp ri se , a s Ka i n o a h e
”
I th o u ght i t wa s t ru e b u t i t 15 n o t
ao le k a !
,
,
.
,
C O M PO U N D
PR E P O S I T I O N S
OR ADVERB S
.
w o rd s e xp re s s in g t h e re la ti o n s o f
p l a c e a n d wh ic h a r e r e a ll y n o u ns w i th t h e a rt i c l e o m i tt e d
whe n p reced e d b y eith e r o f t he s i m pl e p rep o s it i o n s s e rv e a s
a dv e r b s
o f p l a ce o r ti m e
Wh e n a t the s a m e t i m e t hey a re
f o l l o wed by a p re p o s it i o n gen e r a l ly 0 the y se rv e a s c o m
”
p o u nd p rep o s it i o n s
55
.
A l a rge c l a s s
o
f
.
,
,
,
.
“
,
.
,
HAWA II A N G RAM MAR
24
E
g
.
.
w i th i n , i ns i d e
M a (k a ) l o k o
M a l o ko 0 k a ha l e
i n s i de o f
”
M a waho
o ut s i de
”
M a wa h o 0 k a h a l e
o ut s i d e o f
,
,
,
,
.
.
t h e ho u s e
.
th e h o u s e
,
Th e f o l l o w i ng i s
.
of
l ist
a
th e p ri nci p a l w o rd s
.
f th i s
o
c la s s
fo rm ed m a o i o &c
M u a b e f o re
H o pe a fte r b eh i n d
M u l i b eh i nd a ft e r
Ka i s e a
Ka h i wh e re
La l o b e l o w
W a e n a b etw een
L o k o i n s i de
W a h o o ut s i d e
L u n a a b o ve
L a i l a t h e re
N ei he re wh i ch i s a n ei a fte r i ma o r ma i a s i a n e i ma a ne i
’
O y o n de r fr o m wh i ch
U k a i nl a n d
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
M a m u a 11 0 10 a k u k e k a h i
p e o p l e s a i l ed th i the r
.
.
,
,
g
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
E
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
’
a re
,
,
,
.
f o rme rly ce rt a i n
p o e i la i la ,
,
:
.
N
N
m a o p o p o th e r e f o re i t i s evi d en t
m a i 0 k a m o a n a o u t o f th e o c e a n
o la i la ,
na
o lo k o
,
h
.
.
H a u l e i a i l o k o 0 k a l u a h e fel l i nt o th e p i t
M a m u a a k u n ei b e f o r e t h i s t i m e
M a h o p e o k o n a m a ke a n a a fte r h i s d e a th
Ao l e p a h a a i n a m a a n ei t h e r e wa s p e rh a p s n o l a n d h e re
Pi i a k u l a l a k o u i l u n a th ey a scen de d u p w a r d
M a i l a lo m a i fr o m b e lo w
M a wa e n a 0 n a m a u n a a m o n g th e m o u nt a i ns
A o l e a n e h e l e i uk a I w i l l n o t g o i n l a nd
M a o a k u 0 k a h a l e b ey o n d th e h o u s e
E i h o i k a i d e sc en d t o t h e s e a
M a k a h i e k u a i n a m o ku a t th e p la c e w he r e sh ip s a nch o r
.
,
.
,
.
,
‘
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
C O N JU N CT I O N S
56
a re
A
Th e s e a r e few
fo l l o w s :
.
as
and
.
.
s imp l e T h e p ri nc i p a l c o nj u nct i o n s
.
Wh en i t c o nnect s n o u n s i t a l w a ys t a ke s th e p rep o si
t i o n m e a ft e r i t a s a m e
A l o ng a l s o m e a n s u n ti l a s fa r a s wh e n a n d wh e n b e fo re
v e rbs
A k a b u t a s tr o ng a dve rs a t iv e
I th a t i n o r d e r tha t d en o t i ng p u rp o se
I n a i f s o m eti m e s rep e a t e d a g a i n i n the c o nc l u s i o n o f a c o n
“
”
d i t i o n a l s ent ence l i k e
t h en
I i f a sh o rt e r f o rm o f i n a
I o le e i f n o t o r i n o r d e r tha t n o t
O le s t
,
a nd
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
Ho i
’
,
a ls o
.
.
,
PA R T I I
A
O u t li n e
n
o
.
f Ha wa i i a n Sy n t a x
I N T R O D U CT O R Y
R E M AR K S
.
.
S ! N T A X i s defi ne d t o b e t h a t b r a nch o f gr a mm a r w h i c h
T h e S yn ta x t hen o f a
t re a t s o f th e c o n s t ruct i o n o f sent en c e s
l a ngu a ge l i ke th e H a w a i i a n w h i ch h a s no i n fl ecti o n s w ha t ev e r
m u s t chi e fl y rel a t e t o t h e a r r a ngem en t o f i t s w o r ds I t w i l l n o t
f o l l o w th e m eth o d s o f Eu r o p e a n gr a m m a rs n o r w i l l i t h a v e
“
”
or
a g r e e me n t
a n y u s e f o r t h e t erm s
g ov er nme n t
1
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
I n s uch a la ngu a ge t h e s t ruc t u re o f s en t enc e s m u s t n ec e s
I n a h i ghly c u l t i v a t ed la n
s a r i ly b e l o o s e r a th e r th a n c o mp a c t
gu a g e s u ch a s th e G reek e a c h p e ri o d fo rm s a s y m me t r i c a l
w h o l e w i t h i ts b egi nn in g m i dd l e a n d end i n w h i ch th e re l a
t i o n s o f a ll th e s ub o rdi n a t e p a rt s t o t h e w h o l e a n d t o e a ch
o the r a r e c l e a r ly i nd ic a te d
s o t h a t t h e w o rd s fo rm a c o mp a c t
w h o l e a s w e l l a s t h e t h o ugh t t he y e x p res s
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
w hi c h h a s n o t u nti l l a te l y b ee n re d uce d t o
w ri t i ng o r emp l o y e d i n c a rryi ng o n c o n s ec ut i v e t r a i n s o f
th o ugh t m u s t n ece s s a ri ly b e w a nt i n g i n m ea n s t o e xp re s s t h e
c o nn ec t i o n a n d m u t u a l d ep en den c e o f i t s i d e a s I t w i ll de l i gh t
i n s h o rt s enten ces a n d w i l l p re fe r t o m a ke i t s c l a u se s c o o r di
na te r a t h er t h a n s u b o r di n a t e a n d t o keep t he m d i s ti n c t r a th e r
th a n t o i n c o rp o r a t e t h em i n to th e sen t en c e a s e s s ent i a l p a rt s o f
it
Hence o u r p ri nc i p a l t a s k w i l l b e t h e a n a l y si s o f s i mp le
s en t ence s
But
a
la ng u a ge
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
T wo i
d e a s wh i c h p e rv a d e th e l a ngu a ge a n d h a ve g re a t
i nfl u enc e o n i t s synt a x a r e ( I ) th e d i st i nct i o n b e t w ee n l i vi n g
a n d i n a ni m a t e t h i ngs a n d (2 ) th a t bet ween t r a ns i ti v e ve rb s o n
th e o n e h a nd ; a n d i nt r a n s it i v e o r p a s s i ve o n e s o n t h e o th e r
A d d t o t h i s t h e e xten s i ve u s e o f t h e P o ss e s s i ve c o n st ru c t i o n
50 c h a rac t e r1s t 1c o f a l l t h e P o l yne si a n l a ngu a ge s
2
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
I n t h i s a s we ll a s i t s c o gn a te la ngu a ge s m o s t w o rd s
m a y b e u s e d e 1the r a s no u ns a dj e c t i v e s ve rb s o r a dve rb s th ei r
m e a n i n g b ei ng i nd ic a t ed by the i r p o si t i o n i n th e s en t ence a n d
b v th e a c c o m p a n y m g p a rti cl es
3
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
HA WAIIA N GR AM M AR
28
.
rem a r k ab l e fl ex ib i l ity
b e c a s t i n q u i t e a v a ri ety o f
o n e o f i ts s e nt ence s m ay
f o rm s a l l c o nveyi ng d i ffe rent sh a des o f m e a n i ng T h e gene r a l
p ri nci pl e o f a r r a ngem en t i s t h a t th e emp h a t i c w o rd i s t o b e
p l a ce d a t o r n e a r t h e b egi nn i ng o f th e s en t enc e E g ,
4
A ny
H a wa u a n
Th e
.
la ngu a ge
h as
.
.
,
.
K e h a a wi
.
.
i k ei a i a o e— I g i v e th i s t o y o u
O w a n k e h a a wi a k u ne i i ke i a i a o e l give th i s t o y o u
O kei a k a u e h a a wi a k u n e i i a o e I giv e thi s t o y o u
O o e k a m e a a u e h a a wi a k u n ei i kei a I gi ve t h i s t o y o u
N a u kei a e h a a wi a k u n e i i a o e I giv e t h i s t o y o u
ak u
nei
au
.
—
.
’
—
.
’
—
’
.
—
.
S I M PL E S E N T E N C E S
T h e f o l lo w i ng ge ne r a l p ri nci pl e s
5
.
.
t a k en f o r
a re
g r a nte d :
Eve ry p r o p o s i t i o n c o ns i st s o f t wo e s s en t i a l e l em ent s th e s u b
j e c t a n d t h e p r e d i ca te T h e re a r e t h re e s ub o r d m a t e e l ement s
t h e o bj e c t th e a dj e c ti v e el ement a n d th e a dv er b i a l e lem ent
E a ch o f th e s e five el e ment s m ay c o n s i s t o f a s i ngl e wo rd a
p h ra s e o r a c l a u s e
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
T H E S UBJ EC T
6
f o llo w
Th e S u bj e c t m u s t
.
.
i ts P r e di ca te
Th i s i s th e gen e r a l r u l e Excep t i o n s
a pp a rent ;
w i l l b e n o t l c e d bel o w
.
to
.
i t w h e t h e r re a l
,
or
.
EXA M P L E S
U a h el e m a i n e i a u I h a v e c o m e h e re
K e u we n ei k e k e i k i — T h e ch i l d c r i e s
—
I
.
2
.
3
.
‘
.
.
He
.
aihue
i a— H e
is
th i e f
a
.
n a m e o f a P e rs o n w he n i n th e
“
”
i s r egu l a rly p recede d b y th e O emph a t ic
7
.
T he
no
,
mi n a ti v e c a se
,
.
EXA M P LE S
I
l i i m a n a o K a meh a m eh a K a meh a m eh a wa s a p o w
e r f u l ch i e f
a
M a ke o K a h e k i li m a O a h u K a h e k i li d i e d o n O a h u
H o l o a k u l a 0 L o n o C a pt a i n C o o k s a i l e d a wa y
He
.
—
a
.
2
3
.
.
—
-
.
.
—
.
.
N E GA T I V E S E N T E N C E S
8
.
I n n eg a t i ve se ntence s w h en the s ub j ect i s a P r o n o un
a n d s o m e t h i m e s when i t i s a p r o p e r n a me i t st a nd s i mmedi a te
“
”
ly a fte r a o l e
a n d be f o re t h e
p red i c a te
I f t h i s l a tt e r i s a
“ ”
v e rb o r a dj ect i ve i t ge ne r a l ly t a ke s the p refi x i b e fo r e i t o r
“ ”
e
i f t h e ti m e i s f u t u re
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
HA W AI I A N GRA M MA R
EXA M PL E S
1
Aol e
.
ga i n
A o l e a u i p u p u l e I a m no t c r a z y
A o l e i a he m e a e h i l a h i l a a i — Th a t i s
a sh a m e d o f
a
2
3
.
e h a n a h o u i k a u h a n a— I w i ll
an
.
no t
y o u r w o rk
do
.
—
.
29
.
.
th in g
no t a
be
to
.
E M P H A T I C AD V E R B I A L P H R A S E S
.
a
a
a
W
en
eve
r
dve
rb
dv
e
rb
i
l
p
h
r
s e e xp re s s i n g
h
a
n
r
a
o
9
t i m e p l a ce c a u s e o r m a n ne r st a nd s f o r emp h a s i s a t t h e b e
o
n
i
P
r
n
o
th
e
s
ent
ence
th
e
s
ubj
ec
t
i
f
t
b
e
a
u
p re
i
n
m
n
o
f
g
g
c ed e s t he v e rb I n s ent ence s o f th i s k i n d t h e ve rb i s gene r a l l y
fo l l o w ed by t h e re la t i ve p a r t ic l e ai o f w h i ch m o re h e re a ft e r
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
E XA M PL ES
1
.
2
.
M a la i l a k a u a
P el a n o wa u
e no ho ai
e h i k i ak u
It
a i—
—
.
i s the re t h a t w e w i l l dw e ll
Th a t i s th e wa y th a t I wi l l
.
co m e
”
“
'
C o mp a re M a h ea o e e h e l e a i ? —W he re
“
and
E h el e a n a o e m a h ea
.
Note
a re
g o i ng ?
yo u
h a v e re c e i ved t h e f o l l o w i n g ac ut e s u gge st i o n s
“
”
fr o m a n a cc o mp l i s he d H a w a i i a n s c h o la r
I i m a gi n e s a ys h e
th a t s ect i o n s 8 th a n d 9t h a r e no t ex c ep ti o n s t o sect i o n s 6t h
Th e
a n d th e a d ve rb o r a dve rb i a l ph r a s e a re th e tr u e
p r e d i c a tes a n d th e v erb f o l l o w i ng w i th i t s a dj u nct s 15 a n i n fi
n i ti v e u s e d a dve rb i a l ly
i e s h o w i n g h o w fa r o r i n wh a t
r e s p e c t th e n eg a t i o n
o r th e c i r c um s t a n c e s o f t i me
ca u s e
&c
”
a r e p red i c a t ed o f t h e s ubj ect
—
W
e
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
N O M I N A T I V E A B S O L UT E
.
Th e c o n st ruct i o n c a ll ed n o mi na ti v e a bs o lu te i n E u r o
p e a n gr a mm a rs i s v e ry c o mm o n i n H a w a i i a n Th e s ubj ec t i n
“
”
t h i s c o n st ructi o n i s a l w a ys p recede d b y th e O emp h a ti c a n d
i s r p re sent ed by a p r o n o u n a ft e r th e p redi c a t e T h i s p r o n o u n
e i s s o m et ime s o m i t t ed l e a v i ng th e s e nt en c e i nc o mpl et e
T h e c o n st ruc t i o n j u s t de sc ri bed i s to b e u se d w h en ev e r a s e n
”
”
tenc e w o u l d begi n wi t h- a s t o o r i n resp ect to
&c ; i n
Engl i sh ; o r when th e s ubj ec t i s t o b e ren d e red p r o m i n en t o r
e m ph a t i c ; o r wh e n t h e s ubj e c t i s a ph r a s e o f s o m e l engt h
10
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
‘‘
,
.
.
EXA M PL ES
r
.
.
0 k a h o n u a nei h e m e a p o ep o e
,
15
a
ro u n d
t hi ng
.
no
i a— T he e a rth h e re i t
,
HAWAI I A N GRAM MAR
30
2
.
’
O k o n a m a i a n a o k o n a m a k e n o i a— H e r s ic k n e s s t h a t
wa s (t h e c a u se o f ) he r de a th
O k a p o n o n o i a 0 k a n o h o n a a u a o — Th a t i s t h e r igh t
(t hi ng ) t h e l i vi ng w i se ly
,
.
,
.
3
’
,
.
.
,
A T T R I BUT E
'
A D J EC T I V E E L E M E N T
OR
A PP OS I T I O N
Nouns in
.
.
pp o s i t i o n fo l lo w t h e n o u n s w h i c h t h e y
li m i t
( 1 ) I f t h e l e a d i ng n o u n i s p r ece de d b y a p rep o s i t i o n
t h i s p rep o s i t i o n i s gen e r a l ly rep e a t ed b e fo re t h e no u n i n a p po
s i ti o u
(2 ) I f h o wev e r t h e n o“u n i n a pp o s ”iti o n b e a P r o pe r
N a m e i t m a y h a v e e i the r t h e O emph a t i c o r th e repe a ted
p rep o s i t i o n b e fo r e i t
11
.
a
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
E X A M PL ES
1
I k e k a u i a Ka l a n i o p u u i k e a l i i n u i — I n th e t i m e o f
Ka la n i o p u u t h e gre a t c h i e f
Ken a a e l a o i a i k o n a k a i k a i n a o Ha i ao — H e s en t h i s
y o unge r b r o t h e r H a i a o
.
.
,
2
.
,
.
,
.
!
A T T R I BU T I V E A D J EC T I V E S
.
f o llo ws i ts N o u n A n a d
j ec t i v e i s c a l l e d a n a t t rib u t iv e wh en t h e q u a l i t y wh i c h i t e x
p re ss e s i s as s u me d o r t a ken fo r gr a n ted a n d n o t p re di c a t ed o f
th e s ubj ec t I t i s t h e n a me re a cce s s o ry o r m o di fie r o f t h e
n o u n t o wh i ch i t b el o ngs
12
A
.
n
A t tr i b u ti v e A dj e c ti v e
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
O n e n o u n m ay h av e
t wo o r
mo re
E X A M PL ES
I
.
2
.
a
q u a l i fyi ng
dj e c t i ve s
it
.
.
Ka p a la p a l a h e mo l e le— T h e H o ly S cri p t u res
H e p o e l i i l i i n a wa l i wa l i n a a u p o m a k o u — W e
.
,
w eak
,
,
i g n o r a n t c o mp a ny
are a
sm all
,
.
C er t a i n li mi ti n g a dj ect i ves i nc l u d i ng t h e a rt i c le s p o s
s es s 1v e
d em o n s t r a t i v e a n d i ndefin i te p r o n o u n s a n d t h e p l u r a l
s 1gn s
p re ce d e t h e i r n o un s Th e p l u r a l s ign s a re o r we re o rigi
n a l l y no u n s qu a l i fie d by t he fo l l o wi ng w o rd a s
K a p o e b ip i t he h e rd (o f ) c a t tl e
Kei a m a u h a l e t he s e h o u s es
Ko u l 1o— my h o rs e
13
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
—
.
—
.
’
.
N U M ER A L S
N um e r a l s gene r a l ly p r e c e de th e i r n o u n s
.
f
p l a i n ed by
the
fa ct t h a t t h ey
'
a re
This i s ex
“
re a l ly c o l l ecti v e n o u n s l ike a
.
HA W A II A N GRAM MAR
31
.
” “
myri a d
B u t i f t hey a r e d e fi n e d by a n a r t i c l e
&c
a d e c a de
o r a dj e c t i ve p r o n o u n o r n o u n p re c ede d b y t h e p o s se s s i v e h e o r
k a t h en th e n um e r a l f o llows
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
EXA M PL E S
.
E lna k u mu ,
t wo t e a ch e r s a n d
“
th e t wo fo rei gn e r s ,
N a h a o le e lu a
“
s eve n s c ho o l h o u s e s , a n d
B h i k u h a le k u la
”
“
fo u r s c ho o l h o u s e s
H e m a u h a le k n la e h a
“
C o mp a re
,
'
,
.
,
R E M AR K
O r di n a l n umbe r s a r e ge ne r a lly fo ll o w e d b y t h e
p rep o s it i o n 0 b etwee n them a n d t h e n o u n s t h ey q u a l i fy
E g 1 I k e k o l u 0 k a m a k a h i ki — I n t h e t h i rd ye a r ; l 1t 1n
th e t h i rd o f th e ye a r
2
Ka m u a 0 k a h a l e- t h e fi r s t h o u s e
— th
k
um
i
h
r
o
a
K
a
a
e t en t h h o u r
0
3
15
T he fi rs t n i ne n umbe rs t a k e t h e p re fi x a o r e wh i l e
th e r o un d n umb e rs fr o m t e n up w a rd s i nc l u s i v e t a ke t h e a rti cl e
“
”
he o r a n um e r a l be fo re t h em S e e P a r t I S e c t i o n 3 1
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
E XA M PL E S
H e um i
REM A R K
.
i t,
as
1 f 1t
”
“
.
(t
h e ka n ab a
e l u a b a n e ri
“
N u i w he n i t m e a n s m a ny t a ke s h e b e fo r e
w e re a c o l lec t 1v e n o u n l 1k c t h e h i gh e r n u m e r a l s
,
,
.
,
.
,
E X A M PL ES
I
.
,
.
.
H e le m a i n a k a n a k a h e n u i w a le— t h e re c a m e a
m a ny m e n
“
B u t he l e m a i n a k a n a k a n ui l o a w o u l d m e a n
ar g e m en
c a m e v e ry L
,
.
g rea t
.
2
.
,
t he
re
.
A D J EC T I V E S U S ED
A S
N OU N S
A N D
V I C E V ER S A
.
adj e ct i ve m a y
b e u s e d a s a n ab s t ra ct n o u n by
O n t h e o th e r h a nd a n y n o u n
p r e fi x i n g th e defini t e a rt i cl e
immed i a te ly f o l l o w i ng a n o the r h a s th e fo rc e o f a n a dj e c t ive
16
.
A ny
,
.
.
EXA M P L ES
.
m e a n s ri ght j u s t k a p o n o j u s t i c e & c
2
H e h a n a k a ma li i n o i a t h a t i s c h i ld i s h w o rk
“
—
REM A R K I n th i s way w e ex pl a i n th e u s e o f m e a w“ith a
Thu s
me a
fo l l o wi ng n o u n t o den o t e o wn e r o r p o s s e s s o r
”
“
”
a in a
m e a n s o wn e r o f la nd
H e re a i na i s a n a dj ect iv e
“
”
q u a l i fyi ng m e a
pe rs o n
1
.
Po n o
,
,
,
.
,
‘
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
HAWAIIA N G RA M MAR
32
.
U S E O F T H E A R T I C LE S
I N DE E I N I TE
.
A R T I CL E
.
T h i s s ubj ect p r o p e rl y b el o ngs t o a n o t he r b r a n c h o f
“
”
gr a m m a r T h e i nd efini te a rti cl e h e i s u se d c hi e fl y w it h t he
p r e di c a t e o f a s en t en c e I t i s n ev er u s ed w it h t h e o bj e c t o f a
p rep o s i t i o n Wh e n a n o u n u s e d i n a n i ndefin i te s en s e i s th e
This i s
t h e a r t i cl e i s c o m m o nl y o m i tt e d
o bj ect o f a v erb
e sp eci a l ly t h e c a s e a fte r li l o a n d o t he r verb s s i gni fyi ng to
“
”
ch a nge a pp o i n t c o nst i t ut e & c a n d b e fo re m e a i n th e s en s e
“ ”
“
”
“
”
m e a n s a fte r i den o t i n g p u rp o s e
O f t en
of
or
ca u s e
“
“
”
“
”
”
w h en s o m e o r a ce r ta i n m i gh t b e s ub s ti t ute d f o r a
“
”
k e k a h i t a ke s i t s p l a ce
17
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
EXA MP L ES
1
2
.
l a a u H e a ske d f o r m ed i ci n e
H aa wi o K a m eh a m eh a i a a h u h u l u m a n u Ka m eh a meh a
g a v e a r o b e o f b i rd s fe a t h e r s
E l i l o i k o a t o b ec o m e a s o l di e r
H o o n o h o o i a i k e k a h i k e iki i m e a e h o o i n o m a i i a m ak o u
-H e a p p o i nte d a b o
y a s a pe rs o n t o revi l e u s
N
.
o no i
ak u
la i a i
-
’
—
.
’
.
‘
—
’
.
3
4
—
.
.
.
.
D E FI N I T E
AR T I CLES
.
T h e defin it e a rt i cl es a re g ene r a l ly u se d i n th e s a m e
“
m a nne r a s i n Engl i s h T hey a r e a l s o u s e d i n a dd re ss a s E k a
“
”
”
L a n i e M ay i t p l e a s e y o u r M aj e sty ! Ka” i s a l s o u s e d
b e f o r e ab s t r a ct a n d ve rb a l n o u n s w h e re the w o u l d n o t b e
”
u s e d i n Engl i sh a s k a m a ik a i g o o dne s s & c I t i s O fte n u se d
“
” “
”
w i th a n o u n u n de rs t o o d wh ich i s gene r a l l y m e a
pa e o r
18
.
,
.
—
,
’
,
,
,
(I
o le l o
,
! )
.
E XA M PL E S
1
.
.
.
O wa u k a (m e a ) i o l e lo a k u i a B o ki — I a m t h e (pe r s o n
wh o ) s a i d t o B o ki
O l a k o u k a (p o e ) i i ke— T hey w e re t h e ( p e rs o n s wh o )
.
2
.
kne w
.
OM I SSIO N OF
TH E
D E FI N I T E
A RTI CLE
.
Th e d e fi n i t e a r t i c le i s o m i tte d b e fo re t h e w o r ds k i n o h i
la l o a n d o th e r w o rd s o f
a n d kta h a k a i ; a s w el l a s b e f o re l u n a
t h a t c la s s w h i ch a r e c o mb i n e d w i th s imp l e p rep o s it i o n s t o fo rm
c o mp o u n d p rep o s i t i o ns a n d a dverb s I n th e fo l l o w i ng e x a mp l e
th e w o r d k a hli i s u n d o ubted ly a c o nt r a c ti o n o f k a wa h i T hi s
s upp o s i t i o n w i l l a cc o un t f o r i t s u s e a s a n a dve rb o f p la c e The
s i ngu l a r a rt i cl e h a i s o fte n u s ed i n a c o lle ct iv e s en s e whe n t h e
p l u r a l w o u l d b e emp l o ye d i n Engl i sh
'
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
HA W A II A N GRAM MAR
34
e ral
w h en t h e s ubj e c t i s a ffi rm e d t o b e lo ng t o a
t he p re di c a t e p r e ce de s w1t h h e b e fo re i t a c c o rd i n g
t e rm ,
or
th e n
S e c ti o n 6
c la s s
to
.
,
,
.
EXA M PL ES
.
H e k a u l a o M o s e M o s e s wa s a p r o p het
2
H e a i h u e k e k a n a k a Th e m a n i s a th i e f
H e a l i i m a n a o Ka m eh a m eh a Ka m eh a m eh a wa s a p o w
3
e r fu l c h i e f
H e p o e a n a a n a la k o u n e i They a r e s o rce re rs
4
24
CA SE 3 — A n o t h e r ki n d o f p rep o s i t i o n i s th a t w h i c h
a ffi rm s t h e i d e n ti ty o f t wo o bj e c t s o r c o l lect i o n s o f o bj ect s
Fr o m th e n a t u re o f t h e c a s e th e s ubj ect a n d p red ic a te m u s t
“
b o t h b e i n di v i d u a l o r s i ngu l a r t erm s 1
t hey m u s t e ithe r
b e p r o n o un s p r o pe r n a m e s o r c o mm o n n o u n s d e fi n e d by s o m e
l i m i t i ng w o r d s
I n a ll t h e se c a ses t h e sen t ence beg i n s w i th th e O emp h a t i c
A Wh e n th e p re d ic a t e i s a c o m mo n n o u n t h u s r ende red d e fi
n i te
t h e s u bj e c t gen e r a lly p r e c e d es t h e p red i c a te w i th t he
“
”
O emph a t i c p r e fi x d t o i t
1
—
.
.
—
.
.
’
—
.
.
—
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
EXA M P L ES
.
O w a n n o k o u a l 1 1 I a m y o u r ch i e f
2
O l a k o u k a p o e i k o h o i a— T h ey a r e t h e p e rs o n s el ect ed
— Th a t wa
i
k
O
a
a
u
k
p
u
l
e
i
p
i
l
i
ki
o
u
w
a
a
s m y p r a ye r i n
3
my s e a s o n o f d i s tres s
O k a m a ke k a m e a e m a k a u a i D e a t h i s th e th i ng t o
4
b e a fr a i d o f
O H a w a i i k a m o k u p u n i n u i H a w a n i s th e l a rge s t i sl a nd
5
6
O o e n o k a u i k i i m a i ne i — ! o u a r e the pe r s o n I h a ve
c o m e h e r e fo r
— ! ou
k
k
o
O
l
u
h
el
e
a
w
a
u
n
h
o
O
a
e
e
t wo a r e t o g o I a m
7
t o s ta y
EX CE PT I O N — I n c e rt a i n c a s es wh e n th e p red i c a t e i s e mph a t i c
a n d e speci a l ly wh e n th e S ubj e c t i s a p r o n o u n o f th e t h i rd p e r :
”
O emp h a t i c b e fo r e i t
s o n th e p re di c a t e p r e c e d e s w i t h t h e
1
—
‘
.
.
'
'
.
.
’
’
.
.
’
—
.
.
—
.
.
’
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
EXA M PL ES
k a h e w a— Th i s (p a r t i c u l a r t h i ng ) wa s
.
C o mp a re 1 O i a n o
w r o ng a n d
2
0 k a h e w a n o i a— Th a t wa s t h e wr o ng ( o f i t )
— W a r wa
a
h
l
i
O
k
u
k
a
i
o
a
n
o
a
s t h e i mme di a te re s u l t
e
3
— Th a
i
k
a
k
u
k
m
l
i
a
n
a
O
k
u
o
a
u
l
a
i
a
0
o
a
o
k
a
a
l
a
t wa s
p
4
t h e e nd o f t h ei r c o nve rs a t i o n
— Th i s
k
a
O
m
n
i
i
k
a
a
o
o
l
wa s th e th o ugh t o f th e
a
e
5
ch i e f
O k a u m a k e k a m a l u n o kei a — T h i s 13 my dyi ng 1n y o uth
6
e
I a m a b o u t t o di e i n m y y o u th
1
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
’
’
.
’
,
.
.
,
.
HAWAI I A N GRAM MAR
0 ka
7
.
h el e k ei a
o
k a k o u ?— I s t h i s
35
.
o ur
g o i ng, i
e
.
S h a ll
,
w e go n o w ?
B — Th e S i mpl e s t a ffi rm a ti o n o f i de nt i t y i s i n a ns we ri n g the
”
”
“
” “
“
qu e s ti o n W h o i s i t ? a s i t i s I
i t i s J o h n &c I n H a
“
”
w a i la n th e O emph a t i c i s a l w a y s p refixed t o t he p re di c a t e i n
“
”
s uch s ent e nc e s a n d n o o fte n fo l lo w s i t
.
,
,
,
.
,
EXA M PL ES
.
O wa u n o — I t i s I
2
O I o a n e n o— I t i s J o h n
C - W h e n th e p red i c a t e i s a P r o p e r N
I
.
.
.
.
‘
.
ce de s th e subj ect w it h t h e
“
,
O em ph a t i c
EXA M P L E S
I
.
2
.
3
.
a
”
me i t gene r a ll y p re
.
be fo r e i t
.
.
O Um i o e — t h-o u a r t Um i
O M a l a k o n a i n o a H i s n a me i s M a l a
O I k a i n o a o ke i a k a n a k a— T h i s m a n s n a m e i s I
.
—
.
’
.
.
CA S E 4 S o m eti m e s t h a t wh ich fo rm s th e p red ic a t e i n
Ha w a i i a n i s a n a d v e r b o r a dv erb i a l p h r a s e wh i ch sp ec i fie s th e
m o de o r pl a ce o f e xi st ence I n s uch p r o p o si ti o n s t h e s ubj ect i s
“
( I ) i n m o s t c a s e s a d e fi n i te o r s i ngu l a r t e rm a n d f o llo ws
th e a dve rb i a l e xp res s i o n W h e n o n t he o th e r h a nd (2 ) t h e
“
s ubj ec t i s i nd e fi n i te t h e expl et iv e th e re i s p re fi xe d i n Eng
l i sh a n d i n H a w a i i a n t h e s ubj e c t gen e r a l l y p r e ce de s t he a dv e r
b i a l exp re s si o n a s i n c a s e 1
—
25
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
EX A M P L ES
P e l a m a N u u h i wa — S o i t
’
E i a k a m e a m a i k a i — H e re
.
i s a t N u k u h i wa
i s th e g o o d th i ng ; i
.
b e s t t h i ng
A i a 110 A m e ri k a m a k a h i ki n a
the e a s t
M a la i la n o i a The re h e i s
.
.
,
—
Yo nde r i s A m e ri ca
on
—
.
H e l u n ak a n a wa i m a k e k a hi k u la n a k a u h a le — Th e re wa s
j ud ge i n a c e rt a i n ci ty
H e m o k u k o o n e i— Tlh e r e i s a sh ip h e re
H e a i h u e m a lo k o 0 k a h a l e — Th e re i s a th ie f i n
a
.
.
PR E D I C A T E
A D J EC T I V E
th e
ho us e
.
.
CA S E 5 —Whe n t h e p red i c a t e i s a n A dj e c t i v e i t i s
kn o wn t o be a p redi c a t e a n d n o t a n a tt rib ut ive by i t s p o s it i o n
b e f o r e t he n o un a cco rd i ng t o Sect i o n 5
I t o ft e n t a ke s h e b e fo re i t i n wh i ch c a s e i t s e em s t o
(r
“
b e c o nst ru ed a s a n o u n o r mea m a y b e s up pl i e d a fte r h e
26
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
HA W AIIA N GRAM MA R
36
.
”
I n m a ny c a s e s i t t a ke s u a b e fo re i t i n wh ich c a s e i t
s e em s t o b e c o n s t ru e d a s a v e rb
S o m et i me s a g a i n i t st a n d s ab ruptl y a t t h e b e g i nn i n g
o f t h e s ent ence w i th o u t a n y p refix
,
.
,
,
.
EXA M P L ES
.
H e p o ep o e k a h o n u a— T h e e a rt h i s r o u n d
H e m e a p o ep o e k a h o nn a— Th e e a rt h i s a r o u nd th i ng ;
.
i
gl o b e
U a n u i n a m o k u i i l i M a ny w e re t h e s h i p s s t r a nded
H e n u i k a k an a k a i m a k e M a ny we re th e pe o p l e wh o
d i ed S ee s ect i o n 1 5 R em a rk
N a n i k a n a a u p o l Wh a t fo l ly !
U a h u h u i a H e i s a ngry
.
e
.
,
a
.
—
.
—
.
,
.
—
—
.
V ER B S
.
Whe n t h e p red i c a t e i s a v e rb i t p r e c e des i t s s ubj ec t
a c c o rd i ng t o th e ge n e r a l r u l e
excep t i n th e t wo c a se s me n
T he f o l l o w i ng i s th e o rde r i n w hi c h
t i o n e d i n sect i o n s 7 a n d 8
t he ve rb a n d i ts a dj u nct s a r e p l a ced
27
.
,
,
.
.
ten s e s i gn s a s i n a e & c
ve rb i ts el f
qu a l i fyi ng a dve rb a s m u a wa le o le & c
p a s s iv e s i gn i a
d i rect i ve s a s a k u m o i & c
l o c a t ives n e i o r la o r th e p a rt i c l e s a na
st re ngth en i ng p a rt i c l e n o
s ubj ect
o bj ec t o r p re di c a t e n o u n
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
.
O f c o u r s e t he ab o v e ment i o n e d el em en t s a r e neve r a ll f o un d
O f the fo u r p a rti cl e s i n t h e 6 t h p l a ce v i z
t o gethe r a t o nc e
n ei
la a n a a n d a i i f o n e i s u sed t h e o t h e r s a r e e xc l u d e d
excep t i n a fe w c a s e s w h e re la i s exp r e s s ed a fte r a na Th e
s ubj ect i s s o m et i mes o m i tte d i n r a p i d o r e x c i ted sp e a ki ng
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
EXA M P L E S
.
1
.
2
.
E h a n a m u a i a ak u a n a
M a l a l l a 1 m a l am a m al u
no
ia
V ER B AL
28
to
.
i t th e
A ny ve rb
a
rt i cl e
m a y b e u se d
or o
k e a l an u i
a k u a 1 0 L a e 1e 1k a wa 1
.
.
N OU N S
as
the r d efi n i t iv e
a
.
.
n o u n b y s i mply
p re fi
x i ng
HA W A II A N GRAM M AR
EXA M PL E S
I
Ka u m a h a
.
o i a 1 k a la we
b a gg a ge
M e k a n oi
uk a n a
37
.
.
H e wa s
—
of
t i re d
c a r ry i ng
.
2
3
m a m u a— Wi th o u t a sk i ng b e f o reh a n d
E e i h o l a o i a m e k o n a hio o u n a O l e i a S h e w en t o n
b o a rd wi th o u t h a v i n g b e e n sen t
Lo aa i a N o a k e a l o h a i a m a i im n a o I eh o v a— N o a h f o u n d
gr a c e b e f o re Jeh o v a h
.
o le
.
’
.
—
.
4
.
.
M o re fre q u entl y th e ve rb w hen u se d a s a n o un t a k es
Th i s fo rm
a ft e r i t t h e p a rt i c l e a n a wh i ch d e n o t e s c o n t i n u a n c e
i s equ i v a l en t t o th e p a rt i cip i a l n o u n i n i n g i n Engl i sh b u t i s
u s ed m uc h m o re extens i vely Ob s e rve t h a t i n t h i s c a s e a na
p rec ed e s t h e di r e cti v e s i n ste a d o f fo l l o w i n g t h em a s i t d o e s
w it h t h e v erb o r p a r t icip l e
29
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
E h o l o ma i an a i a
H e i s s a i l i ng h i th er
“
”
K o n a h o lo a n a m a i —H i s s a i l i n g h it he r
and
Pel a k o k a m a k a i h a i a n a m a i i a u — T h u s wa s th e c o n
”
“
s ta bl e s tel l i n g m e i e
S o t he c o n st a bl e t o l d m e
C o mp a re
1
,
.
.
2
’
.
'
’
,
.
.
.
,
T H E V ER B A S A N A D J E CT I V E
.
v e rb m ay b e u sed a s a n a dj ect i ve a c c o rd i n g t o
“
”
E g
A l o h a a s a v e rb
t h e p ri nci pl e st a t e d i n s ect i o n 3
“
”
“
”
m e a ns t o l o ve a s a n o u n l o ve a s a n a dj ect i v e l o vi n g o r
“
”
Wh en t h e i d e a o f t im e i s s upe r a dd ed th e ve r
a ff ect i o n a te
T h e t wo f o rm s ge n
b a l a dj ect i ve m a y b e c a l l e d a P a r ti c i p le
p a rt i ci pl es a r e :
e ra lly u sed a s
I
Th e f o rm w i th i p refi x e d t o i t c a l le d t h e p as t p a r ti ci p le
30
A
.
ny
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
.
,
a nd
Th e f o rm wi t h e p r e fi x e d a n d a n a o r s o m et i me s n e i o r ha
a f fi x e d w hi ch w e c a l l t he p r e s e n t o r m o re p r o p e rl y the i mp e r
f e e t p a r t i c i p le
T he fo rm w i t h n a p refi x ed a n d t h a t wi th h e p refi x e d a n d n e i
o r l a a ffi x ed
a r e o cc a s i o n a ll y u s ed a s p a rtic i pl e s
L i ke o the r
a dj ect i ve s
th ey a l w a ys f o llo w the i r n o u n s A s w i l l b e s ee n
h e re a ft e r th ey v e ry o ften s up pl y t h e pl a c e o f a re la t i ve c la u s e
2
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
EXA M P L ES
I
.
.
k e k a h i k a n a k a e n o h o a na m a O l u a l u— A c e rt a i n m a n
l iv i ng a t O l u a lu
M a k a a i n a i h aawi i a n o n a— O n the l a nd give n t o h i m
Ka p o e i h a u le— T h e p e r s o n s f a l l en , o r wh o fel l
O
.
2
3
~
.
.
.
.
31
a
.
me a
The n o un s
fte r th e d efi m t e
.
a r t 1c l e
“
v er y o ft e n o m i tte d
b e fo re t he p a s t p a rt ic i p l e T h e w o rd s
,
a nd
poe
a re
.
HAWAI I A N GRAM MAR
38
h a v e o f ten b ee n m i s t a k en f o r a r e la
o f t e n w r 1tten t o gethe r a s o n e w o rd
te i
l ike t h e T a h it i a n
t i ve p r o n o u n a n d a r e
ka i
,
,
.
EXA M PL E S
O wa u k a (m e a ) i
wh o s a i d
o le lo a k u
B o ki
to
.
.
i a B o ki — I
a
m th e ( p er s o n )
.
O i a k a i h o i k e m a i i a i a— H e i s th e ( pe rs o n ) wh o d o
c la r e d h i m
O n a k a u w a k a (p o e ) i i ke— The se rv a nt s we re t he (p e r
s o n s ) wh o kn e w
’
.
.
NOTE
Th i s c o ns t r uct i o n re semb l e s t h e defini t e p a r t i cip l e
“
”
i n G re ek a n d th e rel a t i v e p a rti cip l e i n T a m i l
—
,
.
i n s t e a d o f k a i h av e k e
b e fo r e the ve rb w h ich m i gh t b e c o n s i de red a ve rb a l n o u n
de n o t i ng t h e a ge nt o r d o e r Th i s h e i s p erh a p s a c o n t r a c t i o n
o f ka e
Th e d i ff e renc e b e t w ee n i t a n d k a i S eem s t o b e t h a t kia
1 15 u s e d i n a p a s t a n d k e gen e r a l ly i n a p r e s e n t o r f u tu re sen s e
32
A n o th e r cl a s s
.
o
f Sen t ence s ,
,
,
.
.
.
,
E XA M P L ES
I
.
O k a m e a m a la m a i k a o i a i o o i a k e h e le m a i i k a m a la
m a l a m a H e wh o ke ep s th e t ruth he i t i s t h a t c o m e s
t o th e l i gh t
O o l u a k e h e l e o wa u k e n o h o ! o u t wo a r e t h e o ne s t o
g o I t o s tay
0 k o m a k o u h a l e k e h i o lo I t i s o u r h o u s e th a t f a l l s
.
,
—
.
2
—
.
,
,
3
.
—
.
.
T H E I N FI
.
N ITIVE
.
Th e i nfini t i ve m a y b e t he S u bj e c t o f a c l a u se e spe c i a l
“
ly w h en t he p red i c a te i s t h e v e rb h i k i i n th e s en s e o f c a n
“
”
p o n o o r s o m e o t her a dj ec t i v e o r a n o u n o r p ro n o u n p re
“
c e ded b y th e p rep o s i t i o n no
A fte r h iki a n d o ft en a ft e r
“
p o n o i t t a ke s k e a n d n o t e b e fo re i t I t m a y wel l b e q u e s
t i o n e d h o w eve r w h e t h e r t h i s f o rm i s a re a l i nfin i t i ve ;
33
.
,
'
,
,
,
,
.
,
‘
.
,
,
,
EXA M PL E S
H e p o n o i n a k a m a l i i a p a u e ma k aa la I t i s ri gh t fo r a l l
ch i l d re n t o b ew a re
A o l e p o n o k e h aawi i k a h a n a i a h a i I t i s n o t ri ght t o
gi ve t h e w o rk t o a n o th e r
N a H o a p i li e k u k u l u i h a l e p u l e & c — I t i s f o r H o a p i l i
( i e Ho a p i li s d uty ) t o b u i l d a m eet i ng h o u s e
U a h ik i i ke i a k a m a l i i k e h e l u h e l u T h i s ch i l d c a n re a d
“
”
—
I t h a s c o m e t o t h i s ch i l d t o re a d
l i te r a l l y
.
1
—
.
.
2
—
.
.
3
.
.
,
’
.
4
,
.
—
.
N
.
,
.
B
wa nan
.
—
.
Thi s i s th e regu l a r wa y
o
f
exp re s s i ng
ca n
i n Ha
HAWAIIA N GRA M MAR
39
.
f
a v e rb esp ec i a l ly
b
e
c
t
o
T
h
e
i
nfin
i
i
ve
f
t
e
n
th
e
i
O
s
o
t
j
34
an d th o s e
o f s uch a s d en o t e s o m e a ct i o n o r st a t e o f mm d
o f a ski ng c o mm a nd i ng o r t e a c h i ng
,
.
,
.
,
E X A M PL E S
1
.
—
a
k
u
ip
i
ku
m
u
i
l
k
o
u
e
a
a
T h e t e a che rs u rged
Pa a na
a
p
th em t o s t a n d fa s t
A O a k u la ke l a i a la k o u e p a i p a l a p a la— T h a t p e r s o n
t a u gh t t h em t o p ri n t b o o k s
M a k e m a k e n o wa u e he l e — I w i sh e d t o g o
.
.
2
.
.
3
.
.
O BJ EC T
.
Th e o bj e c t o f t h e v e rb i s p re c e de d by t h e p rep o s i t i o n
wh ich s erve s a s a n o bj e c ti v e s i g n I n H eb r e w w e fin d
i or
“
”
e th
u se d i n a s i m i l a r m a nn e r b e fo r e a d efini t e o bj e c t a n d s o
the p re po s i t i o n 11 i n Sp a n i s h i s u s e d b e fo r e th e o bj ect w he n i t
d en o t e s a n a n i m a t e d be i n g
S o m e ve rb s g o ve rn two o bj e c ts o n e d i rect a n d t h e o t he r i n
di re c t a s
1
E h a a wi m a i o e i k e k a la i a u— G iv e t h o u th e m o ne y t o
me
2
E a o a k u i a la k o u i k a h e lu h e l u— T e a ch t he m t o re a d
“ ”
T h e o bj ect i ve s i gn 1 i s a l w a y s o m i t t e d b e fo r e 1a
36
t h a t a n d s o m e t 1m e s b e fo re no u n s e sp e c i a l l y a fte r ma i o r a i
o r a ve rb en d i ng i n i
35
i a,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
E X A M PL E S
.
E h o lo e i ke i a m o k u h a o l e G o a n d s e e t h a t fo re i gn sh i p
2
E l a we m a i o e i a ma u bi p i H e w i l l b ri ng th o s e c a ttl e
P a r t i cip l e s a n d p a r t i c i p i a l n o u n s t a ke the s a m e c o n
st r uct i o n a fte r th e m a s v e rb s
—
r
.
.
—
.
.
.
EXA M PL E S
1
.
2
.
3
.
I ko
’
.
i k a la k o u h a n a— O n my s eei n g t h ei r w o rk
Ka h a a wi a na m a i i k e k a n a wa i — Th e giv i ng o f t h e l a w
N u i w a l e k o u k o k u a a na i a m a k o u — G re a t wa s y o u r
u
i ke
a na
.
.
a
s s i s t a nce
to
us
.
PR E D I C A
38
c a ll
.
N OU N S
A p ro p e r n a m e i n th e p red i c a t e a f ter k a p a
TE
.
,
t o n a me
”
“
l w a ys t a kes t h e O emph a ti c b e fo re i t A c o m m o n
”
n o u n i n the s a m e s i t u a t i o n i s ge n e r a l ly p rece ded by h e eve n
when i t w o ul d h a v e th e de fini te a rti c l e b e fo re i t i n Engl i sh
or
,
a
.
,
.
E X A M PL E S
r
.
Ua k a p a i a k o n a i n o a
o
P uh i —
.
H i s n a m e wa s
c a ll
ed P u h i
.
HAWAIIA N
40
2
RAM MAR
G
.
K a p a ak u la o i a i k o n a i n o a o Um i H e c a l l ed h i s n a m e
Um i
A o l e a u e k a p a a k u i a o uk o u h e p o e k a u w a I w i l l n o t
c a l l y o u s erv a nt s
—
.
.
3
—
‘
.
.
A ft e r ve rb s si gni fyi ng
bec o m e t o ch a nge t o ch o o s e
t o a p p o i n t o r c o n s ti t u t e t h e p red ic a t e n o u n c o mm o n ly t a ke s
“
”
th e p rep o si ti o n i i nt o b e fo re i t a n d d r o p s th e a rt i cl e T h i s
“ ”
i i s t h e s a m e w o rd a s th e c o nj u ncti o n i u s e d t o e xp res s p u r
p o s e th e h e i o r h e i o f t h e S o uth e rn gr o up s T h i s i s esp ec i a l ly
frequ en t i n t h e ph r a s e i m e a & c
39
.
to
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
.
,
!
,
.
.
,
EXA M P L E S
1
.
E
1110 i a
i
.
l n u i m a ik a i k e h a n a i a I t w i l l b ec o m e a
g o o d r o a d i f i t b e w o rked
E h o o l i lo a u i a o e i k a u l a I w i l l m a ke y o u a p r o ph e t
U a k o h o a u i a K a h a l e i l u n a k an a wa i I h a v e ch o s e n
K a h a l e a s j u dge
—
a a
,
,
2
3
.
—
.
.
—
.
.
AD V ER B S
As
.
b ee n s t a te d 1n s ect i o n 2 7 the s i m pl e a dv erb s
a r e p l a ced i m m ed i a t el y a fter th e ve rb o r o th e r w o rd wh i ch th e y
u a l i fy A cc o rdi ngl y th ey a l w a ys c o m e b etw ee n th e v e rb i t s el f
q
a n d a n a o r th e p a s s i v e S i gn i a
A ny a dj ecti v e m ay th u s b e u s e d
a s a n a dverb
T h e c o m p o u n d a dve rb s m ent i o n ed i n P a rt I
S ect i o n 55 gene r a l l y st a n d a t th e b egi nn i n g o r e nd o f t h e
cl a u se T h ey a r e re a l ly n o u ns p rece de d by a p rep o si ti o n w it h
t he a r t i cl e o m i t te d
40
.
h as
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
EXA M P L E S
.
E u k u m a i k a i i a k a m e a n a n a k a w a i w a i H e sh a l l b e
w el l re w a rde d wh o o w n s th e p r o pe rty
E kuk u l u h a le a n a a i H e i s h o u s e b u i l d i ng
U a o o k e ku ri n a i k a n u la la ni i a Th e c o rn p l a nte d i n
r o w s i s r ip e
I ll a m u a h o l o a k u k e k a h i p o e m a la i la F or me r ly ce r t a i n
p e rs o n s s a i l ed th e r e
A o l e i a i h el e a k u i wa h o H e d i d n o t g o o u t
—
.
—
-
.
—
.
—
.
—
.
P R E P O S I T I ON
S
.
p rec ed e the n o u n s t o wh ich they rel a t e a s
i n Engl i sh W hen t wo 11 0 a a r e i n a pp o s i t i o n th e p re po s i t i o n
i s gen e r a l l y rep e a te d b e f o re th e l a tte r n o u n a s wa s s t a te d i n
“
S ect i o n 1 1 Whe n t wo n o u ns a r e c o nnect ed by a m e a n d a
p rep o s i ti o n wh i ch rel a te s t o b o th n o u ns i t i s e xp re s sed o nly b c
f o re th e fi r st T h e p rep o s i t i o n i s s o m eti mes repe a te d h o weve r
a fte r the c o nj u nct i o n a
P rep o s i ti o ns a r e frequent ly s ep a r a t e d
41
.
P rep o s i t i o ns
,
.
,
,
.
,
~
,
.
,
.
,
HA WA II A N G RAM MAR
42
E X A M PL E S
He m a n a
’
o
.
.
.
3
4
.
k o u — I h a v e a th o ugh t
H e p a l a p a l a k a u— ! o u h a ve a b o o k
?
—
u
u
o
l
H e ku n u a ne i k o
H av e y o a c d
H e a i n a k o n a— H e h a s a la nd
1
2
’
.
.
.
CA S E 2 I n n eg a ti v e p r ep o s it i o n s i t i s e x p res s e d by t h e
p rep o s i ti o n s 0 o r a a n d t h e w o r d d e n o t l n g t h e p o s s es s o r wh e n
p r e c e des t h e t h i ng p o s se s se d
a p r o no u n
“
.
,
.
,
EXA M PL E S
A o l e a n a b uke H e h a s n o b o o k
A o l e a u p a l a p a l a I ha v e n o b o o k
A o l e a ne i o u w a h i b a re n a — H a v e y o u
—
I
.
.
2
3
’
—
.
.
.
NOTE
as
.
a
pala
b re a d ?
get rece i ve o r find i s e xp re s sed by lo a a u s e d
“
p a s s i v e o r n e ut e r v e rb E g
u a l o a a m a i 1a u k a p a l a
I h a v e rece i ved t h e l ett e r
To
—
,
,
,
.
.
,
li tt l e
no t a
.
.
’
,
.
O N TH E US E O F
NA
.
Th e p rep o s i ti o n n a i s o ft en p l a c e d b e fo re th e n o u n
d en o t i ng th e a g e n t w h e n a n a ct i v e ve rb o r c la u s e i s t h e s ub
emph a t i c a l l y
j e c t t o “e x p r e s s d u t y o r a gency
”
T hu s N a n a no e h o a k a k a — I t i s f o r h i m t o exp l a i n I t i s
o fte n u s ed th u s a t t h e b egi n ni ng o f a s entence t o p o i nt o u t t h e
s ubj ec t m o re em p h a ti c a l ly th a n the o th e r c o n st ructi o n i n w h i ch
“
th e s ubj ect i s e xp res sed a ft e r th e ve rb E g
N a na i h a n a k a
“
” “
lani
H e i t wa s th a t m a d e th e h e a ven s ; l i te r a l ly I t wa s h i s
”
t o h a ve m a d e t h e he a ve n s
I n th i s ex a mp l e N a na i s th e p re di
“
”
c a t e a n d th e c la u s e i h a n a k a la n i i s t h e s ubj ect T h e p ro
n o u n N a n a m a y re fe r t o a p lu r a l a s wel l a s t o a s in gu l a r
a n t e c eden t
Wh e n the o bj e c t o f th e f o llo wi ng c l a u s e 1s a p r o n o u n
46
i t gener a l l y p r e ce d es t h e ve rb w i th o u t t h e o bj ect ive S ign i
( I n th i s c a s e th e p r o n o u n s eem s t o b e c o n st r ue d a s th e s ubj ect
a n d th e f o l l o w i ng v erb t o b e s ubj o i ne d a dve rb i a l l y
t o d efin e
th e m o de o r ext e nt )
“
I t i s f o r th e
E g I
N a k e a u p u n i o u k o u e uk u m a i
“
g o ve rnm en t t o r e w a rd y o u l it er a l l y
y o u a re f o r
t h e g o ve rnmen t t o r ew a rd
2
N a u o i a e h o o u n a m a i I w i l l s en d h i m l i t e r a l ly
He
”
i s f o r m e t o s end
O k e A k u a n ana m a k o u e ki a i n e i G o d wh o wa t che s
3
ov er us
l i te r a l ly Wh o se w e a r e t o w a tch o ve r
T hi s l a s t i mp o rt a n t u se o f n a n a a s a rel a t i ve p r o n o u n wi l l b e
e xp l a i ned m o re fu l ly i n S ec 54
45
.
'
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
—
.
.
,
.
—
,
.
’
—
—
.
,
.
—
.
’
—
,
.
,
.
.
HA W AI I A N GRA M M AR
43
.
I N T E RR O GA T I V E S E N T E N C E S
.
1
ki n d s
i n t e r r o ga t i v e s enten c e s wh i ch r e q u i re
D i rect
.
t wo
a re o f
Th es e
47
.
or
y es
,
no
n swe r S uch qu e s t i o n s a r e a ske d i n H a w a i i a n b y p u t
t i ng a n e i a fte r t he le a di ng w o rd i n t h e s ent en c e A ffi rm a t i v e
“
”
q u e s t i o n s wh ich e x p ec t th e a n s we r y e s begi n w i t h A o le a nei
fo r
an a
.
.
.
E X A M PL ES
H e m o k u a ne i ke i a ? I s t h i s a s h i p ?
A o le a n e i h e A ku a k o u — H a ve y o u n o t a G o d ?
U a h o l o a n ei i a
Ha s h e s a i l e d ?
U a p uh i a ne i o i a 1 k a p u — H a s h e b lo w n t h e h o rn ?
—
1
.
2
.
3
4
.
—
.
.
I nd i rec t i nt e r r o g a t i ve sent en c e s w h ich re q u i re a
sen t en c e f o r th e i r a n sw e r a n d wh i ch a re a sked b y i nter ro g a t i v e
w o rd s T h e se i n t e r r o g a t i ve w o r d s a r e o f th re e ki nd s
1
I n t e rr o g a t ive p r o n o u n s a s wa i o r a h a
2
I nte rr o g a t i v e a dj e c t i v e s a s h ea o r e h i a a n d
I nt e r r o g a t ive a dve rb s a s a h ea pe h e a a u h e a & c w hi ch
3
a r e c o m p o u nd s o f h e a
T he s e i n t er r o g a t i ves gene r a l ly s t a n d a t t h e b egi nn i n g o r en d
o f a s e n t enc e
a n d ve ry r a rel y i n t h e m i d dl e
48
2
.
,
.
:
,
.
.
,
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
E X A M PL ES
.
Ow a i k a me a a i n a m a a n e i P W h o i s t h e o wn e r o f la n d
h e re ?
2
U a l i l o k a p a la p a la i a wa i ?— T h e b o o k h a s p a s s e d t o
whom ?
? —B
o
i
i
i
a
h
u
k
a
h
u
e
a
U
a
a
e
w
3
y w h o m h a s t h e th i e f b ee n
p
t a ke n ?
?— H o w o ld a r t t h o u ?
a
a
u
m
a
u
Eh
i
m
k
h
i
k
i
o
a
4
I nt e rr o g a t ive p r o n o u n s a r e s e l d o m th e s ubj e ct o f a
49
v e rb T h ey a re u se d i n th e n o m i n a t ive c a s e when t h e re i s a
“
”
n o u n i n th e p red ic a te a n d t he ve rb
to b e
w o u l d b e u se d i n
Engl i s h 1 c i n C a s e 3 S ect i o n 2 4 W i t h o th e r v e r bs t h e fo rm
p rec ede d by n o i s u s ed a s h a s be en e x pl a i n e d i n S ect i o n 4 5
Th e a ns we r t o a q u e s t i o n m u s t a l w a ys c lo se ly c o rre sp o n d t o i t
m c o n st r u c t i o n
E X A M PL ES
1
—
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
Nawa i
M
a hea
a na
N
oe
oe
oe
i h ana ? N
e h el e a i ?
a
ke
A ku a—
Wh e re
—
mah e a ?
a re
W ho m a d e y o u ? G
yo u
g o i ng ?
or
o
d
.
E h el e
i h a n a a i p e la
W hy (l i te r a l ly fo r wh a t)
a re y o u
d o i ng s o ?
H e a h a k a i n o a o ke i a a i n a ? O K u a lo a Wh a t i s th e n a m e
o f th i s la n d ?
A ns
Ku a lo a
o
k e ah a
—
oe
,
.
.
.
HAWAI I A N GRAM MA R
44
C O M P L E!
.
C O M P OU N D S E N T E N CE S
A N D
A c o mp o u nd s ent ence c o n s i s t s
f t wo
.
m o re i nde
p end ent p r o p o s i t i o ns c o nn ecte d t o gethe r by c o nj u nct i o n s
A c o mp l e x s ent ence c o ns i st s o f a p ri nc ip a l a n d o n e o r m o re
s ub o r di n a t e c l a u s es F r o m w h a t h a s a l re a dy b ee n s t a t ed i t i s
e v i de nt t h a t Ha w a i i a n s ent ence s a r e gen e r a l ly c o mp o u n d r a t h e r
t h a n c o mp le x a n d t hei r cl a u se s a r e a p t t o b e c o or d i n a t e r a th e r
t h a n s u b o r di n a te Wh a t w o ul d fo rm a l o n g s entence i n Eng
l i sh i n H a w a i i a n i s g e n e r a lly b r o k e n u p i nt o s eve r a l i n de
p en de nt p r o p o s i ti o n s b u t l o o se l y c o nnect ed w i th:e a c h o the r
We w i l l n e xt t a ke up th e v a ri o u s ki nds o f d ep end e n t cl a u s e s
i n Eng li sh a n d S h o w h o w t h ey a r e e xp res s e d i n H a w a i i a n
50
.
o
or
.
,
.
-
,
.
.
'
,
,
'
,
THE
.
D E PEN D E N T
C L A U S E U S E D A S S U BJ ECT
‘
'
.
I n E u r o pe a n l a ngu a ge s a s ub st a nti v e c la u s e i s i r e
“
q u ently t h e s ubj ect o f a s ent ence Th u s i n th e s ent e nce I t i s
“
”
e vi d ent th a t th e e a rt h i s r o u nd the w o rd i t i s re a l ly a n
e xp l et iv e a n d t h e s ubj ec t i s th e wh o l e cl a u s e th a t t h e e a rth
”
i s ro u n d
I n H a w a i i a n t h e depend ent cl a u se i s o ften a br i dg e d a n d e x
p r es s ed by a s ub st a nt i ve o r by a p a rt ic ip i a l n o u n o r a g a i n i t i s
s ubj o i n ed w i t h o ut a n y c o nn ect iv e a s a n i n dep e ndent p ro p o s i
51
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
t 10 n
.
Th u s
th e sentenc e gi ven a b o ve m igh t b e rende red
Th
”
r o u n d nes s o f th e e a rth i s evi den t
n a a k a k a k a p o ep o e a n a 0
k a h o n u a ; o r I t i s ev i d ent ; th e e a rth i s r o u n d
U a m ao
”
p o p o h e p o ep o e n o k a h o nn a
e
,
,
—
—
“
.
,
R E L A T I V E O R A D J E CT I V E C L A U S E S
.
T h e u s e o f a re a l r e l a t i ve p r o n o u n i s c o nfine d t o t h e
m o s t p e r fect cl a s s o f l a ngu a ge s v i z th e i n fl ec ted l a ngu a ge s A
r el a t i v e p r o n o u n i n c o r p o r a te s i t s cl a u s e i nt o th e s entence a s a
qu a l i fyi ng s o m e
s u b o r d i n a te p a rt
a n d a s a n a dj ec ti v e e l ement
no u n o r p r o n o u n i n i t Th i s n o u n o r p r o n o u n t o wh ich i t r e fe rs
i s c a l le d the a n te c e d e n t S u ch c l a u s es a r e e xp r es s e d i n H a w a i i
a n e i the r i n a n a b ri dged f o rm by m e a n s o f ad j e c t i v e s o r p a r ti
p le s o r by th e P o s s es s i v e C o ns t r uc ti o n e xp l a i n ed a b o ve wh i ch
l a s t fu rni sh e s a cl e a r a n d c o mp a ct m o d e o f ren de ri ng s uch
c l a u s e s w h e n t hey a r e s h o r t W he n they a r e l o n g o r i nv o l ve d
t hey m u st b e ren de re d i n H a w a i i a n by i nd ep en dent p r o po s i t i o n s
52
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
“
,
.
.
M ARK
Ob s e rve th a t w h en t h e a nt ec ed ent o f the
“
r el a t i ve i s a p r o n o u n o f th e t h i rd p e rs o n a s i n th e ph r a s es h e
”
“
”
th o s e wh o
i t i s e xp re ss ed i n H a w a i i a n by th e
wh o
&c
”
”
n o uns k a m e a f o r t he s i ngu l a r a n d k a p o e f o r the p l u r a l
53
.
R
E
—
,
,
,
.
,
,
“
,
.
HAWAIIA N GRAM MAR
54
CA S E
.
I
e la ti v e
W h e n th e R
.
45
.
i s S u bj e c t o f
i ts Cla u s
e
.
Wh e n t h e c la u s e c o n t a i n s t h e c o p u la t o b e th e rel a t i v e
i s w ant i ng a n d th e cl a u s e i s e xp re s sed by a n a dj ect i ve s i mp l y
”
“
T h u s th e m a n wh o i s h o n es t :
o r b y a n o u n i n a pp o si ti o n
“
“
the h o n e st m a n
Pa u l wh o wa s a n
”
“
”
H e th a t i s h o ly h e th a t i s t r u e =O k a m e a h o a n o
a p o st l e
A
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
k a mea
o ia io
.
B— W
hen the re l a t i ve i s th e s ubj e c t o f a v e rb th e cl a u s e i s
T h i s i s t h e regu l a r c o n s t r uc
o ften exp re s s e d b y a p a rti ci pl e
“
t i o n w h e n th e ve rb i s i n tna 11s i ti v e o r p a s s i v e T h u s th e thi n g
wh ic h wa s
th i n g giv e n — k a m ea i h a a wi i a
E g I Ka p o e i h a u l e T h e p e o pl e wh o fel l
2
Ka p o e e n o h o a n a m a l u n a o k e k u a h i wi — T h ey wh o
d wel l o n the m o u nt a i n
H e n u i k a m e a e a e i h a n a i a M a n y w e r e th e o th e r thi ng s
3
w hich we re d o ne
,
.
.
.
,
.
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
—
.
.
C — Th e rel a t i ve i s e xp re s s ed by
.
n a na ,
by th e c o n s t ruc t i o n i n
S e c t i o n 4 5 wh e n th e fo l lo wi ng v e rb i s a c ti v e a n d tr a ns i ti v e
T h e t en s e s i gn s a r e i i n p a s t
a n d w h e n th e a ge nt i s a p e r s o n
ti me a n d e i n p res ent o r fu t u re t im e
E g I K a m e a n a na a n i h o o u n a ma i H e wh o s ent m e
2
O I ud a n a na i a i k u m a k a i a— J u d a s wh o b e t r a ye d hi m
O o e k e k a n a k a na na i a i h u e k o u li o ! o u a r e th e m a n
3
wh o st o l e my h o rs e
O khe A ku a na n a e i ke i n a me a a p a u G o d wh o see s a l l
4
t mgs
A o l e o u m e a na n a e h a i m a i & c I h a d 11 0 o n e t o t e ll
5
m e &c
,
,
.
.
,
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
—
.
.
—
.
.
’
—
.
.
.
,
CA S E
.
f i ts Cla u s e
Wh a t w o u l d be th e s u bj e c t o f th e cl a u se i n Engl i sh i s p u t
i nt o th e p o s s e s s i v e fo rm 1 e p reced e d by t h e p rep o s i t i o n a o r
k a a s i f th e a nteced ent w e re a t hi n g p o s ses sed a n d th e ve rb i s
“
”
s ubj o i n e d a s wi th n a n a T he p re fi x p rep o s i t i o n k a i s u s e d
wh en th e n o u n (gen e r a l l y mea ) f o ll o ws o r i s u nde rs to o d
Th e rel a ti v e p a rt i cip l e a i a l w a ys fo l lo w s th e ve rb excep t
whe n n e i la o r a na t a ke s i t s p l a c e
55
.
2
.
W h e n th e R
e la t i v e
i s O bj e c t
o
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
W h a t I t el l y o u
M y t h i ng t o t el l y o u
Ka u
m e a e h a i a k u n e i i a o uk o u
Th e t h i ngs w hi c h I s a w th e t h i ngs o f m e t o h a v e se en
N a me a a u i i k e a i
Th i s i s wh a t th ey s a w— he re i s the i r s t o h a ve seen
E i a k a l a k o u i i ke a i
A t a l e w h i ch m y m o th e r t o l d m e — He k aa o a k o u m a
k u a h m e i h a i ma i a i i a u
E g
.
.
1
—
.
.
—
2
.
’
l
.
3
.
.
4
’
.
’
.
’
HAWAI I A N GRAM M AR
46
5
-
.
K e k um u n i u
mau i
w h i c h w e t wo a gree d
CA SE 3
56
A
—
.
by
'
a
a
a i—
l i ke
ac
bout
Th e
co
c o n u t t ree
.
p o s s es s i v e
c a s e,
p rep o s i ti o n
W h e n i t re la t e s t o a p e r s o n i t i s e x p res sed i n H a w a i i a n
p er s o n a l p r o n ou n i n t h e s a m e c o n s t r u c t i o n
i s g ov er n e d by
or
a
'
W he n th e re l a ti ve i s i n th e
.
.
a
.
a
.
.
.
O k a m e a i a i a k e k i — H e t o wh o m t h e k ey b e l o ng s
2
E k e a ku a m a n a l o a m e o e e n o h o l a k a nh a n e 0 k a
“
”
! i gh t y G o d
o
e
a
a
l
e
l
i
h
e
i
k
ei
a
a
o
A
l
m
wi th wh o m
p
d w e ll th e sp i ri t s o f t h e d ep a r t e d
Ka m ea m a o n a la i a i h a n a a i i k a l a ni a m e k a b o n u a
3
“
—
Th e p e rs o n b y w h o m h e m a d e th e h e a ve n a n d t h e
”
e a rth
B — Whe n t he re l a t i v e re fe rs t o a th i n g wh i ch is t h e c a u s e
“
”
m e a ns o r i n s tr u m e n t by wh 1c h a ny t h i ng i s o r 1s d o ne t h e
rel a t ive i s gen e r a lly e x p res s e d o nly b y t h e p a rt i c l e a i wh i c h
a lwa y s
fo l l ow s t h e ve rb i n s uch c l a u s e s
E g 1 E i a k a m e a e m ak e a i n a k a n a k a
T h i s i s th e c a u s e
”
fr o m w h i ch t h e p eo p l e d ec re a s e
2
O i a k e k um u i k a u a a i la k o u Th a t wa s th e c a u s e f o r
w h i ch t h ey f o ught
H e a h a k a u m e a i h i ki ma i a i Wh a t i s y o u r re a s o n f o r
3
c o m i ng ?
Ka k a u a m e a i a n n1a 1 n e i ( f o r a i ) i k ei a m a u k a i
4
“
”
e wa l u
Th e r e a s o n f o r wh i ch w e h a ve s a i l e d h i t h e r
“
”
o ve r t h es e e i ght s e a s
or
O u r re a s o n f o r s a i l i ng
E g
.
.
I
.
.
,
—
,
.
'
.
.
.
,
,
,
'
,
.
.
.
.
.
—
.
.
—
.
.
—
.
,
h 1t h e r & c
W h en t h e re la t i v e
“
“
”
i n wh i c h o r a t
.
,
C—
re fers t o a n o u n den o t i ng th e ti me o r
p la ce
wh i ch a n y th i ng i s o r i s d o ne t h e
p o s ses s i v e c o n s t r u ct i o n e xp l a i ne d i n S e c t i o n 55 i s p re fer re d
whe n a p e rs o n i s t h e a ge nt a n d a n a c ti v e ve rb f o l l o w s I n t h i s
c a s e t h e p rep o s i t i o n a i s gene r a l ly u s ed b e fo re th e n o u n de n o t
i ng t h e a gen t b u t s o m e t i m es k o e sp ec i al l y wh en wa h i f o l l o w s
T h e ve rb i s a l w a ys d en o t e d by t h e rel a t i v e p a rti cl e a i o r n e i
wh i ch s o m e t i m e s t a ke s i t s p l a c e O ften h o wev e r a n d a l w ays
w h e n a p a s s i v e ve rb fo l l o ws t h e c o ns t r uct i o n g i ve n i n t h e l a s t
p a r a gr a p h ( B ) i s p re fe r re d th e r el a t iv e b e i ng e xp res se d s i mpl y
by a i a ft e r th e v e rb
“
E g I A t t h e t i m e i n wh i ch C a pt a i n C o o k a r ri ve d— Wh e n
”
”
“
C a pt a i n Co o k a rri ve d - I k a wa i k u m a i a i o Lo n o
2
A t Ko n a th e pl a c e wh e re h e l i ve d
M a Ko n a k o n a
wah i i no ho a1
— I n t h e r o a d i n wh i ch
M
k
a
a
a
i
a
l
nu
i
a
m
k
o
u
i
h
el
e
e
a
3
we w ent
—A t the p l a ce whe re
n
i
n
M
a
a
a
u
m
u
k
h
i
i
h
a
a
a
u
i
o
K
h
a
4
K a a h u m a n u wa s c o nc e a l e d
.
'
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
—
.
,
.
.
.
’
.
.
HA W A II A N G R AM M AR
47
.
— A t
i
l
i
L
l
o
a
a
a
a
i
o
a
a i a p uk a
I
k
h
i
i
m
m
a
a
W
a
i
u
k
a
a
W
p
5
w he re L i lo a wa s kept
—
r
i
n
i
a
m
B
a
i
m
ke
i
n
a
l
i
i
a
e
t
Wh en th e ch i e fs
a
a
K
a
a w
6
d i ed i n Engl a n d
— A t
i
a
a
L
i
e
k
n
w
h
i
i
h
a
n
u
La i e h e r b i rt h p l a c e
o a
a
M a
a
7
— T h e l a n d i n whi c h I d we l l
i
i
n
e
n
o
h
n
e
u
o
Ka a a a
8
Obs e rve th a t k a h i=k a w a h i
.
.
.
’
.
.
,
.
.
’
.
.
.
A D V E R B I A L C L A US E S
A d v er b i a l Cla us
o
es
f P lac e
.
.
M o st a dve rb i a l c l a u s e s o f p l a c e a r e e xp re ss ed i n t h e
m a nne r exp l a i n e d i n th e l a s t s ec ti o n S o m e n o u n d en o t i ng p la c e
m u s t b e exp re s sed a n d c o nnect i o n o f t h e cl a u s e s i nd i c at e d b y
“
”
”
“
” “
T h u s wh e re
wh it h e r a n d w h enc e a r e gen e r a l ly e x
ai
“
“
”
”
”
“
p re s sed by k a h i o r w a h i & c w i th a i a ft e r th e f o l l o w i ng
ve rb
E g I Th e l a n d wh e r e w e j o u rn ey— O k a a m a k a h i a m a u a
e h el e a i
W henc e I c a me — Ko u w a h i i h e l e m a i a i
2
—
Ko u w a h i e hel e a k u a i
Wh
i
t
he
r
I
o
3
g
”
”
—
m a na wa h i a p a u a
ai
Wh e reve r
”
“
A S
A s fa r a s
i s exp re s s e d by a c i rcu m l o c u t i o n a s e g
”
fa r a s t he E a s t i s fr o m th e We s t — E l i ke m a k a lo i h i m a i k a
h iki n a a i k e k o m o h a n a
57
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
A dv e r b i a l Cla u s
f Ti m e
Thes e c l a u se s gen e r a ll y a s s um e th e f o rm s gi ven i n
58
S ecti o n 56 C
Th ey a r e gen e r a l l y c o n n ecte d t o t he le a d i ng
“
”
p r o p o s i ti o n by w he n o r wh i l e i n Engl i sh
I n H awai i an
s o me n o u n d en o t i ng t i me m u st b e exp res s ed a n d t h e c o n nec
t i o n o f th e c l a u se s i n d ic a t e d by th e r e l a t i ve p a r t i cl e a i
E g I I k a wa i m a ke a i n a l i i Wh en th e c hi e fs d i e d
2
I k o n a wa e m a a l o a e a n a Wh i le h e p a s s e s by
”
“
”
W h e n ev e r o r A s o f te n a s i s e x p re s sed by i n a wa a p a u
”
a
ai
E g I n a wa a p a u a o uk o u e a i a i — A s o ft e n a s
”
4s l o ng a s
ye e a t
i s si mi l a rl y exp re s se d a s 1 n a la a p a u
es
o
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
’
—
-
.
.
.
.
—
.
.
.
.
,
,
a
A lo o s e r mo d e
of
c o nnecti ng s uch c la u s e s w h e n le s s
p reci s i o n i s req u i red i s by th e c o nj u ncti o n a o r a i a wh i ch i s
“
”
“
”
eq
u i v a l ent t o whe n
a n d w h en
u nt i l
&c
E g I A h i ki m a i i a W he n h e a r ri ves
2
A i a i ke a k u o e i k a m a n u W h e n y o u se e th e b i rd
A a h i a h i i h o — W hen i t wa s even i ng
3
A a o k a p o— Whe n i t wa s mo rni ng
4
A n“o t he r m o d e o f rend e ri ng c l a u se s c o nn ect e d by
”
wh 1le o r whe n 1 s by p re fi x i n g t he p rep o s iti o n i o r a i to th e
59
.
,
,
,
“
,
.
.
,
.
,
—
.
.
.
—
.
.
.
.
.
HAWAIIA N GRAM MAR
48
.
s ub j ect w h e n i t i s a pe i s o n a n d p l a ci ng a f te r i t a fo r m o f t h e
ve rb w h i ch ma y b e c o n s i de re d a s a p a rti cip l e Wh e n th e p r o
while
g r e s s i v e f o rm i n a n a f o l l o w s i t i s t o b e rend e re d b y
”
w i th a ve rb ; w h e n t h e p a st p a rt i ci p l e by wh e n o r a s s o o n
I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e th e v e rb i s a l w a y s f o l l o wed b y a i T h i s
as
u s e o f a i m a y p o s s i bly b e expl a i ned b y e l l i p s i s a s f o l l o w s :
“
”
— As
i
k
a
a
i
i
n
E g I
I
w
i
h
i
k
i
p
n
K
a
a
i
a
l
u
a
o
a
l
l
a
o
o
a
(
)
s o o n a s h e re a ch e d th e s u mmi t o f K a l a l a
”
I a i a e n o h o a n a m a l a i la
2
Wh i l e he wa s s itti ng t h e re
I a l ako u i i k e ak u a i i a ia
A s s o o n a s t hey s a w h i m
3
I a u e n o h o an a m e o u k o u
W h i le I a m w i t h y o u
4
S o m e H a w a i i a n s ch o l a r s m a k e t h e f o l lo w i ng d i s t i nc t i o n :
i a e he l e a n a a k n Wh i l e h e wa s g o i ng
i a e h el e a k n a na Wh en he wa s a b o ut t o g o
“
”
A c l a u s e i nt r o d uce d by wh i le i n Engl i s h m a y a l s o
§ 6I
b e r ende re d by a p a rt i ci p i a l n o u n p rece de d by a p rep o s i t i o n a s
“
”
Whi l e I wa s g o i ng
o k o u h e l e an a k u
( L i t i n my g o
Th i s i s a v e ry c o m m o n c o n s t ru ct i o n
“
”
e sp eci a lly w h en th e cl a u se i n
O i a i i s o fte n u s ed f o r w h i l e
“
”
Engl i s h h a s f o r i t s p re d i c a t e t h e ve rb t o be fo l l o w e d by a
“
n o u n T h u s O i a i k a laZ W h i l e i t i s da y
O i a i k a m a la m a
“
l a m a m e o u k 0 11= W h i le th e l i gh t i s yet w i th:
A sh o rte r
you
“
f o rm o f t h e s a m e i s o i E g
E h el e i k a m a la m a l a m a o i k a u
”
k e e a i k e ki n o
” “
C l a u s e s i n t r d u c e d by b e fo re
si nce o r a fte r a r e
$ 62
e xp re s s e d b y t h e c o mp o u nd p rep o s i t i o n s ma m u a o a n d m o k o p e
“
”
fo l l o w ed by a p a r ti c i p i a l n o u n a s B e fo re I we n t = M a m u a O
0
” “
”
m a m u a 0 k a wa e k o a i :b e fo r e i t i s
o n h el e a n a a k u ;
“
A ft e r h e
a cc o mpl i sh e d
M a h o p e i h o o k o n a h iki a n a m a i
a r ri ved
63
Th e us e o f a i i n t h e s entence s b egi nn i n g w i t h a n a d
m a y b e a cc o u nt ed
v e rb i a l e xp re s s i o n sp o ken o f i n S ec t i o n 9
f o r fr o m th e a n a l o gy o f re l a t iv e c l a u s e s by s u pp o s i ng a n
ellipsi s
T h a t ( i s th e p l a ce ) i n
E g T h u s m a la i la o i a i i k e a i
wh i c h h e s a w
T l1 a t s th e wa y i n
P el a n o o i a i m a l a m a a k u a i i a l a k o u
whi c h’ h e t o o k c a re o f th em
A s wa s b e fo re s t a ted t h e s ubj ec t i f a p r o no u n gen e r a l ly
p re c e de s th e ve rb i n s uch s entences a s P e h e a l a o u k o u i ik e
ai
i a m ea ?
H o w do y o u kn o w t h a t ?
,
,
,
.
‘‘
,
‘
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
—
.
—
.
’
-
.
.
,
—
.
—
.
.
,
.
,
‘
’
,
—
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
'
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
;
,
,
,
—
.
.
.
,
,
.
‘
.
.
—
.
.
’
—
.
,
,
.
,
’
—
FI N A L
.
,
.
cl a u s e s a r e th o s e whi ch den o t e a p u rp o s e o r m o
“
” “
Th e se a r e gene r a l l y i nt r o d uce d b y i
th a t
i n o rde r
“
“
”
”
S o m e t 1m e s p u rp o s e i s e x
t h a t n o t o r 0 l e st
i o le e
64
tive
t hat
C LA U S E S
.
Fi n a l
,
,
,
,
.
,
GRAM M AR
I
I I A N
HA W A
50
.
C ON D I T I O N A L C L A U S E S
.
”
“
I n t h e s e t h e c o nd i t i o n i s i nt r o d u c e d by i na i f ei the r
a l o ne o r f o l l o w ed by th e t en se s i gn s i
e o r n a ; by i a s h o rte r
”
f o rm o f i n a ; o r by k e p r o v i de d t h a t w h ich i s u se d o f p re sen t
o r fu tu re ti m e
Th e c l a us e begi n ni n g w i t h h e gen e r a l ly i s sub
j o i n e d a t t he e nd o f th e s entence w h i l e i o r i n a st a n d a t t h e
“
”
b egi nn i ng
I f no t
i s e xp re s se d by p utt i ng o l e a fte r th e ve rb
a n d i na &c
b e f o re i t o r by th e ph r a s e s i o le e o r h e o le I n a
l o ng sentence t h e c o ncl u s i o n i s o ft en m a rke d by a s ec o n d i nd
“
”
e q u i v a l ent t o th en i n Engl i sh
E g I I n a i h el e m a i nei o e i n a n a i ke I f y o u h a d c o me
h e r e th en y o u w o u l d h a ve s een
2
I n a i m a k e m a k e m a i o e i a m ea i n a u a k 11 m a i o e— I f y o u
h a d w a nt ed th i s t h i ng the n y o u w o u l d h a ve c o m e f o r i t
—
i
E
m
a
l
u
h
i
l
a
k
o
u
k
h
i
ki
m
T hey sh a l l b e a t p e a c e i f
a
e
a
3
th ey c o m e
—
A
h
i
u
i
o
i
o
l
e
m
k
a
a
n
o
A n d i f h e d o e s n o t c o me i t
a
4
67
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
—
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
‘
.
,
,
wa r
15
.
O B J E CT I V E C L A U S E S
.
Obj ect i ve cl a u s es gen e r a l l y fo l l o w ve rb s w h ich den o t e
I st
s o m e a c t o r s t a t e o f th e m i nd o r 2 n d a d ecl a r a t i o n o r
”
co mm a n d S u ch c a u s e s a r e i nt r o d u c e d by th a t i n Engl i sh
I n H a w a i i a n they a r e o ft en e xp re s se d by the i n fini t i ve a fte r
O ft e n h o w eve r e spec i a l ly
t h e v e rb s m ent i o ned i n S ecti o n 34
they s t a nd w ith o u t a n y
a fte r v e rb s o f s a yi ng
o r decl a ri n g
c o n nec t i n g p a rt i cl e b etwe en th em T h e re 15 n o d i st i n c t i o n th en
i n H a w a i i a n G r a m m a r b e t w een d i rec t a n d i n di rect qu o t a t i o n
68
.
'
'
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
Z
S P E CI M lE N S O F H A W A I I A N
A N A LY E D
.
,
I
A l a i la
Th e n
.
a la k a n a
wa s le d
’
.
2
3
4
ku
la
0
I
.
.
T h e fi rs t p a s s a ge w e h a v e s el ected i s fr o m th e
Tempt a ti o n o f C h ri st ( M a tt i v
69
o f th e
V
S E N-T E N CE S
a
wa y
a
cc o u n t
.
.
I e s u e k a U h an e i k a
! es u s by th e S p i r i t t o th e
6
2
7
5
’
wa o n a h e l e e h o o wa l e wa l e i a k u a i e k a D i a b o l o
wi ld er n e s s to b e t e m p t e d
by t h e D e v i l
Th en wa s J es u s l e d u p o f t h e Sp i ri t i nt o th e w i l de rnes s t o
b e t empted by th e D evi l
,
.
.
.
NOTE S
A la k a i i a i s co mp o u n de d o f a la , wa y , th e J a v a ne s e
2
Th e i ni t i a l 0
j ia la n a n d k a i t o l e a d ; i a i s th e P a ss i ve S i gn
o f the v e rb a l
d i rect i ve a k n i s c o nt r a c te d w1t h th e fin a l o n e o f
.
I
.
’
.
,
,
.
HAWAIIA N GRA M MAR
51
.
th e p reced i n g w o rd 3 L a he re i s th e s ign o f p a s t t i m e ( S e e
P a rt I
52 ) 4 0 h e re i s the s ign o f th e n o m i n a t i v e
48 a n d
26
w i t h p r o p e r n a m e s Pa r t I
5 W a o n a h e le i s c o mp o u n de d
u ni nh a b i t ed p l a ce a n d n a h e le o ve rgr o w n w i t h
an
o f wa o
b u she s & c 6 H o o wal ewa le i a i s c o m p o u n de d o f h o o the c a u s
a t i v e p refi x
wa lewa le t o d ece i ve a n d i a th e
( S e e Pa rt I
P a s s i ve en di ng 7 A i i s the rel a t i ve p a rt i cl e a n d w i th t h e p re
“
”
ce di ng e s e rve s t o e x p res s the i d e a o f p u rp o s e i n o rde r t o
( S ee Pa r t I I
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
2
I
V
a
2
.
.
Ho o k e a i
i ho
F a s te d
th er e u o n
5
6
me
na
po
th e
n i g h ts
a nd
3
4
h o o k ah i
la i a i
h e fo r
p
k an ah a
la ,
f or ty
d ay s
o ne
7
2
2
he
k anah a
,
f o r ty
a
m ah O p e
a n d a f te rwar d s
p o lo l i
i ho ,
a
h u ngr y
3
i ho
a cc o r d i ng ly
ia
he
la
.
(wa s )
A nd whe n h e h a d f a st ed fo rty d a y s a n d n i ght s h e wa s
a ft erw a rds a h unge red
NOT E S 1 H o o k e a i i s c o mp o u nded o f h o o ke a b st a i n a n d
ai
H o o k e a g a i n i s co m p o n d e d o f l1 o o t he c a u s a ti v e
fo o d
p refix a n d k e t o elb o w t o p u sh a w a y 2 I h o i s a d i recti ve
p a rt icl e
I t exp re s s e s h e re th e i de a o f
( S e e“ P a rt I
”
” “
” “
s eq
u e n c e l i ke
the re up o n
i m me di a te ly a fte r
a cc o rd i ngly
3 L a den o t e s p a s t t i m e a s i n V I 4 H o o k a h i i s c o m p o u n de d
o f ka h i
th e num e r a l o n e a n d th e p refi x l1 o o a n d e xp re s s e s
“
” “
”
w i t h p reci s i o n o n e
o nl y o n e
5 A me a n d i s u s e d t o
c o n nect n o u n s a t o c o nnec t v e rb s 6 T he p l u r a l d efin i t e a rt i
cl e 7 O n t h e s t r uct u re o f th i s s ent enc e s e e P a rt I I
26
T h e p o s i t i o n o f th e a dj ect iv e sh o w s th a t i t i s p re dic a te d o f
“
”
t h e s ubj ect O r p o lo li m a y be c o n st ructed a s a ve rb
he
”
h u nge red wh i ch v i e w i s c o nfi rm ed by th e u s e o f th e ve rb a l
p a rt icl e s i h o a n d la a ft e r i t
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
.
.
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
I
A
3
i
la
th e r e
I
A
nd
h ik i
wh e n
ca
5
4
ak u
la i a
fo r th
s a id
me
,
I na o
he i f
k a h o o wa le wa le i o n a
f o r th th e
t e m p te r
to h i m
6 7
k e Ke i ki o e a k e
A ku a
th e
s o n t h a n o f th e
G od
ak u
.
8
ma i
1
e
s
p ea k
9
h i th e r
10
lilo
i
b e ren a
b ec o me
to
br e a d
.
.
oe
i
th a n
to
ke i a m a u
the s e
p o hak u
s
to n e s
i
th a t
(th ey )
HAWA IIA N GRAM MAR
‘
52
A n d w hen th e t empte r c a m e
.
h i m a n d s a i d I f t h o u b e th
S o n o f G o d c o mm a n d t h a t t he s e s t o n es b e m a de b re a d
NOTES “ I A l o ng”a t“ t h e b egi nni ng o f a c l a u s e o f te n me a n s
”
”
“
a n d w hen
2 Fo r th e f o rm i ona l a
wh en
u nt i l
to
”
20 a n d
hi m s ee Pa r t I
3 8 3 I h e r e i s t h e v e rb t o s a y i n
th e p a s t t en se 4 L a s i gn i fie s p a st t i m e a s u s u a l 5 0 h e re i s
t he a rt i cl e 0 u sed t o re nde r t h e f o l l o w i n g n o un emp h a t i c i n a
c l a u s e a ffi r mi n g t h e i d e n ti ty o f t wo t h i ngs S e e P a rt I I
24
6 Fo r th e d i st i nct i o n b etw ee n a a n d 0 s e e P a r t I
1 5 7 Fo r
t h e u s e o f th e f o rm k e r a th e r t h a n k a s e e P a r t I
24
8 E
i s t h e S i gn o f th e i mpe r a t i v e 9 M a n i s t h e s i gn o f t h e p l u r a l
10
O n t h i s u s e o f i s e e P a rt I I
39
to
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
mai
O l e lo
S pia k e
.
.
2
I
4
la
3
I es u
0
h i th e r
!
es u s
mai
i
,
s ai d
,
Ao l e
be e n wr i tte n
N
ot s
e
o la
a
ke
th e
h a ll li v e
,
h i th e r
ha s
kanaka
i
ma n
by
b ere n a
ka
the
br ea d
8
7
wa le
Ua
la
(I t)
6
5
p a l ap a l a i a ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
V
,
.
ma
ak a,
no ,
lo n e
by
bu t
‘
mea
na
th e
a
ma i
fr o m
pa u
a ll
th i n g s
waha
ka
th e
m o u th
9
mai
ke
th e
o
Ak ua
.
G od
f
B u t h e a n s we r e d a n d s a i d I t i s w r i tten M a n s h a ll n o t l iv e
b y b re a d a l o ne b u t by ev e ry w o rd t h a t p r o ceedet h o u t o f t he
m o ut h o f G o d
NOTES 1 L a i s th e S i gn o f th e p a s t t i me 2 O i s t h e a r t i cl e
u s ed wi t h p r o pe r n a m es i n t h e n o m i n a t iv e P a rt I I
0
7 3
Ua i s t h e s i gn o f th e p er fec t t en s e 4 P a la p a la i s th e ve rb t o
w ri te a n d i a i s t h e p a s s i ve S ign 5 E i s t h e s i g n o f th e fut u re
“
”
6 I me a n s by a ft e r a n i n t r a ns i t i ve v erb o r a dj ec t i ve b ut e i s
u s ed a fte r a p a s si v e v e rb 7 N 0 i s a s t rengt h e ni ng p a rti cl e
i
n
l
Pa rt I
a
o
a
gen
e
r
l
ly
cc
mp
n
i
e
s
wh
ch s i gn i fie s
a
d
a
w
a
e
49
“
”
”
” “
”
a l o ne
o ri gi n a l ly m e a n t
un ti l d o ne
o n ly
8 A pa u
a ll
”
h
a
P
I
O
n
rep
et
i
t
i
n
e
a
r
I
o
o
f
m
i
s
t
c o mp l e t ed
t
e
e
4
9
Th e next p a s s a ge i s fr o m th e ro m a nce o f La i e ik a wa 1
70
P a ge 1 3
h i th e r
o
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
‘
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
2
I
I
I l o ko
.
0
ko
5
pio
4
ka
th e
ar ch
I
wah i
p la c e
i loko
in
mau
L a i e i k a wa i
L a i e i k a wa i s
’
D u r i ng
h oo m a u i a
c o n ti n u e d
3
0
ka
th e
ana
i ng
la
da y s
o
o
f
k et
th e
ma
at
W a i a p u k a na
W a i apu k a wa s
a n u en u e
r a in b o w
,
ma
kel a
at
th a t
HA W A II A N GRAM MA R
ma li e
1 ka
i n th e
,
fa i r we a th e r
a nd
ao
ak a,
ao e
d ay
bu t
not
i h o o mao po p o
to o d
u n d e rs
y et
na
me a
th e
p er s o ns
a
i ke
p au
a ll
ke i a
an u e n ue
thi s
r a i nb o
;
w
ak a,
ua
bu t
we r e
ho o ma u i a
co n ti n u e d
6
th e s
7
lii
ma
cat
ch i e f
m a h o e ne i
w a hi
na
a
p la ces
th e
na tu r e
ma u
ke i a
.
a no
th e
4
twi ns
l
8
7
na e
ke
t he
me
po
ni gh t
53
.
e
II
10
9
h o a 1lo n a
s i g ns
3
ma u
i
m a la m a 1a
ua
(wh er e) we r e g u a r d e d th es e
.
i
’
.
.
I n the d a ys w he n La i e i k a wa i wa s a t W a i ap uk a t h e a rch i ng
o f the r a i nb o w wa s c o nt i n u e d a t th a t p l a ce i n r a i ny we a t h e r
a n d i n f a i r we a th er by n i gh t a n d b y d ay ; b u t y e t a l l pe rs o n s
d i d n o t u nd e rst a n d th e n a t u re o f th i s r a i nb o w ; b u t the s e
t o ke n s (o f a ) chi e f w e re c o n t i n u e d i n th e p l a c es wh e r e th e s e
t wi n s w e re gu a rd ed
,
,
.
NOTES
I lo k o
( Pa r t
c o mp o u n d p rep o si ti o n l i ke i ns i d e o f
2
i n Engl i sh
I
K 0 i s th e p refi x p re po s i t i o n
“
18
of
o n wh i c h s e e P a r t I
3 M a n 15 a s i gn o f t h e p l u r a l
M a n m e a n s c o n t i n u a l h o a i s t h e c a u s a t iv e
4 H o o ma u i a
a n d i n the p a s s i ve s i gn 5 P i c a n a i s a s o rt o f p a rt ic i p i a l n o u n
P a rt I I
2 9 6 Th e n o u n s n o a n d a li i a r e u s e d h e re a s a dj e c
f i ve s
8 I i s t h e S i gn
7 I h e re i s t h e s i g n o f the p a st t en s e
o f the o bj ect i ve c a s e
9 I n ma la ma i a i d i n th e fin a l a o f
T he re l a t i v e ca i he re re fe rs b a ck t o wa hi
t h e p reced i ng wo rd
“
”
1 1 U a ne i t a ke n t o
P a rt I
li ke w h er e i n Engl i sh
5
3
“
Pa r t I if 43
gethe r m e a n th es e
I
.
.
.
is
o
a
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
’
-
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
-
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
1
II
I
.
On
K aua i
k ek ah i
a
a
K aua i
no
o
f
I
K a u a 1,
Ka u a i
ke
111 111
s aw
h i th e r
nei
noh o
;
h e re
r ta i n
pu n i
a r o u nd
ce
d we l t
a
a nd
9
la
ma n a wa
t i me
ia
to
Ina
k ona
in
hi s
2
Ha la a n i a n i e k a a h ele
H a lea n i a ni
t r a ve l
a no
ma k a n l a
c ha
r ac t e r (as )
6
5
4
ia
1 11
to
him
7
.
11 111 1
i
111
a r r i v ed
I
pon
i ng
nui
p r op h e t
g r ea t
8
l u na p ono
u
ana
3
ia
o
r ig h t
.
K a l ale a ,
Ka la le a
I o
Oia
t he n
1
he
i ho
ac c o
r d i n g ly
ka
the
la
pio
a rc h
oia
he
a
o
f
k eia
thi s
a n u e nu e
i
ra i n b o w o n
ma l a i la h e i wa k a l u a l a
t he r e
a
t we n ty
day
Oahu
O a hu
as
a
HAWAIIA N GRA M M AR
54
13
12
k u mu
e
m ea n s t o s
m ea e i k e
t hi n g t o
ma o p O p o
i ke
n ei
5
I
ke
i
a no
whi c h t h e
by
o
n a tu r e
o
f
4
k ana
his
.
h er e
s ee
ia
be
c l e a r ly
e en
’
I
.
.
cer t a i n t i me w h i l e H a l a a n i a n i wa s t r a vel i ng a r o und
K a u a i i n h i s c h a r a ct er (a s ) gre a t p r o p h e t o f K a u a i w h en h e
a rr i ved a t t h e ve r y su mm i t o f K a l a l e a , h e s a w t h e a rc h o f t h i s
r a i nb o w
on
O a h u h e r e ; h e a c c o rd i ngl y dw e l t t h ere t wen ty
d a y s i n o rder t o d i scern m o re cle a r ly t h e n a t u r e o f wh a t h e
On
a
,
,
,
s aw
.
NOT E S :I
h e re i s
p rep o s it i o n a n d e k aa h e le a n a the
“
”
in
p r ese n t p a r t i ci p l e
w h i le
O n t h i s m o d e o f exp r ess i ng
2
Engl i s h s ee P a rt I I
60
Ka a h e le a n a i s c o mp o u nde d o i
k a a t o r o l l h e l e t o g o a n d a nd w h i c h den o t e s c o nt i nu a n c e ,
”
i ng
i n E n g l i s h I t m e a n s t h en
t r a ve l
a n d i s e q u i v a len t t o
” “
l a he re i s th e si gn o f
i ng a r o u n d
m a ki ng th e t o u r o f
3
t h e o bj e c t i v e c a se 4 l a i a th e firs t i a i s t h e p rep o s i t i o n a n d
th e s ec o nd th e p r o n o u n P a rt I
3 8 The c o n s t ructi o n i s s i m i
l a r t o t h a t e xp l a i n e d i n N o te I S e e P a rt I I
60 5 I i s t he
si gn o f p a st t i m e 6 A i i s th e re l a t i ve p a rt i c l e 7 I l u n a o
“
”
i s a c o mp o u n d p rep o s i t i o n l i ke o n t o p o f i n Engl i sh P a rt
“
“
I
8
P o n o i s a n a dve rb
ri ght
ex a ctly
an d
55
qu a l i fie s i l u n a 9 L a s e rv es a s s ign o f p a st t i m e I O 1 i s
s i gn o f th e o bj ecti ve c a s e l ike i a i n N o t e 3 I I I h e re d e
“
n o t es p u rp o s e
I t m e a n s l it e r a l ly
a
m e a n s w he reby
a s
12
l a i s t h e p a ss ive s i gn o f i l e
m i gh t b e d i sce rne d & c
s ep a r a ted fr o m i t by th e a dve rb m a o p o po I 3 A i h a s d r o ppe d
“
”
i ts a
I t m a y be rendered
wh e reb y
a n d r e f ers
t o k u mu
P a rt I I
14
S e e Pa rt I I
56 B
55 N e i t a kes th e pl a ce
“
o f a i a ft e r th e ve rb
15
T h e s ubj ect o f
i ke m ao p O p o i a
la
.
a
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
z
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
!
.
is
“
ke
ano,
”
&c
.
.
I n c o ncl u si o n t h e a u t h o r w o u l d exp r e ss h i s o bl ig a t i o n s t o
’
! udg e A n d r ews H a w a i i a n G r a mm a r f o r m a ny o f t h e exa mp l es
q u o t ed i n t h i s l i t t l e w or k
,
,
.
C O N T E N TS
PA R T I
.
O r t h o ep y ,
G ener a l R e m a r k s o n E t y m o l o gy ,
G end e r o f N o u ns ,
N u mbe r o f N o u ns ,
L i st o f P r e p o s i t i o n s ,
D i s t i nc t i o n be t wee n A a n d 0 ,
O n K a a nd K 0 ,
O n N a and N o,
O n I , I a and I o,
V o c a t i ve C a se
The
A rt icles
I nde fi n i t e A r t i cl e
D e fi n i te A rt i cle s
The
,
,
,
,
mp h a t ic
A d j e c t i ve s h o w Co m p a red
N u m er a l s
Ca rd i n a l N u m er a l s
O rd i n a l a n d D i s t r i bu t i ve N umber s
F r a ct i o n s
P ers o n a l P r o n o u n s
P o ssess ive P r o n o u n s
D e m o n st r a t i ve P r o n o u n s
I n t err o g a t ive P r o n o u n s
I n de fi n i t e P r o n o u ns
V erbs
T e n se S ig n s a n d I m p e r a t ive P a r t icle s
T h e P a r t i cles A n a a n d N o
P a ss i ve V o i c e
la u s a t i v e f o r m
V erb a l D i r ec tw
i vc s
&c
T he R e l a t h e P a rt icl e A i
The O
E
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
Co mp o u n d
(
‘
i
P rep o si t io n
o n u nc t i o ns
,
Tn t e r i e c t i o n s ,
I o r ma t i o u o f W
1
o
r ds
,
,
&c
.
,
.
HAW
A II A N G RAM MAR
PA R T
I I
.
.
I n t r o d u c t o r y R em a rks
E lem en t s o f a S imp l e S e n t ence
T he S ubj ec t
P o s i t i o n o f t h e S ubj e c t
N a m e s o f P e rs o n s p reced e d b y 0
P o s i t i o n o f S ubj ect i n N eg a t i v e S en t en c e s
Po s i t i o n o f S ubj e c t a fte r Emp h a ti c A dve rb i a l
N o m i n a t ive A b s o l ut e
A tt rib ut ive o r A dj ect i v e El ement
A pp o s i ti o n
A tt rib u t i v e A dj ect ive s
N u m e ra l s
A dj ect i ve u s e d a s N o u n s & c
U s e o f th e A rt i c l e s
I ndefin i te A rti cl e
D efin i te A r t i c l e s
O m i s s i o n o f A r t ic l e s
T he P re d i c a t e
M o d e o f e xp re s si ng t he Ve rb To B e
Verb s
V e rb a l N o u n s
T h e Ve rb a s a n A dj e c t i ve
“
T h e I nfini t e
Th e V erb Ca n
Obj ec t
P re dic a t e N o u n s
A dve rb s
P rep o s i ti o n s
El l ip si s
Th e P o s s e s s i ve C o n s t ru ct i o n
M o d e o f exp re s s i ng t h e V e rh T
o H av c
O n t he U se o f N a
I n t e r r o g a t i ve S ent ences
C o mp l e x a n d C o mp o u nd S en t ence s
Th e d epe nden t cl a u se u s e d a s S ubj ect
R el a t i ve o r A dj ect i ve Cl a u s e s
A dve rb i a l Cl a u s e s
Fi n a l Cl a u se s
C l a u s e s wh 1c h exp re s s C o mp a ri s o n
C l a u s e s whi ch e xp r e s s C a u s e o r R e a s o n
Co n d1t 1o n a l C l a u ses
Obj ect iv e C l a u s e s
S p eci m en s o f H a wa n a n S en t ence s A n a lyz e d
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
o
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Ph ra s e s
,
H AW
58
”
“
E as
“
”
E as
E ll ip s i s
A II A N GRAM M AR
dj ec ti ve
“
a dv e rb
be fo re
“
ka
o f n o u n a fte r
an
a
,
,
,
ko
”
,
and
Emph a t i c a dve rb i a l s entence s
Etym o l o gy
Fi n a l C l a u s e s
Fo rm a t i o n o f w o rd s
Fr a ct i o n s
G en de r
G u tt u r a l b re a k
“
”
H a ve h o w ex pre s s e d
I I a and I o
I a s a t e ns e s i gn
I a a s a n a dj ecti v e p r o n o un
I h o a s a d i recti ve
I mp e r a t i ve p a rt i c l es
I n defini t e a rt icl e s
p ro no u n s
I nfini ti ve m o o d
I nt e rj eet i o n s
I nt e r r o g a t i v e a dve rb s
p r o n o u ns
s entence s
Ka a n d K0 p rep o s i t i o n s
K a h i a d j ect i v e p r o n o u n
a dve rb o f p l a ce
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
K a u wa h i
Kek ah i
,
,
L a ve rb a l p a rti cl e
“
”
Loaa
t o get , h o w
M a i , a s a d i recti ve
,
,
c o n s tr u e d
,
,
i n p r o hib i t i o n
e l l ip s i s o f
“
m e a n i ng o w ne r
,
M
N
N
e a,
a
and
,
N
,
o,
Synt a x o f
N a n a a s rel a ti ve
N ega t i ve s ent ences
N ei h o w u sed
N o m i n a t i ve a b s o l ute
N u m‘e r a l s
po siti o n o f
O emph a t ic
Obj ect ive cl a u se s
a,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
C
,
,
,
,
,
.
A II A N GRA M M AR
H AW
Obj ect iv e s i gn
O rde r o f v e rb a l p a rti c l e s
O rdi n a l n umbe r s
O rt h o epy
“
”
O wn h o w exp re s s ed
Pa rti ci ple s
P a s si ve s i gn
Pe r s o n a l p r o n o u n s
P l u r a l n u mbe r
Po ss e ss i ve c o n st r u ct i o n
p ro n o u n s
P red ic a t e n o un s
P refix p rep o s i t i o n s
P rep o si t i o n s s i mp l e
synt a x o f
P ro n o m in a l a ffi x es
P u rp o s e h o w exp re s s ed
Quo t a t i o n d i rect a n d i n di rect
R e l a ti ve cl a u s e s
R e la t ive a s o bj ect
s ub j ect
e xp r e s si ng t i m e o r p l a c e
i n p o s ses s i v e c a s e
Se l f h o w e xp re s se d
S ubj ect p o s it i o n o f
Synt a x rem a rk s o n
T en se s ign s
“
”
T o be
h o w exp re s s ed
U a a s t en se si gn
U a a s a dj ect i ve p r o n o u n
V e rb syn o p s i s o f
V e rb a l a dj ect i ve s
no u n s
V o c a t i v e s i gn
W a hi a s a n a dj ect i ve
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
59