SEA AIR
-
AN D
S E A B A T H I N G
-
THEIR
IN FLUEN CE
HEALTH
ON
R A OTI CA L G UI D E F OR TH E
US E OF VI S I T OR
A T TH E S E A - S I D E
CH A R L E S
H o n o ra ry S u rgeo n
“
P
BY
AR S ON S,
MD
to th e D o ver Co n va les cen t
THE SE A
IS
HIS,
AN D
H E MAD E
.
.
ED IN
H o mes ,
IT
”
.
PH I LAD E LPH IA
L IN
D
SAY
BLAK I STON
1 877
.
P
R E FA C E
IN
th e
c o mplian c e with
P
ublisher s
,
th e
c ourteo us reque st
-
and
of
th at I wo uld prepare for th em
a sh ort and reliabl e w ork
S ea Air
.
on
S ea- B athing,
”
subj e ct
the
th e foll o wing
page s h av e b een written in the in t ervals
busy pro fe ss ional w ork
of
of
.
In perform ing my ta sk i t h as b ee n m y o bj e c t
,
t o produc e a th oro ughly pra cti c al and trust
w or thy
Guide t o H ealth
sh o uld b e a s
free
a t th e
S ea
-
s ide whic h
,
a s po ss ibl e fro m t e chnic al
t erm s s o a s t o b e easily underst ood by general
,
reader s
.
In endeav ouring t o giv e s cientifi c
a ccura cy t o the subj e c t i t w a s impo ss ibl e t o
av oid the in trodu ction o cc a s ionally
of
s om e
PE A
iv
E
R F C
.
v ery el em en tary p hys iol o gy and ch emistry and
,
I venture t o h ope th at this will b e fo und t o
impart additional int ere st t o th e perus al whilst
,
i t c an in no wi s e impair th e pra cti c al utility
the
w ork
.
CHARLES
2,
S
.
A S S TREET
J ME
May
,
1877
,
.
D OVER
,
P
A
RS ON S
.
of
CO N T E N T S
CH AP
TER
I
.
.
P
S ea b athin g—It Mo de of A ct ion on th S kin—Ci
lat ion—Re spiration— Glan dular S yst em—More E
g t i t h an Fre sh Wat er by R ea s on b f it s Great er
D ensit y — S aline C onst itut ion — C on st ant agit ation
AG E
”
s
-
rcu
e
n
er
e
c
,
&c
.
CH A P
TER
II
.
S ea b athing— General Di ect ions — The S ea b athing
Seas on—Time of D ay for B athin g— Fre q uency
H W t B at he— O ught one t B at he wh en H eat e d "
E xerci s e nece ss a y B efore an d Aft er t h e B at h
D uration of t h e B at h —A ft er t h B at h—Wh at t
t do
r
-
O
o
-
o
r
no
e
o
CH A P
TE
R
I II
.
Warm S ea wat er B at h —It Mo de of A ction on
t h e Sld — Cir fl t i —N ervou s S yst em—Abs orb ent
S yst em —General Direct ions for Adm inist ration as t
Temperat ure — Time of D ay— D
t i — Fre q uency
—Aft er th B at h — Cold Afi io — Act ion of H o t
and C old B aths resp ectively C ompared—D ifference
b et ween S line and Fre sh H t wat er B at hs
Th e
-
n
c
14
s
a
on
o
u ra
e
a
us
o
-
on
n
27
vi
CON TEN TS
CH A P T E R
.
IV
.
Minor Ablutions — Their Use an d Mo de of A pplication
The Dripping sheet —Shallow b ath or S lipper
b at h—Tepid b at h— Spinal b ath—Th e D o Ch e —Us e
ful in Surgical C a s e s &c — C aut ion
-
-
u
-
,
.
CH A P T E R
—It s
41
V
.
uence upon th e Human Syst em
— A cknowle dge d S alubrit y— The A t mo sphere or
C ommon Air—It s C ompo sition— Import ance of
Oxygen—Re spirat ion C ont amin at ors of t h e Air
S ea air po sse ss e s Great er D ensity—More Oxygen at
t h e S ea side — Infl en ce on C ombu st ion— Effect of
C onst ant A git ation upon th e Skin— Great er U i
formit y of T emperature— Mildn e ss of S ea c oast
E xplaine d— Great er Humi dit y— In fl en c e on L ungs
and Skin— More abundant O z one —It s ole— Im
atio n wit h S alin e
n
article s
e
p g
-
A GE
-
-
S ea
P
Infl
air
-
u
n
-
u
P
r
r
CH A P T E R
VI
.
P
Sea ir and S ea b athing a s Remedial A gent s in D is
ease—Function o f Excret ory O rgans— romot e d
by S ea b athing — O verwork — C on stit ut ional D is
ea se—St ruma or S crof l a —Ricket s— At o i c D ys
—
D
t
i
er
v
ou
s
i
s
ea
s
e
s
S
V
t
u
s
D
ance
N
i
P
p p
H y te i P N euralgia—C at arrh—A st hma an d B ron
h it is —Rheumat i sm and Gout — D is eas e s of Women
L eu c orrh ea —A menorrh ea— Menorrhagia
-
a
51
-
-
n
u
e
s a
s
’
-
.
r a
-
c
r
o
o
CH A
Is
PTER
VII
64
.
Sea b athing ever Inj urious n d Wh en In Acute
Disease— Infancy— Old A ge— let hora or
full
habit
O rgani D is ease— Heart D i sease —C on
sumpt ion —Skin D isease s— regnancy and M
-
,
-
s t ru at io n
c
P
P
a
-
en
82
NTENTS
CO
CH A P T E R
vii
.
VIII
P
.
AG E
ent s and D is comfort s which somet ime s Ao
c omp n y a C ourse Of S ea b athing—Bilious At t acks
Co nst ip at ion— D iarrhoea— Irrit ation of Skin — B oils
C onge stive Headache —Faintne ss
N ett le rash
and Vomitin g— C at amenia
Th e Ailm
a
-
-
CH A
PTER
I"
.
The General Hygiene Of a Temporary Re sidence at th e
Seaside wit h Remarks on Clothing Food Exercise
&c
020 t ": ta g— Woollen under clot hin g
Linen
Calico— Cheviot Suit s— S erge s an d Home spuns
Fo o d—T ime s of E at ing —
Regularit y Quant it y
Kin ds— D iet t able — C aut ion s — Exercise—N ece ss ary
fo r all— Imp o rt ance t o Healt h— Mo derat e rat her
th an Violent —
Walking —Ridin g—R OWin g—Swim
min g —B e st t ime £01 Exercis e— C aut ion—Rest an d
S leep indispen s able
,
,
-
.
-
,
,
89
SEA AIR AND SEA B ATHING
-
-
CH A
P
T
ER
I
.
.
SEA B ATHI NG—ITS MOD E OF ACTION ON THE S KI N —C R CLE
LATIO N— R E SP
IRATI ON
SY STEM— MO RE E NER
GE T I C THAN FRE S H WATER BY R EAS ON OF ITS GEEATE R
D ENSITY — S AL INE CONSTITUTI ON— CONS TANT A GITATI ON
I
-
.
ET C
.
A CCORDIN G t o an ancient writer the pra cti c e
O f b athing w as in stitut ed w ith a View t o cl ean
lin ess t o th e increa s ing th e b ody s h ea t for th e
pre s ervation o f h e alth o r for v o lup tu ous grati
fi c ation
I n the s e days h o w e v er w e canno t b e
s aid t o us e s ea b athing for p urpo s e s O f clean li
ne ss but rath er fo r per s onal gratific a tion o r
u nder m edi c al dire ctio n fo r th e prevention
alle viation o r c ure Of dis ea s e o r m ore genera lly
for th e reno v ation o f h ealt h and strength wh en
i m paired by the w ear and t ear O f m odern life 5
o r wh en th e syst e m i s en fee bl ed by th e de l e
t erio u s h ab its and pra c ti c e s O f a c ultured c ivil i
z at io n
A m ore us e ful re m edy at on c e s alutary
and effi c a cio us doe s n o t e xi st when ju di cio usly
,
’
,
,
,
”
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
B
SEA
2
-
AIR AND
em pl oye d ; n o r o ne m ore perni cio us in its co n
s equ en c e s wh en improperly and un wi s ely
u s ed
The h ab it o f daily imm ers ing th e b ody in
c ol d w at er h a s b e c o m e s o e stabli sh ed in thi s
c o un try th at th e m orning tub h a s c o m e t o
b e regarded alm o st a s a na tional
in st itu
tion t o th e great b ewilderm en t O f foreign ers
wh o w onder at th e e cc entri c itie s O f les droles
,
.
,
”
,
,
'
A ngle rs
.
Th e popul ar b elie f w i th regard t o s ea b athing
i s th at it i s b o th strength ening b ra cing and
h ardening ; and th ere c an b e l ittl e do ubt but
that thi s opinion i s well fo unded I t doe s no t
h o w ev er foll o w th at th e pra c ti c e o f it sh o ul d
b e indulg ed in by all indis criminat ely S om e
indeed h ol d th at th e i m er sion O f th e b ody in
w at er wh i ch i s o f l ow er tem perature th an th e
air fo rt ifi es th e syst emagain st att a cks o f c atarr h
and chill and render s it indi fferen t t o vicissi
tu de s o f t emperature wh ilst s o me fe w c ont end
that perfe ct immunity fro m c ol d s m ay b e
insured by c on tinuing th e m orning plunge
thro ugh o ut th e y ear I t i s undo ubt e dly tru e
th at s ea b athing render s th e b ody far l e ss s en si
tive t o th e influ en c e o f c o l d and t o th e injurio us
e ffe cts O f prol ong ed e xpo sure than any o th er
a g en t wi th w h i c h w e are a c qu ain t ed ; but th i s
i s cl early d u e t o its invig orat in g and strength
e h ing propert ie s g enerally and no t t o any
-
,
,
.
,
,
m
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
SEA—
BATHIN G
.
.
3
spe cial virtue dependent upo n l owne ss O f
t emperature al one
T h e immedia te a c tion O f c ol d b athing upon
th e system i s very nearly identi c al wh e th er th e
m ediu m empl o yed b e s alt w at er o r fre sh ; its
remo te e ff
e c ts h o w ev er are v aried s o m e wh at by
th e differen c e in den s ity c o mpo s ition and
o th er m o difyin g cir cum st an c e s t o b e c on s idered
p re s ently
When a healthy pers on is suddenly imm ers ed
in c o l d w at er h e experien c e s a s erie s o f s en s a
t ion s famil iar eno ugh to all wh o h av e pra cti s ed
c old b athing wh ich fo llo w ea ch o ther in rapid
su cc e ss ion He is fi r st Of all c on s cio us o f a
sh o ck wh ich s eems t o penetra t e th e wh o l e sys
t em a cc ompanied by a general s en s ation Of c ol d
and shivering : t h e sk in b e c o m e s pal e and c on
tra cted renderin g th e h air bulbs prom inent
and produ cing th at pe culiar appearan c e o f th e
surfa c e which is c o mm only c all ed g oo s e sk in
fro m its re s embl an c e t o th at o f a newly plu ck ed
g oo s e : th e Cir cul ation i s a cc el era ted and th e
pul s e b e c o m e s s m all and frequ en t ; th e re spira
tion at fi r st hurried and g asping gro ws deep
and l ab orio us with a feeling o f oppre ss ion or
c onstriction O f th e ch e st and o f fulness and
w eight in t h e h ead
The s e p h eno m ena are but o f m o mentary
d uration h o w ev er and rapidly yield t o a general
s ens ation o f w armth whi ch by degree s perv ade s
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
-
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
SEA
4
-
AIR
AN D
th e wh ol e b ody and th e w eight in th e h ead
in st an tly di s appear s ; th e re spiratory e mb ar
ras smen t i s re lie ved and th e p uls e grad u ally
return s t o i ts norm al c ondition w ith perh ap s
a little in crea s e o f v o lum e
T h e surrou n d
ing w at er n o w no l onger feels c ol d but
rath er pl ea s ant and agreeabl e and the b ath er
“
i s in full enj o ym ent o f wh a t i s c all ed re
a ction
If t h e b ody b e no w rapi dly dried and c o vered
from th e air the feelin g o f w arm th i s p ers i stent
a gl o w pervade s th e sk in and e v ery fun ction
appear s t o b e c arried on wi th in crea s ed energy
the s pirits are bu o y an t and el a sti c and th e
wh ol e syste m feels strength ened and refre sh ed
by th e b ath
It i s import an t h o w e v er t o b ear in mind
t hat th e b enefi ts o f c o l d b athing c anno t b e
in creas ed a ol tnfi n ita m by prol onging th e im
mersion but o n th e c ontrary th e y are greatly
diminish ed by it I f th e b ath b e s o impr udently
c ontin u ed th at th e s en s ation o f w armth grow s
l e ss and fi nally dis appear s th en numb ne ss and
shiv ering c o me o n th e t ee th ch atter th e ex tre
mit ies o f the fi nger s b e c o m e blue dark ring s
appear beneath th e ey e s whi ch h av e a sunk en
appearan c e th e skin i s bl an ch ed and apparen tly
bloodl e ss naus ea and v o mitin g frequ ently
superv ene th e feeling Of depre ss ion is in ten s e
re s piration i s irre gular an d rapid and th e puls e
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
SEA BATHIN G
5
-
.
”
w eak and s m all
Rea c tion fro m th i s c ondi
tion i s o f ne c ess ity a sl o w pro ce ss : but i f
imm ers ion b e prol onged till cramp s o f th e
l imbs a feeling o f c oldne ss a t th e st o m a ch
and vi tal e xh austion e v en t o fainting en su e
th en
rea ction
i s diffi cult s o m e tim e s im
po ss ibl e and death m ay ultim ately follo w
—
1 flor
a
Fro m th e foreg oing rem arks it i s
e viden t th at th e prim ary a ction Of c o l d
b athing i s upon th e nerve s o f th e cutaneo us
surfa c e and s e c ondarily upon its c apill ary
c ir c ul ation
Th e c ut aneo us nerve s m ay b e
re g arded a s o utpo sts wh o s e d uty i t i s t o t el e
graph t o h ead qu art er s wh atev er s en s a tion s
are m ade upon th eir e xtre mitie s : i t i s alm o st
i mpo ssibl e t o e stim at e th eir nu mb er s o num e
ro us are th e y bu t t ak en in th e aggre ga t e
th ey pre s en t a s entien t surfa c e o f enor m o us
e xten t c apabl e Of re c eiving th e m o st po werful
i mpre ssion s and trans mitting th e m with n u
dim ini sh ed intens ity H en c e wh en a plung e
is su ddenly m ade int o c ol d w a t er th e w h ol e
cut aneo us sur fa c e i s imm ediately bro ught under
th e influ en c e o f thi s agent and th e c o ll e ctiv e
violen c e o f th e impre ss ion i s c on v e yed wi th
lightning rapidi ty t o th e central nervo us
a s a h ealthy sh o c k
Th e nerv o us
syst e m
c entre s b eing thus stimul at ed and aro us ed
tran s mi t c orre s ponding energy t o th e vital
—
organ s th e h eart and lung s a s w ell a s t o
.
,
,
,
”
,
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-
,
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SEA
6
-
AIR
AN D
—b
y
th e gland ular syst e m and th e sk in
th e
agen cy o f a s et o f nerv e s wh o s e O ffi c e i t i s t o
c ontrol and regulat e th e v ario us fun ctions o f
th e b ody
2 Circu la tio n — Moreov er th e c ont a c t w ith
c old wat er in b ath ing c aus e s th e m inut e blood
v e ss els o f th e c ut aneo us surfa c e t o c on tra ct th e
s mall art erie s are redu c ed in s ize and th e fl o w
o f bl ood fro m the m int o th e c apill arie s i s
c on s equ en tly dimini sh ed ; h en c e th e bl an ch ed
appearan c e o f th e sk in
The surro unding
stru cture s b eing no l ong er distended by s o
great a v olum e O f bl ood as usu al yield t o th eir
natural el a sti ci ty and cl o s e in imparting t o th e
skin a c on tra cted appearan c e and rendering the
h air bulbs pro minent and th e h ai r s ere c t a s
any o n e can Obs erv e for him s elf wh o c are s t o
w at ch the a c tion in hi s o wn pers on
Thi s Obstru c tion t o th e free pa ss ag e o f th e
bl o od in th e surfa c e o f th e b od y c aus es it t o be
ponded b a ck s o t o s peak upon th e internal
organ s and it a ccu mul at e s in th e gl and s an d in
th o s e re gion s wh i ch are m o st v a s cul ar em
b arrassin g th e h eart and lungs in no ordinary
degree Bu t wh en th e re fl ex stimulus arriv e s
fro m the nerv o us c en tre s w hi ch th e sh o c k t o
th e cut aneo us nerv e s h ad e xc ited th e h eart i s
rous ed t o great er e x ertio n c ontra cts m ore
vig oro usly and propels th e bl ood w ith in crea s ed
for c e ; at th e s am e tim e th e s pa sm odi c c o n trac
,
,
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,
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-
,
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,
SEA
t io n
‘
-
BATHINC
7
.
of
the c apillary v e ss els i s rel ax ed dil ata tion
follow s and th e cu rrent Of th e b lood flo w s w ith
m ore th an w o nt ed energy thro ugh th e a cc us
t o med c h annels
I t i s no w w h en th i s rea c tion i s s e tting in
th at th e genial and pleas ant gl o w i s e xperien c ed
t o which referen ce h a s b een made and s o l ong
a s th e vital po wer s c an re s i st th e dep re ssing
e ffe cts o f c ol d s o l ong will this rea ction
c ontinu e and th e warmth o f th e surfa c e b e
m aint ained But wh en prol ong ed imm er s ion
h as s o red uc ed th e ani m al h eat that num b ne ss
and in s en s ib ility o f t h e sk in is produ ced th e
nerv o us syst em part icip at e s in th e exh austion
refl e x stimul ation is no l o nger po ss ibl e and
general c ollap s e i s imminent
This rea ctiv e
po wer wh i ch enabl e s th e hum an b ody t o re s ist
e xt ernal influen c e s and impre ss ion s by whi ch
i t m ight o th erwi s e b e injured appears t o b e th e
o ut c o m e o f th at c on s ervativ e energy whi ch i s
s tored up in th e anim al e c ono my an d is
suffi cient for all th e de mand s whi ch m ay b e
rea s onably m ade upon i t
Th e cl o s e st re la tion ship e x i sts b e tw een re
a ction and th e c aus e by whi ch i t is exc it ed
Th ey are proportionat e th e one t o t h e o th er th e
m ore inten s e th e e xciting c a us e th e m ore
energ e ti c i s th e fo ll ow ing rea ction
H en c e
the c ol der t h e b a th th e m ore pow erful i s th e
impre ss ion o n the c ut aneo us s urfa c e and th e
,
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:
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8
SEA
-
AIR AND
re
u
i
c
k
er
and
m
ore
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
s
th
e
c
on
s
eq
u
en
t
q
a ction ; o u th e o th er h and h o w ev er the m ore
rapid abstra ction o f c al ori c in th e c ol der
m edium sh ort en s th e dura tion o f rea ctiv e
gl o w t h o ugh it doe s n o t dimini sh its in t en
s it y
and render s a b rief imm er s ion im
,
,
,
,
,
ra t iv e
e
p
3
.
Resp ira tion —
W
h av e s een th at in th e
c ol d b ath th e re s pirat ion b e c o m e s deep and
l ab orio us and th e ch e st i s filled t o its utm o st
c apa city T h e s e deep in s pirat ory m ov e m ents
are entirely b ey ond th e c on trol o f th e b ath er
H e c anno t sus pend th e m ev en for a m om en t
Th e y are perform ed independen tly O f hi s w ill
in Ob edien c e t o th e l aw s whi ch regulat e reflex
m ov e m ents Th e s en s ory nerv e s o f th e general
surfa c e o f th e b ody and e spe cially Of th e fa c e
are th e m o st import ant ag ents in e xc iting
th e s e m o v em ents for th ey c onve y th e im
pr e s si o n s made upon th eir e xtre mitie s t o th e
c en tre wh en c e th e m o t or im p uls e aris e s whi ch
i s tran s m itted t o th e re s pirat ory mus cl e s and
o cc a s ion s th eir c ontra ction
Everyb ody must
h ave e xperien c ed th e s e ph eno m ena s om e tim e
o r o th er in th e g a s ping s igh w hi c h fo ll o w s th e
s udden sprinkl ing o f th e fa c e with c ol d w at er
B u t an equ ally impor t an t par t i s perform ed
by th e efflu x o f bl ood in l arger and m ore
frequ ent qu antity t o th e c apill arie s o f th e
lun gs wh ereby th e excitor impre ss ion m ade
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SEA
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AIR
AN D
c o mm on s alt ; sulph at e o f m agne s ia or Ep s o m
s alt ; sulph at e o f s oda o r Gl aub er s alt ; als o
m uriat e o f m agne s ia and lim e w ith s alts o f
e
W
iodine and bro min e
Maury, h o w ev er e st i
m ate s th e s aline ingre dien ts a t 4 per c en t
Th e ab ov e c on sti tu en ts are uni for m a s t o pre
s en c e but are unequ al in qu antity in v ario us
“
par ts o f th e w orl d s o t h at in th e B alti c
a pint Of w at er c ont ain s nearly tw o s crupl e s
o f s alt ;
on th e c oasts O f Great Brit ain i t
c ontain s m ore th an h alf an o un c e ; in th e
Medit erranean m u ch m ore and in s o m e parts
under th e Line th e qu antity amo unts t o m ore
”
th an tw o o un c es 1
I t i s in c on s equen c e o f i ts s aline ch ara ct er
th at s ea water doe s no t e vaporat e s o rea dily
as fre sh w at er fro m th e skin and ev en wh en
th e b ody i s c are fully dried part i cle s o f s aline
matter rem ain ad h erent and fi n d th eir w ay
int o th e pore s o f th e sk in —a s m ay b e pro v ed
by th e applic ation O f th e t ongu e t o th e sur
fa c e— and k eep u p a tingling gl o w l ong aft er
th e b ath h a s t erminated I t i s a we ll kno wn
fa c t th at per s on s w h en w e tt ed t o th e skin by
s ea w a t er do no t t ak e c ol d so readily a s th ey
do wh en c aught in a sh o w er O f rain ; and th e
e xpl anation prob ably i s th at this p ungen t
a ction O f th e s alts O f s ea w at er s o stim ul at e s
th e cut aneo us cir culation a s t o enabl e it t o
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*5
L ee
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I oid
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SEA
-
BATHIN C
1I
.
re si st th e depre ssin g effe cts o f th e c o l d pro
du c e d by th e e vaporation O f th e flu id por tion
Ag ain i t i s t o its s aline ch ara ct er th at th e
t emperature O f th e s ea in grea t m ea sure i s
due A re c ent writ er s ays I t i s the s alts o f
th e s ea th at a ss ist th e rays o f h eat t o penetrat e
its b o s o ; but for th e s e th e s olar ray in stead
o f h ea tin g l arg e m a ss e s o f w a t er lik e th e Gulf
S tream w o ul d p l ay only at o r n ear th e surfa c e
rai s ing th e t emperature o f th e w ater s t h ere
l ik e th e s and in de s er t pl a c e s t o an inordinat e
”
d egree
I n stead Of thi s h o w ev er th e t e m
rat u re o f th e s ea on o u r c oa sts i s t o l erably
e
p
equ abl e and s el do m so l o w a s th at o f river
w at er ; s o th at s ea b ath ing may b e enj o yed
at a tim e wh en th e fre sh wat er b a th w o ul d
h ardly b e t ol era ted ; and ind ulg en c e in th e
lux ury m ay b e permitt ed for a m u ch l onger
period th an w o ul d b e advi s abl e in fre sh w at er
w ith o ut fear O f any di s a stro us re s ult
La stly in fre sh w
a ter b athin g w e h av e t o
de al for th e m o st par t w ith a still and pla cid
agen t whilst th e sea o n th e c ontrary i s s el do m
or nev er a t re st and o ft entim e s s everely trie s
th e strength o f th e stronge st b ath er s in th eir
endeav o ur s t o withstand its w av e s H er e w e
h ave an agen t in c on st an t m o tio n wh o s e b ene
fi cial influ en c e i s in n o s m all de gree due t o
th i s fa ct W e h av e s een th at th e immediat e
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Maury
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SEA
12
-
AIR
AN D
e ffe c t o f plunging int o c ol d w ater i s a stimu
l ation O f th e nervo us and c ir c ul at ory syst em s
o f th e b ody ; th e bl ood v e ss e ls o f th e skin in
th e fi r st pl a c e c on tra c t and subs equently
dil at e all o win g m ore bl ood t o flo w through
th eir w alls a s s oon as th e refl e x stimulus rea ch e s
th e m fro m th e nerv o us c entre s
N o w wh en
th e wav e s o f th e s ea strik e th e surfa c e O f the
b od y in c on st an t succ e ssion th e sh o c k o f th e
fi r s t plung e i s repea t ed a g ain and a g ain th e
do ubl e a ction Of alt ernat e c ontra c tion and
dil atation i s m aint ained in th e c ut aneo us c ir
c ul ation th e rea c ti ve gl o w 1 s m u c h in t en s ifi ed
by th e c on stant fri ction di s pl a c e m ent and
renew al O f th e surro u nding w at er in v io l ent
a git ation and th e wh o l e syst e m i s stimul at ed
and e xcit ed to m ore energ e ti c a c tion On th e
o th er h and b athing in a ro ugh or turbul ent
s ea i s in th e nature o f th ings m ore e xh aust iv e
th an b a thing in c al m w eath er fro m th e n ece s
s it y o f str uggl in g w i th t h e w av e s whi c h i s
inv olv ed and fro m th e t emp t ation t o prol o n g
th e b ath b eyond wh at i s pru dent b e c aus e o f th e
imm ediate e xhilara tion wh ich i t afford s Bu t
when ind ulged in ju di c io usly and re strained
by pru den c e th ere i s no t a m ore b en efi cral
stimulus n o r a more exh il arating enj oy m ent
th an s ea b a thi n g o n a bree zy day
Fro m wh at h a s b een st at ed in th e pre c eding
pag e s it will b e suffi cien tly evident that s ea
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SEA BATHIN G
13
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b athing m ay be c o m e a m o st import an t auxiliary
b o th in th e treatm ent o f di s ea s e and in th e
renov at ion o f h ealth wh en imp aired if e m
pl oyed with ju dgment and dis cre tion ; wh ilst i t
i s equ ally cl ear th a t wh en rashly us ed o r
th o ughtle ssly abus ed it i s c apabl e O f produ cing
the m o st di s a stro us c on s equ en c e s
Brie fly summ arized th en th e pra cti c e o f s ea
b athing appear s t o b e attended w ith the foll ow
ing ph eno m ena — A su dden and vio l en t sh o ck
i s giv e n t o th e wh ol e syst e m by th e fi rst
imm er s ion ; refrigerat ion o f th e s u rfa c e by
abstra ction o f h eat foll o w s and i s acc o mpanied
by a retro c e ss ion o f th e bl ood fro m th e e x terior
o f the b ody and a de t ermin ation o f i t t o th e
int erior ; a rea ction o f th e syst e m en su e s in
v ir tu e o f th a t prin c ip l e O f s elf c on s erv ation
w hic h i s inh eren t in all org anized b eing s
c o unt era cts th e sh o ck re e st abli sh e s the capil
l ary cir cul a tion reviv e s th e anim al h eat till a t
l ength th e rea ctiv e gl o w pre v ails thro ugh o u t
the wh ol e syst e m I t i s thi s po w er o f s timu
l ating the vital energi e s t o u nw onted ex ertion
which s ea b athing u ndo ubt ed ly po ss e ss e s th a t
c on sti tute s i ts chie f cl ai m t o b e c on s idered a
re st orative agent o f great v alu e and e ffic a c y
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14
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CH A
AIR
AN D
P
T
ER
II
.
— G E NERAL D IRECTI ONS T H E S EA B ATHING
S EASO N— TIME OF D AY FO R BATHING—FRE QUE NCY
—
T
O
B
A
TH
E
OUGHT O N E T O BA THE WH EN H EATED "
H ow
S EA
-
B AT H IN e
-
-
ERCISE N ECESSARY B EF RE AND A FTER T HE B ATH
D URATI ON OF TH E B ATH —AFTER TH E B ATH — WHAT N O
TO D o
E"
O
T
.
order t o b a th e with adv ant age w e m u st do
Many per s on s h o w ev er c o m e
S O in t ellig en tly
t o th e s eas ide for b a thing with no very cl ear
ide a s o f wh at th ey ou ght t o do n o r Of wh a t
th ey o ught no t t o do th ey s imply g o int o th e
s ea wh en th ey l ik e and h o w th e y lik e and
only leav e it when th ey are t o o fatigu ed t o
re m ain an y lo n g er th erein t h ey h av e n o intel
ligen t per c ep tion Of th e prin cip l e s O f s ea b athing
Th e s e prin c ipl e s th e y ignorantly trans gre ss
and c on s equ ently deriv e littl e o r no b enefi t
On th e c ont rary s o m e tim e s ev en po s i tiv e h arm
i s th e re sult O f wh at under o th er c ir cum
st an c e s w o uld h av e b een a h ealth giving pro
“
c e ss
s ea b athing doe s no t
N o w onder th at
agree w ith th em "
I n this ch ap ter th en w e propo s e t o l ay down
“
a fe w broad prin cipl e s in th e form o f general
dire ction s for th e guidan ce o f th o s e wh o are
u na ccust o med t o s ea b athi n g and for th e in fo r
m ation o f th o s e wh o th o ugh n o t ine xperien c ed
delight t o re gard ev erythin g fro m a s cien tifi c
standpoint
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SEA
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B ATHIN C
15
.
— B e tw een
l Th e S
th e fi rst
S
day o f June and th e l ast day o f S ep te mb er i s
undo ubt edly th e b e st tim e Of the y ear fo r
a c o ur s e O f s ea b ath in g b e c aus e at thi s period
th e temperature o f th e s ea range s high er
th an at any o th er and on o u r sh ore s c om
It
m only av erage s fro m 5 5 t o 7 0 Fahr
h a s b een c al c ul ated tha t the s ea att ain s its
l o we st t empera t ure in th e m onth o f March
fro m whi ch pe riod i t b egin s gradu ally t o a ccu
mu lat e h eat fro m th e in crea s ing in t en s ity Of th e
sun s rays till it rea ch e s its m aximum in th e
m onth o f August Th e summ er b eing n o w a t
i ts high e st th e s ea sl o wly c ools down m onth by
m onth with th e de clinin g sun till th e annu al
e xtrem e o f c ol d is ag ain rea ch ed and the cy cl e
i s repeat ed
Many per s on s prol on g th eir b a thing thro ug h
O ct ob er with m anife st b ene fi t and th ere really
c an b e no v alid obj e c tion t o it ina sm u ch a s th e
c ol der m edium e x erts a m ore bra c ing and t oni c
infl u en c e upon th e syste m : and s o m e e ven
c ontinue th e pra c tic e thr ough o ut th e winter
m onths w ith m ark ed improv em ent In h ealth
S u c h a c o ur s e h o w ev er c an o nly b e fo ll o w ed
by tho s e wh o in addition t o grea t rea ctiv e po wer
and l arg e v ital c apa city are po ss e ss ed als o o f a
s o u n d and vig oro us c on stitution
I nvalid s and th o s e in delic a t e h ealth sh o ul d
their
o n no a cc o un t b e t e mp t ed t o c ont in u e
ea ba thin g
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eason
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16
AN D
S EA- AIR
b athing
in th e Open s ea b eyond Oct ob er at th e
l a te st ; and e ven S ept emb er w o uld b e l ate
I t need h ardly b e
en o u gh fo r ma n y per s on s
s aid th at it w o ul d b e hi ghly im proper for a
b eginner t o c o mm en c e a c o ur s e o f s ea b athing 1n
th e wint er s eas on
2 Time of D a y fo r Ba thing — It i s im po ss ibl e
in thi s m att er t o l ay dow n a h ard and fast rule
Of univ er s al app li c ation ; l o c al cir cum st an c e s
su ch as th e nature O f th e c oast and th e st at e o f
but a s
th e tide s o m e tim e s c o mpe l a de viation
a g eneral rul e it m ay b e s aid th at all s ea b athin g
sh o ul d b e o v er by 1 p m I t appear s th a t th e
m inimu m te mperature O f th e s ea for ea ch day
i s in th e m orning b efore 1 0 O cl o ck its ma x i
T here c an b e no do ubt
mum fro m 1 2 t o
th at th e b e st tim e for tak in g th e c o l d b ath i s
imm ediat ely on rising fro m b ed w h en th e b od y
h a s b een refre sh ed by the night s repo s e and
th e surfa c e i s w arm ; few per s on s h ow ever
h av e th at rea ctive energy whi ch i s abs o lut ely
ne c e ss ary t o render b ath ing in th e open s ea
b e fore b reakfa st b ene fi cial
Early m orning
b ath ing th erefore c an o nly b e s afely reco m
m ended t o th o s e wh o are ro bust and vig oro us
in c on stitution and for th em it i s the m o st
invig orating and po tent o f s ea s ide ag en c ie s
Fo r th e m aj ority o f pers on s and for invalid s
e spe cially the m o st suitabl e time for b athin g i s
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18
SEA
-
AIR
AN D
o ftener th an on c e a day N O augm en tation o f
h ealth foll ows m ore frequ ent immer sion s but
rath er a diminution Of strength ; fo r th e reao
tiv e energy O f th e b ody i s speedily e xhaust ed
wh en in c e ss an t dem and s are m ade upon i t and
inordinat e nervo us stimul ation i s inv ariably
fo ll o wed by corre spon ding e xh austion and de
pre ss ion
I t i s impo ssibl e t o c ondem n t oo
s trongly th e fo lly O f th o s e wh o thus trifl e with
th eir h e alth
—
dai
ly
repe
t
i
t
ion
O
f
th
e
open
A
s ea b a th i s
no t suit able fo r all per s on s and can only b e
s afely re c o mm ended t o th e h e althy and th e
strong By th e m aj ority b a thing on alt ernat e
days will b e fo und amply suffi cient and qui te
a s m uch a s th e av erage S ea s ide vi s i tor c an
sustain
It i s a v ery g ood r ul e t o b egin w ith tw o
b aths a w eek only and th en t o advan c e t o
three and no t e xc eed this l imit
I nv alid s and th o s e w h o are o f deli c at e c on
sh o ul d no t b ath e 1 n th e open s ea
st it ut io n
o ftener th an twi c e a w eek at m o st ; and w e
c anno t e xpre ss t oo for cibly th e opinion th a t
t h e y w o uld do w e ll no t t o v en ture in t o th e
s ea a t all w ith o ut Obt ainin g in th e first pl a c e
Much
t h e s an c tion o f th eir m edi c al advi s er
m is chie f re sults s o m e tim e s fro m th e negl e c t o f
this s i mpl e pre c aution
T h e fi r st b aths sh oul d
c er tainly b e t en ta tiv e t o a s c ert ain th e rea c tiv e
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BATHINC
19
.
po wer and th e que stion o f frequ en cy sh oul d
b e regul at ed and det erm ined by th e experien c e
thus Obt ained
4 H o w to B ath e — Th e s en s a tion o f c o mfor t
whi ch usually a cc ompanie s th e Open s ea b at h
i s m uch l e ss ened and s o me tim e s ev en c on
v ert ed in to o n e o f dis c o mfor t and mi s ery by an
Th e
imprope r m e th od O f ent ering th e w a t er
c orre ct and proper m ode no do ubt i s t o g o in
h ead forem o st by m ean s Of th e plun g e wh en
e ver circum stan c e s permit in a cc ordan ce wi t h
th e experien c e Of all w h o are pra cti c ally
It requ ire s
a c qu ain ted w ith th e subj e ct
h ow ever s o m e degree o f b ol dne ss an d re s o lu
tion t o t ak e this step for th e fi rst tim e ; but
th e e xhil aratin g e ffe c t upon th e syste m amply
repays one fo r th e effor t an d in as m u c h a s th e
phys iologi c al rea c tio n i s m u ch in ten s ifi ed by
the sho ck o f th e plu nge w e re c omm end e very
b ath er to cul tiva t e thi s m ode O f entering th e
w at er
Upon fl a t s andy b ea ch e s wh ere th e t ide
re c ede s s o m e c on siderabl e di st an c e su ch pro
and w e are driven by
c e du re i s i mpra c t i c able
ne c e ssity t o en t er th e s ea o n foo t in this c a s e
no tim e sh o uld be lo st in du cking b eneath
th e fi rst advan cing w av e in order th at th e
el em ent o f su ddenne ss m ay no t b e w antin g t o
the sh o ck
Many timid per s on s wh o c anno t summ on
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20
SEA
-
AIR
AND
“
”
sufficien t re s o lution eith er t o
plunge o r
du ck m ay no w and th en b e Obs erv ed st and
m g knee deep in w at er wi th c h att ering t ee th
sh ivering in e very limb and h elple ssly wai ting
for th e needful c o urag e whi ch nev er c o m e s
N o w su ch peopl e deri v e no b ene fit fro m s ea
b athing but alm o st always re turn fro m th e
b ath wi th c ong e stive h eada ch e and s o m e
ti m e s s i ckne ss ; no rea ction foll ow s but a
wre t ch ed depre ss ing s en s a tion o f ch illine ss
t ak e s its p la c e and i s o c cas ionally succ eeded
by th e cong e stion o f s o m e import an t internal
org an S u ch b athing i s utt erly wo rt h less a n d
no t alt o ge th er free fro m danger ; i t h ad b e tter
therefore b e ab andoned
I t is h ighly adv i s abl e whilst in th e w at er
t o k eep th e b ody and limbs c on stantly in
mo tion th ereby stimul ating th e cir cul ation
prom o ting a nim al w armth and renderin g th e
b ath er le ss liabl e t o cramp ; th ere i s no b e tter
e x er ci s e fo r thi s p urpo s e th an s wimming It i s
a g ood pl an t o all o w th e w av e s t o break u pon
t h e b ody t ak ing c are th a t th e sh o c k b e no t
re c eiv ed upon th e h ead o r th e pit O f th e
sto m a ch a s unpl ea s ant c on s e q u en c e s may
en su e fro m viol ent c on cuss ion o f th o s e parts
Ev ery S h o ck o f ev ery w av e i s a repe tition in
miniature O f th e prim ary sh o ck o f th e fi rst
plunge and c ond u c e s t o vig oro us rea ction A
w ord o f c auti o n h o w ev er i s ne c e ss ary : wh en
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SEA
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B ATHINC
21
.
th e b ea ch sl ope s rapidly th e w av e s are deeper
and h eavier th an th ey appear t o b e and th e
b ath er i s v ery l iabl e t o b e c arried O ff h i s fee t by
th e s wiftly fl o wing b a ck w a sh o f th e s ea unle ss
h e i s o n hi s guard against thi s a cc iden t
T h o s e wh o c ann o t s w im m ay qu i ck en th eir
rea ction by w e ll rubbin g th e v ario us par ts o f th e
b ody whilst in the w ater a s a s u bstitut e for th e
mus cular ex er ci s e wh i ch th e art o f swimm in g
inv o lv e s
—
5 Ough t On e to B a t he wh en H ea ted l Thi s
i s a que stion whi ch i s frequ en tly ask ed and
mu ch m i s c onc ep tion s eem s t o prev ail o n th e
—
subj e ct
I t us ed t o b e th o ught and th e
opinion i s still h el d by m any— th at i t w a s
a highly dangero us pra c ti c e t o pl un ge int o c ol d
w ater when o v erh eat ed by e x er ci s e o r o th er
wi s e
S O l on g ag o a s 1 7 9 7 thi s b e lief was
pro v ed by Dr Currie t o b e erroneo us and th e
e xperim en ts Of Dr Ford yc e and S ir Ch arl e s
*
Bl agdon
l end support t o hi s vie ws In m ore
re c en t tim e s th e pra cti c e o f h ydmpa th y h as
cl early dem onstrated th e fa ct t h a t per s on s m ay
pass fro m th e sw ea ting b ath in th e m os t pro
fus e per spiration dire ct t o th e c o l d sh all o w
plung e o r do u ch e b ath no t only wi th o ut
t aking any h arm but als o with po s itive b enefi t "
I t appear s th at wh en the fun ction o f th e Skin i s
e x alt ed in th e a ct Of pers piration th e i mpre ss ion
‘ “ hilo s ophical Trans a c t ion s
v o l lx v
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3
P
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22
SEA
-
AIR AND
re c eiv ed and c onv eyed by th e cut aneo us nerve s
o n th e applic at ion o f c o l d i s m u c h m ore v io l en t
th an un der an y o ther c ondition and i s foll o w ed
by a rea ction o f c orre spon ding inten s ity inas
m uch a s th e cir cul ation w a s already e xc it ed
by th e per s pira tory a c t b e fore th e additional
stim ulus arrived fro m th e c utaneo us surfa c e
Ano th er w ord o f c aution h o w ev er i s n e ce s
s ary I f th e b ody b e o v er fatigu ed by viol ent
ex er ci s e o r th e po w er s o f th e syst em l ow ered
by th e l o ss o f anim al h eat whi ch long c on
t inned pro fus e per s pira tion en tails then t o
plun g e int o th e s ea w o uld b e highly im pruden t
and a tt ended with c on siderabl e dang er Re
a c tion under su ch cir c um st an c e s is a m att er o f
grea t diffi culty
6 Exercise N ecessa ry befo re a n d after th e
Ba th — Fro m wh a t h a s been already st at ed i t
will b e o bvio us th at th o s e wh o by previo us
e xer cis e h av e e xcit ed th e c apill ary cir c ul ation
and a s it w ere prepared th em s elv e s fo r th e s ea
b ath m ay c ertainly ex pe c t t o deriv e m o st
b enefi t fro m it S o als o after th e b ath in
o rder th a t th e rea c tiv e gl o w m ay c on tin u e and
a ugm ent it w ill b e w ell t o t ak e gen tle no t
vio l en t ex er cis e fo r s o m e littl e tim e su bse
q u ently till th e s ens ation o f w arm th and
c om fort i s g eneral th ro ugh o ut the system
—
D
u
r
a tio n o
B
a th
T
h
i
m
ust
b
e
re
g
u
t
h
e
s
7
f
lat ed in a cc ordan c e wi th the prin cipl e s already
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S EA BATHIN C
23
-
.
st ated As a general rul e fro m which no
devia tion sh o ul d b e all ow ed all s ea b athing to
b e b ene fi cial sh o ul d t erminat e b efore th e stag e
o f ch ill ine ss c o m e s o n i e
b e fore th e anim al
h eat h a s b een l o wered b elo w th e proper degree
and wh ilst th e primary rea ctive gl ow c ontinu e s
in forc e ; always rem emb ering th at th e c ol der
th e wat er th e m ore po werful and depre ss ing
are i ts effe c ts and th o ugh th e rea c tion b e m ore
S peedy and a c ti ve i ts d u ra t ion i s sh or ter
Th e
t e mperature o f th e w a ter therefore i s o n e
fa ct or t o b e c on s idered in det ermining th e
d uration o f th e b ath
Ano th er import ant
guide i s the ch ara ct er o f th e p uls e , whi ch
enabl e s o n e t o e stim ate with s u mcien t a ccura cy
th e am o unt o f react iv e po wer po ss e ss ed by th e
indiv id ual
A vig oro us circul ation and a full p uls e i mply
energeti c rea c tion ; but a w eak and languid
puls e feebl e rea c tion
I t i s clear th erefore
th at wh at w ould b e proper in th e o n e c as e
wo ul d b e injurio us in th e o th er
Fo r tho s e in g ood h ealth a b ath o f fro m fi v e
t o s ix minut e s will generally b e fo und s uffi
cient ; th o s e wh o are weak and feebl e sh o uld
no t e xc eed three o r fo ur m inut e s ; and th e
deli c ate and invalid sh o ul d b e c ontent with tw o
or three dip s in th e s ea and o u t again T hi s
l atter plan indeed m ay b e re c omm ended t o all
wh o are u na ccusto m ed t o s ea b at hing in order
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24
SEA
-
AIR
AN D
t o a s c ertain th eir pow ers o f rea ction and th en
their period o f stay in th e wat er m ay b e
gradu ally prol ong ed
Vig oro us and robust per s on s wh o are stron g
s wi mm er s m ay rem ain in th e w ater a qu arter
o f an h o ur th o ugh e v en for th e m t en m in ut e s
w o ul d b e b etter
Many people wh o b ath e m erely for s elf
rat ifi cat io n and en o ym en t fall int o th e grie v o us
g
j
error o f rem aining t o o l ong in th e w at er h alf
an h o ur and upw ard s till th e y are th oro ughly
ch ill ed and in c apabl e o f rea c tion B oys and girls
and y o ung adults o f b o th s e x e s are th e chief
o ffender s in th i s re spe ct I t i s surpri s ing h o w
m u ch h arm frequ ently re sults fro m this mis
ch iev o u s pra c t i c e
e spe cially t o th o s e o f feebl e
c on stitution ; it c anno t therefore b e t o o stron gly
c ondem ned
Ev eryb od y k no w s th e ch illing e ffe c ts o f a
l ong railway j o urne y in mid wint er wh en
a fter l ong e xpo sure t o c old th e s en s ation o f
chilline ss and sh iv erin g i s no t eradi c ated fo r
m any h o ur s after th e b ody h as b e c om e
th oro ughly w arm ed Similar s en s ation s obt ain
after pro tra c ted s ea b ath ing
I n b o th c a s e s
c onge stion o f th e in t ernal org an s e spe cially o f
th e lung s i s t o b e appreh ended ; and no t till
th e lo c al c ong e stion subs ide s doe s the fee ling
and th e h arm onio us
o f di s c o m for t pa ss aw ay
pl ay o f th e v ario us org ans i s re stored
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26
SEA
-
AIR A ND
th e cl o th e s a s qui ckly a s po ss ibl e and pro
ce edin g t o
t ak e b ri sk w alking e x erc is e till
rea c tion b e fully and perm anently e st abli sh ed
Wh en th is h as b een a cc o mp li sh ed th e s en s a tion
o f w arm th and c o mfort rem ain s thro ugh o ut th e
day I n s o m e cas e s wh ere rea ction i s d el ayed
o r imperfe c tly de v el oped by reas o n o f fee bl e
ne ss o f cir cul ation or impr u den t pro tra ction o f
th e b ath it m ay b e ne c e ss ary t o re s ort t o s o m e
stimul ant o r o th er t o c o un tera c t th e depre ssin g
e ff
e ct o f th e c o l d w at er Fo r th i s p urpo s e no th ing
i s b e tt er th an h o t s o up b ee f t ea and c o ffee o r
in ex trem e ca s e s sh erry por t wine negus and
ev en h o t br andy and w ater ; w alking e x er cis e
w ill th en in all prob ab ili ty c o mple t ely re store
th e usual anim al w armth
9 Wh a t n o t to do — In order th a t th i s
s e c tion m ay n o t s ee m in c o mple t e w e add a
fe w h ints as t o wh at o ught n o t t o b e done by
any wh o de s ire t o derive perm anent b enefi t
fro m th e pra cti c e Of s ea b ath ing
D o no t b ath e aft er a full m ea l o r aft er
m u ch wine i e with a l oaded st om a ch
D o n o t b at h e wh en e xh aust ed by e x er cis e
o r o v er fa tig u ed ; nor wh en ch i ll ed and c o l d
D o n o t b a th e m ore th an on c e a day
D O no t a s a g eneral rul e e xc eed fi v e or
s ix m in ut e s in b athing
D O no t re m ain in th e w a t er till th e rea o
tive gl o w subs ide s and chilline ss t ak e s its pl ac e
on
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SEA
-
BATHIN C
27
.
Wh en h eat ed and per spiring but n o t
e xh a u st ed and fa tigu ed do no t w ait till th e
surfa c e h a s c ooled do wn b efore ent ering th e
wat er
no
t
en
t
er
i
t
f
ee
t
f
ore
m
o
st
u
n
l
e
ss
o
D
7
(
o bliged by l o c al cir cum stan c e s t o do so
D O no t l oiter o v er y o ur dre ss ing
D o no t forge t t o t ak e b ri sk e x er c is e a ft er
y o ur b ath
A fe w g eneral dire c tion s fo r inv alid s s pe cially
w ill b e in clu ded in a future ch ap t er upo n S ea
b athing in D is ea s e
,
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”
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CH A
T
P
III
ER
.
S M
OD E O F A CTI ON ON
WARM S A WATER B ATH
THE S K N C R CULA ON —N E RV US S Y STEM—A S R ENT
S S T EM— G E NERA D I RECT IONS FO R A D M NI S TRAT I ON As
T EMP
ERATUR E— T IME OF D AY — D URATION— F
To
B ATH —CO D AFFUS ION— A CTI N
QUE N CY— AF T E R T H E
OF H
BATH S RE SP
E CT V
AN D CO D
COMF A R D
D FFERENCE ETWEE N S AL INE AN D FRE SH H O WAT ER
B ATHS
T HE
E
I
:
-
I
F
Y
TI
IT
B
O
O
B
I
L
RE
O
L
OT
I
E
I E LY
L
B
T-
.
importan c e o f th e war m s ea w at er b ath
as a re m edial ag en t h a s no t b een suffi c ien tly
re c ogni s ed alth o ugh its infl uen c e upon th e
human b ody I s no t le ss po tent th an th at o f
the Open s ea b ath I n s o m e re s pe c ts indeed it
THE
-
,
-
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28
SEA
-
AIR
AN D
m ay b e regarded alm o st a s th e m ore po w erful
agent o f th e t wo ; whilst its w ide rang e o f
a c tion wi th in c ert ain limits all o w s o f its m ore
univ er s al appl ic ation a s a rem edial measur e
H o w e ver it m ay b e w ith th e ordinary w arm
b ath a s a m att er o f fa ct th e w arm s ea wat er
b ath i s s el do m re s orted t o for p urpo s e s o f
luxury and s elf grat ifi cat io n but g enerally a s
a hygie ni c and cu rativ e re m edy” under m edic al
advi c e and supervi s ion s o th at w e s el do m h ear
o f di s a stro us re sults fro m its c arel e ss e mp l o y
m en t In re g ard t o its ultim at e effe cts upon
th e c on stitution i t b ear s a cl o s e re s emblan c e
e spe cially in t oni c and stim ulant proper tie s t o
th e c o l d s ea w at er b ath ; but in imm ediat e
a c tion upon the syste m th e tw o are diam e tri
c ally oppo s it e Th e fea ture s o f s imilarity an d
differen c e are no t at fi rst s ight v ery readily
apparent ; but in th e c o ur s e o f th e fo ll ow in g
o bs er vat ion s w e sh all endeav o ur t o render
th e m suffi ciently e viden t t o all
B e fore pro c eeding t o giv e dire ction s for th e
proper administration o f the w ar m s ea w ater
b ath i t will b e w ell t o c on s ider its m ode o f
action upon
—
T he s en s ation s whi ch are
k
T
h
e
i
n
S
1
e xperien c ed o n ent ering th e w arm b ath are
fam iliar eno ugh t o m o st people A feelin g o f
c o m fort and enj o ym en t i mm e di a t ely fo ll ow s
i mm ers ion and c on tinue s t o augmen t u ntil th e
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SEA
-
RATHIN C
29
.
t ermination o f th e b ath imparting t o th e
syste m gen erally a g enial s en s ation o f lu xurio us
warm th and refre shm en t Th e h eat whi c h th e
surro unding w a ter c o mmuni c at e s t o th e surfa c e
o f th e
b ody i s propaga ted t o th e c entral
nervo us syste m and e xcite s rea c t ion with its
att endant pheno m ena already de s crib ed in a
previo us ch ap ter o n th e c o ld s ea —wat er b a th
I n this l att er c a s e h o w ev er th e rea c tiv e
gl o w i s de vel oped fro m within by th e m ore
energ etic a ction o f the vit al org an s th e wh ol e
Sy st em h avin g b een e xcit ed by th e first p lung e
t o re s ist th e re frig erating pro c e ss ; but in th e
warm b ath th e w armth i s c omm uni c at ed fro m
witho u t and its radiation fro m th e b ody i s
prev ented
T h e fi rst e ffe c t upon th e skin wh i c h i s
no tic eabl e is a s welling and e xpan s ion o f th e
surfa c e d u e t o dil a tation o f th e c apillarie s
under th e influen c e o f h eat ; and th e l on ger
th e immer s ion i s c ontinu ed th e greater i s its
rel a x ant a ction no t onl y upon th e sk in i ts elf
but als o upon th e str u c ture s wh i ch lie b eneath
it ; s o that ev en th e m us cl e s th e ms el ve s s eem
t o s o ften and t o h ave l e ss ten s ion H en c e it
i s th at after the b ath an ea sy fi tting b oo t o r
sh oe i s fo und t o b e tight and i s dra wn o n
with diffi culty rings als o th at previo usly fi tt ed
loo s ely c anno t no w b e re m o ved a t all
T hi s in c reas e in v olum e i s to b e attribut ed
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3O
SEA
-
AIR
AN D
t o th e rel ax an t a c tion o f th e w ater upon th e
skin and t o th e degree O f h eat whi ch th e w arm
b ath c ommuni c ate s t o th e syste m generally a s
well a s t o th e abs orp tion o f fluid th i s l att er
b eing proportioned t o th e den s ity o f the w ater
Fo r a l o n g t im e i t w a s a m u c h di sp ut ed poin t
wh e ther th e skin h ad th e po wer o f abs orbing
w at er o r no t and auth oritie s w ere divided in
opinion upon th e qu e stion ; th e l o ss o f w at er
by evaporation fro m th e skin h avin g b een an
Obsta cl e t o th e s ati sfa ct ory s olution o f th e
inquiry I t m ay h o w ev er now b e re garded
a s fi nally s e ttl ed th at th e sk in doe s po ss e ss
this abs orb en t property
Th e m an y e xperi
m ents o f D r Madden c onfi rm ed by th e o b
of M
B erth ol d and M Edw ard s
serv at io n s
in th e s am e dire ction h av e c on clus iv ely e sta
I n th e w arm s ea w ater
blish e d th i s tr uth
b ath th erefore th e s aline ingredients already
en umerat ed are a ctu ally abs orb ed in t o th e
syste m and e x er t th eir spe cial influ en c e upon
th e organis m g enerally ; h en c e i ts superiori ty
t o th e S imple fre sh —
wa t er b a th a s a re m edy
wh ere th e obj e ct i s n o t t o e x haust but t o
stimul a te and refre sh
—
Th e e ffe c ts o f th e
2 0n th e Circu la tio n
w arm s ea b a th upon th e for c e and frequen cy o f
th e h ear t s a ction a s indic ated by th e puls e
depend v ery mu ch upon th e tempera ture o f
Of c o urs e th e nervo us e xcit ab i lity
t h e b ath
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SEA BATHIN G
31
-
.
th e patient a s in th e c ol d b ath ex er cis e s a
Bu t
di sturb ing influen c e in thi s dire c tion
pra c ti c ally th e t e mpera ture o f th e b ath is th at
which de t ermine s th e ch ara c t er o f th e h eart s
a ction and th e frequ en cy o f the puls e
On fi rst ent erin g th e b ath th e p ul s e and
re s piration are b o th qu i ck ened b e th e t e m
2
rat u re wh at i t m ay
f
ro
m
9
u
p
w
ard
s
I
f
e
p
th e h ea t b e m oderat e h o w ev er th e p ul s e
gradually subs ide s t o its ordinary frequ en cy a s
s oon as th e b ody i s th oro ughly warmed and
i s only m ark ed by greater fulne ss
AS th e
t empera ture o f th e b ath i s rais ed s o i s th e
frequ en cy o f th e puls e p a ri p assu th e h eart
b e c o me s m ore and m ore e xcit ed with ev ery
additional in cre m ent o f h ea t b e yond bl ood h eat
and th is e xci te m en t o f th e cir cul ation
o ft en tim e s c ontin u e s l ong aft er th e term ina
tion o f th e b ath and subs ide s but sl o wly and
gradu ally
Ano th er e ffe c t o f th is high t emperature i s
t o c aus e a l arg er flo w o f blood thro ugh th e
c apillarie s e v erywhere in c on s equen c e o f th eir
dil at ation under th e relax ing influen c e o f
w arm th I f th e heat b e m oderate th e distri
b u t io n o f th e bl ood appear s t o b e de t ermined
t o ward s t h e c apill arie s o f th e surfa c e only
I t i s u pon th e s kin and subj a c ent stru c tu re s
sh own th at th e stimul ant and
a s w e h av e
rel a x an t propertie s o f th e s alin e b a th i s e x er
of
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SEA
32
-
AIR
AND
cise d,
and h en c e th e in crea s ed c apa city o f th e
superfi c ial bl ood v e ss els a ttra cts a s it were
a larger qu antity o f bl oo d from th e internal
organs th ereby relieving c onge stion an dc au sin g
a mo re equa bl e di stribution in th e ex ternal
par ts
3 0u th e N ervo us S ystem — Ev eryb ody must
b e c on s cio us o f th e g entl e s oo th ing e ffe c t o f
the w arm b ath ; no s ooner i s i t en tered th an
the m o st deli c io us l an gu or steals ov er th e
b ody allays irritabili ty and blunts th e pain
ex er ci s ing a s edativ e
o f o v er s en s i t iv e nerv e s
influ en c e upon th e wh ole nervo us syst e m I ts
e ffi c a cy in all evia ting l o c al pain i s m o st m ark ed
in c a s e s o f cramp and spa s m ; but its s ooth
ing an d refre shing propertie s are never m ore
e viden t th an after a fati guing railway j o urney
wh ere the phys i c al w ear and t ear are but
trivial a s c o mpared with th e nerv o us w earine ss
and irrit ab ili ty I n order t o s e c ure thi s s eda
t ive a ction the t emperature must b e m oderate
an d th en re fre sh m ent fo ll o w s ; a h i gh er t e m
rat u re sti mul a t e s th e ner v o us syst e m u nd uly
e
p
and l eav e s b eh ind depre ss ion and e xh austion
a s th e re sult o f inordinate e xcit ement
—
Fro m wh at h as b een already
r
t
o
n
o
i
4 A bs p
adv an c ed i t will b e unne c e ss ary t o do m ore
th an allu de t o th e infl uen c e o f th is b ath upon
abs orp tion ; h o w th e stimul atin g a ction o f th e
s alts o f the w ater qu i ck en s th e pro c e ss and
-
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34
SEA
-
AIR
AN D
b e h ad t o individu al pe culiaritie s
AS a
general rul e a te mperatu re ranging fro m 9 4 t o
9 6 will b e fo und t o b e th a t wh i c h i s m o st
univers ally adop ted wh en it i s de sired t o pro
d u c e a t oni c and s oo th ing e ffe ct o nly au d it i s
o n e als o which i s p l ea s an t and a greea bl e t o th e
s en s ation s o f m o st peopl e I f h o w ever w e
de s ire t o m du ce per spira tion it will b e n eces
s ary t o us e a t emperature no t l o w er th an 9 8
After a fe w b aths ea ch per s on will b e
enabl ed t o fix th e t em pera tu re w hi ch i s m o st
s alut ary and b ene fi cial t o h im s elf ; and a s a
m atter o f pruden c e and c aution i t i s s afe st t o
b egin with a b ath o f l o w t e mperature and
rad
u
a
l
ly
t
o
rai
s
e
i
t
t
i
ll
th
a
t
de
g
ree
o
f
h
ea
t
i
s
g
rea ch ed wh i ch imparts th e greate st am o unt o f
c o mfort and b ene fi t t o th e patient
Wh a tever b e th e t e mpera ture adop t ed it
sh o ul d b e m aintained t o th e end o f th e b ath by
th e addition o f h o tter wat er fro m tim e t o tim e
a cc ording t o the indi c ation o f th e th erm om e t er
and thi s in strum ent al one sh oul d b e relied
upon fo r de t er min in g th e proper t emperature
I nv alid s and per s on s
On e w ord o f c aution
wh o are del i c a t e and t h o s e w h o suffer fro m
a ctu al di s ea s e o r are c onv al e s cent fro m it
sh oul d o n no a cc oun t indulg e in w arm s ea
b at hs witho ut medic al advi c e
—
t
On th i s point a c on
2 Time fo r B a hing
s iderable degree o f l a titu de m ay b e all o w e d
.
°
,
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S EA- B AT HIN G
35
.
pro vided always th at du e re gard b e h ad t o
th o s e general prin cipl e s w h i ch w ere l aid dow n
w hen s peaking o f th e c ol d s ea b ath Unle ss
c ir cum stan ce s render it e xpedient th a t s om e
defi nite tim e sh o ul d b e fi x ed for t aking th e
b ath th e per s onal h ab its and c onvenien c e o f
th e individual m ay b e c on sidered As a g eneral
rule th e b e st time for b ath ing fo r th o s e wh o
dine l at e i s ab o ut an h o ur and a h alf or t wo
h o ur s b e fore dinner ; and for th o s e wh o dine
early a m ore suit abl e tim e will b e ab o ut three
h o urs after breakfast I n eit h er c a s e th e pre
c eding m eal will b e w ell dig e sted prior t o th e
b ath and th e syste m will b e pl a c ed in th e b e s t
c ondi tion for deriving b enefi t b o th fro m it and
fro m th e m eal foll o wing it
3
D u ra tio n of th e B a th — Th e period o f
st ay in th e b ath mus t b e g o verned by th e
require m ents and pe culiaritie s o f e v ery indi
v idu al c a s e just as in th e m atter o f t e mpera
ture and must th erefore b e e ver v aryin g and
inc on st an t S ufficien t a ccura cy in th i s par ti
c ul ar w ill b e att ained h o w e v er i f the fo ll o wi n g
c ons ideration s b e c are fully b orne in m ind
Fir st w ha t i s t h e effe ct wh i ch i t i s de s ired t o
produ c e " and s e c on dly wha t te mperature i s
b e s t c al cul ated t o prom o te th i s end " N o w a
b a th at 9 8 i s stimul ant i f us ed fo r a brie f
perio d o nly s ay t en minute s ; but if imm ers ion
b e c ontinued fo r h alf an h o ur or s o th e e ffe c t i s
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36
-
AIR
AN D
de cidedly rel a x ant and thi s b e c o m e s m ore pro
n o u n c ed a s th e b a th i s st ill l on g er pro tra c t ed
I t i s cl ear th en th at thi s rel ax ation c om e s o n
o nly aft er t h e stimul ant and t oni c e ffe ct h as
subs ided s o th at really th e ch ara ct er and in flu
en c e o f th e w arm s ea b ath m ay b e s aid t o b e
de t ermined by i ts duration I f a s oo th in g an d
t onic e ffe c t b e de s ired the period o f imm er
s ion s h o uld b e c o mparative ly brief ; but if
rel ax a tion or s w eating b e th e obj e ct th en it
sh o uld b e m ore prol on ged
As a general rule subj e c t o f c o ur s e t o m odi
fi cat io n fro m fi ft een t o t wen ty m inut e s w ill b e
fo und th e period b e st adap ted t o produ c e t oni c
and s oo thing e ffe c ts ; and fro m h alf to th ree
qu art er s o f an h o u r t o pro m o t e rel ax ation o r
s weating Th e l o w er th e t emperature o f th e
b ath th e l ong er must i mm er s ion b e c ontin ued
b efore th e e ffe c t whi ch i s de s ired b e att ained
and nice rersd w ith regard t o th e high er t em
,
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ra t u re s
e
p
4
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— Th e
y
F
qu e stion o f th e repe ti
tion o f th e w arm b ath is o n e whi ch c anno t b e
s e ttl ed abs olut ely
I t m ay b e su ffic ient t o
stat e th at for general p urpo s e s three or fo ur
b aths a w eek i e one ev ery o th er day will b e
am p l e
In S pe cial c as e s o f c ours e i t m ay be
ne c e ss ary t o redu c e and ev en to exc eed thi s
Bu t ina s mu c h a s th o s e w h o us e
numb er
w arm sea w ater b aths are for th e m o st part
re u en c
q
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BATHIN e
O
0
.
7
pers on s o f de li c ate c on stitution and requirin g
c are it is b e tt er for th em th at t h e y sh o uld n o t
s e ttl e thi s point them s elve s but refer it t o
medical opinion an d a ct a cc ordingly
—
5 After th e B a th
Many o f th e dire ction s
already giv en for th e c o l d b ath are equ ally
app li c abl e h ere and need n o t b e repeat ed but
there are o n e or t wo parti cul ar s h avi n g spe cial
relation ship t o the w arm b ath wh ich require
t o b e m ent ioned in this pla c e
First it will add v ery m u ch t o th e lux ury
and c o m for t o f th e b ath er if th e to wels which
are us ed for drying th e b ody b e th oro ughly
w arm ed thus ge tting rid o f th e s en s at ion o f
l
ch i line ss whi ch i s alwa ys e xperien ced m ore
o n c o mi n g o u t o f th e w ar m b a th int o
o r l e ss
an a tm o sp here m any degree s l ow er th an th e
t emperatur e o f th e w ater
N e x t sh o ul d e x er ci s e b e t ak en a ft erw ard s "
Th i s must depend a g ood deal upon c ir cu m
stan c e s As a general rule applic abl e t o th e
m aj ority o f patients i t i s b e tt er t o re m ain
quiet un til dinn er tim e o r at m o st t o tak e only
a gentl e w alk fo r a brief period and th en t o
re st till the dinner h our arrive s Wh ere it i s
de s ired t o pro m o t e s weating th e patien t sh o ul d
b e env el oped in w arm bl ank e ts o n l eavin g th e
b ath and b e pl a c ed in b ed for an h o ur o r
th en b efore dre ss ing h e sh ould b e
so ;
rubb ed do wn with a shee t dippe d in c o l d
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38
SEA
-
AIR
AN D
s ea w at er an d bri skly dried with ro ugh
t o w els
I f o n e o r tw o pails o f c ol d s ea w ater b e
da sh ed o v er th e b od y imm ediat ely o n leavin g
th e b ath th e to n ic e ffe ct i s greatly enh an c ed
T h e sk in at thi s ti m e with its bl ood v e ss els
full and turgid h o ld s a l arge a mou nt o f h eat
and i s th erefore in th e b e st c ondition for
re c eiving and rea ctin g ag ain st th e im pre ss ion
o f c ol d ; t h e Obj e ct o f c o ur s e b ein g t o re store
t o it th e t one wh i ch th e dire c t applic ation o f
h eat and th e pro c e ss o f sweatin g h av e for th e
tim e b eing l o wered Thi s re sult i s qui ckly
b rou ght ab o ut and a feeling o f exhil aration
foll ows whi ch i s in ten s ely pl ea surabl e Th e
stimulus h o w ever i s s o po w erful th at o nly
th o s e in h ealth sh o ul d v enture t o re s ort t o i t
w ith out m e dic al adv i c e
Wh enever t h e w arm b ath i s foll o w ed by th e
appl i c ation o f c ol d w ater i t will b e proper t o
us e a c tive ex er ci s e aft erw ard s in order t o
re st ore th e anim al w arm th and th i s m ay b e
sh o ul d never b e
re g arded a s a r ul e w hi ch
vio lated
I t s eem s h ardly ne c e s s ary t o s ay th at to lie
upon the b ea ch o n a windy day o r t o s it in a
draughty pl a c e by an Open windo w aft er th e
b ath i s in th e high e st degree dang erous and
ye t the prac ti c e i s by no m ean s un c o mm on
th o ugh th e ri sk o f c at ching c ol d at this
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S EA BAT HIN G
39
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t im e i s infinit ely gre ater th an under any o th er
circum s t ance s as th e p roce ss o f coo lin g d own
procee ds with unusual rapidi ty
Be fore cl o sing this ch ap t er i t will b e well
p erh aps t o compare th e relative a cti on o f h o t
and cold salin e b ath s re sp ectively an d if th e
previ o us s ec ti ons h ave b ee n cle arly und ers t oo d
there will b e n o diffi culty in recognising th e
promin en t p oint s o f agreement and differen ce
in th e foll owin g comparis on
We h ave s ee n th at th e cold b ath c aus e s firs t
contra c ti o n o f th e skin and c apillar ie s and
afterw ar ds dilat ati on I n th e w arm b ath o n
th e contrary swelling and enlargemen t o f th e
s urfa ce is th e firs t re sult and con tra cti o n o nly
e nsu e s wh e n th e appli c ati o n o f h e at is with
d r aw n
Th e w arm b ath r ais e s th e t emp era ture by
furnishing h e at from with o u t and preve nting
it s radiati o n from th e surfa ce o f th e b o dy ;
the cold b ath ab s tr a ct s h e at by refriger ati on
and th e anim al w armth is re s t ore d from with in
b y in cre as e d fun cti onal a ctivity o f th e vi tal
organs
Th e w arm b ath c alm s and s oo th e s by supply
ing h e at and th ereby l e ss ening th e n ee d o f it s
p ro du cti on by th e a c tivity o f th e vit al pro
ce ss e s th e cold b ath re fre sh e s by th e very
a ctivity whi ch i t excit e s
Th e w arm b ath o f high t emp erature rese m
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40
S EA-
AIR AND
bl e s th e cold b a th in i t s a cti o n as a stimu
lan t o f th e h e art and n ervo us cen tre s bu t from
its na ture th e i mpre ssi o n w hi c h i t co nveys
is l e ss vi ol e n t in ch ara ct er and i t s mo d e o f
a c ti o n more ge n tl e and gr adual
Th e warm b ath th erefore is well adap t e d
for th o s e wh o are t o o d eli c a t e t o wi th s tand th e
s h ock o f th e cold b ath for y o ung children and
als o for th e age d and infirm The cold b ath is
b e s t suite d for th o s e in he al th wh o h ave n o
organi c dis e as e and wh o suffer from fun c ti onal
dis turb an ce only
Th e warm b ath o f high t emp er ature unduly
p rol o nge d c aus e s fainting giddin e ss and s ome
time s vom i ting and int ens e h e ada ch e Th e
co ld b ath pro tr a c t e d b eyo nd pro p er limi ts
occ asi o ns co nge s ti o ns o f th e in ternal organs
and all th e symp tom s o f collaps e
I n th e warm b ath transuda ti o n by th e ski n
excee ds ab s orp ti on and th e exce ss k eeps pa ce
wi th th e el ev atio n o f t em p erature ; in th e
cold b ath h owever ab s orp ti on excee ds transu
dati on and th is h olds goo d o f all l ow t em
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rat ur es
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.
W e h ave th us bri e fly rec api tula t e d th e dis
t in ct ive ch ara c t eris ti c s o f h o t and cold s e a
w ater b ath s re sp ectively and i t o nly rem ains
th at we s h o ul d add a few ob s ervati ons up o n
th e i mp ortan ce o f it s salin e cons titu ti o n as
dis tinguishing th e w arm s ea w a ter b ath from
,
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42
S EA-
AIR AN D
th e op e n s e a b ath whils t th e w arm b ath m ay
b e equally unsui tabl e t o the ir c as e The min or
ablu ti ons which we prop o s e t o d e s crib e in this
ch ap ter m ay very well th erefore clai m an int er
me diat e p o sition b e twee n th e cold b ath o n th e
o n e h and
and th e w arm b ath o n th e o th er ;
whils t th ei r are a o f us efuln e ss is s o ex t ensive
th at b ut few m aladi e s e ntirely exclud e th eir
empl oyme nt
O f all cold appli c ati ons th e on e which is mo s t
ge ntl e and refre shing i n l t s a cti o n and by n o
me ans wantin g in t oni c and s trength enin g
prop erti e s is
1 Th e Dripp ing sh eet — Th is is adminis tere d
in th e foll owing m ann er : Th e pati en t s tands
in an ordinary round sp onging b ath whils t an
atte ndant t ak e s from a b u ck e t o f s ea w at er a
Malvern b athing sh eet throws it drippin g o ver
th e pati ent and vigoro usly rub s him with i t
th e fri cti o n b ein g continu e d till re a cti o n is
well d evel op e d This proce ss m ay b e rep e ate d
until three o r fo u r drippin g s h eet s h ave b ee n
us e d in su cce ssi on a ccording t o th e re a cti onary
p ower s o f th e pati ent and th e impre ssi on
whi ch it is d e sire d t o p ro du ce o n th e sys tem ;
the ab s tr a ctio n o f c al ori c in this m ann er b e ing
mu ch b e tt er b orn e b y s ome th an by o th er s
Th e patie n t is n ex t e nvel op e d in a dry b athing
sh ee t and th e fri c ti o n proce ss p rol o n ge d t ill th e
I t is obvi o us th at
wh o l e surfa ce gl ow s again
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S EA-
BAT HIN G
43
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th e re a cti o n in this inst an ce is similar in
ch ara ct er t o th a t which h as b ee n alre ady
d e s crib e d in a previ ous page ; h ere h owever
th e sh ock is brie f and moment ary th e bl oo d
ve ss els contra ct rapidly and as rapi dly rela x
ag ain whils t th e a ccompanying fri cti o n draw s
the bl oo d largely t o th e surfa ce and m aint ains
i t th ere in th e dilate d c apillari e s
Many p ers o ns wh o pr a ctis e sea b athing for
th e firs t time are una ccus tome d in th e ir o wn
h ome s t o b athe in w ater o f l ower t emp er ature
th an their b o dy and fo r th e s e th e dripping
s hee t is an invaluable me ans o f preparing th e
sys tem t o receive the full e s t b e nefit from op e n
s ea b ath ing
O ther s again i t is t o b e fe are d
are e ntirely inn ocen t o f b ath s and th e p ore s
o f th e i r skin are so o b s tru c t e d th a t cu t an eo us
transpir ati o n is almo s t a m att er o f impo ssi
bilit y th e sur fa ce is wh it e and bl oo dl e ss and
it s circula ti o n languid t o a d egree
Und er su ch circum st an ce s vigoro us re a c ti o n
co uld h ardly b e exp ecte d t o foll ow sudd e n
i mmersi o n in th e op e n s e a ; s ome preparat ory
proce ss is n ece ssary t o re s tore the ob s tru cte d
fun ctions o f th e skin and t o a ccus tom i t t o th e
s h ock o f cold w at er ; and for this purp o s e als o
the dripping s h ee t e nerge ti c ally appli e d c an b e
s trongly recommende d
2 Th e S h a llo w ha th or as i t is s ome time s
”
“
c all e d slipp er b ath from it s s h ap e is a more
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44
S EA AIR
-
AND
p ot e nt reme dy th an th e prece din g and m ay b e
u s e d a s a sub s ti t ut e for i t in app rop ria t e c as e s
I ts a cti o n o n th e sys tem is mo difi e d by th e
t emp erature o f th e w ater employ e d ; and th is
in it s turn m us t b e regulat e d by th e re a c t i onary
p ower o f th e patie nt Th e b e s t time for t aking
this b ath is e arly in th e morning imm e diately
o n rising from b e d ; and i t sh ould con tain ab ou t
ei ght in ch e s of w ater in whi ch th e pati e nt sit s
wi th l egs ex t end e d Fri cti o n o f th e b o dy with
rough t owels or fle sh brush e s sh oul d b e vigorously
empl oye d during th e wh ol e p eri o d o f immer si on
and th e w at er copi ously p o ure d over t h e neck
and s ho uld er s
F or th o s e wh o c an b e ar a more s timulating
me th o d o f adminis tra ti on t wo or three pail s o f
—
s e a w ater in su cce ssi o n m ay b e dash e d over th e
b o dy imme diat ely o n e nt ering th e b ath I t is
cle arly evid e nt t h a t th e co ns tant re n ew al o f th e
w at er in co nta c t wi th th e surfa ce of t h e b o dy
ab s tra ct s a larger amo un t o f animal h e at th an
th e dripping s h ee t wh e n this is o nly o n ce or
twi ce appli e d and d em ands consid er abl e p ower
o f circ ula ti o n in or d er th a t th e co ns t an t re
frigerat io n m ay b e b e n e fi c ial and n o t hur tful to
th e patie n t
A s reg ar ds t emp erature th e sh all o w b ath
is und oubt e dly mo s t b e nefi cial wh en cold w a ter
is use d
ers ons wh o are d eli c ate m ay p erhaps
find th e s h ock o f ab solut ely cold wat er t oo
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S EA BAT HIN G
45
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vi ol en t an d d epressing for th eir vi tal p owers
and m ay mo dify i t by th e ad diti o n o f o n e or
t wo pails o f w arm w a t er till th e t emp er ature o f
adding l e ss
th e b ath is rais e d t o 7 0 o r
w arm water day b y day till a t las t cold imm er
si on c an b e b orn e wi th b e nefit and pl e asure
An oth er plan is t o us e t e pid w at er o f a t em
fi
rs t e n terin g th e
o
n
rat u re from 8 0 t o 9 2
e
p
b ath and th e n b y th e gr adual ad ditio n of cold
w ater t o excit e th e re a cti onary p owers o f th e
pati e nt
I t m ay b e well in this pla ce t o add a few
rem arks up o n th e tep id ba th (t emp
Excep t as a sub s titu t e for th e w arm b ath
wh e n this is indi cat ed bu t c anno t b e b orn e
th e t epid b ath c an h ardly fi n d a pla ce as a
reme dial age n t in sea b athing
I t s a cti o n is
n eith er pl e asan t n or agree abl e and if prol on ge d
for any le ngth o f time a s en sati on o f chillin e ss
r
adually
p
er
ad
e
s
th
e
b
o
dy
Th
e
o
n
y
w
ay
l
g
in whi c h an y d egree o f s timul a ti o n c an b e
obtain e d from it is by h avin g on e o r two pails
o f cold wat er (or w at er of as l ow a t emp erature
as c an b e b orn e" dash e d over th e b o dy whils t
th e gl ow o f th e t epid b ath con tinu e s and b efore
th e cold clammy feeling comes o n This s h ould
o f cours e b e foll owe d b y vigorous fri cti o n with
rough t owels and brush e s as alre ady d e s crib e d
F or th e m aj ority o f c as e s we c ann o t b u t
regar d th e sh all ow b ath admin is t ere d a ccordin g
,
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46
S EA AIR AN D
-
o ur ins tru cti o ns as a very m u ch sup eri or
met h o d o f obtaining th e b en efit s o f s e a b athing
th an th e us e o f th e t epid : i t is appli c abl e
und er so m any circum s tan ce s affords su ch
m ark e d b en efit and is c apabl e o f adap tati o n t o
co nditi o ns whi ch are s o cons tan tly v aryin g th at
ay b e allowe d t o t ak e prece d en ce o f th e
it m
t epid b ath and ind ee d m ay alt oge th er repla ce
it excep t in th o s e c as e s w h ere th e t epid s eem s
t o b e sp ecially indi c at e d
3 Th e Sp in a l ba th is an o th er me ans o f
applyin g sea wa ter r ath er as a th erap euti c
reme dy in th e tre atme nt o f dis e as e th an as a
hygieni c age n t in th e ren ov ati on o f h e al th I n
i t s e ffect s it b e ar s a re s emblan ce t o th e pail
d ou ch e excep t th at th e refrigerati o n is l oc al
ins t e ad o f b eing gen eral The fo ll owing will
b e fo und th e mo s t co nve nient meth o d o f using
i t A pi ece o f b o ard is pla ce d a cro ss a S i tz
b a th or th e narrow part o f a s hall ow b ath o n
w hich th e patie nt sit s wi th his b a ck t owards
th e b ath whil st an att endant e ither b ath e s th e
Spin e wi th a t owel whi ch is cons t antly dipp e d
in a b u ck e t o f sea w a ter empl oyin g me anwhil e
mo derat e fri cti o n ; or p o urs a s tre am from a
c an al on g th e Spin e till three o r four pails are
us e d Th e b ath s h ould las t from three t o five
m inut e s a ccordin g t o circums tan ce s and s h ould
b e fo llowe d b y th e usual fri cti on with ro ugh
t o wels and brisk exercis e afterwards
to
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E
A
S
As
BAT HIN G
47
.
a mo difi c a ti o n the spinal w ash m ay b e
thus us e d as an adjunc t t o th e or dinary
morning sp onging b ath and ins t e ad o f em
pl o ying an att endant copi o us affusi o n d own
th e spine m ay b e pra c tis e d b y s q u ee zing a
large sa tura t e d sp o nge a t th e nap e o f th e n eck
and co n tinuing this proce ss till the requisi t e
re frigerati o n o f th e part is attain e d This b ath
app e ars t o exert a p owerful influ e n ce up o n th e
n erve s in this regi on which is communic ate d
through them t o the n erve centre s ge n er ally
s timulating e sp ecially dige s ti on and th e vari ous
fun cti o ns i nvolve d in this proce ss
4 Th e D0u ch e —We h ave las tly t o sp e ak
o f wh a t m ay b e jus tly re arde d as th e mo s t
g
p o werful o f th e arti fi cial me tho ds o f employing
s e a w at er I n a work o f this kind we co uld
h ardly omit all re fere n ce t o i t alth o ugh there
are few w atering pla ce s whi ch p o ss e ss th e
requisit e applian ce s for i t s ad minis trati o n ;
indee d it is only in b aths o f very rece nt
co ns tru cti on th at th e d o u ch e fin ds a pla ce
In th o s e m agnifi ce nt b athing e s tablis hme nt s
which are found at v ari o us s t ati o ns al ong ou r
co as t n o form o f b ath is omitte d and t o
visit ors a t th e s e pla ce s s ome d e s crip ti o n o f th e
d o u che will b e a ccept abl e
It co nsis t s o f a j e t o f w ater whi ch is dis
ch arge d through a tub e att a ch e d t o a cis tern or
t ank ab ou t 2 0 ft from th e gro und Th e force
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S EA—AI R AN D
48
th e s tre am is regulate d by th e diame ter of
th e tub e thro ugh whi ch i t is proj ect e d I n this
co untry d o u ch e s o f on e in ch two in ch e s and
two and a—h alf in ch e s in diame ter are co m
us e d Th e s t re am is direct e d ei ther over the
ge
n
er
ally
t
o
s
ome
pa
r
t
in
pa
r
t
i
c
ula
r
r
o
b o dy
e sp ecial c are b e ing tak e n th a t it d oe s n o t fall
direc tly o n th e h e ad or t h e s t om a ch The b o dy
in
c
lin
e
d
s
o
th
a
t
th
e
f
orce
o
f
th
e
is slightly
s tre a m is divert e d obliq uely and i t s vio le n ce
mo d er at e d ; th e parts whi ch ge ner ally rece ive
th e d ou ch e b ein g th e l ower t wo thirds o f th e
spinal co lum n and th e ex tremiti e s alt erna t ely
Th e dur ati o n of th e b ath sh o uld n o t ext end
b ey ond two or three m inut e s
F rom th is b ri e f d e s crip ti on i t is m anife s t
th at th e d o u ch e is an age nt o f very gre at
p ower I n additi o n t o th e re frigera ting e ffec t
o f co nt a ct w i th co ns t antly ch anging part icl e s o f
w ater th ere is th e s timulan t excitemen t o f the
—
v i ol en t i mpa c t o f th e ever d e s cending s tre am
c
i
rc
a
t
i
o
n
is
q
ui
c
k
e
n
e
d
th
e
n
ervo
us
u
l
Th e
sys tem is arous e d and a b urning tingling in
the skin e nsu e s wh i ch is a sign th at th e full
b e n e fit t o b e derive d from th e b a th h as b ee n
r
h
o
d
i
t
un
h
appily
b
e
fu
th
er
p
ro
u
l
S
att ain e d
l o nge d all th e symp tom s o f faintn e ss and
collaps e b efore d e s crib e d qui ckly sup erven e
W e h ave alre ady p oint e d o u t in a previ ous
ch apt er wh e n sp e akin g o f o p e n sea b athing
of
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S EA AIR AN D
5O
-
th e s e are e ith er ab s en t o r eve n d efi cient th e
d ou ch e sh ould b e s tri c tly fo rbidd e n
I n surgi c al c as e s n o t le ss dis criminati o n is
n ee dful in t h e empl oyme nt o f th e d o u ch e o r
th e mo s t s eri o us cons equ en ce s m ay follow ; an
old infl amm at ory affecti o n m ay b e kindl e d
afre s h and mis chie f l ong sin ce d orm an t m ay b e
excit e d t o re n ewe d a ctivity W e d o n o t h e si tate
th erefore t o say mo s t emph ati c ally th at th e
d ou ch e o ught n ever t o b e us e d as a surgi c al
reme dy wi th o ut pro fe ssi o nal advice
A s a h ygi e ni c lu xury i t m ay b e enj o y e d b y
th o s e w h o are in vigoro us h e alth ; b u t i t is
safer even for th em t o b e guid e d fir s t o f all by
me di c al o pi n l o n l e s t s ome lat en t dis e as e o f
wh i ch th ey are them s elve s un co ns ci o us sh ould
rend er th e empl oyment o f th e d o u ch e a t b e s t
b ut a dangerous exp erimen t
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S EA BAT HIN G
51
-
CH A
P
TE
.
R V
.
AIR —ITS INFLUENCE UPO N THE H UMAN SYSTEM
A CKN OWLED GED S AL UB RITY —T H E A TMOS P HERE OR COM
MON AI R —IT S COMP OS ITION— IMPO RTANCE O F O" Y GE N
R ES PIRATION
CO NT AMIN ATO R S O F THE A I R S A AIR
O" Y GEN AT THE
o ssE S SEs GREATE R D E NS ITY — MO RE
S EA SIDE — INFLUE NCE O N COMB US TI ON — E FFE CT 0 F CON
STANT A GITATIO N UP
ON THE S KI N — GREATER UNIF ORMITY
OF T EMPERATUR E — MILDNE S S O F S E A C OAS T E " PLAINE D
G REATE R H UMI DITY — IN FLUEN CE O N L UNGS AND S KIN;
MORE A UN D AN T O" ON E —ITS R 6LE — IMPREGNATION WITH
SAL INE
ARTICLES
S EA
-
P
E
-
-
-
‘
P
B
.
THE
sup eri or salubri ty o f s e a air s eem s t o b e s o
univer sally a ckn owl e dge d th at it woul d b e i dl e
t o qu e s tio n th e opini o n whi ch th e general expe
rie n c e o f m ankind h as forme d re sp ec ting i t
It
mu st b e a ckn owl e dge d th at t h ere is un mis t akably
a s ome thing in th e air o f o ur sea co as t w hich
g ive s n ew life t o th e inv alid and t o th o s e wh o
are well nigh worn out by exce ssive ment al and
b o dily t oil ; it revive s th e ir drooping en ergi e s
expands th eir lungs qui ck ens th eir puls e
arous e s th eir app eti te s oo th e s th e irri tabili ty
O f th eir n erve s and aw ak ens n ew h op e s o f a life
o f h appin e ss and us e fuln e ss y e t t o b e e nj o y e d
S c arce ly a family circl e c an b e fo und o f wh i c h
s ome memb er or oth er h as n o t a grate ful t al e t o
t ell o f h e alth ren ewe d vigo ur re s tored an d
li fe pro lo nge d by a timely s oj o urn a t th e sea
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52
S EA AIR AND
-
Sid e O fte ntime s wh e n all o th er reme di e s h ave
fail e d and all h op e o f recovery is appare ntly
go n e and s ome time s t o o w he n eve n th e co astwis e
j ourn ey it s elf s eem s more th an th e exhaus te d
invalid c an survi ve n o s oon er is th e s e a Side
re a ch e d th an sig ns o f a me nd me nt b egin t o
Firs t th ere is th e d eli ci o us b almy
app e ar
indu ce d b y th e s e a bree z e whi ch
slu mb er
all evia ting pain and we arine ss is th e h arbinger
N ex t come s a re lis h for
o f re turnin g h e alth
foo d and e nj o yment o f all t h a t b e fore w as
dis t as te ful or s wall owe d o nly with diffi cul ty
I n cre asin g appe tit e brings with
an d l o a th ing
i t imp rove d dige s ti o n b e tt er assi milat io n
and as a resul t we h ave a ri ch er quali ty o f
bl o o d and gen erally improve d nutriti o n N o w
“
i t is th at a d eli ghtfu l co ns ci o usn e ss o f ge tting
b etter s te als over th e invalid and th e p o s si
qui t e well ag ain is
b ility o f living t o b e
re alis e d and ch erish e d as an almo s t a cco m
h
f
li
s
d
fa
c
t
Wh
a
t
wo
nd
er
if
su
c
h
a
s
t
a
t
e
o
e
p
mind p ro du ce b u oyan cy o f spirit s " H ow c an
i t b e o therwis e " Th e in cub us o f si ckne ss and
dis e as e is prog re ssively remove d and th e co n
s eque nt elas ti ci ty and c h eerfuln e ss o f temp er a
me nt foll ow in th e w ak e o f re turning h e alt
and vigo u r as naturally as th e s had ow a cco m
a
n ies th e sub s tan ce
u
c
h
a
b
r
i
e
f
o
u
t
lin
e
S
i
s
p
o f th e b e n e fi c ial a c ti o n O f sea ai r up o n th e
invalid
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S EA
-
53
RAT HING
.
Nor is
th e b e n e fit l e ss re al th ough i t m ay
n o t b e s o conspi c u o usly evid e nt in th o s e
wh o worn o u t b y th e h arassing c are s whi ch
a cco mpany th e s truggl e for comp et e n ce in thi s
country s ee k re s t re fre shm en t and re p o s e a t
th e s e a sid e S eld om indee d is h ealth s o ught
thus in vain unle ss i ts law s are d elib er ately
transgre ss e d or c arele ssly dis regard e d as s ome
time h app ens by th o s e wh o pro fe ss t o b e
e ngage d in th e pur suit o f i t Th ere is every
re as o n t o b e li eve that in m any c as e s the indis
cret io n s th us c o mmi t t ed pro ce e d from im p erfect
a cquain t an ce wi th th o s e fundame nt al law s o f
life whi ch mus t b e ob ey e d by all wh o d e sire t o
p o ss e ss h e alth o r t o regain it whe n l o s t
I n a fu ture ch ap ter we s hall co nsid er this
subj ec t more in d e tail and t o lay d own s ome
p rin cipl e s for th e guidan ce O f v al e tudinarians
and oth er s at th e sea Sid e
H av in g thus b ri e fly allud e d t o th e a c kn ow
l e dge d salub rity of sea air we procee d in th e
n ext pla ce t o in quire t o wh at this quality is t o
b e attribute d Wh a t are the fa ct or s whi ch
combin e t o impart such h e alth giving p rop er
ti e s and h o w and in wh at re sp ec t d oe s s e a air
differ from commo n or inland air " I n ord er
t o compre h e nd this m a tter cle arly it will b e
n ece ssary for a few moment s t o co nsid er th e
el emen t s whi ch e nter in to th e comp o siti o n o f
th e atmo sph ere Surro und e d as we are by i t
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54
S EA-
A IR AN D
a t all time s and n ever free from i t s infl ue n ce
fOr goo d o r e vil any d eviati o n from i t s n orm al
co ns tituti o n cann o t b ut h ave a b en efi cial or
injuri ous e ffect up o n h e alth Th e comp o siti o n
o f th e atmo sp h ere o r commo n air is a m atter
o f gre at si mplici ty
Two g as e s are mixe d
t ogeth er in d efinit e p rop orti o ns viz oxyge n
twe nty—o n e parts and nitroge n s eve nty nin e
parts in o n e hundre d and th e re sulting com
p ound is th e air we bre ath e The nitroge n is
re ally O f li ttl e u se excep t t o dil ute th e oxyge n
and re s tr ain its t oo e n ergeti c a c ti o n up o n th e
h um an frame jus t as we us e w a ter t o qualify
th e p o t en cy o f al coh o l as a b everage I t is the
oxyge n alon e which is th e all imp ortant cons ti
tu e nt o f th e atmo sph ere and up o n i ts pre
s e n ce in suffi ci ent quanti ty h e alth very m u ch
d ep e nds Let us Ob s erve it s b eh avi our wh e n
t ak e n int o th e lungs during the a c t o f bre ath
ing
With every inspirati o n an ab s orbing
surfa ce e s tim ate d at m any time s gre a ter th an
th e exteri or surfa ce O f th e b o dy is exp o s e d t o
th e influ en ce o f th e air inspire d and oxyge n is
freely ab s orb e d int o th e bl oo d ve ss els and co n
v ey ed by th em t o
every part O f th e b o dy
Thu s all th e stru c ture s o f th e hum an frame are
b rou ght int o conta ct with oxyge n by me ans o f
th e bl oo d and in th e cours e of i t s c ircul ati o n
th e oxyge n s eiz e s with avidity up o n th e hydro
gen and c arb on o f th e b o dy forming in th e o n e
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55
S EA BAT HIN G
-
.
’
c as e w at er and in th e o ther c arb oni c a cid
b o th o f which are remove d b y th e a ct o f ex pi
ratio n I n b o th ins tan ce s th e proce ss o f ox ida
ti o n is a ccompani e d by th e d evel op ment o f
h e at and in this way th e anim al warmth is
m aint ain e d
I f th e n th e p re s e n ce o f a d efini t e quanti ty
o f ox yge n in th e ai r b e n ece ssary t o m aint ain
th at equilibrium o f the vit al proce ss e s which we
c all h e alth it is m anife s t th at any devia ti o n
from th e n orm al prop orti o n mus t interfere with
th e du e p erform an ce o f th o s e fun cti o ns up o n
w hi ch h e althy life dep e nds and b ecome a
p owerful age nt in d evel oping th at co nditi o n o f
ill he alth wh i ch we c all dis e as e
N ow th e
chie f cont aminat ors o f th e puri ty o f th e air
are c arb oni c a cid gas and th e em anatio ns from
decayin g animal and vege t abl e m atters ; and by
h ow mu ch th e s e are p re s ent by so m u ch is
oxyge n ab s e nt and th e air rendere d unfit for
re spirati on I n large t owns wh ere m ass e s o f
h um an b ein g s are crowd e d t oge th er in s m all
space th e c arb onic a cid give n Offby th em and
b y co untle ss ch imn eys and gas j et s e t c p ois ons
th e air l owers vi tality and co ntribut e s largely
t o th e pro du cti o n o f dis e as e H en ce th e high
de ath r at e o f th e m anufa cturing dis tri cts as
compare d with rur al are as
Let us n o w procee d t o ex amin e th e p rev ail
ing conditi o n o f th e atmo sph ere at th e sea sid e
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S EA AIR AN D
-
and see wh erein it s differen ce from commo n
air consis ts
In th e firs t pla ce o n th e s e a co ast we inh al e
more ox yge n and l e ss c arb o ni c a cid in a give n
volume This will b e s elf evid ent if we for a
momen t b e ar in mind th at th e pre ssure o f th e
—
air at the sea l evel regard e d as th e s t andar d
—
f
referen ce is e s tim ate d at fi ftee n p o unds t o
o
th e s quare in ch and that th e l ower s tr at a o f
th e air h ave t o b e ar th e sup erin cumb e nt weight
o f th e s tr ata ab ove i t From th is i t is m ani
fe s t tha t air s o circum s tan ce d is more com
pre ss e d or cond ens e d and as a n ece ssary
cons equ e n ce con t ains in th e same volume
more ox yge n th an th e sup eri mp o s e d s trata
ab ove it O n th e o th er h and this d e nsi ty o f
th e ai r diminish e s with in cre asing al ti tud e
and th at very rapidly so th at a ccor ding t o Mr
—
mil e s ab ove th e se a t o tak e
Gr ah am a t
—
an extreme ex ampl e th e air would expand
t o d o ubl e th e volu me th at i t occ upi e d at th e s e a
l eve l ; in o th er words would b e more rarefi e d
and co nt ain l e ss ox ygen in a give n quanti ty
Ag ain th e more oxyge n we consu me th e
more r api dly d o th o s e cha nge s in th e tissu e s o f
o u r b o di e s t ak e
i
la
ce
w
h
c
h
a
re
d
e
p
e
nd
e
n
t
o
n
p
th e comb us ti o n o f c arb o n ; th e o ld m at erials
are more qui ckly disint egr at e d and remove d
wh ils t th e d emand fo r n ew is satisfi e d by th e
in cre asing app e tit e Thus th e hu man frame is
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S EA- AIR
AN D
this cons tant agit atio n o f th e wind
favo urs c u tan eo us exh alation ; b y alw ays sur
ro un din g th e b o dy with re newe d c urre nt s o f
air the fun cti ons O f th e skin as an excre t ory
organ are more e n erge ti c ally p erforme d W e
s h all re fer t o this subj ect again in a future
ch ap t er w h en dis cussing th e advant age s o f sea
b athing
Thi rdly s ea air m ay cer tainly lay claim t o
gre ater uniformity o f t emp er ature th an obt ains
in pla ce s remove d from t h e co as t From wh a t
h as b ee n alre ady said i t is evid e nt th at th e
p roximity o f th e s ea mus t h ave a controlling in
flu en ce in d e t erminin g th e r ange s o f t emp er at ure
o f any l oc ali ty
I t h as b een s een how th e law
o f th e m ut ual d if
fusi o n o f g as e s c aus e s th e
h e at e d a tmo sph ere o f th e land t o b e repla ce d b y
the cool bree z e from th e s e a and vice vers ct
Thus th e he at o f summer is mo d erat e d and
rend ere d enj oyabl e I n ob e die n ce t o th e same
law the t emp erature of th e co as t l in e in wint er
is r ais e d by th e admixture o f th e w armer air
from th e sea w i th th e colder air O f th e land ;
fo r th e h e at wh i ch is s t ore d up in th e w at er is
very s t e adily m aint ain e d b y th e Gulf S tre am
and impart s t o th e air in cont a ct with i t a
t emp er ature o f at l e as t te n o r fift ee n d egree s
ab ove th at o f th e terre s trial at mo sph ere Th e
two commin gling equalis e their re sp ective tem
e
ratu res and b e s t ow a mildn e ss and ge niali ty
p
Ag ain,
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S EA BAT HIN G
-
59
.
up on the sea co as t whi ch are unkn own i n th e
in teri or
N o r is this all Th e w armer air from th e s ea
h olds a large amo unt o f invisibl e a qu eo us
v ap our in susp ensi o n ; as this mixe s with th e
cold er air O f th e land i t is co nd ens e d give s o ut
it s lat ent h e at and b ecome s visibl e in th e
form a ti o n o f clo uds e sp ecially at sundown and
thus th at radi ati o n o f h e at from th e e arth s su r
fa ce int o spa ce whi ch always take s pla ce in
cl e ar clo udl e ss ni ghts is preven t e d
I t m ay th erefore b e safely assume d th at th e
me an t emp erature o f th e s e a co as t is n e ith er s o
high in th e summer n or s o l ow in th e winter a s
th at whi ch prevail s in th e int eri or in pla ce s
remove d from th e b enign in fluen ce s o f th e s ea
This assum p ti o n is b orn e o ut b y th e me t eoro
l ogi c al records o f th e prin cipal Co ntin ent al
c iti e s bu t i t would occupy t oo m u ch Spa ce t o
repro d u ce th em h ere Let us r ath er p rocee d t o
th e consid era ti o n o f th e n ex t distinguishing
fe ature o f s e a air i t s gre a t h u mi dit y
Th e mois ture of th e atmo sph ere is n o t a fi xe d
and d efinit e b ut r ath er an ever v arying quan ti ty
regulate d by th e t emp era ture o f th e air We
h ave s ee n th at a certain amo unt is always
pre s e nt and wh e n th e air c an h old n o more in
susp ensi o n i t is said t o b e sat urat e d b ut if n ow
th e temp erature b e rais e d a few d egree s th e
c apa city o f th e air fo r mois ture is th ereb y
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60
S EA AIR
AND
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in cre as e d and i t gree dily ab s orb s th e pro du cts o f
saturati on a t a l ower t e mp erature and fog s and
mis ts fad e away int o thin air I n lik e m ann er
this c apaci ty for mo is ture is di minis h e d b y
l o wering th e temp erature N o w th e se a is th e
gre at s o urce from whe n ce mo s t o f th e v ap o ur o f
th e air is drawn b y the p roce ss o f evap or ati on
and th e land adja cen t t o i t parti c ipate s very
largely in th a t h um
idity w hi c h is gre at er up o n
th e oce an than any wh ere els e It is imp o ssible
t o over e s tim at e the i mp ortan ce O f th e dryn e ss
and moisture o f th e air t o h e alth ; and th e two
organs whi ch are e sp ecially co n cern e d are th e
lungs and skin Wh en th e air is very dry it
sp ee dily rob s the b o dy o f it s mois ture in th e
a c t O f re spir ati o n and every o n e is familia r
w i th th e dis comfort and bro n chial irritati o n
whi ch atte nds a drying e as t wind On th e
o th er h and a h ot mois t wind alre ady suffi ci ently
satura te d ab s orb s b ut littl e v ap o ur from th e
lungs and th e coolin g o f th e b o dy is p erforme d
by th e skin in th e a ct o f p erspira ti o n I n th e
s e a sid e affords th e
o n e c as e th e ai r Of th e
mois ture wh i ch drying winds would ab s tra c t
from o ur b o die s ; and in th e o th er th e co ns t ant
agi tati o n o f the atmo sph ere p romo t e s th e trans
i
rat io n b y th e skin o f th a t mo is t ure whic h th e
p
humid air c ann o t remove b y th e lungs H ence
th e fain tn e ss and Opp re ssio n s o o fte n o b s erve d
in h o t clo s e vall eys and large towns wh ere th e
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S EA-
BAT HIN G
61
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air is s tagnant and gen erally im pu re are b ut
rarely ex p eri e n ce d by th e sea sid e
O z on e is an o th er co ns ti tu e nt o f th e a tmo
Sph ere which is fo und in ab undan ce o n th e se a
and adj oining co as t S ch On bein i t s dis coverer
b eli eve d i t t o b e na tur ally forme d o u t o f
atmo spheri c oxygen by th e elec tri c al di s ch arge s
co nst antly t aking pla ce in th e ai r I t is a
mo s t p owerful oxidisin g agent so d es tru c tive t o
org ani c mias mata th a t wh e n o z o n e is pre s en t
the ab s en ce Of th e latter m ay b e inferre d I t is
more ab undan t by th e s ea than inland o n
mountain t ops than in th e plains in windy
than in c alm we ath er and with S and W
winds rather th an N and E winds I n co n se
quan ce of th e irrit ating quali ti e s o f pure o z on e
up o n th e m u co us lining Of th e air passa ge s i t
is b elieve d by s ome t o b e th e c ause o f e pid emi c s
o f c at arrh
influe nz a and th e s o c all ed h ay
fever
Th e p op ul ar opinio n is th a t th e clim at e
o f any pla ce where o z o ne is fo und in abundan ce
m us t b e h e althy and exhilara tin g ; and this is
s omewh a t co nfirme d by the fa c t th at o z o ne is
n ever fo und in impure air A ccording t o S ch On
b ein and Moffat a p rop er admixture o f o z on e
and atmo sph eric air is indisp e nsably n ece ssary
t o th e due a ccomplis hmen t o f all th e vi t al
fun cti ons and to th e reli e f and mo difi c ati o n o f
dis ord er and dis e as e O n th e wh ol e h owever
it mus t b e fairly admitte d that th e pre s e nt
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62
S EA-
AIR
AND
s t at e Of o ur knowle dge d oe s n o t furnis h abs o
lute and und eniabl e evid e n ce o f the influ en ce s
o f atmo sph eri c o z on e up o n h e alth ; and un til
furth er dat a h ave a ccumulate d i t will b e im
p o ssibl e t o assign t o i t i ts prop er p o siti on as a
c lim ati c fa ct or N everth el e ss it s pre s e n ce as a
natural cons ti tu e n t o f s e a air m us t b e regar d e d
as und eniabl e evid e n ce Of i t s puri ty
Las tly th ere are th e in gre di e n t s whi ch e nt er
int o th e comp o si ti o n of s e a wat er and impart t o
it i t s p eculi ar saline ch arac t er su ch as chl orid e
o f s o dium i o din e and bromin e Th e s e are
largely d erive d from th e s o il o f th e e arth by th e
s olvent a c ti o n o f rain and are co nve y e d in t o
th e oce an b y countle ss rivers ; whils t m arin e
plants and anim als als o furnis h n o s m all pro
p orti o n Th e p eculiar briny smell is familiar
t o every visitor a t th e s e a sid e b ut i t is at l ow
w a ter wh en th e m arin e plant s a re exp o s e d t o
th e ev ap orating infl u e n ce Of th e air th at th e
dis tin c t o d o ur o f i o din e is mo s t pro n oun ce d
erh aps h owever th e sea air is n ever s o
s tro ngly im pregnat e d w i th salin e parti cle s as
during a g al e o f wind wh e n th e w ave s
thund er up o n th e b e a ch an d th e salt w ater in
th e form o f the fin e s t at omis e d spr ay is freely
inh al e d with every bre ath th at is bre a the d
I nd ee d with every re turn o f th e tid e b ut in
l e ss d egree th e s e salin e parti cl e s are w aft e d
o n th e bree z e from th e cre s t s o f th e rising
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S EA BAT HIN G
63
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w ave s ; th e skin t as t e s salt th e cl o th e s like
wis e and in fa ct th e spray saturate s every
thin g O f lat e ye ar s th e inh alati o n Of th e
at omis e d spray o f v ari o us chemi c al s oluti o ns
h as b ecome a recognis e d me th o d in th e tre at
men t o f vari o us afi e ct io n s o f th e thro at larynx
windpip e and air passage s gen erally
It
woul d b e diffi t
t o co n ceive me ans b e tt er
adap t e d t o th e e nd th an th e inhalatio n o f th e
natur ally at omis e d S p ray o f th e s e a ; but we
S hall h ave occ asi o n t o enlarge up o n this su b
u
in
a
f
t
u
re
c
h
ap
t
er
c
t
e
j
O n e o th er po m t rem ains t o b e me ntio n e d
viz th at inasm u ch as th e s ea co as t m us t o f
n ece ssity b e op e n sea w ard it is imp o ssibl e
fo r a re sid e n t a t th e s ea sid e t o b e su rro u n ded
b y a p ernici o us a tmo sph ere ; co ns equ en tly by
h ow mu ch th e exh alati o n from impuriti e s is
le ss b y s o m u ch is th e air re nd ere d purer
Th e imp ortan ce Of this t o h e alth c ann o t b e
ex agger ate d
W e h ave thus b ri efl y d e s cri b e d the p eculiar
ch ar a c t eris ti c s Of s e a air and h ave sh ow n
wh erein it differ s from commo n air ; and h ave
indi c at e d th e s o urce s o f th o s e prop erti e s w hi ch
h ave end owe d it with su ch a ckn owl e dge d salu
I t o nly rem ains t o consider h ere aft er
brit y
th e b en efi cial effect s Of sea air up o n th e hum an
b o dy und er vari o us con diti ons in dis e as e
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64
S EA- AIR
CH A
S EA-AI
P
TE
AN D
R VI
.
R AN D S E A B ATH IN G AS B EMEDIAL AGENT S IN D I S
EAS E —FUNCTI ON 0 F E" C RE TO RY OR GANS — R OMO TE D B Y
CO NS TI T UT IO NAL
D I S EA E
S EA RATE IN G OVERWORK
S TR UMA O R S CR FULA— R I CKE T S — A T ONI C D Y S PE PS IA
VITUS
D ANCE — H Y ST ER lA
N ERVOUS D I SEAS ES — S T
—
—
—
TI
H
I
E
U
R
A
I
A
A
T
ARR
A
T
E
A
A
N
D
B
N
O
S
R HEU
H
S
M
R
O
L
C
N
G
LE UOO R RmE A
MATI SM AND G OUT —D IS EASE S O F WOMEN —
— AMENO RRH( EA —MENO RRHAGIA
P
v
S
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O
’
e
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.
is n o ex agger a ti o n t o say th a t mo s t Of th e
s ea b a th in g a t o u r w a t ering pla ce s is a fa rc e
n ei ther be ne fi cial n or enj o yabl e d e s ti tut e Of all
in t e lligen t ai m and O bj ec t and c al cula te d
r ath er t o ind u ce p erni ci ous and m is chievo us
re sul ts th an t o promo t e he alth and we ll b e in g
I f this a cco un t b e tru e o f s e a b athing empl oy e d
as a hygi eni c me asure simply — and n o physi
o ian re sid e n t a t th e se a Sid e w ill q u e s ti o n it
h ow m u ch more disas tro us m us t b e th e e ffec t s
which follow i ts imp rop er us e in dis e as e "
I n the prece ding page s we h ave alre ady laid
d own th e prin cipl e s up o n whi ch th e u s e o f
and th e s e it is
sea b a th in g S h o uld b e b as e d
h op e d will b e fo und a suffici e ntly trus tworthy
g u id e t o it s judi ci o us empl o yme nt in th e tre at
me n t o f dis e as e
I t wo ul d b e imp o ssibl e and O bvi o usly o u t
o f pla ce in a work o f thi s kind in t e nd e d fo r
IT
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S EA
66
-
AI R
AN D
w hils t i t excre t e s salin e m atter lik e th e
kidn eys ; and if by any chan ce th e fun cti on o f
th e latter sh ould b e int errup t e d o r susp end e d
th e Skin end e avo urs t o m ak e up th e de fi ci e n cy
by it s own in cre as e d a ctivi ty and rice rersct
I t h as b een e s tim at e d th at in twenty fo ur
h our s th e amoun t o f w at er exh ale d by th e
lung s of a h e althy adult is abo ut 9 o z and
c arb oni c a cid
grains w hils t th e Skin
give s o fl in th e same p eri o d as m u ch as 1 8 o z
o f wa t er 4 00 grains o f c arb oni c a cid and ab o ut
"
3 00 grains o f s o lid m at t ers fi
S ee in g th e n th e
amo unt o f work whic h th e s e org ans h ave t o
p erform i t is o f th e h igh e s t imp ort an ce t o
h e alth th at th e in t egrity o f th eir fun cti ons
S h o uld b e m ain t ain e d in p er fec t working or d er
and n o th in g co n tribu t es t o this e nd more satis
fa ct o rily th an th e h ygi e n e o f th e sea Sid e
I n Sp e aking o f th e appli ca ti o n o f sea b a thin g
in dis e as e o ur rem arks m us t b e und er s t oo d t o
apply t o th e tre atmen t o f chroni c c as e s
ge n erally for th o ugh i t o ft en time s prove s a
mo s t us eful reme dy in th e t edi o us co n v a
les c e n c e whi ch s ome ti me s foll ow s a cu t e dis e as e
it is for th e mo s t part inappli c abl e in th e a cut e
s t age i t s elf
1 Overw0r7e —Now Sh ort o f a c t ual dis e as e
th ere is a numerous class o f c as e s very com
mo n by th e s ea sid e frequ ently coming und er
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*9
H u x ley
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S EA BAT HIN G
-
67
.
tre a tme nt comprisin g th e vi ctim s o f overwork
in i ts vari e d form s ; wh e th er i t b e exce ssive
ment al applic atio n o r in ordinat e b o dily t oil
in combinati o n with th e in cre asin g anxi e ty and
c are whi ch are ins e parabl e from th e fi erce
comp etiti o n w hi ch ch ara c t eris e s mo dern life
I n th e s truggle fo r suprem a cy every m an t axe s
his p owers t o th e utmo s t and frequ e ntly eve n
excee ds this limi t ; h e draw s s o re p e at e dly
up on the re s erve fund o f n ervous e n ergy; w ith
whi ch we are endowe d fo r extra ordinary n ee d
that a t las t th e time come s whe n this c apital
is utt erly exh aust e d th ere is n o l o nger any
re sp ons e t o su ch app e als and th e m an is b ank
rup t in he alth sh attere d in cons titu ti on and
alt oge th er un equal t o th e dis ch arge of his
ordinary dutie s In this as in o th er ins t an ce s
i t is th e pa ce which kills ; in ce ssant we ar and
t e ar and inad equate in t erv al s o f re st l e ave
th eir mark eve n up o n th e s tro ng es t co n stitu
ti on and Sp e ak in w arn ing to n e s w hi ch ought
n o t t o b e misund ers t oo d
Ge n er ally th e h e art is th e org an th a t fi r s t
sh ow s symp tom s o f failure wh en th e n ervo us
en ergy o f th e sys t em is exh aus te d by i rregular
a c ti on palpitatio n and faintn e ss up o n eve n
mo d erat e exerti on
Th e n th e s t om a ch and
dige stive o rgans fo ll ow foo d is n eith er dige s t e d
n or assim ilat e d prop erly, th e bl oo d is co n se
qu en tly d efi ci ent in nut ri e nt prop erti e s and th e
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68
S EA-
AIR AN D
b o dy be gins t o wast e Me anwh ile irritab ility
re stle ssn e ss an d d e sp ond e n cy sup erven e and
fin ally inab ility t o Sl eep fairly wears o u t th e
overwro ught patie nt a n d :comp els h im t o
a b and o n all wor
k b efore i t b e :t oo l at e and t o
s ee k res t and re fre s hme n t in c h an ge o f s ce n e
Su ch in b ri ef is th e co ndit i o n Of man y wh o
c o me t o th e se a sid e i n th e h o p e th a t a few
ill s oo n s et th em o n th e ir
dips in :the sea w
To s e nd
l egs a gain
This :is a d e lus i o n
p ers o ns in t his co n ditio n i nt o t h e s ea w ould b e
t h e h e ight o f fo lly
W e h a ve a lre a dy s ee n
th at for se a bathin g t o b e E
h en efi cIial it tmu st b e
a ccompanie d by fh ealt h y re actio n ; and h o w
o rn o u t
this is :p o ssibl e in :p erso n s wh o are w
k and
and p ro s tr a t e wit h fa ti g u e and co v erwo r
w h o s e h e arts give indi c ati o n o f: failin g prop el
ling p owe r we are at a l o ss t o p erceive Su ch
a p roce dure t ends r ath er t o fu rth er exh au st th e
enfeebl e d s ys tem favours con ges ti on o f th e
in t ernal org ans and th e de ve l op men t o f lat e n t
dis e as e
Th e tre atmen t which is pro p er:for t h is class
o f c as e s is s omewh at as fo ll o ws
For t h e fi r s t
few days n o thing S h o uld b e don e in :t h e w ay
o f b athing b ut mo s t o f th e time sh o ul d b e
Sp en t in th e Op en air e i th er in c arriage ex er
cis e or in l ounging o n th e b e ach Th e n a
w arm S alt wat er b at h may be t ak e n every o th er
day fo r a week foll owe d by fri cti o n with th e
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SEA-
BAT HING
69
.
drippin Sh ee t an d dry t owels I n : th is way
th e fun cti o ns o f th e skin are re st ore d and th e
fo llowing week a tepid b ath wi th a pail do u che
o f cold
s e a w at er o n rising from b ed may
t ak e th e pla c e o f th e w arm bath If th e re
a cti o n b e sa tisfa ct o ry an d suffic i ent cold
sp o n in
n
a
d
t
h
pa
i
l
d
u
c
h
m
ay
b
e
e
o
o
w
e
n
g g
subs ti tut e d in th e e arly mornin g, and o n alt er
na te day s a pl u nge in t he se a ma y b e safely
indulge d in wit h ou t risk o f disas tro us co n s e
u e n ces
Th
re
a
c
t
i
o
n
e
n
t
ly
p
o
mo
t
d
us
i
s
r
e
q
g
s trength st ea dily ren ewe d and h e alth per
man en tly re es t abli sh e d
Co n stitu tio n a l D isease — In th e dis e as e s o f
cons titutio nal origin wh c h m anife s t th em
s e lve s in c hildh oo d and y ou th
the b e n efi cial
e ffe c ts f sea air and sea ba thing are very
s triking
This is e sp ecially evid ent in th e
st rumo us ha bit o f b o dy so commo n in o u r
c o untry and th e cha nge whi ch is s ome time s
Wro ught is littl e S h ort o f ma rvello us Every
t h ing d ep e nds h owever u p on t h e judi ci o u s
a ppli c a ti o n o f th e reme d
and
m
pl
o
y
me
n
t
i
t
s
e
y
Sh oul d b e adapt e d t o th e p eculiariti e s o f every
individual cas e
S tru m a is so e s s e nti ally a
dis e as e o f debilit y w ant o f t o n e an d vit al
ower
in
ever
v
a
r
yin
g
d
egree
a
t
an
h
uh
t
p
d evi ating lin e o f tre at ment suitable t o every
b o dy is impo s sible
S tru ma or S erofu lm— Th e mo s t commo n form s
g
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70
S EA AIR AN D
-
o f s cro ful o us affecti o n whi ch occur in s e a Sid e
pr a c t i ce are in childre n pre s enting large and
proj ecting h e ads co ntr acte d ch e s ts tumid ab
do men s and e nl arge d j o int s wi th feebl e puls e
and languid circ ul ati o n and n e arly alw ays
cold ex tre miti e s ; the b owels are gen erally
irregular and dis or dere d th e app e tit e c apri
ci ons and t h e littl e pati e n t s h ave an o ld
expre ssi o n o f fa ce whi ch is s eld om w antin g
S u ch a de s crip ti o n appli e s t o all th o s e in wh om
th e s trumo us cons titu ti on ex is t s— in a passive
—
or d orm ant s t at e Simply S ome ti me s it ex h i
bi ts gre at er a c tivi ty and in additi o n t o the s e
Signs there are s welling s o f th e j oints or
enlargement and suppurati o n o f t h e glands o f
the n eck and ind ol ent or cold absce ss e s Of th e
Skin ; occ asi onally tro ubl e s ome erupti o ns o f th e
s c alp e ar s mouth and n o s e ; o ft entimes o ph
t h almia mo s t di ffi cul t t o c ure ; enl arge d t o nsil s
and affecti ons o f th e bo ne s and j o mt s ; and
fi nally co nsump ti o n i ts elf
I n m any c as e s this h abit o f b o dy or con
as i t is c all e d is h er edit ary and is
stit u t io n
th e natur al re sul t o f th e ill ass orte d m arriage
o f unh e al thy we akly or S cro ful o us pare nts
I n o ther c as e s i t is artifi cially d evel op e d b y
b ad bringing up by th e adm inis trati o n o f
improp er and indige s tibl e foo d by th e w ant o f
fre sh air and exercis e by insuffi ci ent cl o thin g
an d th e n egl ec t o f all th a t rela t e s t o h ygi e n e
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S EA BATHIN G
71
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.
bro ught up by h and up o n uns uit
able n o urish me nt Ofte ntime s fall vi ctim s t o
this dis e as e during th eir ch ildhoo d Mo s t fre
qu en tly h owever it origina t e s from th e com
bin ed e ffec t s o f the s e p ern i ci ous influ e n ce s in
i mp e ding and p erverting h e althy d evel op
me n t
In th e w ay o f tre atme n t n o thi ng is more
e ffica ci o us th an a prolo nge d re sid en ce by t h e
sea sid e and th e frequ en t us e o f se a b a th in g
Bu t inas m u ch as s tr u mo us c hildre n h ave in
ge neral a thin s emi transpare nt Skin very
s ensitive t o cold as well as a feebl e h ear t
gre at care is n ee dful th at t h e temp era ture o f
th e b a th b e n o t a t fi r s t t oo l ow or th e re a c tive
p ower o f th e pa tien t will b e overt axe d and th e
Sh ock will b e hurtful ins t e ad o f b ene fi cial In
every c as e th e firs t i mmersi o n in co ld w at er
sh ould b e bri ef and sudd e n fo ll owe d by r apid
Bu t wi th d eli c at e
fri c ti o n an d ge ntl e exerc is e
ch ildre n it is b e tter t o begin with a b ath o f
h igh t emp era tu e re du cing this day b y day till
cold w a ter ca n b e b orne wi th comfort and
b e n e fit
Aft er w arm b ath s fri ct i o n with h o t
flann els will b e fo und very gr at eful t o th e
li ttl e pati e nt s ; b ut after t h e col d b ath th e u se
o f th e rou gh b ath ing sh e et is t o b e pre ferred
W e mus t pro t e s t agains t th e s ens ele ss and
cruel pra ctice o f b athing childre n shri e king
with terror in th e Op e n s e a
The ago ny o f
Infan ts
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S EA
72
-
AIR
AN D
fri ght d oe s more h arm th an th e b ath c an d o
good B e tt er far th at su ch timid o nes sh ould
u se c old sp o n g in g in th e Sh allo w b ath a t h ome
th an th e Op en sea wi th Su ch me ntal suffering
Wh e n this lin e o f tre atmen t is aid ed b y
suit ab l e regim
en dige s tio n i mprove s b e tt er
bl oo d is m ad e n ervous e n ergy revive s and
in cre as e d a c tivity o f th e capillary c irculati o n
foll ows ; thus th e h ealthy nutriti o n o f th e
b o dy is p erm
an ently e s tablis he d and in some
c as es th e co ns ti tuti on it s elf complet ely ren o
.
,
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,
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v at e d
.
Riehets — Ricket s is an o ther di se ase of c hild
‘
‘
.
h oo d cl o s ely alli e d
rece
din
g
in
w
h
i
c
h
p
th e b en efit s o f resid e nc e b y th e sea S id e are
even more marked Th e ch aract eris ti c appear
an ce o f a ri cke ty ch ild is So We ll kn own that a
minute des crip ti o n is unn ece ssary th e b on e s are
bent and di st o rt ed in varyin g d egree part icu
larly t he c o lla rb on e s th e rib s and th e l o n g b on e s
This conditi on app e ar s
o f th e a rm s an d l eg s
t o b e du e t o th e retardati o n o f th e d ep o siti on o f
th o s e e arthy m at t er s Which impart fi rm n ess and
s olidi ty t o th e b ony s tructure s and th e y con
s equ e ntly rem ain So ft and yielding H en ce i t is
th at wh en th e child b egins t o r ais e i ts elf up o n
i t s arms and t o feel it s l egs th e b o n e s b e nd
ben e ath th e weight O f th e b o dy and assume
th e app e aran ce c alle d b owin g
Al th ou gh
this dis e as e is So formi dabl e in it s e ffec t s
,
t o th e
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74
S EA-
AIR AN D
say for Six nine o r twelve month s o r even
two y e ars if p erm an e nt b e n e fit h e d e sire d ;
s h ort er p eri o ds are us el e ss
Gen erally th e
d e formi ty o f th e upp er extremitie s complet ely
disa pp e ars b u t th e l egs h aving t o supp or t
th e weight Of th e b o dy s eld om l o s e th e ir
“
b o we d
app e ar an ce
Wi th reg ard t o th e
us e o f Sea w a t er th e mo d e of appli c ati o n sug
ge s te d for s truma is appli c abl e here ; excep t
th at i t Sh ould n ot b e empl oye d s o e arly in
th e tre atme nt as in th e former c ase sea ai r
‘
al o n e b eing su fiicien t at th e commen ceme n t o f
re sid e nce
At o ni c dysp e psia— o r
Ato n ic Dysp ep sia
th at M pairmen t o f th e dige s ti o n whi ch is
ch ara ct eris e d by fail u re o f fun cti o nal p ower
is o f very commo n occ urren ce in th o s e con
dit io n s o f d e p re ss e d vit ali ty wh i ch follo w up o n
co n tinuo us overwork in combinati o n with
an xi e ty an d mental worry I t is m ark e d by a
feeling o f we ight dis comfor t and fl atul e n ce
a ft er fo o d and gre at irri t ab ilit y and d e pre ssi o n
o f S pir i t s
Th e m alady is g enerally chroni c
inas mu ch as i t is s truggl e d agains t as l on g as
p o ssibl e b efore advi ce is s o ught ; the n wi th th e
aid o f drugs the pati en t co ntinu e s fo r a littl e
whil e to d o work for whi ch h e h as l ong b een
u n fi tt ed
A t las t th e j ad e d sys t em is o bli ge d
t o yield ; th e nutri ti o n o f th e b o dy h as b ecome
impaire d th a t the m a chin ery is al mo s t
so
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S EA BA T HIN G
-
75
.
brought t o a s t andst ill and re s t from t oil is
indisp e nsabl e
Th e tre atme nt o f c as e s o f this nature S h ould
be e ntirely re st or ative and to ni c O ur Obj ec t is
t o i mpro ve th e qu ality o f th e bl oo d by suitabl e
di et and regimen and als o t o cre at e a d em an d
for foo d by th e c areful removal from th e sys tem
Ch ange
o f th e worn o u t and w as t e p ro du ct s
ys b e ne fi cial and th e sea Sid e is
o f s cen e is alw a
t o b e preferre d ; for s e a air is prob ably th e b e s t
t o ni c in th e se c as e s whils t s e a bathing is a
mo st p owerful promo ter o f tissue ch ange A
dry ch alky or gr avelly s o il sh o uld b e s el ecte d
Mo derat e exercis e short o f fatigue may be
t ake n as augme ntin g in m ark e d d egree t h e
dige s ti ve p ower T epid salt water b ath s wi th
—
th e u se o f th e flesh bru sh will ge nerally be
found th e b e st mo d e o f using s e a wat er until
suffi cien t re a cti onary p ower h as b ee n a cquire d
t o enable th e pati ent t o ve n ture int o th e op e n
Th us th e Skin aids th e lungs in th e
se a
oxidati o n o f th e tissu e s a b e tter qu ality o f
bl oo d re sults and improve d nutriti o n s oo n
ren ew s th e vit al en ergy o f th e sys tem at large
I n s ome c as e s where th e Skin is dry and
inac tive it will b e nece ss ary t o b egin th e tre at
men t wi th w armsea b aths o r n o improvemen t
in the patie nt will b e m anife s t e d
In th e class o f n ervous
N ervo u s D isea3e3
dise as e s mu ch may b e said in favo ur o f sea
,
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m
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—
76
S EA-
AIR AN D
b athin g We Sh all co nfin e o ur Ob s ervatio ns
h owever t o th o s e min or a ffec ti on s whic h h ave
b ee n fo und t o yield mo st r eadi t o this
reme dy or t o h ave b ene fit e d by it
S t Vita s Da n ce —" Ir ch o rea o r S t Vi tus
dan ce we h ave an ins tanc e o f the ne rvo us
syst em runnin g ri o t t h e infl u en ce o f th e will
n o l o n ger co ntro ls m us c u lar a c t i on
and th e
unfortunat e pa ti en t is dist orte d by convulsive
and irregular je rking o f th e limb s and b y
i
ludic ro us grim ace s w h ch h e is utterly unable
t o con trol Generally b ut n o t alw ays the s e
movements ceas e w ith slee p
This malady
affect s childre n o f all age s from s eve n ye ars an d
upw ards and in girls is common ab o ut the age
o f pu b er ty
i t is n e arly al ways ass ociat e d with
con s tipati o n dis ordere d dige s ti on and s ome
ti me s worm s ; the irrit ati on is reflect e d from th e
spinal cor d t o th e m us c l e s and occ asions th e s e
spa smo di c co ntorti o ns
Aft er an v exc iting c aus e h as b ee n clea red aw ay
b y a brisk purgative n o agent e xercis e s su ch
m arke d co ntrol up o n th e s e moveme nt s as s e a
b athing I n excit able subj ects t h e drippin g
s hee t will b e the b e s t form o f b ath to b egin
wi th th e n th e sh all ow b a th and pail d ou ch e
and las tly th e open s e a bath
I f th is
t re atmen t b e ad op te d p ers ev erin gly th e sh ower
b ath will b e unnece ssary and th e improvemen t
w ill b e rapid ; b ut the c ure is o fte ntime s
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s
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S EA-
77
BAT HIN G
.
exp e dite d by t h e ad ministrati o n o f s ome p re
par atio n o f iro n in full do ses with an occ asi onal
,
Hys teria is a n oth er form o f n er
vous affe ctio n in wo men e xh ibiting a v a riety o f
ph eno mena :mQS t tro ubl e s o me t o deal with
gen erally asso ciate d with debility and i n thes e
days largely On th e in crea se This i s p ro bab ly
du e to th e modern me th o d o f e duca ti o n o f
m
d
o
o
t
o
o
s
i
u
n
t
l
t
r
m
c
h
e
a
a
n
l ittl e b o dily
l
g
exercis e —whils t th e emo tio ns a re undlfly ex
ci te d by th e w orthle ss n ovels o ft h e day "Hence
th e frequ en cy with which hys teria present s
it self o n th e s ligh tes t p rovo cation
In clo s e relatio ns h ip are l o ss ofta st e and s me ll
and part i cul arly l o ss o f vo ice whi ch i s p e rh aps
th e mo s t c ommon o fall hy s terieala ffectio n s
—
Th e trea tm ent of h yst eria m31 st o f ; n eees sity
v ary a ccordin g t o circ ums tances Bu t generally
sp eaki ng cold
a s t h e tep idébat h
foll owe d by th e c old pail do u che ger th e dripping
s h e et t wo o r three in s uceessio n ; is ; t h e b ar
co mmencing tre atment fo r ordi nary eases an d
as s o on as p o s sible t he cold p lung e sh o u ld b e
re s orte d t o ; t h e obj e ct o f co urse ;b ei ng t o
str eng th e n ; th e n ervo us sys t em ; h y t h e h eal th y
s h oc k o f su dden c o ld appli ed t o t h e s urfa ce o f
In every c as e fricti o n wi t h flesh
t h e b o dy
brushe s S ho uld h e co ntinu e d till reac tio n i s
co mplet ely es tablish e d
H ysteria
*
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78
AN D
S EAe-AIR
N
—
a
i
N
e
u
r
a
lg
ia
,
g
eu ra l
e ous pain as
the o ut c om e o f d ebility ho w ev er induc e d
whether by o v erwork m ent al an xi ety pro
l o nge d l a ctati on exh aus ting di sch arge s or
de fe c tiv e nutrit i o n i s a m o s t refr a c tory m al ady
In s e a ai r and s e a b a thin g ho w e v er
t o tre at
we p o ss e ss a c o mbinati o n which s el d om fails to
e ffe ct a cure eve n in the m o s t ob s tinate c as e s
The w arm sea water b ath wi ll be found the
m o s t grateful to n e uralgi c pati ent s and thi s
s ho uld be t ake n three or four tim e s a w eek till
the a cute s e n sitiven e ss to pain i s sub du e d ;
the n th e te pid b a th and fin ally the c ol d plun g e
in the op en s e a m ay be t ake n with ad vant age
till the full toni c e fi ect o f the rem e dy i s
m anife s te d :
Ca ta rrh a l Afactio n s — In c at arrh al affe ctio n s
and all tho s e c ompl aints pro duc e d by vicissi
tud e s of temp erature or by p rol onged e xp o sure
t o c o l d n o re m e dy i s sup eri or to s e a b a thing a s
a preventiv e me a sure It n ot only s trengthen s
and invi gor a te s the skin and a ccu s toms it t o
su dd en ch ang e s o f tem p er ature but als o fo rtifi es
t h e sys te m gen erally and e nab l e s i t to re s i s t
As w e h av e e ls e
t h e inj urio us e ffe c ts o f c ol d
where rem arke d the c o mbin e d influe n c e o f
s e a air and s e a b athin i s e xp en de d up o n the
v ery organ s liabl e to be affe cte d b y e xternal
impre ss i on s v i z the skin and the air pa ss age s
It i s only n e c e ss ary to add th at whe n the sea
n rv
or
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S EA-
BATE IN G
79
.
”
b athing s e a s o n i s ov er the
m ornin g tu b
should be c ontinue d througho ut the winter re
memb erin g that pre ve nti o n i s better th an cure
Fo r the s am e re a s on s i t h a s bee n fo und an
e xc elle nt rem e d y in the in terv als o f bron chitis
and a s thm a in pre venting a re curren c e o f tho s e
c o mpl ain ts The te s tim o ny o f o n e who w a s
hims elf a vi ctim to a s thm a i s quite t o the
I th ink it i s a l aw
p oint and is as follows
w ithout an e xc ep ti o n th at n erv ous affe cti o n s
are le ss pro n e to o ccur in prop orti o n t o the
ge n eral bo dily vi gour a n d wh at for w ant o f a
m ore d efinite term w e mus t c all the ton e o f
the n ervous sys te m Anything there fore th a t
invigorate s rend er s as thm ati cs l e ss pro n e to
their atta cks I n this w ay s e a b athing i s o fte n
By rais ing the
o f gre at s ervic e to a s th m ati cs
s tandar d o f the ge n eral he alth i t te nd s t o
p rev e nt tho s e hum oral deran g eme nts whi ch are
” *
ofte n the e xcitin g c aus e o f a s thm a
We mus t n ot ho wev er om it the c au ti o n
that imm ers i o n s houl d be very bri e f and o n n o
pretext prol onge d bey ond tw o o r three dip s
and o u t again l e s t the re m e dy b y inducin g
c onge s ti o n of the air pa ss age s s houl d p rom ote
the d ev el opme nt o f di s e a s e
I n tho s e ca s e s o f chro ni c bro n chitis ch ar a c
t eris e d b y ge n er al w ant o f to n e in whi c h the
se creti on from the bron chial m e mbran e i s
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H y de S alter
.
80
E
A
S
AIR
AN D
er
s
i
s
te
n
t
n
oth
in
g
i
s
s
o
be
n
efi
c
ia
l
a
s
a
p
ro
l
o
n
g
e
d
p
re s id e n c e at the c o as t wh ere the cli mate i s dry
and bra cing and th e a tm o sphere is s atur ate d
wi th the natur ally ato mi s e d spr ay o f the wav e s
Fo r a cc ording to t h e o bs ervat io n s o fB e ig el and
others the inh al ati o n o f the atomise d sp ray o f
v ari o us fluid s i s a m os t e ffi ci e nt m o d e o f tre ating
affe cti o ns of the air pa s sage s ; and tho s e li quid s
are fo u nd to b e m o s t us e ful for the pu rp o s e
wh o s e c o n stit u t io n l arge ly part ak e s o f the s alin e
ch ara c ter o f s e a w ater
In c ert ain c a s e s o f d ebili ty where the skin i s
p erp etually p ers piring a n d the su rfa ce i s c ol d
a n d cl a mmy s ea b athing o n a cc o unt o f i t s to nic
p ro p ertie s is a m o s t reliable ag ent
R h eu ma tism a n d Go a t — In chro nic rheum a
ti sm rhe um a ti c go ut s tiffn e ss o f the j o in ts and
musc ul ar c o ntra cti o n s fe w re m e die s c an s ho w
s uch s a ti sfa c tory re sul t s a s wa rm s ea b a thing
I n all the s e ca s e s the b ath s houl d be t ake n o n
alternate days and fri c tio n with flan n els or
fi esh sbrus h es sho uld be p ra cti s e d during i mmer
and in short the dire ction s alre ady given
si o n
in a previ o us c h ap ter for the adminis trati o n o f
the w arm b ath shoul d be c arefu lly ob s erve d
—
As regard s the di s e a s e s
Disea ses of Wo men
p e culiar to w om en thos e whi ch are m o s t c om
m o nly p rev al en t vi z l euc orrh oea am en orrh oe a
and m en orrh agia are p e culiarly am enable to
tre atme nt b y s e a b athing whe n they are
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82
S EA-
AIR AN D
the sho ck I n l euc orrh oe a much be nefit will
foll o w the da ily adminis tr atio n o f an internal
d ouche by m e an s o f a Higgin s on s syrin ge and
w e c ann ot s p e ak t o o highly o f thi s s impl e m o d e
of tre a tm e nt After e very b ath re a cti o n shoul d
be e n c ourage d by friction w ith flesh brushe s o r
rou gh tow els or b a thin g s heet s till a genial
gl o w p ervad e s the bo dy
.
’
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P
C H A T E R VII
.
THING EVE R IN JURIOUS AN D WHEN — IN ACUTE
“
—
—
—
D ISEASE I NFAN CY OLD AGE LE THORA 3 FULL
H A IT — O R GANI c D I SEASE— H EA RT D I SEASE — CO N SUMP
Tio N —S KI N D I SEASES — RE GNAN CY AN D ME N S TRUATI O N
I s S E A -B A
'
,
P
0
.
P
B
.
m any min d s th e que s ti o n with which w e
be gin this ch ap ter m ay s eem sup erflu ous and
u nn e ce ss ary Bu t We a sk it advi s e dly be c aus e
there i s a wide s pre ad beli ef th at sea b athin g
c an n e ver d o h arm an d it i s within o u r know
l e dge th at much inj ury doe s s o m etim e s re sul t
fro m re ckl e ss indi scretio n in this m a tter We
p urp o s e there fore in this pl a c e to p oint o u t
tho s e c ondition s o f the sys te m in whi ch sea
b athing c ann ot bu t be attend e d with dan ger or
at any rate with the ri sk o f danger and sho ul d
there fore be forbidd en or o nly us e d with
e xtrem e cau ti on u nd er me dic al advi c e
To
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S EA-
BATH I N G
83
.
Th is w arning i s all the m ore n e ce ss ary in
the s e days o f e xcur s i o n train s fo r alm o s t the
firs t thing an e xcur s ionis t d oe s whe n he get s
to the s e a s id e i s to t ake a dip in the s e a
qu ite regardle ss o f h is c o nditio n at the tim e "
Then o n the prin cipl e th at o n e cannot h av e
”
too much o f a goo d thing and prob ably after
a he avy m e al and a day o f much fatigu e he
t ake s an other dip be fore h i s train s t art s
ho m ew ard s an d o fte ntim e s he c arri e s with him
the punishme nt o f his fo lly in the s h ap e o f
s om e 1 n c1pien t dis e a s e o r other S o m e e xtre m e
c a s e s h av e als o c o m e under our n oti c e inwh i ch
d e ath h as qui ckly follo w e d immersi o n in the
s e a in c on s equ en c e o f the e xi sten c e o f s om e
l aten t mi schi ef in the sys te m o f whi ch the u n
fortunate vi ctims w ere entirely ign or ant The
w o nd er i s h o w ever n ot th at the s e a ccid ent s
o ccur at all but th a t they do n o t h app e n m ore
frequ ently c on sid ering the v a s t am ou nt o f in
discriminate b athing which goe s o n througho ut
the s e a s o n in ev ery w aterin g p l a c e around o u r
c o ast
—
A cu te Disea se It m ay be l aid d own a s a
g en eral rule witho u t e xc ep ti on th at n obo dy
suffering from a cu te dis e as e in any form shoul d
b athe in the s e a unl e ss u n d er m e dic al direc
ti o n
I nfa n cy — Again i t w ill be obvi ous to m o s t
p eopl e th at n either the v ery y oung n or the
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84
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AIR AN D
very ag e d are fit subj e c ts for s e a b a thing We
h ave els ewhere e xp re ss e d the opinio n th a t all
the be n efit whi ch i s d erive d fro m s e a b athing
in infan cy c an be obtain e d jus t a s w e ll from
the us e o f s e a w ater in b aths a t home witho u t
the ag oni sin g fright which i s alm o s t in sepa
rabl e fro m imm ersi o n m the op e n s e a and
the ri sk o f inj ury whi ch such terror may
pro duc e
Old Age —In the ag e d be s id e s the w e ar and
te ar o f a l ong life there are c ert ain s truc tur al
c hange s in cid e nt al to adv an cing y e ar s t aking
pl a c e in the v ario us orga n s o f the bo dy whi ch
re nd er them l e ss and l e ss abl e to with s tand any
sudde n s train th at m ay be thrown u p on them
H e n c e the s ho ck o f s e a b a thing m ay driv e the
bl oo d fro m the surfa c e with such forc e th at
s o m e ve ss el alre ady s tructurally w eak (e g in the
br ain " yiel ds to the i mpuls e o f the s tre am and
i s rup ture d and w e c all thi s ap opl exy Or
ag ain the c ol d m ay c aus e the bl oo d s o to s tag
n a te in the minu te v e ss e ls o f the lungs th a t an
att a ck o f c onge s ti o n foll ows which i s s o m e
tim e s fat al I n old p eopl e too dis e as e whi c h
m ay h av e e xi s te d for ye ar s in s o m e organ or
other quite unp er c e ive d is re adily excite d to
d e adly a ctivity whe n s om e unusual d e mand i s
m ad e up on the di s e a s e d organ to whi ch i t i s
quite unabl e to re s po nd H en c e the imp ort
an c e o f forbidding s e a b athing to all who are
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S EA-
BATHI N G
85
.
advan c e d in ye ars A tepid or e ve n w arm b ath
i s better adap te d to their s t ate with fri ctio n
afterward s to aid the failing a ctivi ty o f the
skin
leth o ra — S ea b a th ing c ann ot be reco m
m end e d (and b y thi s term w e m e an o f c o urs e
b athing in the op e n s e a" to p ers on s o f wh at is
“
c all e d full h abi t or to tho s e wi th any te n
den cy to bl oo d to the he ad o r bl ee ding fro m
the n o s e or giddine ss and swimming in the
he ad I n such c a s e s there i s always a pre dis
p o s itio n o r fa cility fav ourabl e to the c ong e s tio n
and e ngorge me nt o f imp ortant in ternal org an s
whi ch i s s o gre atly aggravate d by s e a b athin g
a s s o m etim e s to induc e fat al re sult s
Orga n ic D isea se
In org ani c di s e a s e s o r tho s e
m aladi e s in whi ch the s truc ture o f an org an
be c om e s involv e d— a s w ell a s in an e uri sms
in c an c erous and fungous growth s and als o in
ind u ration chronic infla mm ati on or ob s tructi on
o f the internal org an s — s e a—b athing i s altogether
inad missibl e
—
r
Ca dia c D isea se N ei ther i s it to be all o w e d
in affe cti o n s o f the he art e s p e cially where
valvul ar ob s tructi on e xi s t s
From the fre
l
w
i
th
w
h
i
c
h
h
i
s
ai
lm
e
n
t
f
o
l
o
ws
rhe
um
a
t
i
c
u
n
c
t
e
q
y
fe ver w e re c omm end all p ers o n s wh o h av e
suffere d fro m thi s dis e a s e to be a ssure d by their
me dic al advi s er that th e he art i s s o und be fore
ve nturing into the s e a Where there i s re a s o n
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86
E
A
AIR
S
AND
to susp e ct a thin dil ate d he art the s ame pro
h ibit iv e c au ti o n i s n e c e ss ary
Co nsu mp tio n
The que s ti o n is frequ e ntly
a sk e d whether i t i s right and prop er for c o n
N 0 qu e s ti o n re
s u mpt iv e p eo pl e to b a the
quire s gre ater di scrimina tio n in an s wering th an
this fo r the c o n s equ en c e s inv olv e d are w e ighty
and s erio us As a g e n eral rul e whe n co n su mp
tio n is o n c e d evel o p e d s e a b a thing c an o nly d o
h arm b y e xh a u s ting the alre ad y d e clining
s tre ngth o f the pati e nt c aus ing c o ng e s ti o n o f
the a ffe cte d l u ngs with p o ss ibl e haem orrh ag e
an d a cc el er ating the fa t al term i nati o n o f the
di s e as e I ndee d w e g o s o far a s to say th at
the s e a sid e i s b y n o m e an s the pl a c e for c a s e s
o f a dva n ced c o n sump ti o n
S ea air i s much t o o
s timul ating for the m and o cc a si o n s suc h r apid
o xidatio n th at the y b urn o u t s o to Sp e ak
m ore qui ckly th an they would in m ore s hel
t ere d p o s iti o n s
To us e a familiar illus tra ti o n
i t i s v ery much like pl a ci ng a lighte d c andl e in
an Op e n wind o w ; the free curre n t o f air c aus e s
it to be c o n sum e d much m ore r apidly th an it
w ould ha ve bee n in the s ti ll atm o sphere o f the
apartm e nt
B u t whe n o nly a d eli c a cy or p re di s p o si ti o n
to c on su mp ti o n e xis t s with n o a ctu al m ani
fes t at io n o f the di s e a s e i t s elf there c an be n o
p o ssible obj e c ti o n to s e a b athing p ro vid e d only
that there be s uffi ci ent re a c tiv e p o w er in the
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S EA-
BATH I NG
87
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pa ti e nt On the c o ntrary s e a b athing i s much
to be re c o mmend e d in the s e c a s e s as a hygi eni c
age nt likely to be be n efi cial in e very w ay
impro ving the n utrit io n and he alth o f the
bo dy to such a d e gree th at o fte ntime s the
v ery te nde n cy o r p re di sp o s itio n i t s elf i s
eradic a te d
The pre c autio n s and dire cti o n s giv e n in a
p re vio us pag e mus t h o we ver be ri gidly o b
s erv e d ; and gre a t pain s mus t be take n by
r apid fri c ti o n to i nd uc e a g oo d re a c ti o n othe r
wi s e the b ath is a failure and will p rob ab ly
prove injuri ous I n a ll cas e s o f d oubt or where
any c o ugh e xis t s it i s better for ob vi o us
re a s on s to s ee k me dic al ad vi c e before rather
th an after s e a b athing
S kin D isea ses
Fro m wh a t h a s bee n pre
vio u sl
s
aid
re
a
r
din
g
the
infl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
s
e
a
y
g
b athing in pro m oting the fun ctio nal a ctivity o f
th e skin; it m ay be supp o s e d th a t i t w o ul d
p rove an e xc ell ent re m e dy in skin dis e a s e s
atte nd e d by erup tio n s up o n the surfac e I n
former time s thi s opinio n wa s e ntertain e d by
m any who beli eve d th at the dis e as e w a s in
the bl oo d and th at it w as better th a t it shoul d
c o me o ut
N o w s e a b athing c ertainly h a s
the e ffe c t o f bringing an er up ti on well o ut
bu t this is re ally due to a n aggrav ati o n o f the
m al ady and b y n o m e an s curativ e The c o m
p o sitio n o f s e a water re nd ers it too irrit ating an
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88
S EA-
A IR AN D
ppli c ati o n in cut an eous dis e a s e s and it m ay
therefore be re g ard e d as inadmissibl e in such
c as e s
It must ho wev er be all ow e d th at c ertain
forms o f skin di s e as e are s o cl o s ely allie d with
ge n er al d eb ility and imp ov eri she d bl oo d th at
whe n w e cure the l atter the form er will vani s h
and our tre atm e nt shoul d cl e arly be dire c te d to
thi s e nd Bu t it mus t alw ays be a qu e s ti on
for m e di c al Opini on whether in any giv en c a s e
s e a b athing shoul d be o n e of the to ni cs e m
pl oy e d o r n o t and u nl e ss such s an cti o n be
obt ain e d it i s better to a bs t ain
—
regn a n cy
With regard to s e a b ath ing in
pregnan cy there c an be n o d oubt th at for the
m aj ority o f w om en i t w oul d be an u n s afe pro
ceedin g to v e ntu re in t o the op e n s e a a t s u ch a
time Th e s ho ck wo ul d p rob ably be too gre at
and might po ssibly o cc asi on a m i sc arriag e
S o m e fe w c a s e s h av e c o m e und er o ur n oti c e
where l adi e s h av e c on tinu e d a c our s e o f s e a
b athing throu gh the gre ater p orti o n o f their
pregnan cy n ot only without h arm bu t with
p o sitive ben efit ; but such a pra ctic e w e c ann ot
re c o mm end— o n a cc ou nt o f the ri sk inc urr e d
for g e ner al ad o pti on On the other h and n othing
c o nduc e s s o muc h to gen eral he al th or bra c e s
up the sys tem and w ard s o ff the te nd e n cy to
mi sc arriag e s o much a s spo nging the bo d y wi th
s ea w ater a t fir s t te p id and the n c ol d gr ad u
a
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‘
g oo d d e al a t firs t at the s e a s id e until they
be c om e a s it w ere gr adu ally a cclim ati s e d
B ilio u s A tta cks — N o w the c o mm o n e s t ail
m e nt o f all at the s e a s id e with wh i ch e very
bo dy is m ore or l e ss a c qu ainte d is tha t whi ch
“
i s p o pul arly k now n a s a
bilio us a tta ck
m anife s ting its elf gen erally abou t fo ur o r five
days after arrival at the c o as t The hi s tory o f
e very c as e i s alm o s t ide nti c al and run s s om e
wha t a s foll ows : Fo r the firs t fe w days the
fre s hn e ss o f the s e a breeze s eems to qui ck e n
all the fun c ti o ns o f the bo dy a l arger qu antity
o f o xyg e n i s inh al e d and c o mb us ti o n p ro c ee d
ing m ore r apidly cre ate s a d e m and for more
foo d to supply the w a s te o f the ti ssu e s He n c e
the in cre a s e o f app etite and the gro wth o f th at
feeling o f c on s t ant hunger whi c h i t i s s o diffi
—
t
o
cul t
app e a s e always e ating and n ev er feel
ing s ati s fie d The dig e s tiv e organ s d o their be s t
to ge t rid o f thi s sup erab undanc e o f foo d b ut
in v ain it c o ntin ue s to a ccumul a te and at l as t
a s h arp atta ck o f b ili o us v o miting reli eve s the m
and the sys te m together
The e xpl anation o f thi s cl a ss o f c a s e s i s
suffi ci e n tly s impl e Mo s t inv alid s suffer fro m
c apri ci o us and failing app eti te whi ch n othing
c an te mp t
to the gre at dism ay o f an x io us
fri e nds As s oo n the n a s a ch ang e to the s e a
cre ate s a l onging for foo d e v erybo dy w elc om e s
the returning app etite with d elight and frie nd s
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S EA-
BATH IN G
91
.
and relative s vi e with e ach other in pro curing
daintie s with which to s atisfy i t Bu t they
forg et th at there i s a li mit to dige s tiv e p ow er
e ve n in the s trong much m ore in tho s e who
are w e akly and ailing ; and the y indi screetly
e n ough e nde avour to h as ten the patie n t s
re c ov ery by indiscriminate fee din g till the
o ccurre n c e o f a bili ous a tta ck w arn s the m
o f their error
I f a t the s am e tim e s e a b athing
be pr a ctis e d the dis turb an c e o f the sys te m i s
s o much the gre a ter ; b ut it i s r are ind ee d to
ob s erve bil ious v omiting after legitim ate b ath
ing p er se whils t i t i s o f frequ en t o ccu rren c e in
c o njun cti o n with o ver indulge n c e o f the appe
tite in the m atter o f foo d
Eve n tho s e who n ot being in s e arch o f
he alth m ay be regard e d a s p le a sure s eek er s
s o metim e s suffer fro m att a cks o f thi s kind fro m
s imil ar in discreti on in di et They e at freely o f
s alad s and s hell fi sh o f all kind s and at all
time s o f the day till the s to m a ch s trik e s
and for a time rej e ct s all foo d
We h av e l aid d o wn in an other pl a c e the
di et ary which w e c o n s id er m o s t suit abl e
for the s e a s id e and i t s c are ful ob s erv an c e is
re c o mm e nd e d to all wh o d e s ire t o e scap e the
mi s erie s o f a bilio us a tta ck
I n the w ay o f tre atm en t littl e i s n ee d e d
be y o nd a whol e s om e ab s tin en c e fro m s olid
foo d
The blinding he ada che and c o a te d
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92
S EA
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tongue and dis agr ee abl e t as te will all dis
app e ar after an ap erie nt d o s e a t be dtim e
follo we d by a s eidlitz p o w d er in the m orning
As a bev er ag e equ al part s o f s o da w a ter and
milk will be fou nd v ery grat eful to the pati ent
b ut all s timulants sh ould be av oid e d unl e ss
t ak e n under m e di c al dire c tio n in s p e cial c a s e s
I t i s h ardly n e c e ss ary to add th at s e a b at hing
s ho ul d be sus p e nd e d till all feeling o f in dispo
sit io n h a s sub s id e d
Co nstip a t io n
C o n stipati o n a s a co n se
u en c e o f s e a b athin g r arely o ccur s l ater th an
q
the firs t w ee k I f it t ak e s pl a c e a t all it i s
g en er ally after the fir s t fe w b ath s before the
sys te m h a s be c o me a ccus tom e d to th e sho ck o f
the c ol d w ater It s el d o m h app e ns to tho s e
who b athe judici ously and s en s ibly and d o n ot
p rol o ng their s t ay in the s e a bey o nd wha t i s
re as o nabl e ; whils t the m o s t frequ ent vi ctims
are furni she d by tho s e who h av e been temp te d
to rem ain s o lo n g imm er s e d th a t their re a cti on
if any i s o f the m ild e s t ch ar a c ter The c o n
t in u e d appli c a ti o n o f c ol d p ro duc e s te mp or ary
c o nge s ti o n and s t agnati o n in the v e ss els o f the
liver and in te s tin e s and thi s sluggi shn e ss o cc a
s i on s a sus p en si on or r ather a ret ardati o n o f
the usu al fun cti o nal a c tivity o f the s e part s
and c o s tiven e ss i s the re sul t On the other
h and whe n us e d rati o nally s e a bathing b y
qui ck ening the cir culati o n throughout the
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94
S EA-
A IR AND
e xi s te d in the s e days e cc e ntric e no ugh to pre
scribe it
A l e ss dis agree ab l e re m e dy an d equ ally e ffi
will be found in the Hunya di water
c acio u s
a win egla ss full every m orning for a w eek
and the n rep e ated o n alterna te m ornings fo r
an other w ee k ; o r a d o s e m ay be t ak en every
night at be dtim e c on sis ting o f fo ur grain s Of
al oe s an d myrrh pill and c ontinu e d fo r a
w ee k
I n v ery ob s tin ate c as e s it m ay be
n e c e ss ary to c o mbin e both p lan s be fore the
c on s tipati o n yield s
It r are ly h app en s th at
o n e o r other o f the s e re m e die s fails to pro duc e
O ther s impl e ag e n t s suit abl e
t h e d e s ire d e ffe c t
for the purp o s e are the l eni tiv e el e ctu ary a t
be d tim e or C arls b ad s alt s s ei dlitz p owd ers o r
Frie dricksh al w ater in the m orning acc or ding
to cir cums t an c e s
—
D iarrhoe a i s an ailm e n t o f much
D ia rrh oea
more freque nt o ccurren c e durin g a c ours e o f
s e a b athing and app e ar s to be a natural re sult o f
the in creas e d a ctivi ty with whi ch the vi tal pro
c e ss e s are p erform e d whe n the sys tem is fully
un d er the influ e n c e o f thi s s ti mulus I n other
w or d s the in ter ch ang e o f w a s te and repair i s
c arri e d o n s o r apidly und er the s e c ir cumst an c e s
th a t the e xcretory organ s h ave a s much a s they
c an d o to re m o ve the w orn o u t parti cle s fro m
the bo dy in or der to m ak e roo m for the n e w
and o cc as i o nally the bo w els are c alle d up o n
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-
BATH IN G
95
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assis t in the w ork and a sh arp att a ck o f
diarrhoea i s the re sul t It rarely la s t s m ore
th an tw o or t h ree day s and i t i s s el do m n eces
s ary to d o m ore th an susp end s e a b athing till
i t c e a s e s I f ho w ev er i t s ho ul d be p ers i s ten t
and a cc ompanie d with griping pal n s i t will be
advis abl e t o s ee k m e dic al advic e e s p e cially i f
the app etite fails and a feelin g o f faintn e ss and
e xh aus tio n ari s e s O ur rem arks are intend ed
o f c o ur s e to app ly s o l e ly t o tho s e c a s e s whi ch
are attributabl e to the s alut ary influ e n c e o f
s e a b athing s i mply an d n ot t o tho s e whi ch are
cl e arly due to error s i n di et or t o s o m e chill
fro m e xp o sure to w et and c ol d I n the on e
inst an c e it i s N ature s o wn m etho d o f re c o n
s tructi on o f bri nging abo ut wh at h a s bee n
“
aptly c all e d the ren e w al of life and sho ul d
n ot be interfere d with Wi thout goo d re a s o n ;
and in the other the s oo n er appropriate m e dic al
tre atme nt i s re s orte d t o the better
—
t
i
Ii m
Irri ta ti o n o f the
ita tio n of h e Sk n
skin though a trifling is s o m etim e s a v ery
troubl e s om e re sult o f s e a b athing The narra
t iv e s o f ship wre ck furnis h us wi th ab undan t
evid en c e o f the cut an eo us suffering e x p eri en c e d
und er c on stan t e xp o s u re o f the bo dy to the
and fro m it s chemi cal
acti o n o f s e a w ater
c o mp o s iti o n thi s i s n o m ore th an might be
e xp e cte d I n s om e c o n s tituti o n s h ow ever the
intoleran c e o f it is s o gr e at th a t even the
to
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96
S EA-
A IR A N D
tr an sient i mm ersi o n o f the b ath i s suffi ci e nt
to c aus e much pers On al di sco mfort The skin
be c o m e s ro s e —c o l oure d s o metim e s sc arl et wi th
el ev ate d p o int s sc attere d o v er the surfa c e
giving ri s e o cc a si o nally to gro undl e ss al arm ;
and there i s much burning tingling and i t ch
ing parti cul arly at night or whe n the bo dy i s
w arme d b y e x er cis e
Bu t the s e unp l e a s an t
symp toms gr adu ally sub s id e a s s oo n a s the
skin h a s be c om e a ccus tom e d to the b ath and
n o further in c o nve nie nc e i s e xp eri en c e d
—
r
l
N
t
t
e
a
s
h
Ev ery n o w and the n
il
s
a
n
d
e
Bo
how ev er and prob ably in co ns equ e n c e o f t h e
in cre as e d w ork whi ch the sk in a s an e xcretory
organ i s calle d up o n to p erform during the
progres s o f a c ours e o f s e a b a thing the cu tan e
o u s irri t at i o n i s s o gre at th a t a crop o f bo ils
s prings up o n the surfa c e o r a n ettl e —ra s h
m ak e s i ts app e ar an c e
The s e in co nve nien c e s
are gen er ally to be reg ard e d a s b e n efi cial and
a ffording much rel i e f to the irritab ili ty o f the
sys te m a t l arge In all such c a s e s s e a b ath ing
s houl d be di sc o ntinu e d for a tim e and in th e
m aj ority a littl e c ooling l ax a tive m e di cin e i s a ll
th a t i s n e ce ss ary in the w ay o f tre atm en t
H ea da ch e — S o m eti m e s c o ng e s tiv e he ada che
c ome s o n ei ther during or after the b ath and
i s n ot s eld o m du e to protr acte d s t ay in the
w ater o r to the h ab it o f diving and rem ainin g
ben e ath the su rfa ce t o o l ong O cca si onally i t
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98
S EA-
AIR AN D
a re n e c e ss ary for the re s torati o n of the pati ent
Let him be p l a c e d in a w arm b ath for te n
minute s o r a quarter o f an ho ur having pre
v io u sl
sw
a
l
o
w
e
d
a
gl
a
ss
o
f
hot
br
and
y
and
l
y
w a ter and be w ell rubbe d w ith c o ar s e flan n els
or fl
esh brus he s
a cc ording to t h e in s tructio n s
give n in the ch ap ter o n Warm b ath
and
re c overy will s pe e dily foll o w Foo d might
n ow be t aken with a dvantag e and g e ntl e
e x erci s e all o we d afterwar d s
Fa in tn ess a n d Vo miting
Faintn e ss and
v omi ting after b athin g are v ery s eld o m o b
s erve d in m e n b ut in an aemi c and d e li cate
w om e n the y are s o m etim e s m et with and m o s t
c ommo nly w he n the b ath h a s bee n tri e d be fore
bre akfas t or after too l o ng ab s tin en c e fro m
foo d whe n the sys tem i s n o t suffi cie ntly forti
fi ed t o w ith s t and the sh o ck o f i mm er s i o n
A
gl ass o f win e and re s t in the re cumbe nt p o s ture
will obviate the dis tre ss ing symp toms ; b ut
c omm on s en s e di c t ate s th at the b ath shoul d
n ev er be attemp te d when the bo dy i s e xh aus te d
and th e cir cula ti o n l ow ere d by the w ant o f
foo d
Ca ta men ia — Fro m wh at h a s been s aid with
regard to the p ow erful influ e n c e o f s e a b athin g
in pro m oting and qui cke ning the p erform an c e
o f fun cti o n g en erally throughout the bo dy
i t will be re adily u nd er s too d that few agen t s
i f any are s o eflicacio u s in c orre cting any
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S EA-
BATH IN G
99
.
ab s en c e o r irre gularity o f the c at am e nia It
i s unne c e ss ary however to s ay m ore o n thi s
subj e ct in a work o f this kind bu t m erely to
add the cautio n th at whe n the
p eri o d
m ak e s i t s app e ar an c e s e a b ath ing should be
i mm ediately disc on tinu e d
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P
C H A T ER
I"
.
P
H YGIENE OF A TE M O RARY RESID E N CE AT
TH E
S EA SIDE , WIT H REMAR KS O N C L OTHIN G, FOOD ,
E " ER CI SE , E T C — CLOT HIN G — WOO LLE N UN DE R CL OT HIN G
—LINE N—CAL I CO— CH EVI OT SUI TS — SERGES AN D H OME
S UN S — FOOD —T IMES OF E A T IN G —R E GUL ARITY
QUAN
T HE GE
NERAL
-
-
.
P
-
T IT Y — K I N D S
D IET TAB LE CAUTI ONS E" E RCISE N E
O RTAN CE To H EALTH— MODERATE
CE S SAB Y FOR AL L— I MP
THAN VIOLENT — WALKING — RID IN G — RO WING
R AT HE R
SWI MMING —B EST T IME FOR E " E RCISE — CAUTION — RES T
I N D I SP
ENSAB LE
AND S LEEP
-
-
.
pre c e din g ch ap ters we h ave e nd e avoure d
t o p o in t o u t the be n efit s w hi ch s e a air and s e a
b ath in g are c apable o f co n ferring up o n the c om
mun ity in ge n eral and up o n invalid s in par
t icu lar ; and we h av e a ls o gi ve n pr a c ti cal dir c e
t i o n s for the purs uit o f s e a b athing under the
c on s tantly varying c o nditio n s of the human
sys tem both in he alth and di s e as e It rem ains
fo r us to c on s ider in thi s pl a c e the m o d e o f li fe
IN the
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1 00
-
S EA AIR
-
AN D
whi ch in o ur op inion shoul d be foll ow e d b y
all who d e s ire to e xp eri e n c e a s much be nefit
a s p o ssibl e fro m a temp or ary re s id en c e a t the
s e a side I f there be a tot al di s regard o f o r
c arel e ss in differe n ce to tho s e hygienic l aws up o n
whi ch our w e ll being d ep e nd s i t i s b ut littl e
th at s e a b a thing c an d o for us in the w ay o f
ren e w al and re s toratio n The transg re ssio n o f
the prim ary l aws o f he alth or o f the c o ndi ti o n s
n e c e ss ary to be ob s erve d to e n sure he alth
e ntails c ertain e vil c on s equ en c e s whi c h s e a ai r
and s e a b athing c ann ot entirely avert though
the y may p erhap s mo dify a n d l e ss en them
There i s g oo d re a s o n to fe ar th at m an y
p erso n s e sp e cially th e inh abitant s o f larg e
ci ti e s diminis h in marked d e gree the ben efit s
whi ch they w o uld otherwi s e d eriv e from t he ir
s e a s ide holiday by following the amus e me nt s
and excitem ents with whi ch the y are o nly t o o
familiar at ho m e It i s a n otew orthy fe ature o f
the age th at in s o me o f o ur fa shionabl e w atering
pl a ce s it h a s been found n e c e ss ary t o intro duc e
b alls c on c ert s and musi c h alls as indisp ens abl e
to t h e daily life o f th e vi s itor s in or d er to be
guil e t h e en n u i of the ir e x i s te n c e " It part ake s
s o m e wh at o f s atire th at p er s on s p ro fe ss e dly
s eek ing he alth s ho ul d s hun the life givin g s e a
breeze s for the he ate d and unwhol e s om e atm o
s phere o f such pl a ce s o f amus em ent I
Bu t there are m any other s who in th ei r
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1 02
S EA-
AIR A N D
s e a s on o f the ye ar D uring the he at o f su m
m er n othing i s better th an a thin me rin o or
fin e We ls h flann el v e s t n ex t the s kin ; and a s
c old er w e ather adv an c e s he avi er and s to uter
v ari eti e s m ay be sub s ti tu te d
It s hould be
born e in mind th at th e w arm th afford e d by
the s e u nd er v e s t s v ari e s a cc ording a s they fit
t h e bo dy cl o s e ly or l oo s ely the form er be in g
be s t adap te d for win ter w e ar and the l atter
for summ er
Lin en n ex t the skin i s v ery obj e c ti o nabl e
for being a g oo d c o nductor o f he at i t allo ws
i t t o ra diat e fro m th e b o dy wi th undu e r api
dity and whe n p erspirati on en su e s a s en s ati o n
o f chilli n e ss prevails and the ri sk o f c a tching
c ol d i s greatly in cre a s e d
C ali c o co n du ct s h eat r ather l e ss rapidly th an
lin en and i s c o n s equ ently much warm er ;
m oreo ver i t ab s orb s m oi s ture in l arger qu an
tity It i s there fore l e ss obj e cti o nab le th an
lin e n for u nder g arment s b ut va s tly inferi or
to w ool Wool o n th e co ntrary i s a gre at
ab s orber o f w ater bu t a b ad c o nductor o f he at
its tex ture i s much warmer and n ot e a si ly
p en etrate d by c ol d As affordin g p rote cti o n
agains t sudde n chang e s o f temp er ature or pro
l onge d exp o sure to kee n wind s w ooll en und er
cl othing i s gre atly sup eri or to ei ther line n or
c ali c o and shoul d be w orn by all who h ave
any c on c ern for the ir he al th
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S EA-
BATH I N G
ers o n s with hot dry skin s
P
1 03
.
,
wh o s el d o m p er
spire m ay w e ar c ali c o with s afety but tho s e
who p er spire re adily o n slight e x erti o n require
w oolle n cl othing to avert liability to c ol d
Fo r Similar re a s o ns w ooll en s to ck in gs are
pre fer abl e for tho s e who p er spire freely o r who
t ak e much walkin g e xer ci s e the ab s orben t
prop erty o f w oolle n m aterials a ffording the
gre ate s t am ount o f p ers onal c omfort whe n ev er
the p erspir ati o n i s pro fus e bu t for others c otto n
m ay suffi c e
Wi th re g ard to outer cl othin g for the s e a
s ide n othing i s equ al to w oolle n fabri cs
whether for m e n w o m e n or chil dren
Wha t
c an b e b etter for the form er th an the l oo s ely
w oven C hevi ot sui t s o f all w ool n either too
hot n or too c ol d bu t a ffording ampl e p ro
t e ct io n u nd er or dinary e m erg e n ci e s "
Or c an
anything be better adap te d to the e xig e n ci e s o f
s e a side life th an the light hom e sp un s and
s erge s n o w h appily be c oming s o fa shi o nabl e
with l adi e s " Or wh at i s sup erior to the navy
and other s erge s for childre n s we ar " The s e
fabri cs are both w arm and c ool (a s di s
t in gu is h e d fro m c ol d " re adily cl e an e d and
d o n ot pre s e nt the dr aggle d app e aran c e o f
s t ar c he d dre ss e s when subj e cte d to the
a cti o n o f the spray o n the shore o r to a s e a
fo g
There c an be n o obj e ctio n to the s e lighter
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1 04
S EA AIR A
-
N
D
m aterials for ev enin g w e ar o r in the ho us e
but for o u t o f d oor re cre ati o n w oolle n i s to
be pre ferre d
E xtra w ooll e n wr ap s shoul d alw ays be us e d
by invalid s and others whe n re cli ning for
l engthen e d p eri o d s up o n the be a ch Thi s pre
c auti o n i s e s p e cially n e c e ss ary at the cl o s e o f a
hot day whe n after sun s et the s e a breeze
c oole d d o wn by c on ta c t wi th the w ater s tre ams
in l andw ard s and rob s the bo dy o f its anim al
he at with e xtraor dinary rapidity unl e ss ad e
no t un
u at el
p
rote
c
te
d
uc
h
e
x
p
o
su
re
i
s
S
q
y
frequ e ntly the origin o f m any s eri ous ill
n e ss e s
It i s w ell als o to re m e mber th at w et gar
m en ts Sho uld be ch ang e d a s s oo n a s p o ss ibl e
for dry o n e s the bo dy h aving previ ously bee n
w ell rubbe d wi th rough tow els
Fo o d — An d fir s t a s to the tim e s o f e ating
It i s a m atter o f s om e diffi cul ty to fi x d efinite
hour s for m e als at the s e a sid e for the t empt a
tio n to prol o nge d e nj oym ent o ut o f d oors i s s o
gre at th at they are ap t to be c om e very m ov
”
abl e fe as t s ind ee d It h a s bee n e s tim ate d
that there shoul d be an 1 n t erval o f fiv e or S ix
hours betwee n e a ch me al in ord er th a t foo d
m ay be thoroughly dig e s te d and the s to ma ch
e nj oy a bri e f p eri o d o f rep o s e to e nable i t t o
re c ov er it s ton e be fore it i s c alle d up o n to
re sum e it s fun cti o ns S o l o ng as thi s e xc elle n t
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1 06
AND
S EA- AI R
s hort and e ve nings l o n g it m ay be w ell to din e
l ate s o a s to s e cure a s much time a s p o ss ibl e
for out o i d oor re cre a ti o n
The third and la s t m e al s ho ul d be t ak e n at
s eve n or eight o cl o ck and n ever later th an tw o
hours before retiring to re s t It n ee d n ot be
m ore th an a light m e al for dig e sti o n i s n ot s o
vigorous a s in the m orning and the w a s te
o cc a s i o n e d b y e x er cis e after dinn er i s prob ab ly
n ot s o gre a t a s th at whi ch foll o we d the e x er
ti o ns o f the e arli er part o f the day I n the
c as e o f inv alids it m ay be n e c e ss ary th at s o me
l ight foo d or other in additi o n shoul d be t ake n
a t be dtime and to thi s there c an be n o o bj ec
ti o n
ers on s als o with sl o w and w e akly
dig e s ti o ns m ay require foo d in sm all er qu antity
a t s horter intervals ; b ut for the m aj ority w e
beli ev e the hour s re c omm e nd e d abov e to be
be s t adap te d to the require me n ts o f the sys te m
an d the p re s erv a ti o n o f he al th
H aving fix e d the tim e s o f e ating it i s v ery
imp ort ant to ob s erv e the m with regul arity
E verybo dy mus t h ave e xp eri e n c e d the in co n
v en ie n ce and p er s o nal di sc o mfort w hi c h re sult
from di sregar d o f thi s whol e s o me rul e The
hum an bo dy i s much give n to p eri o di cit y and
the s toma ch i s such a cre ature o f h ab it th at
the app etite returns with alm o s t tidal regu
larity a t the a ccus to m e d hour ; b u t if the usu a l
tim e be pass e d the app eti te fails a di s agree
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1 07
S EA- BATIIIN G
.
abl e s en s ati o n of e mptin e ss and indifferen c e t o
foo d succ ee ds and thi s i s gen er ally foll o we d
Re gulari ty there fore i s w orth
by indig e s ti o n
cultivating
With reg ard to qu antity i t i s to be fe are d
th a t m o s t p eopl e trans gre ss 1 n the w ay o f
e xc e ss and at the s e a s id e this i s e s p e cially
likely to h app en whe n a vigoro us app etite
e n ti cin g foo d and abu ndant l e isure all c o m
bin e to te mp t
I t w a s an o ld fa shion e d
m axi m th at w e s ho uld ri s e fro m tabl e with
s om e app etite s till l eft ; b ut witho ut in s i s tin g
o n such Spart an training w e w ould c ert ainly
advis e n o o n e to e at un til the app etite i s fully
s atis fie d for thi s i s to pro duc e s ati ety w hich i s
e xc e ss ; b u t r ather to d e s i s t whe n the s tom a ch
s ays en o ugh and whe n the pl e asurabl e fee ling
o f s a tisfa cti o n whi ch su ffi ci e n cy o f foo d imparts
i s fi rst p er cep tibl e By ob s erving this m axi m
m any dysp epti c trouble s c on s tipati o n and a
v ari et y o f littl e ailm e nts will be av oide d
AS to the kind s o f foo d the Simpl e s t are the
m o s t whol e s om e and the be s t ; b ut s o m e littl e
variety s ee ms to be n ee dful to m eet the v arying
ch ange s o f the app eti te an d to gratify o ur
ta s te s I n fr aming any di et ary i t i s n e ce ss ary
to re member tha t both flesh forming and he a t
giving foo ds in du e prop orti on are e ss ential to
he alth and tha t neither sho ul d be en tirely
e xclu de d E very m ember o f the s e tw o cl a ss e s
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1 08
S EA-
AIR
AND
pro duc e s re s ult s in the sys tem ch ar a cteri s ti c o f
the cla ss to which it bel o ngs and by su b sti
tuting o n e for the other we obtain the v ari ety
which pl e as e s the pal ate wh ils t the s tandard
o f nutri ti o n i s in n o w ay impaire d by the
ch ang e
The dige s tibility o f different kind s o f foo d
v ari e s v ery gre atly and tho s e in s e arch o f
he alth will d o wel l to av oid n ot only wh at i s
diffi cult o f dig e s ti o n b ut als o wh a t i s sl o w o f
dige s ti o n In either c a s e the p ow ers o f the
s tom a ch are o vertax e d and the foo d pa ss e s ou t
all
the n ouri s h m e n t i s
o f the bo dy be fore
e xtr a cte d fro m i t or els e the s to ma ch i s
d eprive d o f th at in terv al o f tonic re s t whi ch
app e ars to be indi s p en s abl e to the p erfe c t
dig e s tio n o f the n ex t m e al
Hen c e shell fi sh such a s cr ab s and l ob s ter s
and sc oll op s as well a s p ork and ve al and all
s alte d o r pi ckl e d m e at s and fi sh s houl d be
avoide d b y tho s e who d o n ot p o ss e ss rob us t
dige s tion s
All di et ary t able s mus t be g e n er al and i t i s
imp o ss ible to c o n c eiv e o n e o f univ ers al app li c a
tio n N everthele ss w e v enture in thi s pl a c e to
sk et ch a bil l o f fare whi ch wi th sli ght v aria
tio n will m eet the require m ent s o f tho s e who
s ee k he al th r ather th an the m om e ntary grat ifi
c a ti on o f the pal ate
—
a
k
Bre fa st
Thi s m ay c o n sist o f fres h fi sh
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1 10
S EA
-
AIR
A D
N
regulate d in a cc or dan c e wi th the diet ary for
bre akfa s t
It s hould be born e in mind th at in youth
v eget abl e and farina c eous foo d s are m ore e a s ily
dige ste d th an in after life ; that s o up and
v eg et able s a re ge ner ally p ro d u c tiv e o f much
flatul e n c e in the dysp ep ti c ; th a t ri c h c ake s
and p u d dings and pa s try bel on g t o the s am e
“
c ate g ory o f thin gs t o be av oid e d
and th at
Spiri t s o f all kind s are u nn e c e ss ary and n ot to
be t ak e n exc ep t und er m
e dic al dire cti o n
—
Exercise
This 1 S e ss e ntial t o he alth and
i s o nly s e c o nd in imp ort an c e t o foo d i ts elf
I nd ee d w itho ut ex er ci s e the d e m and for foo d
w ould be re duc e d to a mi n 1 mu m and the bo d y
w oul d l o s e in bulk and vi go ur I n you th i t
pro m ote s growth and in m iddl e age c o n trib u te s
to the m ainte nan c e o f he alth When the bo d y
i s in m oti o n bre ath ing i s both a cc el era te d and
d eep ene d the cir cul ati o n is qui cken e d c om
b u stio n pro c ee d s apa c e p er spir a ti o n foll ows
and vital a c ti o n i s intens ifie d ; a s a re sult o f
all thi s w e ar and te ar d ig e s ti o n i s s timulate d
app etite in cre a s e d m ore foo d i s tak e n and
thus the o ld s tructure s are w orn o u t and
rem ov e d from the bo dy by the e xcretory organ s
i
a
s
e
x
p
l
ain
e
d
in
a
p
re
v
o
us
c
h
ap
ter
and
a
re
"
(
repl a c e d b y n e w The m ore c o mpletely the s e
ch ang e s are wrought in the sys tem the m ore
p erfe ct i s the s t ate o f he alth and vice versd
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S EA-
BATH IN G
111
.
Many p ers on s wh o h av e bee n a c tive in youth
ce a s e to take much ex er ci s e after forty co n se
qu ently the elimina ting fun cti on s o f the bo dy
are v ery imp erfe c tly p erform e d and e ffete
m atters whi ch sho ul d h av e bee n rem o ve d are
ret ain e d within the sys te m and giv e origin to
m any c ompla int s whi ch are in cid ent al to thi s
p eri o d o f li fe Thi s i s e sp e cially the ca s e wi th
the pro fe ss io nal tra din g and m er c antil e cl ass e s
o f the c o mmu ni ty who s e
o ccupati o n i s o f a
s e d e ntary ch ara c ter and who s e n ee d of a ctive
re cre atio n i s there fore the gre a ter A holiday
at the s e a s ide wi thout w ell re gul ate d e x er cis e
co nfers bu t a m o der ate d egree of be n efit up o n
any o n e but daily e x erti o n m e an s daily in cre a s e
in s tren gth and vigo ur and a b uo yan cy o f
s pirit s whi ch the enj oym e n t o f p erfe c t he alth
alo n e c an impart
All e x er ci s e to be be n efi cial s houl d be
m o d erate and gentl e in char a cter and anything
like viol e n t su dd en and r apid muscul ar e ffort s
are quite u nne ce ss ary fo r the m ain te nan c e o f
he alth Such e x ertio n i s alw ays injuri ous to
the w e akly and deli c ate in c o n s tituti on by
throwing too gre at a s tr ain up o n the vit al
organ s and s hould be c arefully a void e d S l o w
and s te ady e x er ci s e i s wh a t i s n ee de d wi th
o cc as i onal intervals o f re s t th at the muscle s
m ay re c o ver their to ne and the sys te m m ay
n ot be dis tre ss e d I n this a s in other things
it i s the pa c e whi ch kills
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1 12
S EA-
W lhing
A IR AN D
—Of the vari o us k ind s
of
e x ercis e
w alking i s that which i s p erh ap s the m o s t
wid ely us eful a s givin g the l arg e s t a mount o f
m oti o n to the gre ate s t number o f muscl e s
whils t a t the s am e time the lungs are e xpande d
b y the d eep en e d in spira tion s The dis tan c e to
be w alk e d daily mus t v ary o f ne c e ssity with
the cir cums t an c e s o f in divid ual c a s e s but it is
better to err o n the S id e o f d oin g t o o littl e than
too much and e x er ci s e Sho ul d alw ays s top s hort
o f ab s olute fatigu e and dis tre ss It is a v ery
o ld rule and o n e th at is w orthy of obe di e n c e
th at tho s e who d e s ire he alth s ho ul d p ers pire
freely o n c e a day at l e a s t semel die mo tu
”
When this p oint h as been re a che d
in ca lcscere
i t i s e vid en ce th a t the be neficial a cti o n o f
e x er cis e h as been a ttain e d
—
Riding i s better adap te d to tho s e
R iding
who require e x er cis e wi tho ut fatigue and whils t
giving free play to m o s t o f the muscl e s the
m oti o n through the air e x er ci s e s an e xhilarating
e ffe ct up o n the whole sys tem and qui cke ns the
c ircul a ti o n in the cut an eous v e ss els H en c e
the heighten e d c ol our and bu oyan cy o f s pirit
w hi ch succ ee d the m orning s rid e
—
Ro wing i s the e x er ci s e p a r coc
Ro wing
and it d oe s n o d o ubt
cellen ce o f the s e a s id e
give much w ork to the arms should ers and
l oin s and e xpand s the che s t ; but i t i s o n e tha t
e sp e cially require s careful and c auti o us training
As a rul e fe w p eop l e us e the muscl e s o f th e
a
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1 14
S EA-
AIR AN D
the i nv alid The rob us t and s tro ng m ay
t ak e a short w alk in the e arly m orning b ut
tho s e who are bel o w par h ad better jus t be
fortifie d wi th a g oo d bre akfa s t About an h o ur
o r tw o ho urs a fter a m e al i s the be s t t im e for
e x er ci s e and i t s ho ul d terminate s o a s to a ll o w
a s uffi cie nt interval o f re s t to in terv en e be fore
the n e x t m e al
When thi s pre c autio n i s
n egl e cte d the inv alid c om e s to t h e t abl e with
all hi s n ervous e nergy us ed up h a s n o ne l eft for
the dige s tio n o f h is foo d and suffers in co n se
u en ce all the mi s eri e s o f indi e s ti o n
q
g
Si milarly e x erc i s e after a ful l m e al n ot o nly
o cc a s i o n s gre at p er s o nal di sco mfort and dis
tre ss a s e verybo d y kn o ws bu t it div ert s from
the dig e s tive organ s the bl oo d and n erv o us
e n ergy whi ch the pro c e ss o f dige s tio n ab s olutely
d em and s for it s p erfe ct perform anc e
H ere
again foo d i s n o t assim ilate d and the system i s
t a x e d wi th the e xtra w ork o f freeing i ts e lf of
the ill dig e s te d m ass wh ils t the bl oo d i s im
rish ed be c aus e n ot re pl e ni s he d b y n e w and
e
v
o
p
prop erly el abor ate d m aterials
O n e w or d o f c auti o n z— All e mul ati o n in
e x er ci s e Should be avo id e d a s lik ely to le ad t o
ov er e x erti on Ou r obj e c t s hould be to pro
m ote he alth and n ot to p erform this or tha t
fe at w ithin a giv en t ime better th an s o mebo dy
els e
Thi s i s the ro ck o n wh ich s o many
yo u ng m e n m ak e s hip wre ck
of
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S EA- BAT HINC
1 15
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—
ee
l
S p
The s e are both n ee dful fo r
the re mov al o f fa tigue the re s torati o n o r
ren ew al o f the bo dy and the m ain te nan c e
o f li fe
rol o ng e d e x er tio n c ause s muscul ar
e xh aus tion and re s t i s e ss e ntial th a t the w a s te
Aft er e x er ci s e th e bo d y
m ay be re paired
Sho ul d be pl a ce d in th at p o si ti o n wh i c h afford s
Thus the l egs
t h e gre at est e as e and c o mfort
Sho ul d be rai s e d to l e ss e n the tensi o n o f the
c olumn o f bl oo d in the dis tend e d v e ss els and
the whol e bo dy s ho ul d re clin e a s n e arly a s
o
ss
i
b
l
e
in
the
h
r
i
zo
n
t
a
l
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
Th
i
s
g
i
v
e
s
o
p
re s t to the he a rt b y reli eving it o f the e x tra
w ork whi ch i s requi s i te to propel the bl oo d
p erp endicul arly e g to the brain ; whils t the
re cumbe nt p o s ture h a s als o the effe c t o f redu c
in g the frequ en cy o f the pul s e and s o giving
further reli e f to the h e a rt Thi s c ompar ativ e
re s t i s all the m ore i mp ort an t be caus e d uring
a ctive e x er ci s e the he art i s the organ up o n
whi ch the gre ate st strai n falls It h a s bee n
e s tim ate d th at whe n s itting at re s t the be at s
o f the he art m ay be 64 p er minute w alking at
tw o mil e s p er ho ur 8 0 a t three mile s p er hou r
9 0 and at fo ur mil e s p er ho ur 1 1 0 to
AS re g ard s sl eep i t i s an ol d s aying th a t
o n e ho ur s Sl ee p be fore m idni ght i s better
th an tw o afterwards
H o wev er thi s m ay be
there c an be n o d oubt that tho s e who d e sire
B est
an d
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P
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Sm th
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116
S EA-
AIR AN D
S EA-
BATH I N G
.
he alth s ho ul d go to be d e arly Th e valetudi
narian a t the s e a s id e shoul d retire at te n an d
tho s e who are s tro nger n ot later than el eve n
B u t when s ho ul d they g et up
I t is gen er ally
believed th at eight hour s sl eep is su fi cien t fo r
all adults and r ather m ore fo r childre n and o ld
p eopl e
I f a dul t s require nine hours it is
ge n erally be c aus e they are m ore w e akly th an
their n eighbour s To lie in be d after the bo dy
h a s bee n suffi cie ntly refre she d is n ot o nly t o
w as te tim e b ut als o to lo s e he alth and vigour ;
the s e c o nd sl eep is n e ver s o re fre s hing a s the
firs t and Shou l d n o t be indulge d in Let tho se
who retire e arly ri s e e arly an d they will
gre a tly in cre as e the be ne fit d eriv e d fro m the ir
holiday by the s e a and add c o n s id erably to
their p ers o na l enj oym e nt
I n c o n clus i o n a holiday w ell and in t elli
g e ntly s p e nt n o t o nly affo rd s us re s t whe n
w e ari e d with toil an d c are but als o re fre she s
and s trengthen s for future l abours an d gre atly
tend s to prol o n life
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1 18
IN
bu tion influence of
air on 56
Contaminators of th e air
Com
s
D E"
,
dis
ch ildhood
,
D
55
,
eas es
a
ide 9 9
a s re gar ds clothing 1 01
food 104
exercise 1 10
s
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,
Malv ern b athingsh eet 2 5
Meals re gularity in 1 06
time for 1 04 —1 06
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,
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,
in surgical cas e s 49
caut ion in u s e of 50
Drink for breakfast 1 09
din ner 1 09
evening meal 1 1 0
D ripping sh eet mode of a d
minist ration 42
D iseases constitut ional of
childhoo d 69
0
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O rgans , excretory, offi ce
O xygen,
of
65
,
importance of in res
p irat io n , 5 4
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-
s ea
,
69
,
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.
H ygiene general of th e
of
D i t ry table 1 08
D inner time for 1 05
dietary table for 1 09
D ouch e de cription of 4 7
e
H
se a
,
Con stitutional
.
nece ssary to h eal th
O zone 6 1
,
55
.
,
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R
,
,
Re t
s
an d
R isin g,
atin g t imes of 104
E vening meal time for 1 06
E xcretory organs offi ce of 65
E xercis e importance of 1 1 0
walking 1 1 2
riding 1 1 2
rowin g 1 12
swi mming 1 1 3
time for 1 14
caution as to 1 1 4
E
Sle e p
early
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air influence of on the
human s ystem 5 1
caus e of s alubrity of 5 3
greater density of 56
more o xygen in 5 6
maintenance of purity of
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57
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1 15
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S
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uniformity of tempera
ture of 5 8
greater humidity of 5 9
efi ect of on lungs a n d
,
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Foo d, 1 04
Skin
regu larity in taking 1 06
proper q uant ity of 1 06
kinds of 1 07
dige s t ibility of 1 08
1 10
proper for bre akfas t 108
dinner 1 09
evenin g meal 1 09
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,
60
ozone in 62
s aline impreg nation of 6 2
in dis e as e 6 4
in di s ea se s of children 6 9
S e a b athin g effects of on t h e
s ystem 2
ph enomena atten ding 1 3
,
,
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,
IN
D E"
g general direc
tions for 1 4
s eas on 1 5
time of day for 1 6
fre q uency of 1 7
wh at to avoid in 26
in di s ea s e 64
o verwork 66
cons tit utional dis eas es
of chil dren 6 9
struma or s crofula 69
rickets 7 2
atonic dyspepsia 74
nervous dis eas es 7 5
S t Vitus dance 7 6
hysteria 7 7
neuralgia 7 8
catarrh a1 affections 78
rheumatis m an d gout
S ea -b at hi n
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1 19
.
athin g constipation
from 9 2
diarrhoea from 9 4
irritation of skin from 9 5
b oils from 9 6
nettle ra sh from 96
headache from 9 6
faintness an d vomiting
from 9 8
catamenia from 99
S e a b reez es caus e of 5 7
S e a coast mildnes s of 5 8 5 9
S e a side general hygiene of
S e a-b
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80
disea s es
of women 8 0
inj uri ous effe cts of in
acute dis eas e 8 3
infancy 8 3
o ld age 8 4
plethora 8 5
organic dis eas e 8 6
cardiac dis eas e 85
consumpt ion 8 6
skin dis ea s e s 8 7
pregnancy 8 8
menstruation 89
ailments s ometimes ac
companying 8 9
“
bili ous attacks from 9 0
,
,
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,
,
,
99
regards clothing 1 01
foo d 1 04
exercis e 1 1 0
S e a water compo s ition of 1 0
temperature of 1 1
u se of internally 93
in leucorrhoea 8 2
Sh allow or slipper b ath 4 3
Spinal bath 4 6
Sleep need of 1 1 5
hours of 1 1 6
Spray atomi s ed in halation
of 6 3
as
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L
ON DO N 3
P
A B D ON A N D S O N ,
,
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’
,
epid b ath 4 5
temperature of
,
,
45
W
Warm s ea water b ath
temperature of 33
.
-
,
27
,
P
RI N T E R
S
.
P
S
A T E RN O T E R B O W
.