Welcome to
Adv. Human Anatomy & Physiology
BI 334 - Fall 2012
Course Introduction
What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy:
Study of body structure and the physical relationships
between body parts
Microscopic Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
(requires magnification)
(visible to naked eye)
Cytology:
Study of cells
Regional Anatomy:
Study of structures
in particular region
Histology:
Study of tissues
Surface Anatomy:
Study of structures
related to skin
Systemic Anatomy:
Study of organ
systems
Course Introduction
What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Physiology:
Study of how living organisms perform vital functions
Physiology rests on principles
of physics
Cell physiology
Chemical factors
Review: Chapter 2 (Marieb / Hoehn)
Organ physiology
Physical
factors
System physiology
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Course Introduction
Why Study Anatomy and Physiology Together?
The two disciplines are interrelated
(structure dictates function…)
Heart Anatomy: One-way valves
Heart Physiology: One-way blood flow
Principle of complementary of
structure and function
Course Introduction
Review: Chapter 3 (Marieb / Hoehn)
1) Cellular level (~ 100 trillion)
Structural Organization:
• Basic structural / functional unit
• Molecular interactions
2) Tissue level
• Similar cells  specific function
•
•
•
•
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.1
Course Introduction
Structural Organization:
Primary Tissue Types:
Extracellular
matrix:
Tissue:
Cells:
Epithelial
Aggregated
polyhedral
cells
Miniscule
Line surface / body cavities;
Produce glandular secretions
Connective
Variable
fixed / wandering
cells
Abundant
Provide support and protection
Muscle
Elongated
contractile
cells
Moderate
Allow for movement
Nervous
Intertwining
elongated
processes
None
Transmit electrical impulses
Function:
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Course Introduction
1) Cellular level (~ 100 trillion)
Structural Organization:
• Basic structural / functional unit
• Molecular interactions
2) Tissue level
• Similar cells  specific function
•
•
•
•
5) Organism level
• Organ systems = life
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
3) Organ level
•  2 tissues  specific function
4) Organ system level
•  2 organs  specific function
Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy
and Physiology, 9th ed.)
– Figure 1.1
Course Introduction
Organ Systems:
Protection:
Integumentary
System
Movement / Support:
Immune
System
Skeletal
System
Fluid / Solute transportation:
Nutrient acquisition:
Digestive
System
Muscular
System
Cardiovascular
System
Respiratory
System
Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.3
Course Introduction
Organ Systems:
Waste removal:
Urinary
System
Communication:
Nervous
System
Respiratory
System
Endocrine
System
Reproduction:
• Obvious sex differences
• Not absolutely necessary
Female reproductive
system
Male reproductive
system
Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.3
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Course Introduction
Example:
ATP production
Reminder:
Organ systems work cooperatively to promote the
well-being of the entire body
Food
O2
CO2
Respiratory system:
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
CO2
O2
Digestive system:
Cardiovascular system:
Takes in nutrients, breaks
them down, and eliminates
unabsorbed matter
Distributes oxygen and
nutrients to all cells; delivers
wastes and carbon dioxide
to disposal organs
Nutrients
Urinary system:
Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes and excess ions
Feces
Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 1.2
Urine
Course Introduction
Regulatory Systems:
For life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be
maintained regardless of external conditions
The principle function of regulatory systems
is to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis:
The process of maintaining a relatively
stable internal environment
Claude Bernard
Walter Cannon
(1813 – 1878)
(1871 – 1945)
• Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium)
• Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state)
Pathophysiology: The study of homeostatic imbalance (i.e., disease)
(moderate imbalance = illness; extreme imbalance = death)
Course Introduction
Example:
Temperature regulation
Regulatory Systems:
Homeostatic conditions are maintained via feedback systems
autoregulation
vs.
extrinsic regulation
Body temp = 96.5º
Input
Information
Control center
(Hypothalamus)
(set point)
(98.6º)
(-)
Receptor
Output
Feedback
(transducer)
Effector
(Muscles)
(body heats up)
(change in
system)
Negative Feedback:
Drives system
toward set point
(promotes stability)
Effect
(Shivering)
Most common type of feedback system
found in the human body
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Course Introduction
Example:
Delivery of fetus
Regulatory Systems:
Homeostatic conditions are maintained via feedback systems
autoregulation
vs.
extrinsic regulation
Cervix stretches
Input
Information
Control center
(Hypothalamus)
(set point)
(no stretch)
(+)
Receptor
Output
Feedback
(transducer)
Effector
(Uterus)
(cervix stretches)
(change in
system)
Effect
Positive Feedback:
Drives system
away from set point
(Uterus contracts)
Rare type of feedback system
found in the human body
(promotes instability)
Course Introduction
Pathophysiology:
The initiation of abnormal positive feedback systems
often associated with disease / trauma
(set point = 120 / 80 mm Hg)
Input
 BP
Example:
Blood loss due to trauma
Vasomotor center
Feedback
(-)
(+)
Baroreceptor
(e.g., aortic arch)
decrease
(increase in
blood pressure)
Output
Heart
Blood Vessels
Not enough
blood
Effect
 Heart rate;
Vasoconstriction
Heart weakens
(no nutrients…)
Guyton & Hall (Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed.) – Figure 1.3
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