Unit-l
Modern concept of Physical Education, Health
1.1.1 Modern Concept
of Physical Education
&
Fitness
:
Pfuysical Education is, in fact, only a stepping stone to fulfil the demand of education
of mankind through the movements of body and limbs. So, Physical Education is an integral
part of education as a whole, a special part that helps develop the personality through
the
movements of the large muscles of a human being. The conception of physical Education
flows in two streams. Those are-Education for Physique and Education through physique.
But in the latest conception of Physical Education both the theories are accJpted.
In modern age, a radical change in the life-style of human beings has takin place by
virtue of science and technology. Man has become accustomed with a life full of comfort
and the need of manual labour has been decreased to a great extent. Consequently, man
has
got a Longer Leisure period and gradually lost fibress ofbody. In such a situation, physical
Education is the only means to regain fitness and become healthy. In modern age, the
conception of Physical Education has changed to provide man with a means to live in the
true sense through adaptation amidst various kinds of unbearable pressgre. Man can now
lead a healthy and delightful life through Physical Education and recreation.
o
1. Physical Education is indispensable for a person to keep his or her health well,
strong and fit.
{ . "{ n
o 2. Physical Education plays an important role for mental'development, i.e., the
development of thinking and emotional power and improvement of knowledge and wisdom.
o 3. Physical Education helps a persons develop his or her societal values like sympathy,
fraternity, fellow-feeling, leadership etc.
o 4. Physical Education is inevitable for the development of procluctivity and prosperity
of the country.
5. Personality <ievelopment is inexhicably mixed up with Physical Education and so,
'
the importance of Physical Education is underiable to become a man of personality.
The advancement of Physical Education is observed with the advancement of science
and technology. The different conceptions of Physical Education have changed with the time.
Presently, Physical Education denotes the improvement of health and life and it is now widely
considered as one of the most effective means to get rid of the disease caused for the lack
of manual labour on physical activity.
1.1.2 Correlation of the other Educational Subjects with Physical Education.
The correlation of a particular subject with other subject means how that subject sldphqs
other subjects and becomes enriched by incorporating valuable knowledges from
$ib otfr"t
subjects.
The basic knowledge of Psychology, Philosophy, History etc. have enriched physical
Education and at the same time it has also been enriched with the application of the formulae
Biology, Organic Chemistry, Mechanics and dynamics and consequently, physical
9f_Physics,
Education has become mbre effective and modern. Physical Education, as a subjeci, has been
given much importance in the academic curriculum of the West Bengal of Secondary
Education, the council for Higher Secondary Education and Universities. Physical Education,
being intermingled with sociology, health, fitness, recreation, culture, environment and to great
extent with Anatomy and Physiology, has become an inevitable way for the development
of a person's nature, health and mind.
.
Sports and Science o
To organise the unorganised sphere of sports and to improve the standard of sports
competition man has taken the help of Science and Technology. Taking the help of necessary
formulae and principles of the different branches of science ihe intastructure and standard
of sports sphere has been developed to great extent and with the well-planned application
of such scientific and technological knowledge the sports competitions have been improved
to the highest level. As a result, Sports Science has become a seperate stream of education
and a remarkable development ofSports Science has taken place through ceaseless research,
discussions, seminars in this field.
.
Sports Medicine
r
Sports Medicine is that branch of sports science which deals with the players and their
environments, development of fihress and treatment and rehabilitation of the injuried players.
According to Dr. V. N. Smodlaka the observation of the positive and negative influences
on the body during participating in physical activities, coaching and competitions is called
'Sports Medicine'.
The objective of Sports Medicine is to develop a scientific system of treatment that can
keep a player free from rn:ury by determining the game or event of a player or athlete
considering the social environment of an individual and making him or her fit for it with
the help of Medical Science, Psychology, Bio-mechanics, Nutrition and Balanced diet, Biochemistry, Osteology, Pharmacolo gy etc.
o
Bio-mechanics o
The word 'Bio-mechanics' is the combination of the two words 'Bio' which means an
organism or a creafure and 'Mechanics' which means the science of movement and force.
ln fact, Bio-mechanics is the applied related to speed of human beings and other living
creatures.
According to the definition of J.G.Hay-"Bio-mechanics is the science that observes the
internal and external force applied on a human being and the result of those forces."
Bio-mechanics does not merely study the principles and theories of mechanics applied
on the movements of the body of a human being, at the same time it accepts all the aspects
of science that influence the movements and activities of a human being.
The knowledge of Bio-mechanics enriches Physical Education and sports as under :
r (a) Helps removing deficiency, faults etc. of the sports apparatus and equipments for
practice.
o
(b) Helps the teachers coaches and trainers perform with more scientific and improved
system.
o
Kinesiology o
The sphere and aim of Kinesiology is to study the movements of human body scientifically.
Though different persons analyse Kinesiology differently, yet everyone opines that the basic
objective of Kinesiology is to study the structure, activities and movements of human body.
o
Kinanthropometry
r
'Kinanthropometry' is a specific branch of 'Anthropometrlr' The word 'Anthropometry'
is the combination of the Greek word 'Anthopos' which means human being and 'metry'
which means measurement. So, Anthropometry means measurement of a human being.
Kinanthropometry is such a branch of science that measures the structure of a moving human
body during action in a sporting event.
.
Sports Psychology o
Application of different scientific principles and theories to develop the personality to
ofa player or an athlete or a team to face different situations
prior to or during a game of competition is called Sports Psychology.
The domain of Sports Psychology is the motivation, emotion, personality, habit, instinct
and reflex action of an individual.
gear up the standard and skill
.
Sports Sociology o
Sports Psychology is that branch of Sociology which discusses socialisation through sports
and games, team competitions and co-operation. The main topics of discussion of Sports
Sociology are co-operation, competition, socioblenes, leadership, sports and diplomacy, sports
and culture, international relationship, protection of National integration etc.
o
Techno Sports o
Modern Sports world gives much importance or emphasis on artificial environment of sports
created with the application of technology in comparison to natural sports environment, so
that, the skill of an individual can be manifested to the extreme extent and the standard of
competitions can be lifted up to the highest level, and more interesting. This massive use
of technology in sporting events is called Techno sports. Modern sports equipments, field
of play apparatus, medicines, use of drugs, modernised stadium, electronic devices, like in
pnze money' sponsorship for money etc. are the contributions of Techno-Sports.
.
Competitive Sports o
_ In ancient age the extension of the sphere of sports was limited. In the mediaeval age
the sports sector was in dire shaits- In stead of healthy competitions between man and man
there were in equal competitions between beasts and huma-n beings with the advancement
of time man acquires the conception about how to be the speediest, the highest and the
strongest (Citius, Altius, Fortius) and gradually the rules and regulations of different
sporting
disciplines are changed on the basis of scientific and logical considerations to give
them
modern shape and the 'battle for gold' starts. So, applying the principles and tteories
of
the different branches of Physical Education scientifically, ttr" organisation of a healthy
sporting competition maintaining the highest possible standard is called competitive
sports.
o
Movement Education
r
Movement or motion is the basic action in a sporting event or daily work. Movement
or motion is, in fact, the key factor in every physical activity, but for whieh no work can
be done. So, presently Physical Education is also called as Movement Education.
To Acquire skills in games and sports we are dependent on speed. Sports without
spead
is impossible and so the contribution of movement Education in Physical Education is very
important. From the year 1960 Movement Education has imprinted its remarkable impact
on games and sp6rts or Physical Education. A number of Physical Educatioirs like Gillion
(1970), Russell (1975), Stanley (1977) etc. have made this Movement Education
very popular.
But Rudolph Von Laban (1879-1958) is regarded as the original invertor of Movement
Education' He was the pioneer who created a great sensation in the sports world by analysing
the different techniques of movements with nover explanations.
Definition : The education that helps a plays reach his or her desired target by analysing
the basic skills or that keeps an individuals normal and healthy during performing aai$
activities is called Movement Education.
Movement or motion is the primary or basic body movement skill that plays a remarkable
role in games and sports and Physical Education. Movement is divided into tiree categories.
(A) Locomotor Movement : The movements that require change of position are called
Locomotor Movements. Example : Walking, Running, Jumping etc.
(B) Non-Locomotor Movement : The movements in which change of position is not
required are called Non-Locomotor Movements. Example : Rolling, Twisting, Balancing
etc.
(C) Manipulative Movement : The movements which ur. ur"d in didrent games
and
sports and require specific skills are called Manipulative Movements, Example : Throwing,
Kicking, Catching, Punching etc.
Aims of Movement Education
motion.
:
(a) To help perform any daily activity or sporting activity normally and with specific
O) To help enhancing fitness and developing
health.
The sphere of Movement Education : The sphere of Movement Education is generally
divided into four dategories.
o l. Health conciousness
o 2. Quality of Movement
o 3. Relation
o 4. Consciousness about place
. 1. Health Conciousness : Through the learning of Movement Education a leamer can
have a clear conception about the capacity of a human body, i.e. what a human body can
do. A leamer can easily acquire any skill if the different parts of the body are well co-ordinated.
o 2. Qualities of Movement : Movements of the body are dependent on certain factors
like time, strength, structure of the body etc. Event is also a factor that influences movement.
If the event is also a factor that influences movement. If the event is easy the movement
will be smooth and on the contrary movement becomes difficult when the event is complicated.
o 3. Relation : The nature of games and sports derermines what movements are required
for that particular event. Movement is always event related. As for example, the movements
of a performer during dancing, team games or some exercises with apparatus depend on the
movements of the others.
o 4. Consciousness about Place : Movements depend on the available place. The
surface and the measurments of the place determines how the movements of the body will
be. The change of direction of movements also depends on the nature and measurment of
the place.
1.1.3 Modern Career aspects
of Physical Education
:
Any subject devoid of professional future has got no demand and popularity and its
importance cannot be retained for a long period.
There was nothing mentionable respect of career aspect of Physical Education before the
twentieth century. In most of the schools and colleges the ex-servicemen were engaged as
trainers. Even upto the last phase of the twentieth cenfury the career avenues were confined
only within teachership, lectureship and coaching of physical actir.ities. But presently the
career aspect of Physical Education is like a flourishing bud. So the leamers of the present
generation have become remarkably inclined to study Physical Education as a subject with
potentiality. Because, at present apart form teachership, lectureship and coaching various
social organisations, clubs, media (both print and electronics), medical sectors, recreational
centres, health education, sport & management etc. are the avenues through which Physical
Education is striding ahead with bold steps. Above all, through learning Physical Education
a person can keep himself or herself healthy, enjoy the leisure period of life delightfully and
he or she can extened his or her career as Bio-mechanist, Physiotherapist, Exercise
Physiologist, Sports Psychologist, Sports journalist, Sports Photo-journalist, Radio and
Television commentators, announcers etc.
The career aspects of Physical Education can be categorised as the following chart.
'oT"f;iJn"
Centres
Gymasiums
Gradute and pG
Teachers Training College Hotels
Primary Teachen Tmining
f..-]}t
Fihess
Swinrning
Pools
Clubs
-
#ffid{:@Yv
Higher Secondary
kvel
Health Clubs
a>r
Weight controlling
crub
\"'"nX
\3
A
o*"J,ffn*
i I
l=r I
I$
organisation or Spora
connetitiotrs
W'**Tff'"#T*
Professional
organisation
Sports
Comntator
Organisations
.
1. Career as Physical Education Teacher : From a long time Physical Education
Teachership has been being regarded as a popular and lucrative profession. The dignity of
this profession has been maintained for such a long time thanks to the sincere respect, devotion
and obedience of the learners and society to the teachers. Apart from this, teaching profession
provides the teacher with a gratification from within and this prof'ession also ensures a
pannanance and a scope for social service if it is taken as a mission. The scope of physical
Education Teachership as a profession is extended from primary level to higher education
level' In primary level the role of Physical Education is boundless for the harmonious
development of all the organs and systems of the children and likewise from the school level
to university level Physical Education is essential to keep body and mind healthy, to enhance
the societal values & qualities, to make the character strong, to flourish leadership quality
and to make the students good citizens of future. To impart proper and effective education
in this branch of study a good number of trained Physical Education Teachers are required.
So, the demand and popularity of Physical Education Teachership was remarkable in the
past and will increase gradually in the days to come.
o 2. Coaching Career in Physical Education : There are ample examples that the
persons hained in Physical Education have taken full time coaching as their profession. Some
Physical Education Trained persons also work as teacher in different educational institutions
along with part time coaching. There are specific teams of some selected sporting disciplines
in schools, colleges, universities, offices, business houses, companies etc. In every such team
the need of at least one coach is inevitable for important of the skills, techniques and to
build up combination among the team members and thus to show excellence in competitions.
Not only in team coach is undeniable for leaming scientific technique and skill of that particular
event. Nowadays, most of the clubs big or small, engage cbaches for different games and
in schools the Physical Education Teachers take the responsibility of coaching the school
teams and individual players barring some exceptions where the school authorities temporarily
engage some coaches for some sporting disciplines and sometime prior to competition. But
in colleges and universities different coaches are engaged for different games. Not only in
in the fifiress
centres of big hotels, gymnasiums,
swimming pools etc, trained coaches are engaged to provide scientific training to the boarders
and leamers. Big companies also have different sporting teams to take part in different
competitions and so to enhance the glory of the company each of such teams is under a
coach and a coaching staff that includes Assistant Coach, Physiotherapist, sports medicine
expert etc. So, in Physical Education the career of coaching is getting dignified, bright and
the same time coaching is now regarded as a lucrative profession with much potentiality.
o 3. Career aspect of Physical Education in Health Sector : With the change of time
man has became more health conscious. People are now very careful to keep themselves
off the contageous diseases, high blood pressure, cardiac disease, diabetes etc. As a result,
health related job opportunity has increased. The employment scope of physical trained
persons in different health clubs, weight control clubs etc. is gradually increasing. These
clubs are enhancing the fifiress of people through various interesting and entertaining activities
like free-hand exercise, aerobics, swimming, tennis, squash etc. and simultaneously they are
showing people the right direction of being totally fit by making them well-acquainted with
the merits nutritions food, diet chart, quantity of food for maintaining good health. To fulfil
the targeted output of the activities these clubs appoint Physical trained persons to instruct
the members. So the job opportunities for Physical Education trained persons have increased
in such health related organisations.
o 4. Career opportunities of Physical Education in Administration : There are job
opportunities for persons with Physical Education degree in administration also. In the Physical
Education sections in different colleges and universities Physical Education trained persons
are engaged to shoulder the responsibility of skilled administators to organise different sports
prograrnme, successfully. The perifery of Physical Education is extended to conduction of
different games and sports programmes, organising different tournaments, organising and
conducting different competitions in state and national level, working as recreational administrators in industrial factories, sports equipments and apparatus store-keepers and to such
other administrative responsibilities. Physical Education trained persons are also engaged as
the instructor of gymnasiums, health clubs, fibress centres and managers of swimming pools.
So, there is ample scope for the Physical Education degree holders to be engaged as skilled
administrators which has enhanced the interest of leamers to study Physical Education.
o 5. Career based on sports skill : Nowadays the career as a sportsman is not only
clubs, colleges, universities but also
prestigious but also very lucrative, there are many sports personalities who have taken sports
as their profession and are now celebrities. Some sportsman have established themselves
as outstanding performers in school level, some in college and university level and some in
state and national level and again some have become international sports personalities.
Govemment and different non-govemment organisations have given employment to such
outstanding sportsmen so that their concentration to their sporting activities does not get
hampered owing to scarcity of money, considering that the span of maintaining top from is
limited to a certain period for a sportsman, government, apart from giving the scope for
employment, has also started giving allowance to the veteran and unemployed sportsman.
Indian Rail, different Banks and industrial houses have been extending utmost support for
the development of different sporting events and employment to the sportsman. After attaining
certain age when the players become unable to perform any more they take the profession
ofjudges in different sporting disciplines as they are retired players they have sound knowledge
on the rules and regulations of the concerning sporting event.
r 6. Mass Extension based career : The people having sound knowledge and excellence
in language and literature along with Physical Education degree, nowadays, choose sports
journalism as their career. Any joumalist may be a sports journalist but the journalists having
Physical Education training will be much confident and perfect in describing the minute detail
of games & sports and any physical activities in comparison to others. Their sports articles
in daily newspapers become so popular that the youths of this day are induced to take sports
journalism as their career. The demand of Physical Education trained persons has also
remarkably increased in the f,relds of sports photo-journalism, sports commentry etc.
1.21. Modern Olympic Games
:
The ancient olympic was ceased to exist in 394 A.D. according to the order of the then
Roman Emperor Theodosius. This barren period continued for almost next 1500 years. During
14th to 16th century the Renaissance in Europe influenced the whole world. After the
archaeological excavation of the relics of the ancient olympics the great sports lover Guthsmuths proposed to revive the glorious Olympics Games but without any remarkable output.
But having been inspired with the proposal of Guths-Muths, later. in the year 1859 and 1870
the Greeks under the leadership of Major Jumpus endeavoured to organise Olympic Games.
But unfortunately these honest efforts also can not produce any result. At the time of his
demise Jumpus kept a large amount of money for the revival of Olympic Games. Later,
the French sports lover Pierrie de Fredy Baron de Coubertin again endeavoured to revive
the Olympic Games. But he noticed that most of the people of France were indifferent in
responding to his endeavour. So, he started to make the people of France influenced with
the ideals of the Olympic Games with the help of his friends associated with different sports
organisation. His endeavour became successful. In the International Athletic Congress, held
in Paris in the year 1894, Coubertin, explaining the great motto of Olympics, gave his proposal
how to revive or organise the glorious Olympic Games in a new stafure. In that four days'
international conference, it was resolved that Olympic Games would be held in different
countries every four years. Giving honour to the tradition of the ancient Olympic, the first
Modem Olympic Games was organised in the year 1896 at Herodes Stadium in Athens.
That first Modern Olympic Games started on 6th April, 1896 and continued for 10 days and
ended on 15th April. In that Olympic Games 285 male constants from 10 countries took
part. The winners in that competition were honoured with certificates, crowns of olive leaves
and medallions. On the tenth day, the King of Greece made the ceremonial declaration of
the end of the first Modern Olympic Games.
One specially mentionable great principles for which Coubertin reintroduced Olympic
Games, are to spread games and sports and love for sports across the world through which
the people all over the world will be inclined towards sports, love for sports will be roused
in them and a strong and healthy human society will be formed.
Besides this, through re-introduction of Olympic Games the skills of the sportsmen in
different disciplines will be developed and the standard of the games and sports will be
gradually enhanced through particiation in this world level competition.
Similarly, this international mega competition will act as a platform for the participants
to be acquainted with the different languages, religions, caste and creed and a feeling of
fraternity will be roused in them. Consequently, the possibily of war among nations will be
abolished in one hand and on the other hand, the message of peace, intemational understanding, feelings of brotherhood will spread throughout the world to make the mankind reach
the summit of development.
To organise this worldwide Olympic Games every four years alternately in a befitting
manner a committee was formed. It was named as 'Indian Olympic Committee' (10C). This
committee framens the rules and regulations f<ir the smooth conduct of the Olympic Games.
At first this game was exclusively for men, but later on 10C allowed the women also to
take part in Olympic Games. Earlier only amateurs were allowed to participate in olympics,
but later after this 1988 competition was made open to both the amateus and the professionals.
There is no age bar for participation in olympics but the participants can only represent that
country of which they are the citizens.
Starting from 1896, Olympics Games has been being organised every four years
unintemrptedly barring three terms in 1916, 1940 and 1944.In 1916 Olympic Games could
not be organised owing to the First World War and in 1940 & 1944 owing to the second
world war. The last 30th Olympic Games was held in London in U.K. in20l2 and the ensuing
31st Olympic Games will be hosted at Rio de Zen*o in Brazil in 2016.
1.2.2- Olympic Ideals
:
According to the father of Modern Olympic Games Pierrie de Fredy Baron de Coubertin
Modern Olympic Games is one of the mediums to established international peace and to acquire
morality. The developed instincts and attitudes are reflected through the Olympic Games. The
values of humanity are also preserved through this sacred intemational standard games.
'Olympism' the basic principle of Olympic Games is a philosophy of life where the genuine
union of body, mind and spirit brings about fullness of life. This international standard games
helps create a peaceful society by grving due dignity to the mankind and protect it.
International Olympic Committee promulgates three basic principles of Olympic Games-
(a) The objectives of Olympic Games is not only to win, its basic and prime objective
is to participate. The participation of a good number of sportsman develops shong body, sound
mind and infuses aleliorated will power in human beings the combination of which help a
man reach the target.
(b) Modem Olympic Games is such a medium through which a reciprocal understanding
and friendship is built in international level. Modern Olympic Games, setting the political,
econornical, racial and gender discrepa)cies aside, inspires and encourages the whole mankind
with the principle of humanity.
l0
1.2.3 Olympic Flag
This flag of Modern olympic Games was designed by the father
of Modern Olympic
Games Pierrie de Fredy Baron de coubertin. Though inigt+
the desrgrr;iil flag was
brought in
lhe conferrence of olympic Movement ln Paris, this flag ,ias first hoisted in
Anhahip olympic in 1920. on this 2'06 mt long and 60 em wide
flag of silk cloth there
are five inter-connection rings draw) in the middte. rne arragement
the English letter 'w'. Three inter-connected rings are on in"
"iril;and ri'rrgJ;r.-ut",
top row
those rings are
blue, black and red in colour respectively from the left.
Each the rest two rings at the bottom is inter-connected
with the two rings of the top.
The yellow ring at the left is inter-connected with the blue and
the black rings of the top
1ld 1!" green ring at right is inter-connected with the black and the red rings of the top.
The blue ring side of the flag is fastened with the flag stand.
rn" ."u.o" u"-riirrj
those five colours has been justified as any of these ive colours
"r,oorirrg
is present in the
flag of
each country. Baron de coubertin used white colour as the
background of the colours of
the five rings that suggests the message of peace and truth. Th.;""
;"gr;;;; middle
denote five continents. The inter-connection of the rings signifies
that the five continents
are orderly tied with thread of friendship, fratemity una i"t"-utional
understanding.
Apart from this original olympic flag another ceremonial flag is
also used in olympic
Games' This flag made of silk is bordered with those five colours
of the rings of the original
flag' But this flag is not used for hoisting. on the final day of an
olympic the Mayor of
the host city hands this ceremonial flag over to the President of
the I.O.C. and the I.O.C.
then hands it over to the Mayor of the host city of the next
olympic Games. This flag is
kept with care and proper digaity in a special place, generally in
the Town Hall, of the next
host city till the next Olympic Games.
1.2.4 Olympic Motto
olympic Motto is comprised of three Latin words{itius, Altius, Fortius.
These words
mean Quicker, Higher and Stronger. Pierrie de Fredy Baron de
Coubertin, imitated these
yords from a clergyman Henry Martin Dideyon, *ho *u, a Headmaster of a school in
Paris' In the year 1891, in the opening ceremony of the Annual
Sports Meet of his school
Dideyon used those three Latin words in his speech to convey his good
wishes for the success
of the participants' Baron de Coubertin was present in that occasion and
listening to those
three words and considering the moral and educational signification
of those words-he decided
to mark those three words as olympic Motto. In the 1924 paris
olympic tt i, -otto *u.
first inhoduced.
1.2.5 Emblem of Olympic
Every organising country introduces a new Emblem of Olympic before
the Olympic Games.
il
This emblem is designed keeping harmony with the tradition of the host country and using
the Olympic rings and Olympic Motto. Howevet, in some Olympic Games, the Olympic Motto
was not used in the emblem. Generally, in the Emblem of Olympic the name of the host
country and the year of the Games are aptly mentioned. In most cases the Emblems helps
people understand easily the ordinal number of a particular Olympic.
:
1.2.6 Olympic Oath
All the sportsmen coming to participate in the sacred Olympic Games solemnly take oath
to protect the glory of this great event in the inauguration ceremony held prior to the start
of the competition. Lr course of time the text of the Olympic Oath has been changed and
revised a little. The last revision of the oath took place in 2008 Berling Olympic. The latest
Olympic Oath is as under.
"In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games
(Name of the Olympiad) respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, commiffing
ourselves to the sports without drugs in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sports
and honour of our teams."
At the start of each Olympics, every athlete promises to play fairly and obey all of the
Olympic rules. One athlete from the host country takes this oath at the opening ceremony
on behalf of all athletes. The chosen athlete holds a corner of the Olympic Flag while repeating
the oath.
The oath was written by Pierrie de Freddy Baron de Coubertin and became a part of
the Modern Olympic Games n 1920. Olympic officials also have to take an oath. While
holding a corner of the Olympic Flag, one official from the host country repeats a similar
oath on behalf of all the offrcials.
The oath for the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, was read by Rechelle Hawkes, captain
of the Australian women's field Hockey team on behalf of the nearly 11,000 athletes
participated in the games. For the first time, the oath included a pledge against the use of
drugs at the games.
The Officials Oath :
"In the name of all the judges, I promise that we shall officiate in these Olympic Games
with complete impartiality respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the
true spirit of sportsmanship."
1.2.7. Olympic Organisation
For the smooth organisation of Modern Olympic Games every four years alternately
International Olympic Committee (IOC) was formed in the International Conference held
in Paris in 1894. IOC is the supreme organisation to conduct Modern Olympic Games. This
committee is exclusively empowered with responsibility of developing the standard of the
Olympics and as per demand and necessity it has the authority to add any new rule or delete
any old rule. This Committee takes the decision when, where and in which city the next
Olympic Games will take place.
t2
The first intemational olympic committee was formed
with fifteer(tt;
-embersunder the leadership of Pienie de Fredy Baron
oe coubertin. Though "*r",i""
in this committee
coubertin was the Executive Secretary and as per regulation
,t president of Ioc was from
"jfi;
the organising country Greece r,rr. Nt. gttelas. But
"
dom the *it^;;i1i
leuiati'g
from the convention 'coubertin' was the President
of Ioc ufio r92s. one member of each
of the national olympic committees of the Ioc affiliate;
il;;b"";#;'rh.
lr"-b"r,
of this International olympic committee. In Ioc, President
is elected for eight years, term
and he may be re-elected for the next four years'
term. The IoC executive committee consists
of the President and five other members for fou, y"u..,
t"._.
The term of the ordinary members of the Ioc
[
fife time. According to the resolution
of the Ioc Executive Board the secretary Generar of the
Ioc will execute the decisions
of the
President.
Ioc affiliated Indian olympic organisation is Indian olympic
Association. on behalf of
Indian olympic Association Jamsedji Tata in the year
tgzo, tate, in 1932 G.D. sandhi, in
1947 Raja Bhalindera Singh became the member
of IOC.
1.3.1 Recent Concept
of Ilealth
:
'Health' is a wordwith and extensive significance,
the proper concept of which is still
not clear' Health is inseparably mixed up with life.
Life .u*oibe meaningful andfrecious
without health' Ill health is one of the main-causer
uerti"Ju person,s failure in achieving
success in life' The influeirce of health is felt
everywhere in a person,s life. According to
the definition given by the World Health organisation (wHof
in l94g-,,Health is a state
of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not
merely the absence of disease
or infirmity."
Later on, wHo changed its conception regarding
health. In 19g6 in ottawa charter for
Health Promotion it was said, "Healih is not just a
state, but also a resource for everyday
Iife, not the objective of living. Health is apositive
concept emphasizing social and personal
resources, as well as physical capacities.,,
The different aspects of Health on the basis of modern
concept are as under :
)ifferent Aspects of Heali
Brief Description
Effect
JDrL4l
rnysrcal Health denotes a combfrecf- (l) -t,luless
is developEf
state of absence of disease and healthy (ii)
Increases co-ordinaliving, improved body skuchre and
tion of internal systems
rersonal hygiene and cleanliness.
and ability to work.
(iii) Immuniry power is
rvrErltitl flealln
enhanced.
lhe condition of remaining-in-1Eiffi (i) Mental finmeffi
and delightful state in leading the life increased.
anxiety free by facing any adverse
(ii) Analytical power of
;ituation is called Mental Health.
mind is developed.
(iii) Helps converting
adverse situation into
favourable condition.
t3
Aspects
of Ifeal
rty to maintain in
realation with all the members
U soclal cohesron
of
wl
society and to shoulder all ii) Helps encouraging
soci
social responsibilites is called social activities.
Health
(Intellectual Health)
iii) Co-operation and soci
views will be deve
The capacity oTTat<infriftfit i) Individual, ColGctive
ision when any problem crops social development
up is called cognitive Health.
ii) Self-cofidence i
ability to face
andl@iGd
iii)
Enthusiasm
Behaviour is re
solution for any emotional ii) Personality is developed
like-worry', anxiety, fear,
iii) Mental stress i
griefetc. is called Emotional Health. reduced.
A clear
conception ,about
nvrronment and the ability to
solve different environmental rs created.
problems and to develop the ii) Environmerit
ironment is called Environment pollution free
an
habitable.
iii)
7. Spiritual Health
8. Professional Health
The knowledge abo
vironment is increased
condition, where j ustice, kuth, i) Inclination
toward
peace and unity prevail within a spiritual
thoughts i
person and can easily be trust_
worthy is called Spiritual Health. ii) The person beco
noble minded and hi
ability to be dutiful in any kind
ofprofession and become satisfied
is called Professional Health.
i)
Sense
of duty an
ii) A healthy
a
is created at the place
work.
iii) Social recognition
iv) Social
increased.
t4
status
1.3.2 Recent Concept of Physicat Fitness
There are different concepts about physical fitness. Generally, people take a healthy person
as fit' But the concept of fifiress is multi-faced. As for example, if u p"..on can'perform
his professional job properly without being tired, he is {it foi that
1oU. es fifiress greatly
influences a person's health, so, now health and fibress is considered u, un integral part
of
life. The different modern concepts of fitness are :
o l. Physical fitness is that ability by virtue of which a person can do his daily
workssrapidly without any fatigue and after the works are finished extra energy
to work still remains in him.
o 2- Physical fibress provides a person's life with such a power that he can lead a
delightful and peaceful life through doing daily works.
o 3. Presently, physical fitness is regarded as an essential medium of Medical science
because physical fitness keeps a person healthy and at the same time it increases
his immunity power.
o 4- As physical fitness influences different aspects of health, so there is an inseperable
bonding between health and physical fitness.
o 5. Now physical fitness is precious not only for young generation but also for a person
of any age.
o 6' Present generation is dependent on science and technology. So, the need ofphysical
activities is diminishing. Consequently people are becoming the victims of different
diseases caused for the lack of labour like--diabetes, obesity, heart-disease etc.
Hence, to protect the Social and Physical health emphasis should be given on
physical fitness.
o 7 . Physical fibress plays an important role in keeping individual social and also national
health which helps a country stride along the path of progress.
1.3.3 Physical Fitness
The ability of doing daily works rapidly for a long time without being tired and even
after that preserving extra energy for re-engagement in emergency works, ii called physical
fitness.
The components of physical fitness are of two categories.
(i) Ilealth Related Components
(a) Muscular Strength
(b) Muscular Endurance
(c) Cardio Respiratory Endurance
(d) Flexibility
(e) Body Composition
(ii) Skill Related Components
(a) Speed
(b) Agilify
(c)
Power
(d) Co-ordination
(e) Balance
(f) Reaction Time
l5
1.3.4 Health Related Components
r
of
Physical Fitness
:
(a) Muscular Strength : The ability to work against resistance through contraction
of muscles is power, hence, the strength produced through contraction of muscless
is called Muscular Power. The quantily of this power depends on the cross-section
of the muscles involved in a particular action like weight lifting, giving resistence,
holding of an object etc. To increase muscular strength exercise is done with
different weights.
r (b) Muscular Endurancd : The ability of muscles to work against a resistance is
generally called Muscular Endurance. This is such an ability of muscles that makes
fatigue delayed in coming and if fatigue still influences a person, this power helps
regain energy by making him free from fatigue in quick time.
For this ability of Muscular endurance to produce constant energy without reducing
the rate of performing work, it is also called fatigue preventive fitness. This
endurance depends on Muscular System, Respiratory System and Circulatory
System. This endurance is much effective in some specific events like long-distance
run etc.
r (c) Cardio-respiratory Endurance : The ability of the lungs and heart to supply blood
and adequate quantity of oxygen to the active muscles of the body is called Cardiorespiratory Endurance. This is a combined ability of the heart and the lungs that
supplies required oxygen, blood and food to the active cells. This endurance is
vbry essential in long distance run.
o (d) Ftexibility : The ability of the bone-joints to be stretched to their extreme tolerance
is called Flexibility. Flexibility is not the extreme stretching of the bone-joints, it is
the extreme stretching up to the tolerant degree or bearable point of the bonejoints, Flexibility depends on the person's muscular strength, sex (gender), mobility
of the bone-joints and age. Flexibility helps a person perform more volume of work,
reducing the stress of muscles and internal resistance. Flexibiliry is much required
in the sporting events like Gymnastics, Yogasana, Swimming etc. Flexibility of the
body can be improved through practising different kinds of streching exercise.
o (e) Body Composition : An essential condition ofPhysical fibress is Body Composition.
Body Composition is considered with the volume of the different constitunent of
the body like muscles, bones, tissues, systems and fat etc. Generally, health related
physical fitness depends on the weight of the fat deposited in a human body and
structure of the bones.
Cardio-respiratory Endurance
Muscular Strength
Muscular Strength
Flexibility
Physical Fi
t6
Body Composition
1.3.5 Skill Related Components
of Physical tr'itness
:
This aspect of Physical fitness denotes a player's ability to perform motor activities which
depends on the following components
Speed
Reaction Time
Co-ordination
o
ill Related Components
Physical Fibress
Power
: Generally the ability of quick body and limbs movement in minimum
possible time is called speed. Speed is measured by the distance covered in unit
(a) Speed
time. This ability plays an important role in the activities that involve quick
.
.
.
o
movements. It is very essential in any short-distance run. The speed
depends on the nature of the muscle-fibre, reaction time etc.
(b)
of a person
Agility : The ability to change the direction of the body properly with
extreme
quickness and activeness is called agility. Agility plays a remarkable role in the
games involving speedy movements. Agility depends on a person's muscular
strength, speed, mobility of the bone joints and reaction time. Agility is very much
required in different kinds of ball game, shuttle run etc.
(a) Power : The ability to produce highest degree of energy'or strength in quick time
through instant contraction of muscle is called power. Hence, the highest ability
produced in muscles in a unit time is measured as power. POwer depends on muscular
strength, speed, mobility of bone-joints and reaction time.
(d) Co-ordination : An important component of physical fitness is co-ordination. No
sporting activities or work can be performed properly without co-ordination. The
establishment of connection among the connective nerve-tissues, muscles and the
sense-organs of the body for performing any activity is called co-ordination. It is
one of the organic function for performing daily works. The ability to unite all
the components of physical fitness is, in fact, called Co-ordination.
(e) Balance : The fitness or ability to hold the position of the body properly during
moving or static condition is called Balance. Balance is of two types :
(i) Static Balance, (ii) Dynamic Balance.
The ability to keep the balance of the body in static condition is called Static Balance
and in moving condition is called Dynamic Balance. This component of physical
fitness is very essential especially, in gymnastics.
Reaction Time : During quick movement oriented games or skills the time taken
in between the receiving of a signal or stimulus and the response through the first
contraction of muscle is called 'Reaction Time'. The minimum the reaction time
the better the player is in speed oriented games and activities. The reaction time
of a player depends on his or her muscular strength, speed and mobility of the
.(0
bone-joints.
t7
1.4.1. Adolescence
:
The most important period of a persons life is his or her early youth or adolescence.
The development period, between childhood and youth when the rate of a person's structural
and mental change is very rapid, is called early youth adolescence. In this period variegated
change in mind and body is observed. A strange churning is created in body and mind of
the adolescents. So, adolescence is described as a period of tempest and rainstorm or anxiety
and mental conflict. The word 'Adolescence' has been derived from the Latin word
'Adolescene' which means 'to grow up' or 'development through transformafion'. Adolescence
is such a period when a person leams the required art of living properly in the society.
According to World Health Organisation the period of a person's life from the age of
l0 yrs to 19 yrs is regarded as adeloscence. The Psychologist Stanly Hall has used the word
'Flapper' for understanding the boys and girls of this age. 'Flapper' means a bird though
its wings are not developed fully yet it is trying to fly in vain.
According to the psychologist Dorothy Rogers adolescence is such a period of a person's
life when the society counts him or her neither as a child nor as a grown up person to be
entrusted with any sort of activity or responsibility.
Adolescence is also regarded by some persons as a phase of physical developments.
'
Classification of Adolescencb
The general conception about adolescence is that it starts from 1l years of age in case
of girls and 13 years in case of boys. At the initial stage of adolescence the various changes
in body starts and within next 6 years the changes get complete. But the age of being fully
grown up physically is not the same for all. It varies according to the place, time, environment,
nutrition, degree of hormone secretion etc.
Adolescence is classified in three
Girls 10-12 years
Girls 12-14 years
Time of rapid Change
Girls 15-17 years
Boys 17-19 years
Completion of Change
Behaviour in Adolescence : After the stage of almost hanquility in body and mind
in the childhood a behavioural change is initiated at the begining of adolescence and the
verigated changes continue up to the attainment of youth. These behavioural changes in
different stages of adolescence are depicted through a chart as under.
l8
lnltial
Adolescence
Mid-Adolescence
Uttimate Adolescence
)tatr ut ouuorng casue rn tne alr.
iense of
self-dependence
Increase of day-dreaming
Complete manifestation of self
nitiates.
imagination.
ielf-imagination and conception
tart developing
Moral concepts generate, self- Total understanding is attaine<
dependence increases
about what is to be done anr
lhe power of self-revelation
Starts to love himself or herself
Social consciousness develops
the fullest extent.
Emotional crisis is felt
Emotional crisis is overcome.
what one wants to be.
nanifests
\nxiety about himself or herself
.he style of speaking improves
Imitates heroes and heroines
illns
iense ofvalues develop and forms
elf-culture
of
t<
Irresistible attraction towards thr
outer world.
Real and impartial thoughts open- Considers
up. Conception about own beauty critically.
own
moralit.
is formed.
nclination towards breaking rules
Desperate attitude
Clear conception about owr
power is unfolded. Attitudr
rnd regulations
towards society develops.
Takes steps towards making
rnportance of friends increases
Forms group of friends
)hange in dress
Inclination towards imitating Being athacted to a particula
rrulrureo relanonslup.
ieels attracted to the friends
ctresses
ol otiers.
of Emotional imagination
crops up
ame gender
)ifference of opinion with the
Neglegence towards parents
tarents occurs
\nxiety is felt owing to physical
:hange
personahty, starts copying.
Social consciousness develop
completely.
To show annoyance to
thr
supervision and restriction of tht
parents. Forms capaciW to takt
reponsibility and inproves skills
Cravings for youth and false notion Acquires clear and prope
are manifested
conception about sexual desirr
1.4.2 Distingushing Features
of
Adolescence
The physical, psychological, emotional, social and cognitive changes that take place
during
adolescence are as under :
Physical Features
in
adolescence
o Sudden growth of Structure : During this period the children abruptly grow up and
step in to youth. This sudden growth is felt within a span of two to three years. In adol"r"".r"",
the children gain weight and height remarkably. This sudden gowth starts in girls two years
earlier than boys buy the span of this sudden gowth is more than that of the girls. In case
t9
of Indian girls span of this sudden growth is from 10 to 13 years and in case of Indian
boys this span is from 12 to 17 years. only within 9 years the height of the
boys increases
about 36 cm on an average and the weight increases about
2r
kg.
' Change of ratio of increase in body : With the growth in height and weight the
change of ratio of increase in body is also seen. Every part of the body has its
specific
growth rate' The growth in some organs of the body takes place slowly
and in some parts
it happens fast' In this body takes place slowly and in some parts it happehs fast. In this
period before the completion of growth of the hands and legs the palms
and the feet take
the shapes like a grown up person. The hip of a girl becomes wider than the
shoulders.
o Change in face : A little change is seen in face. The jaws and the nose become
big, the oral cavity becomes wide and the chin appears clearly.
Change in muscles and fat of the body : The muscles get developed. The
body
' boys become
of the
muscular and a certain quantity of fat is deposited in the hands and
buttocks of the girls. A mark of grace is seen in girls. The fat of the boys melt
down and
they become lean, muscular and tall.
' Secretion of Hormone : Some quantity of fluid secretes from the pituitary Gland
during adolescence' Owing to this hormone secretion the sex-organs starts functioning and
the changes of the mind and the body of the adolescents are seen. The voice of
the boys
becomes a little hoarse. The bones at the elbowjoints get a little elevated. Beard
and moustache
start appearing. Face is generally affected by pimples. The breasts of the girls grow
bigger
and the menstruation cycle starts. The voice of the girls become a little hoarse
and heavy.
r
The Chart showing physical changes in boys
Girls
Boys
Rapid increase of weight
Rapid increase
& girts :
of
Rapid increase of weight
height
Rapid increase of height
Hair growth in the armpit
Hair growth in the armpit
Thicking of hair in hands and legs
is visible
Growth of hair is seen in hands, legs
and chest
Voice becomes a
little
heavy
Voice becomes heavy and hoarse.
Menstruation initiates
Noefurnal emission of semen occurs
occasionally.
Pimples erupt
Pimples erupt
Buttocks become wide, high and heavy
Male genital organ grows bigger
Breasts grow bigger
The nipples of the chest become a little bi5
The body structure changes
The body structure changes
20
.
Psychological Features o
(i) In the adolescence the rate of physic-al growth is higher than psychological
development.The mind of an adolescent gets frlled up with
different kinds of quenes,
hesitations, conflicts. Bewilderment, anxiety and restlessness
are seen in an adolescent,s
Denavlour.
(iD In this age memory attention, attractive power, control
over language increase. SelfAt the same time intelligence also developr ,;;;;k"bly.-'
(iii) Attraction towards certain things or subjects is created.
(iv) During this period the boys and girls, with the awekening
of self-dependence become
desparate to face any sort of challenge showing valour and
heroism.
(v) During adolescence boys and girls devefup an attraction
to.each other. The become
excited for trifling matter. Become concious about figure. They
spend much time in meticulous
dressing. They want to establish that opinions whicithey trri"i
to ue rietrt.il;;;;r
stand.
criticism and lose temper, Mood changes frequently. They become
delightea or sad for any
negligible reason.
consciousness develops.
. Emotional Features o
(i) During this period the manifestation of emotional behaviour sometimes
becomes intense
and sometimes emotion does not touch the boys and girls of
this age.
(iD In this age the boys and girls get elated for simple reason
and also get morosed for
a trifling cause.
(iii) In many occasions the feeling of shame, inferiority fear, aggressive
attifude, vanity, sense
guilt
of
in them create acute problem.
(iv) In adolescence the boys and girls become emotional, sentimental
and imaginative.
(") The adolescent boys and girls judge their morality minutely uno u*
iiJined to
,
neroworshlp.
o Social tr'eatures .
(i) The adolescent boys and girls do not want to abide by the rules
and regulations
-o---'---' of the
society in vogue. They seem to be unsocial.
(ii) They feel an irresistible attraction to outer world. They are possessed
with an interest
works related to social welfare.
(iii) The boys and girls of same age develop a feeling of closeness among
themselves. An
adolescent wants to establish himself or herself in a grouplf
,urn" thoughts, fee'iings and attitude
by making all in the group convinced with his oiher own desire,
likings etc.
(iv) They try hard to adjust with the discipline, values, regulations
of the society but in specific
cases a tendency to cross the barrier of rules and discifline
is seen in them remarkably.
(v) To be establised in greater society arrogance and egotism
are marked seen in them.
2t
Cognitive tr'eatures
(i) The power of radical thinking from personised to abstract subject is developed.
(ii) A concept is formed on the basis of the abstract principles like sense of morat values,
honesty etc.
(iii) The adolescent boys and girls are found to be involved in arguments or discussions
on baseless subjects.
1.4.3
.
DEMANDS OR DESIRE OF ADOLESCENCE
:
During adolescence physical, psychological, emotional, social and cognitive changes
in
boys and girls occur so fast that in respect ofsuch changes different new
demands are croped
up in them time to time. The followings are the demands of adolescence :
(1) Desire for being active : The surplus energy in boys and girls of
this age always
impels thern to remain active.They want to satisfu this urge of iemaing activl
through
participating in games and sports, tours, picnics, hub-bub etc.
(2) Independence : The boys and girls of this age want the complete development
of
limitless self-imagination and to establish themselves as independent members of the
society
with their own identities. They volunteer to take the responsibility of doing important works
and- want to complete those works independently with delight and enthusiasm.
Through
working in such away, the sense of self-esteem, self-dependence and seclusion are
developed
in them. They are possessed with an irresistable urge to do everything independently,
but the
family, the society do not entrust them with independent...ponribility and ,L
th"y suffer from
inferiority complex.
(3) Desire for Society : An inclination and attachment to the society is developed
in the
adolescent boys and girls and so, they want to get themselves actively involved
in every social
work. They are utterly interested with the welfare of the society instead of being self-centered.
They rush to materialise social ideals.They want to satisfu their social demand through
participation in games and sports, cultural and social activities in schools, colleges
and clubs.
But due to many reasons society does not approve all the new demands of th-e adolescents
and consequently, sometimes instead of being united for social cause they may be
deviated
to be stamped by the society as unsocials
(4) Desire for new knowledge : In this age boys and girls become eager to acquire
knowledge from the treasure of literature, science, history philosophy, anthrJpology
etc. If
their thirst for knowledge can be directed towards the right distination they canprefie
their
lives to make themselves fit for the society as for the nation.
(5) Desire for Moral Values : During this perriod the inclination towards moral
values
and social values is developed to a great extent in boys and girls. The sense
ofdistinguishing
right and wTong, proper and improper, just and unjust is also observed in them rem-arkably.
They consider their own activities in the ethical parameter and. at the same time judge
the
activities of others in the standard of morality. If they, by chance, happen to do anyLethical
activity they suffer from a feeling of guilt.
(6) Desire for knowing the philosophy of life :
22
For the social and moral development in the adolescent
boys and girls, they feel a desire
to know the philosophy of life. on the basis of their
inclination towards knowing the mystery
of life and birth if the boys and girls of this age are provideJ
with the presentation of proper
components of forming new phiiosophy of life, theii
course
and
"arr vv ot.\
meaningful.
"r ".ii"iiiJ.
;iil;;."ific
(7) Desire for Profession or self-dependence
: In this age the boys and girls want to be
self-dependent and self-reliant. So, they become interested
t; find oui the wa"y of iow to be
self-depedent or to search for different professions
and means to earn money. Even they
prepare themselves to be professionally skilled
along with their normal study.
(8) Desire for sexual Pleasure : In adolescence
ai irrestisible attracion betrryeen opposite
sex is observed' out of inquisitiveness they_want
to get pt.urur" by conversing and mixing
with each other' only proper life-sfyle can help tneri
uuita a proper philosophy of life.
Food Habits of the Adolescent Boys and Girls
In adolescence the body developed rapidly and so th"
boyr;;d;; of this age need a
large quantity of protein-enriched fooo. ilstr, meat,
egg, ,uyuuirr, posset etc. are the food
enriched with suffrcient quantity of protein. In
this i{i uiot of energy is consumed for
participation in games and sports, pressure of study
etc.La so the adolescent boys and girls
essentially need to consume required quantity of
barbohydrate and fat enriched food along
with protein-enriched food.
Adequate nutrition is essential for the adolescents.
The girls, especially, require to take not
only balanced and adequate diet, they also need to consurire
iron-enriched food sufficiently,
be-cause the girls, generally, become prone
to anaemia in this age. care is to be taken to the
following three points.
(i) Nutritious and adequate intake of food.
(ii) Proper Education, to enable the boys and girls to
take right
(iii) conception about health, reproduction, iygiene, life-s"tyledecision in their future life.
(sex=education) etc. is to
be provided with the adolescent boys and giris.
The adolescent boys and girls are the important part
of the society. So, in one hand, they
are to be guided to adjust with the physical and
changes
they are facing with and on
-"ntul
the other hand, the society should also give them space
to
their feelings and bear with
them' we should consider the curiosity and prlblemr ""fi"s
oi rt. adolescent boys and girls
sympatheically. Parents, teachers, peoples representatives,
health workers all are to come
forward to take the responsibility to guide the adolescent
uoys and girls to adjust with the
problems of this age and to be the good citizens
of future. Tirey should be provided with a
complete conception about the changes in them and
thus a healthy, beautiful and hygienic
atmosphere can be created in the society.
1.4.4 Problems of the Adolescent Boys and Girrs
and their solutions.
Most of the adolescent boys and girls are school students.
So, to protect them from going
astray, teachers, parents, administration and peoples
representatirr", *itt h*";;;;
responsibility- The physical education teachers are to
""o^-uin"o
take the leading role in this matter
and
23
-
they are to be sincerely assisted by the other teaching cornmunity and the society as
a whole.
The heads of the institutions will supervise the process.
Being the friend, philosopher and guide of the students, the following steps are to be taken
by the teachers to protect the adolescent students from taking u *rong puilr.
(i)
Proper Teaching of Life-Style : School going adolescents ur. to be given a clear
concepfion about proper Life-Style (Sex-education) so that, they can understand that this is
a normal biological process and they are to adjust thernselves with it. There is nothing
to be
panicky.
(ii) Student-Teacher Relationship : The teachers will teach the students to abide by the
discipline, punctuality etc. and at the same time they will also be their friends. They will
hear
their problems patiently and will advise them properly how to overcome those problems.
(iii) Importance of the Students' Desire : Honour is to be given to the demand or desire
of the students and simultaneously, they should be given opportmity to work independently.
But care is to be taken by the teachers, so that, this liberty cannot be converted into
waywordness. This will improve their leadership quality and at the same time, their interest
towards social welfare work is increased.
(iv) Taking Care to the Problems of the Adolescents :
Care is to be taken for the problems and likings of the students. Everyone likes seclusion.
So, considering the individuality the problems and likings of the students are to be handled
separately with care.
(v) Provision for Technical Education : The adolescent boys and girls have an inclination
to be self-dependent. they arei eager to create something of their own. So, considering th'eir
fufure life, different vocational haining courses have been introduced, so that, they can engage
themselves in such training courses during their surplus time, which prevents them from
any
sort of deviation from right path.
(vi) Selection ofBooks : Text books and other books out ofschool syllabus are to selected
with a view to increase the thirst for knowledge of the teenaged learners. The adolescents are
to be made attracted to read good books more. The responsibility of selection and supply
of
books is to be shouldered by the school authority.
(vii) Encouragement to Group Activities / Team Games : According to the desire of
the adoloscents they are to be indulged in group activities and team gurn.r,-.o that, arelation
of friendship among themselves is developed.
(viii) Arrangement of Physical Exercise and Games & sports : Keeping the
physiological demand of the student in mind a period of effective forty minutes is to
te tabled
in the routine of the school daily as a class for physical exercise and games and sports and
at the same time in every school the students are to be provided with the opportunity to
take
part in sporting activities after their liking. Regular organisation of Inha-School and
Inter-School
Games and Sports competitions is also very essential.
(ix) Spending Leisure through Recreational Activities : The recreational side of the
adolescent boys and girls is to be controlled properly. Coaching Camps on different sporting
disciplines, hiking, rock-climbing, picnic, intra and inter-camp competitions, organised and
the students are to be encouraged to take the leading role in organising and conducting those
programmes.
24
(x) Personality of the Teachers : Whether a teacher will be regarded
as successful in
guiding the students to right path depends on his or her personality.
frr" ,.uri.1. i. a or.r.n,
himself or herself as a model to the students and then only his or her job
will be u"ry
simple and successful. So, the teachers should have essentialiy the'kno;;G
"usy,
oirrealth
Education, First-aid, Physical Education, Sports Psychology, Psychology,
Child psychology etc.
Problems of Adolescence and their Remedies
Behavioural Disorder :
Different problems in behaviour and conduct are noticed in adolescent
boys and girls. these
problems are discussed below.
l) Bunk off School : The adolescent students generally play truant for the following
reasons
:
(i) If the students get panicked with the behaviour and attitude of the teacher
or teachers
or owing to pressure of learning, they stay away from school.
(ii) Sometimes, under the influence of evil company or merely to taste
a thrilling experience
the teenaged sudents bunk off school and gossip away time beside
road or go io u cinema
hall.
(iv) Harsh punishment from the parents or the teachers in school make
the students lose
interest to attend school.
(v) Want of security or scarcity of encouragement and affection also
make the'students
play truant.
(vi) Due to the tremendous pressure of study both in home and in
school the students hardly
find any time to play. So, sometimes they bunk off school to get rid of the
monotony of study
and to play at their will.
*
Remedies : Nowadays the number of drop-out students or the case
of playing truant
has reduced remarkably. Presently, the environment of most of the
schools has been made
student friendly and so the interest of the students for their schools has
increased. The school
curriculum has been made interesting with the introduction of games and
sports, projects,
attractive teaching-aids etc. Consequently, a love for school has been developed
in the students.
2) Leaving Home Aimlessly : This kind of conduct is evident in adolescent
boys and girls
probably for the following reasons.
(i) Sometimes, owing to infatuation of adventure or inquisitiveness, the students
of this
age disappear from home without informing any one. Again, the
students affected *itilyrt"r,u
go out of the home under the influence of the disease.
(ii) h many occasions, due to the want of good relationship with the parents,
proverty or
pecuniary distress in the family, peevish dissension with family
members, iebuking or beating,
punishment for neglegence in study etc. the adolescent boys and girls
flee frori home.
(iii) Under the influence of evil company or provocatiln of the friends sometimes
the
adolescent boys and girls leave home with an intension to become hero
or heroine in film and
25
to earn money.
Remedies of such behaviour : At first the physical and mental structure and condition
are to be assessed through I.Q. test, sermonility test, EEG (Electro Encephalo Gram) etc. and
then necessary measures are to be taken.
3. Anger on Getting Angry : Sometimes, the adolescent boys and girls suddenly get angry.
Owing to problem, they start crying, throw house-hold articles here and there violently and
also break things. This kind of behaviour is called 'Temper Tantrum,.
(i) kr many cases, he cause of anger is annoyance which occurs if the desire for food, dress,
money etc. is not satisfied up to the expectation. Owing to such disatisfaction the adolescent
boys and girls become irritated and angry. Consequently, they run away from their close ones
in the family.
(ii) If the students are not allowed to play during play time and are told to do something
other, they become angry.
(iii) The adolescents want to be self-dependent. But any hindrance to their desire makes
them angry.
Remedies :
(i) Anger cannot be reduced always by rubuking or threating. Sympathetic attitude and
behaviour and favourble condition help reduce their anger.
(ii) The anger in adolescent boys and girls can be reduced by the parents through mixing
with them as friends and continuous counselling. Care should be taken so that, the anxious
and frustrated parents do not react in such a way that the sifuation goes from bad to worse.
(a) Lyrng and Stealing : The tendency to tell a lie for any trifling reason'is very common
in adolescent boys and girls. Some adolescents are seen with the bad habit of pilfering.
Sometimes they steal money, mobile, pen, book and exercise book of their friends and also
precious articles of their own houses and sell those. They sometimes steal money from their
parents, even ornaments of their mothers. The causes behind the bad habits of lying and
stealing in adolescent boys and grils are discussed below.
(i) The tendency of lying and stealing is much seen in the teenage d crazy and neurotic
boys and girls.
(ii) Jealously, frustration and desire to be involved in some thrilling experiences are the root
causes of such bad habits.
C;"";"ifiG
*"al."l advice are the only remedies.
""a
Exercise
Objective Questions :
(1.) ChooseUre Correct Answer :
i) Under whose leadership was the frist Inter-national Olympic Committee formed?
(a) Bhalindera Singh (b) Pierie L De Fredy Baron De Couberbin
(c) M.Bicholam
(d) Henry Martin Dideran
ii) How many core members was the first Inter-national Olympic Committee formed with?
(a) ls
(b) 11
(c) 18
(d) 14
26
iii) After which year were the professional players allowed to participate in Modern
olympic
Games?
(a)
(c)
1988
(b) tee2
(d) 1ee0
1e86
iv) Who designed the flag of Modem Olympics?
(a) Emperor Theodosius (b) Baron pierie De Coubertin
(c) Bhalindera Sing
(d) Henry Martyn Dideran
v) In which year was the Modern Olympic first hoisted?
(a) 1920
(b) te32
(c) t9t2
(d\ 2012
vi) Which continent does the yellow Olympic Ring symbolize?
(a) Asia
(b) Africa
(c) Europe
(d) Austrralia
vii) How many years is a President elected in IOC for?
(a)8
0)6
(c) 5
(d) 3
viii) Which age does the adolescence in girls start from?
(a) 11
(b) e
(c) 13
(d) ls
ix) Which age does the adolescence in boys start from?
(a) 13
(b) 18
(c) e'
(d) 1l
x) How many stages is the adolescence generally divided into?
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 5
2. Put a tick
(i)
(ii)
/
1
) mark above the right option :
Father of Modern Olympic is Emperor Theodosius /Baron Picnic De Coubertin/Bhalindera
Singh/Ilenry Martin Dideran.
In Modern Olympics the professionals were alllowed to take part after 776B.C.llggg
A.D/
L9t4 A.D.n920 A.D.
(itt) The Modern Olympic Flag was first hoisted in the year l9l4/lg20llg3}/1g42.
(iv) The Modern Olympic Flag was first hoisted in the Olympic Games held in
AtlantalRome/
Antatrip/Beizing.
(v) The Modern Olympic Flag was designed by Baron Pierie De Coubertin/Emperor
Theodosius.
(vi) The number of rings drawn at the centre of the olympic Flag Theodosius.
(vii) On the top row of the Modern Olympic Flag the ,ru-b", of interlinked rings is
213/4/5.
(viii) The chronological order of the colours of the rings drawn on the Modern o'iympic
Flag,
starting from top left to right and bottom left to right is Blaclg Red, yellow, glue
& Green/
Red, Blue, Green, Black & YellodBlue, Black, Red, Yellow and Green/yellow,
Blaclg Red,
Blue & Green.
27
(x) The five rings on the Modern Olympic Flag symbolize five
continents/oceans/great
sportsmen/Games.
(x) Now, in Modern Olympics Oath is read out by participating
sportsmen/coaches and judges/
only judges/sportsmen, coaches and judges.
3. Answer the following questions in brief :
Who is the founder of the Modern Olympics?
(iD kr which Olympic Games was the design of the Modern Olympic Flag first introduced?
(iii) In which year and which Olympic Games was the Modem Olympic Flag first hoisted?
(iv) What are the colours of the rings on the flag of the Olympic Games?
(v) What are the colours of the rings at the bottom row of the flag of the Modern Olympic
(i)
Games?
(vi) What is the Modern Olympic Motto?
(vii) What are the three Latin words in the Modern Olympic Moffo?
(viii) Whom did Baron Coubertin imitate the Latin words of the Modern Olympic Motto from?
(ix) In which Olympic Games and which year was the Modern Olympic Motto first introduced?
(x) Who do read out the Oath separaely in Modern Olympics?
(xi) Which year were the professional sportsmen allowed to participate in Olympic Games
from?
(xir) What are the principal objectives of Modern Olympic Games?
(xiii) In which year and which Olympic Games was the Olympic Oath last revised or changed?
(xiv) Who among the following four is a Physical Educationist?
(a) Rodolf Von Laban, (b) Rabindranath Tagore, (c)
Maradona,
(d) Plato.
(xv) What do you know about Physical Education?
(xvi) What is Sports Medicine?
(xvii) What is Biomechanics?
(xviii)What is Kinesiology?
(xix) What is Kinanthropometry?
(xx) What do you know about Sports Sociology?
(xxi) What is Movement Education?
(xxii) Which year and where was the Modern Olympic Games held in?
(xxiii)Who is called the 'Father of Modem Olympic Games?'
(xxiv)What are the ideals of Modem Olympic Games?
(xxv) Describe the Modern Olympic Flag?
(xxvi) What is the symbol of Modern Olympic?
(xxvii) What is Olympic Motto?
(xxviii) What is the full form of the abbreviation I.O.C.?
(xxix) Which year and which Olympic Games was the Modern Olympic Flag first hoisted
in?
(xxx) Write the definition of health.
(xxxi) What is the full name of W.H.O.?
2B
!
l
f
I
t
(xyurii) What is Physical Fitness?
3. Essay Tlpe Questions :
(i) What are the different component of Physical Fitness?
(ii) Explain the different components of Physical Fitness.
(iii) Discuss about the behaviours of different phases of adolescence.
(iv) What are the physical features of adolescence?
(v) Briefly discuss about the mental characeristics of adolescence.
(vi) Describe the different desires or demands of the adolescent boys and girls.
(vii) Which kind of problems do the adolescent boys and girls face?
(viii) Discuss about the different aspects and influence of health on the basis of modern concept.
(ix) What are the ideals of Modern Olympic Games? Describe the Modern Olympic Flag.
(x) What is Physical Fitness? Elaborately discuss about the components of skill elated
Physical Fitness.
(xi) Write elaborately about the modem conception of Physical Education.
(xii) Discuss about the relation of Physical Education with the other fields of study.
29