NELLCO
NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository
New York University Public Law and Legal Theory
Working Papers
New York University School of Law
10-1-2013
Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to
Redress Predictive Privacy Harms
Kate Crawford
Microsoft Research; MIT Centre for Civic Media; NYU Information Law Institute, [email protected]
Jason M. Schultz
NYU School of Law, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp
Part of the Computer Law Commons, Consumer Protection Law Commons, and the Science
and Technology Commons
Recommended Citation
Crawford, Kate and Schultz, Jason M., "Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to Redress Predictive Privacy Harms" (2013).
New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers. Paper 429.
http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp/429
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the New York University School of Law at NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been
accepted for inclusion in New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of NELLCO Legal
Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected].
BIG DATA AND DUE PROCESS: TOWARD A
FRAMEWORK TO REDRESS PREDICTIVE
PRIVACY HARMS
.$7(&5$:)25' -$6216&+8/7= Abstract: 7KH ULVH RI ³%LJ 'DWD´ DQDO\WLFV LQ WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU SRVHV QHZ
FKDOOHQJHV IRU SULYDF\ DGYRFDWHV 7KURXJK LWV UHOLDQFH RQ H[LVWLQJ GDWD DQG
SUHGLFWLYHDQDO\VLVWRFUHDWHGHWDLOHGLQGLYLGXDOSURILOHV%LJ'DWDKDVH[SORG
HG WKH VFRSHRISHUVRQDOO\ LGHQWLILDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ ³3,,´ ,W KDV DOVR HIIHF
WLYHO\PDUJLQDOL]HGUHJXODWRU\VFKHPDE\HYDGLQJFXUUHQWSULYDF\SURWHFWLRQV
ZLWK LWV QRYHO PHWKRGRORJ\ )XUWKHUPRUH SRRU H[HFXWLRQ RI %LJ 'DWD PHWK
RGRORJ\ PD\ FUHDWH DGGLWLRQDO KDUPV E\ UHQGHULQJ LQDFFXUDWH SURILOHV WKDW
QRQHWKHOHVVLPSDFWDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VOLIHDQGOLYHOLKRRG7RUHVSRQGWR%LJ'D
WD¶VHYROYLQJSUDFWLFHVWKLV$UWLFOHH[DPLQHVVHYHUDOH[LVWLQJSULYDF\UHJLPHV
DQG H[SODLQV ZK\ WKHVH DSSURDFKHV LQDGHTXDWHO\ DGGUHVV FXUUHQW %LJ 'DWD
FKDOOHQJHV7KLV$UWLFOHWKHQSURSRVHVDQHZDSSURDFKWRPLWLJDWLQJSUHGLFWLYH
SULYDF\KDUPV²WKDWRIDULJKWWRSURFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVV$OWKRXJKFXU
UHQW SULYDF\ UHJLPHV RIIHU OLPLWHG QRPLQDO GXH SURFHVVOLNH PHFKDQLVPV D
PRUHULJRURXVIUDPHZRUNLVQHHGHGWRDGGUHVVWKHLUVKRUWFRPLQJV%\H[DPLQ
LQJ GXH SURFHVV¶V UROH LQ WKH $QJOR$PHULFDQ OHJDO V\VWHP DQG EXLOGLQJ RQ
SUHYLRXV VFKRODUVKLS DERXW GXH SURFHVV IRU SXEOLF DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FRPSXWHU
V\VWHPVWKLV$UWLFOHDUJXHVWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVDIIHFWHGE\%LJ'DWDVKRXOGKDYH
VLPLODUULJKWVWRWKRVHLQWKHOHJDOV\VWHPZLWKUHVSHFWWRKRZWKHLUSHUVRQDO
GDWDLVXVHGLQVXFKDGMXGLFDWLRQV8VLQJWKHVHSULQFLSOHVWKLV$UWLFOHDQDOR
JL]HVDV\VWHPRIUHJXODWLRQWKDWZRXOGSURYLGHVXFKULJKWVDJDLQVWSULYDWH%LJ
'DWDDFWRUV
,1752'8&7,21
%LJ 'DWD DQDO\WLFV KDYH EHHQ ZLGHO\ SXEOLFL]HG LQ UHFHQW \HDUV ZLWK
PDQ\LQWKHEXVLQHVVDQGVFLHQFHZRUOGVIRFXVLQJRQKRZODUJHGDWDVHWVFDQ
‹
.DWH&UDZIRUGDQG-DVRQ6FKXOW]$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG
3ULQFLSDO5HVHDUFKHU0LFURVRIW5HVHDUFK9LVLWLQJ3URIHVVRU0,7&HQWUHIRU&LYLF0HGLD
6HQLRU)HOORZ1<8,QIRUPDWLRQ/DZ,QVWLWXWH
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRURI&OLQLFDO/DZ1<86FKRRORI/DZ7KHDXWKRUVZLVKWRWKDQN'DQ
LHOOH &LWURQ 0LFKDHO )URRPNLQ %ULDQ 3DVFDO%ULDQ&RYLQJWRQ DQG WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKH 3ULYDF\ /DZ 6FKRODUV &RQIHUHQFH IRU WKHLU YDOXDEOH IHHGEDFN 7KH\ DOVR ZLVK WR WKDQN 6WHSKHQ
5XVKLQ3K'IRUKLVLQYDOXDEOHUHVHDUFKDVVLVWDQFH
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
RIIHUQHZLQVLJKWVLQWRSUHYLRXVO\LQWUDFWDEOHSUREOHPV $WWKHVDPHWLPH
%LJ 'DWD SRVHV QHZ FKDOOHQJHV IRU SULYDF\ DGYRFDWHV 8QOLNH SUHYLRXV
FRPSXWDWLRQDOPRGHOVWKDWH[SORLWHGNQRZQVRXUFHVRISHUVRQDOO\LGHQWLILD
EOHLQIRUPDWLRQ³3,,´GLUHFWO\VXFKDVEHKDYLRUDOWDUJHWLQJ%LJ'DWDKDV
UDGLFDOO\H[SDQGHGWKHUDQJHRIGDWDWKDWFDQEHSHUVRQDOO\LGHQWLI\LQJ%\
SULPDULO\ DQDO\]LQJ PHWDGDWD VXFK DV D VHW RI SUHGLFWLYH DQG DJJUHJDWHG
ILQGLQJVRUE\FRPELQLQJSUHYLRXVO\GLVFUHWHGDWDVHWV%LJ'DWDDSSURDFK
HV DUH QRW RQO\ DEOH WR PDQXIDFWXUH QRYHO 3,, EXW RIWHQ GR VR RXWVLGH WKH
SXUYLHZRIFXUUHQWSULYDF\SURWHFWLRQV ([LVWLQJUHJXODWRU\VFKHPDDSSHDU
LQFDSDEOH RI NHHSLQJ SDFH ZLWK WKHVH DGYDQFLQJ EXVLQHVV QRUPV DQG SUDF
WLFHV
3HUVRQDOKDUPVHPHUJHIURPWKHLQDSSURSULDWHLQFOXVLRQDQGSUHGLFWLYH
DQDO\VLVRIDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VSHUVRQDOGDWDZLWKRXWWKHLUNQRZOHGJHRUH[SUHVV
FRQVHQW )RU H[DPSOH LQ D ZHOOSXEOLFL]HG New York Times DUWLFOH
UHYHDOHGWKDWWKHUHWDLOFKDLQ7DUJHWKDGXVHGGDWDPLQLQJWHFKQLTXHVWRSUH
GLFW ZKLFK IHPDOH FXVWRPHUV ZHUH SUHJQDQW HYHQ LI WKH\ KDG QRW \HW DQ
QRXQFHGLWSXEOLFO\ 7KLVDFWLYLW\UHVXOWHGLQWKHXQDXWKRUL]HGGLVFORVXUHRI
SHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQWRPDUNHWHUV ,QHVVHQFH7DUJHW¶VSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFV
See, e.g.'DYLG%URRNV2S(GThe Philosophy of Data1<7,0(6)HEDW$
KLJKOLJKWLQJ%LJ'DWD¶VSRWHQWLDOStrata 2013 Is a Wrap675$7$&21)0$.,1*'$7$:25.
KWWSVWUDWDFRQIFRPVWUDWD archived at KWWSSHUPDFF.<=)3*4 ODVW YLVLWHG 'HF GRFXPHQWLQJ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ UHFRJQL]HG %LJ 'DWD FRQIHUHQFH 2UJDQL]DWLRQV PD\ XVH %LJ
'DWD WR FRPELQH DQG DQDO\]H ODUJH GDWDVHWV WR GLVFRYHU FRUUHODWLRQV DQG PDNH SUHGLFWLRQV )RU
H[DPSOHWKH8QLWHG3RVWDO6HUYLFHFROOHFWVYHKLFOHGDWDIURPVHQVRUVRQHDFKRILWVPDQ\GHOLYHU\
WUXFNV DQG XVHV SUHGLFWLYH DOJRULWKPV WR GHOHJDWH SUHYHQWLYH PDLQWHQDQFH²UHVXOWLQJ LQ ORZHU
PDLQWHQDQFHFRVWVDQGHQVXULQJWLPHO\GHOLYHU\*UHJ6DWHOOYes, Big Data Can Solve Real World
Problems )25%(6 'HF $0 KWWSZZZIRUEHVFRPVLWHVJUHJVDWHOO
\HVELJGDWDFDQVROYHUHDOZRUOGSUREOHPV archived at KWWSSHUPDFF96:49* ,Q DGGL
WLRQ%LJ'DWDKDVKDGDSRVLWLYHLPSDFWRQWKHKHDOWKFDUHLQGXVWU\ZLWKWKHVKLIWWRZDUG³LQIRU
PDWLRQDOUHVHDUFKWKDWDQDO\]HVODUJHGDWDDQGELRORJLFDOVDPSOHVHWV´OHDGLQJWR³VLJQLILFDQWGLV
FRYHULHV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ WKHUDSLHV DQG D UHPDUNDEOH LPSURYHPHQW LQ KHDOWK FDUH DQG
SXEOLFKHDOWK´See 3DXO06FKZDUW]Information Privacy in the Cloud83$/5(9
TXRWLQJ ,167 2) 0(' 2) 7+( 1$7¶/ $&$'6 %(<21' 7+( +,3$$ 35,9$&<
58/( (1+$1&,1* 35,9$&< ,03529,1* +($/7+ 7+528*+ 5(6($5&+ 6KDU\O - 1DVV HW
DOHGV
See (OVSHWK $ %URWKHUWRQ Big Brother Gets a Makeover: Behavioral Targeting and the
Third-Party Doctrine (025< /- GHVFULELQJ ³EHKDYLRUDO WDUJHWLQJ´ DV ³DQ
RQOLQHDGYHUWLVLQJWHFKQLTXHGHVLJQHGWRGHOLYHUVSHFLILFWDUJHWHGDGYHUWLVHPHQWVWR,QWHUQHWXVHUV
EDVHG RQ WKHLU SHUFHLYHG LQWHUHVWV´ DQG REVHUYLQJ WKDW FRPSDQLHV DUH DEOH WR GR WKLV ³E\ XVLQJ
VRSKLVWLFDWHGWHFKQRORJ\WKDWWUDFNVDQGJDWKHUVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWXVHUV¶RQOLQHDFWLYLW\
See,UD65XELQVWHLQBig Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning?,17¶/ '$7$
35,9$&</±
Seeid. DW±±2PHU7HQH-XOHV3RORQHWVN\Privacy in the Age of Big Data: A
Time for Big Decisions 67$1 / 5(9 21/,1( ± KWWSZZZVWDQIRUGODZ
UHYLHZRUJRQOLQHSULYDF\SDUDGR[ELJGDWDarchived atKWWSSHUPDFF8=436.
&KDUOHV'XKLJJPsst, You in Aisle 51<7,0(6)HE†0DJD]LQHDW
Id
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
³JXHVVHG´ WKDW D FXVWRPHU ZDV SUHJQDQW DQG GLVFORVHG KHU QDPH WR WKHLU
PDUNHWLQJGHSDUWPHQWPDQXIDFWXULQJ3,,DERXWKHULQVWHDGRIFROOHFWLQJLW
GLUHFWO\ $OWKRXJKWKHFXVWRPHUVOLNHO\NQHZWKDW7DUJHWFROOHFWHGGDWDRQ
WKHLULQGLYLGXDOSXUFKDVHVLWLVGRXEWIXOWKDWPDQ\FRQVLGHUHGWKHULVNWKDW
7DUJHWZRXOGXVHGDWDDQDO\WLFVWRFUHDWHVXFKSHUVRQDOFXVWRPHUPRGHOVWR
VHQGDGYHUWLVLQJPDWHULDOWRKRPHV7KHVHW\SHVRIKDUPVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\
IDOOZLWKLQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOLQYDVLRQRISULYDF\ERXQGDULHVEXWVXFKKDUPV
DUH VWLOO GHULYHG IURP FROOHFWLQJ DQG XVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW FHQWHUV RQ DQ
LQGLYLGXDO¶VGDWDEHKDYLRUV:HFDOOWKHVH³SUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPV´
7KLV$UWLFOHFRQIURQWVWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQWKHSRZHUIXOSRWHQWLDOEHQH
ILWVRI%LJ'DWDDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPV3DUW,GLVFXVVHV
WKH QDWXUH RI ³%LJ 'DWD VFLHQFH´ DQG KRZ SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH
DPDVVHG DQG DQDO\]HG ,W WKHQ GLVFXVVHV WKH QDWXUH RI SUHGLFWLYH SULYDF\
KDUPVDQGZK\WUDGLWLRQDOSULYDF\SURWHFWLRQVDUHLQVXIILFLHQWWRDGGUHVVWKH
ULVNVSRVHGE\%LJ'DWD¶VXVHRISHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ ,Q3DUW,,WKLV$UWL
FOHUHFRXQWVWKH$QJOR$PHULFDQKLVWRU\RISURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVVDQGWKH
UROH LW KDV SOD\HG LQ ERWK V\VWHPV RI DGMXGLFDWLRQ DQG VHSDUDWLRQ RI SRZ
HUV 3DUW,,WKHQPDNHVWKHFDVHIRUZK\SURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVVSULQFLSOHV
PD\EHDQDSSURSULDWHVRXUFHWRGUDZIURPWRDGGUHVVWKHULVNVRISUHGLFWLYH
SULYDF\KDUPV )LQDOO\3DUW,,,ORRNVDWWKHSURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVVOLWHUD
WXUHDQGVXJJHVWVZD\VWRDQDORJL]HDVLPLODUIUDPHZRUNIRUSULYDWHVHFWRU
%LJ'DWDV\VWHPV ,35(',&7,9(35,9$&<+$506$1'7+(0$5*,1$/,=$7,212)
75$',7,21$/35,9$&<3527(&7,216
$What Is Big Data and Why All the Hype?
Knowledge is invariably a matter of degree: you cannot put your finger
upon even the simplest datum and say “this we know”. In the growth
and construction of the world we live in, there is no one stage, and no
one aspect, which you can take as the foundation.
²76(OLRW Id.
See infra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[W
See infra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[W
See infra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[W
See infra QRWHV±±±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[W
See infra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[W
76 (/,27 .12:/('*( $1' (;3(5,(1&( ,1 7+( 3+,/2623+< 2) )+ %5$'/(< Boston College Law Review
>9RO
³%LJ 'DWD´ LV D JHQHUDOL]HG LPSUHFLVH WHUP WKDW UHIHUV WR WKH XVH RI
ODUJH GDWD VHWV LQ GDWD VFLHQFH DQG SUHGLFWLYH DQDO\WLFV ,Q SUDFWLFH WKH
WHUP HQFRPSDVVHV WKUHH DVSHFWV RI GDWD PDJQLILFDWLRQ DQG PDQLSXODWLRQ
)LUVWLWUHIHUVWRWHFKQRORJ\WKDWPD[LPL]HVFRPSXWDWLRQDOSRZHUDQGDOJR
ULWKPLF DFFXUDF\ 6HFRQG LW GHVFULEHV W\SHV RI DQDO\VHV WKDW GUDZ RQ D
UDQJHRIWRROVWRFOHDQDQGFRPSDUHGDWD 7KLUGLWSURPRWHVWKHEHOLHIWKDW
ODUJH GDWD VHWV JHQHUDWH UHVXOWV ZLWK JUHDWHU WUXWK REMHFWLYLW\ DQG DFFXUD
F\ 7KH SURPLVH RI %LJ 'DWD¶V DELOLW\ WR DQDO\]H GDWD DQG SURYLGH QRYHO
LQVLJKWVKDVOHGWRSURIRXQGLQYHVWPHQWLQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIDQGH[FLWHPHQW
DERXW %LJ 'DWD¶V SRZHU WR VROYH SUREOHPV LQ QXPHURXV GLVFLSOLQHV DQG
EXVLQHVVDUHQDV %Big Data’s Predictive Privacy Harms
$ORQJVLGH LWV JUHDW SURPLVH %LJ 'DWD SUHVHQWV VHULRXV SULYDF\ SURE
OHPV ,W JDWKHUV LWV FRQWHQWV IURP D P\ULDG RI RQOLQH XVHU LQWHUDFWLRQV DQG
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHQVRUVUDQJLQJIURPRQOLQHWUDQVDFWLRQVVHDUFKTXHULHVDQG
KHDOWK UHFRUGV WR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ QHWZRUNV HOHFWULF JULGV DQG PRELOH
SKRQHV 1RW RQO\ DUH WKH JHQHUDWHG GDWD VHWV VL]DEOH EXW WKH\ DOVR RIWHQ
FRQWDLQYHU\LQWLPDWHDVSHFWVRILQGLYLGXDOV¶OLYHV 7KLV6HFWLRQEHJLQVE\
GLVFXVVLQJWKHH[SDQGHGVFRSHDQGTXDQWLW\RISHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQYXOQHU
DEOHWR%LJ'DWDDQGFRQFOXGHVE\LOOXVWUDWLQJ%LJ'DWD¶VSRWHQWLDOKDUPVRI
HQDEOLQJ GLVFULPLQDWRU\ KRXVLQJ SUDFWLFHV H[SRVLQJ VHQVLWLYH KHDOWK LQIRU
PDWLRQDQGIDFLOLWDWLQJSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJ See 2PHU7HQH-XOHV3RORQHWVN\Big Data for All: Privacy and User Control in the Age
of Analytics 1: - 7(&+ ,17(// 3523 GHILQLQJ %LJ 'DWD WR LQFOXGH
SHUVRQDOGDWDJHQHUDWHGIURPDYDULHW\RIVRXUFHV
See GDQDK ER\G .DWH &UDZIRUG Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a
Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon,1)2&20062&¶<
%LJ'DWDUDLVHVQXPHURXVFULWLFDOTXHVWLRQVDERXWDOOWKUHHRIWKHVHXVHVId.
Id.
Id.
Id.
See1LFRODV37HUU\Protecting Patient Privacy in the Age of Big Data80.&/5(9
FLWLQJ -$0(6 0$1<,.$ (7 $/ 0&.,16(< */2%$/ ,167 %,* '$7$ 7+(
1(;7 )5217,(5 )25 ,1129$7,21 &203(7,7,21 $1' 352'8&7,9,7< KWWSZZZ
PFNLQVH\FRPLQVLJKWVEXVLQHVVBWHFKQRORJ\ELJBGDWDBWKHBQH[WBIURQWLHUBIRUBLQQRYDWLRQ archived
at KWWSSHUPDFF;$=4)-
7HQH3RORQHWVN\ supraQRWHDWQRWLQJRWKHUVRXUFHVRI%LJ'DWDVXFKDVHPDLO
YLGHRFOLFNVWUHDPORJVVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQJLQWHUDFWLRQVJOREDOSRVLWLRQLQJVDWHOOLWHVURDGVEULGJ
HVKRPHVDQGFORWKLQJ
See -D\ 6WDQOH\ Eight Problems with “Big Data” )5(( )8785( $SU 30KWWSZZZDFOXRUJEORJWHFKQRORJ\DQGOLEHUW\HLJKWSUREOHPVELJGDWDarchived at KWWS
SHUPDFF5)89)$
See infra QRWHV ± DQG DFFRPSDQ\LQJ WH[W H[SDQGHG VFRSH infra QRWHV ± DQG
DFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[WSRWHQWLDOKDUPV
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
7KH PDQ\ VRXUFHV IRU UHWULHYLQJ DQG JHQHUDWLQJ GDWD KDYH H[SDQGHG
WKH DPRXQW DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI SHUVRQDO GDWD )RU H[DPSOH KHDOWK GDWD LV
SDUWLFXODUO\ YXOQHUDEOH D VLQJOH EUHDFK ULVNV H[SRVLQJ FULWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ
IURP D PXOWLWXGH RI SDWLHQWV¶ UHFRUGV )XUWKHUPRUH DV RQH KHDOWK LQIRU
PDWLRQ ODZ VFKRODU REVHUYHV GDWD DERXW RXU RQOLQH EHKDYLRU JHQHUDOO\²
VXFKDVEX\LQJDQHERRNDERXWEUHDVWFDQFHUVXUYLYDORU³OLNLQJ´DGLVHDVH
IRXQGDWLRQ¶V )DFHERRN SDJH²FDQ DOVR UHYHDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW RXU
KHDOWK (YHQWKHUDGLRIUHTXHQF\LGHQWLILFDWLRQ5),'FKLSVHPEHGGHGLQ
GUXJ SDFNDJLQJ FDQ OHDYH D GDWD ³H[KDXVW WUDLO´ WKDW OLQNV EDFN WR LQIRU
PDWLRQWKDWKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUVZRXOGQRUPDOO\FRQVLGHUGHHSO\FRQILGHQ
WLDO ,QGLYLGXDOV PD\ DOVR RIIHU XS KHDOWK GDWD GLUHFWO\ IXUWKHU ULVNLQJ WKH
JHQHUDWLRQRI3,,)RUH[DPSOHSURJUDPVVXFKDVWKH³%OXH%XWWRQ´LQLWLD
WLYH DOORZ SDWLHQWV WR GLUHFWO\ GRZQORDG WKHLU SHUVRQDO KHDOWK UHFRUGV 2QFH GRZQORDGHG PDQ\ RI WKHVH UHFRUGV ORVH WKH SURWHFWLRQV DIIRUGHG WR
WKHPE\IHGHUDOKHDOWKSULYDF\VWDWXWHVVXFKDVWKH+HDOWK,QVXUDQFH3RUWD
ELOLW\DQG$FFRXQWDELOLW\$FW+,3$$RIDQGWKH+HDOWK,QIRUPDWLRQ
7HFKQRORJ\ IRU (FRQRPLF DQG &OLQLFDO +HDOWK +,7(&+ $FW RI See 6KDURQD+RIIPDQ$QG\3RGJXUVNLIn Sickness, Health, and Cyberspace: Protecting
the Security of Electronic Private Health Information %& / 5(9 ± GLV
FXVVLQJ YDULRXV PHDQV XVHG WR FRPSLOH SHUVRQDO KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ KDFNHUV IRUHLJQ
GDWD SURFHVVHV SXEOLF UHFRUGV DQG FRQVXPHU SXUFKDVH LQIRUPDWLRQ see also 1LFRODV 3 7HUU\
Big Data Proxies and Health Privacy Exceptionalism ± ,QG 8QLY 5REHUW + 0F.LQQH\
6FKRI/DZ5HVHDUFK3DSHU3DSHU1Ravailable at KWWSSDSHUVVVUQFRPVRO
SDSHUVFIP"DEVWUDFWBLG archived at KWWSSHUPDFF/=7&)3QRWLQJWKDWWKLVH[SDQ
VLRQLQWKHKHDOWKFDUHLQGXVWU\KDVIRFXVHGRQPDNLQJWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHWRWKHLQGLYLGXDO
UDWKHUWKDQWRKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUV
See Report Finds Correlation Between Health Data Breaches, Fraud Cases,+($/7+%($7
$SU KWWSZZZLKHDOWKEHDWRUJDUWLFOHVUHSRUWILQGVFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ
KHDOWKGDWDEUHDFKHVIUDXGFDVHVDVS[archived at KWWSSHUPDFF6$0=$.+
7HUU\ supraQRWHDW
Id.
See Your Health Records: About Blue Button +($/7+,7*29 KWWSZZZKHDOWKLWJRY
SDWLHQWVIDPLOLHVEOXHEXWWRQDERXWEOXHEXWWRQ archived at KWWSSHUPDFF6&3 ODVW YLV
LWHG'HF
See 7HUU\ supra QRWHDW+,3$$HQDFWHGDUHJLPHRISULYDF\DQGVHFXULW\UHJXOD
WLRQVIRUWKHKHDOWKFDUHLQGXVWU\WKDWZHUHODWHUDXJPHQWHGE\WKH+,7(&+$FWSee+,3$$3XE
/1R6WDWFRGLILHGDVDPHQGHGLQVFDWWHUHGVHFWLRQVRIDQG
86&+,7(&+3XE/1R6WDWFRGLILHGDVDPHQGHGLQVFDWWHUHG
VHFWLRQV RI 86& 7KRPDV 5 0F/HDQ $OH[DQGHU % 0F/HDQ Dependence on Cyberscribes—Issues in e-Security-%867(&+/±-R(OO\Q6DNRZLW].OHLQHW
DOHealth Sector Braces for Wide Impact of the New HITECH Omnibus Rule,17(// 3523
7(&+ /- 5HFHQWO\ DQ RPQLEXV UXOH ZDV HQDFWHG RYHUKDXOLQJ WKLV H[LVWLQJ
UHJLPH²DQG HVVHQWLDOO\ V\QWKHVL]LQJ DQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKHVH SURWHFWLRQV .OHLQ HW DO supra DW
0RGLILFDWLRQVWRWKH+,3$$3ULYDF\6HFXULW\(QIRUFHPHQWDQG%UHDFK1RWLILFDWLRQ5XOHV
)HG5HJ-DQWREHFRGLILHGDW&)5SWV7KLVQHZUXOHVHWV
RXWVHFXULW\VWDQGDUGVE\ZKLFKKHDOWKSODQVKHDOWKFDUHFOHDULQJKRXVHVDQGKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUV
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
2WKHUVHOIKHOSKHDOWKDQGILWQHVVDSSURDFKHVVXFKDV³4XDQWLILHG6HOI´DQG
³3DWLHQWV/LNH0H´JHQHUDWHGDWDVHWVWKDWKHOSLGHQWLI\RUSUHGLFWKHDOWKDW
WULEXWHV :KHQWKHVHGDWDVHWVDUHFURVVUHIHUHQFHGZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOKHDOWK
LQIRUPDWLRQDV%LJ'DWDLVGHVLJQHGWRGRLWLVSRVVLEOHWRJHQHUDWHDGH
WDLOHGSLFWXUHDERXWDSHUVRQ¶VKHDOWKLQFOXGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQWKHSHUVRQPD\
QHYHU KDYH GLVFORVHG WR D KHDOWK FDUH SURYLGHU %\ FRPELQLQJ WKH XVH RI
WKHVHGDWDVHWVZLWKSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFV%LJ'DWDFDQGUDPDWLFDOO\LQFUHDVH
WKHDPRXQWRIUHODWHGGDWDWKDWPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGSULYDWH %XWWKHVHSULYDF\SUREOHPVJREH\RQGMXVWLQFUHDVLQJWKHDPRXQWDQG
VFRSHRISRWHQWLDOO\SULYDWHLQIRUPDWLRQ%DVHGRQH[LVWLQJSXEOLFO\DYDLOD
EOH LQIRUPDWLRQ %LJ 'DWD¶V SURFHVVHV FDQ JHQHUDWH D SUHGLFWLYH PRGHO RI
ZKDWKDVDKLJKSUREDELOLW\RIEHLQJ3,,HVVHQWLDOO\imaginingDQLQGLYLGX
DO¶VGDWD)RUH[DPSOHLQWKHNew York Times DUWLFOHDERXW7DUJHWSUHGLFWLQJ
SUHJQDQF\ 7DUJHW KDG QHYHUFROOHFWHGGDWDVKRZLQJWKDWDQ\SDUWLFXODU IH
PDOHFXVWRPHUZDVSUHJQDQW²DIDFWWKDWPRVWSHRSOHZRXOGDOPRVWDVVXU
HGO\FRQVLGHUWREHYHU\SHUVRQDODQGLQWLPDWHLQIRUPDWLRQ ,QVWHDG7DUJHW
SUHGLFWHGWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUHWKHSUHGLFWLRQZDVMXVWDVSHUVRQ
DOO\ VHQVLWLYH DV LI LW KDGEHHQFROOHFWHGRUVKDUHGLQDSSURSULDWHO\7DUJHW
DOVRXVHGWKHSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\LQIRUPDWLRQLQDVLPLODUO\SHUVRQDOO\VHQVL
WLYH PDQQHU E\ H[SORLWLQJ LW IRU PDUNHWLQJ SXUSRVHV 1HYHUWKHOHVV EH
FDXVHLWGLGQRWFROOHFWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPDQ\ILUVWRUWKLUGSDUW\7DUJHW
KDGQRREOLJDWLRQXQGHUFXUUHQWSULYDF\UHJLPHVWRJLYHQRWLFHWRRUJDWKHU
FRQVHQWIURPLWVFXVWRPHUVLQWKHVDPHZD\WKDWGLUHFWFROOHFWLRQSURWRFROV
UHTXLUH ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ WKLV LV OLNHO\ WR OHDG WR D
PXVW FRPSO\ Id. DW 6XFK VWDQGDUGV LQFOXGH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SK\VLFDO DQG WHFKQLFDO VDIH
JXDUGVWRWKHHOHFWURQLFVWRUDJHRISURWHFWHGKHDOWKLQIRUPDWLRQId.DW±
See7HUU\supraQRWHDW±³4XDQWLILHG6HOI´LVDSURJUDPWKDWDOORZVSDWLHQWVWR
WUDFNWKHLUDFWLYLW\DQGRWKHUKHDOWKLQSXWVVXFKDVKHDUWUDWHDQGR[\JHQOHYHOVWRLPSURYHWKHLU
OLIHVW\OHVSee Quantified Self: Self Knowledge Through Numbers48$17,),('6(/)KWWSZZZ
TXDQWLILHGVHOIFRParchived at KWWSSHUPDFF98=;%-1ODVWYLVLWHG-DQ6LPLODU
O\ ³3DWLHQWV/LNH0H´ DOORZV WKRVH OLYLQJ ZLWK KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV FDQFHU DQG GLDEHWHV WR
VKDUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHLUWUHDWPHQWDQGV\PSWRPVLQRUGHUWRDJJUHJDWHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGSUR
YLGHVXJJHVWLRQVIRUSRVVLEOHVWHSVSee About Us3$7,(176/,.(0(KWWSZZZSDWLHQWVOLNHPH
FRPDERXWarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF(6$<=ODVWYLVLWHG-DQ
Counting Every Moment (&2120,67 0D\ KWWSZZZHFRQRPLVWFRPQRGH
archived at KWWSSHUPDFF<:=3
Seegenerally 3DXO6FKZDUW]'DQ6RORYHThe PII Problem: Privacy and a New Concept
of Personally Identifiable Information1<8/5(9DUJXLQJIRUDPRUHIOH[L
EOH DSSURDFK WR 3,, WKDW WUDFNV WKH ³ULVN RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ´ DORQJ D VSHFWUXP DQG DWWULEXWLQJ WKH
VKRUWFRPLQJVRIWKHFXUUHQW3,,DSSURDFKWRWKHLQFUHDVHRI3,,JHQHUDWHGE\%LJ'DWD
'XKLJJsupra QRWH†0DJD]LQHDW
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.see infra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[WGLVFXVVLQJFXUUHQWUHJXODWLRQVRISULYDF\
LQIRUPDWLRQ
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
VXUJHLQWKHXVHRI%LJ'DWDWRFUHDWH³VXUURJDWH´KHDOWKGDWDEHFDXVHRILWV
OHVVUHJXODWHGQDWXUH 0RUHRYHU WKH QDWXUH RI %LJ 'DWD¶V G\QDPLF DQDO\WLFDO WRROV LV VXFK
WKDWWKHSULYDF\SUREOHPVRISUHGLFWLYHDOJRULWKPVDUHRIWHQWKHPVHOYHVXQ
SUHGLFWDEOHDQGWKHLUHIIHFWVPD\QRWHYHQEHIXOO\XQGHUVWRRGE\WKHLUSUR
JUDPPHUV $VFRPSXWHUVFLHQWLVWVKDYHVKRZQLQPDQ\FRQWH[WVLWLVimpossible WR JXDUDQWHH GLIIHUHQWLDO SULYDF\ ZKHQ XVLQJ D OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP
WKDWGUDZVGDWDIURPDFRQWLQXRXVGLVWULEXWLRQ ,QRWKHUZRUGVZHFDQQRW
NQRZLQDGYDQFHH[DFWO\ ZKHQ D OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP ZLOO SUHGLFW3,,DERXW
DQ LQGLYLGXDO WKHUHIRUH ZH FDQQRW SUHGLFW ZKHUH DQG ZKHQ WR DVVHPEOH
SULYDF\SURWHFWLRQVDURXQGWKDWGDWD:KHQDSUHJQDQWWHHQDJHULVVKRSSLQJ
IRU YLWDPLQV FRXOG VKH SUHGLFW WKDW DQ\ SDUWLFXODU YLVLW RU SXUFKDVH ZRXOG
WULJJHU D UHWDLOHU¶V DOJRULWKPV WR IODJ KHU DV D SUHJQDQW FXVWRPHU" $QG DW
ZKDW SRLQW ZRXOG LW KDYH EHHQ DSSURSULDWH WR JLYH QRWLFH DQG UHTXHVW KHU
FRQVHQW"
6RKRZH[DFWO\GRHVRQHGHILQHWKLVW\SHRISULYDF\SUREOHP"7KHIRO
ORZLQJH[DPSOHVKLJKOLJKWWKHSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVRI%LJ'DWD 1RW
RQO\ GRHV %LJ 'DWD¶V XVH KDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR FLUFXPYHQW H[LVWLQJ DQWL
GLVFULPLQDWLRQUHJXODWLRQVEXWLWPD\DOVROHDGWRSULYDF\EUHDFKHVLQKHDOWK
FDUHDQGODZHQIRUFHPHQW
3UHGLFWLYH3ULYDF\DQG'LVFULPLQDWRU\3UDFWLFHV
3UHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVFDQPDQLIHVWDVGLVFULPLQDWRU\SUDFWLFHVWKDW
FLUFXPYHQWFXUUHQWUHJXODWLRQV)RUGHFDGHVWKHUHKDYHEHHQODZVSURKLELW
LQJYDULRXVGLVFULPLQDWRU\SUDFWLFHV,QWKHUHDOHVWDWHLQGXVWU\IRULQVWDQFH
VXFK OHJLVODWLRQ SURKLELWV PDUNHWLQJ WKDW H[FOXGHV UHQWHUV DQG EX\HUV ZKR
IDOO ZLWKLQ UDFLDO JHQGHU RU UHOLJLRXV FDWHJRULHV 7KLV OHJLVODWLRQ ZRUNV
7HUU\ supra QRWH DW ± %LJ 'DWD¶V DELOLW\ WR V\QWKHVL]H SUHYLRXVO\ DYDLODEOH LQ
IRUPDWLRQIURPYDULRXVGDWDVHWVVLPLODUO\WKUHDWHQVSULYDF\E\HQDEOLQJWKH³UHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ´RI
SHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQRULGHQWLWLHVWKDWKDYHEHHQVWULSSHGDZD\See generally $UYLQG1DUD\DQDQ
9LWDO\6KPDWLNRYRobust De-Anonymization of Large Sparse Datasets ,((( 6<0321
6(& 35,9$&< GHPRQVWUDWLQJ YLD DQ DQRQ\PRXV 1HWIOL[ XVHU GDWDEDVH WKDWXVHUV PD\ EH
LGHQWLILHG ZLWK DV IHZ DV ILYH SHUVRQDO DWWULEXWHV 3DXO 2KP Broken Promises of Privacy: Responding to the Surprising Failure of Anonymization8&/$ / 5(9KLJKOLJKW
LQJWKHHDVHRIUHLGHQWLI\LQJDQRQ\PRXVGDWDVHWVGLVFXVVLQJKRZWKLVKDUPVFXUUHQWSULYDF\ODZ
DQGVXJJHVWLQJVROXWLRQV
.DPDOLND&KDXGKXUL'DQLHO+VXSample Complexity Bounds for Differentially Private
Learning-0/5:25.6+23&21)352&±
Id.
See infra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[W
See 7KH)DLU+RXVLQJ$FWRI86&†F7KH)DLU+RXVLQJ$FWRI
SURKLELWV WKH PDNLQJ SULQWLQJ RU SXEOLFDWLRQ RI DQ\ ³QRWLFH VWDWHPHQW RU DGYHUWLVHPHQW
ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHVDOHRUUHQWDORIDGZHOOLQJWKDWLQGLFDWHVDQ\SUHIHUHQFHOLPLWDWLRQRUGLVFULP
LQDWLRQ EDVHG RQUDFH FRORU UHOLJLRQ VH[KDQGLFDS IDPLOLDO VWDWXV RU QDWLRQDO RULJLQ´ Id. )XU
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
EHFDXVH WKHUH DUH FHUWDLQ PRPHQWV LQ WKH OLIH F\FOH RI KRXVLQJ DGYHUWLVH
PHQWVWKDWFDQDFWDVIODVKSRLQWV IRU HQIRUFHPHQW (QIRUFHUVFDQPRQLWRU
SXEOLVKHGKRXVLQJDGYHUWLVHPHQWVE\SDUWLFXODUODQGORUGVLQVSHFLILFPHGLD
DQG FKHFN IRU XVH RI H[SOLFLW ODQJXDJH LQGLFDWLYH RI GLVFULPLQDWRU\ LQWHQW
VXFKDV³IHPDOHUHQWHUVSUHIHUUHG´ (QIRUFHPHQWFDVHVLQYROYHSUHVHQWLQJ
WKHWH[WRIWKHDGYHUWLVHPHQWWRWKHDGMXGLFDWRUDORQJZLWKRWKHUHYLGHQFHRI
LQWHQW 7KHXVHRI%LJ'DWDPD\DOORZODQGORUGVDQGUHDOHVWDWHFRPSDQLHVWR
VKLIW DZD\ IURP JHQHUDO DGYHUWLVLQJ LQ PHGLD RXWOHWV DQG FLUFXPYHQW DQWL
GLVFULPLQDWLRQ HQIRUFHPHQW PHFKDQLVPV E\ LVRODWLQJ FRUUHODWLYH DWWULEXWHV
WKDWWKH\FDQXVHDVDSUR[\IRUWUDLWVVXFKDVUDFHRUJHQGHU6XFKSUHGLFWLYH
SUDFWLFHV DOUHDG\ RFFXU LQ RWKHU LQGXVWULHV ZLWK WKH SRZHU RI %LJ 'DWD 7KLVFDQEHSDUWO\DWWULEXWHGWR%LJ'DWD¶VDELOLW\WRJHQHUDWHDGHWDLOHGSLF
WXUHRILQGLYLGXDOVZLWKHYHQGLVFUHWHRQOLQHDFWLYLW\VXFKDV³OLNLQJ´WKLQJV
RQ)DFHERRN )RUH[DPSOHLQWKHFUHGLWORDQLQGXVWU\IHGHUDOUHJXODWLRQV
WKHUPRUH †D SURKLELWV ³RWKHUZLVH PDN>LQJ@ XQDYDLODEOH RU GHQ\>LQJ@ D GZHOOLQJ WR DQ\
SHUVRQ EHFDXVH RI UDFH FRORU UHOLJLRQ VH[ IDPLOLDO VWDWXV RU QDWLRQDO RULJLQ´ Id. †D
:KHWKHU XVLQJ %LJ 'DWD WR JHQHUDWH SURILOHV WKDW GH IDFWR GLVFULPLQDWH XQGHU †D ZRXOG
YLRODWH †F LV XQNQRZQ DQG SUHVXPDEO\ XQOLNHO\ JLYHQ WKH LQWHQW UHTXLUHPHQW See id.
†F
See 6WHSKHQ&ROOLQV&RPPHQWSaving Fair Housing on the Internet: The Case for Amending the Communications Decency Act 1: 8 / 5(9 ± KLJKOLJKWLQJ WKH GH
FOLQHLQ†F¶VHIIHFWLYHQHVVLQSUHYHQWLQJKRXVLQJGLVFULPLQDWLRQDQGDWWULEXWLQJWKLVWUHQGWR
WKHULVHRIQHZWHFKQRORJLHVIRUDGYHUWLVLQJ
See generally)DLU+RXV&RXQFLOY5RRPPDWHVFRP//&)GWK&LU
QRWLQJWKDWDURRPPDWHVHDUFKVHUYLFH¶VUHTXLUHPHQWIRUXVHUVWRGLVFORVHVH[VH[XDORULHQWDWLRQ
DQG IDPLO\ VWDWXV PD\ EH GLVFULPLQDWRU\ DQG YLRODWLYH RI WKH )DLU +RXVLQJ $FW &KL /DZ\HUV¶
&RPPIRU&LYLO5LJKWV8QGHU/DZ,QFY&UDLJVOLVW,QF)GWK&LUQRWLQJ
WKDWWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIKRXVLQJDGYHUWLVHPHQWVSURKLELWLQJPLQRULWLHVDQGFKLOGUHQPD\EHGLVFULP
LQDWRU\DQGYLRODWLYHRIWKH)DLU+RXVLQJ$FW
See generally, e.g. +RXV2SSRUWXQLWLHV0DGH(TXDO,QFY&LQFLQQDWL(QTXLUHU,QF
)G WK &LU FRQVLGHULQJ HYLGHQFH RI DGYHUWLVHPHQWV WKDW IHDWXUHG SUHGRPLQDQWO\
ZKLWHPRGHOVDVGLVFULPLQDWRU\DQGOLDEOHXQGHU†F5DJLQY1<7LPHV&R)G
G &LU VDPH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y +XQWHU )G WK &LU FRQVLGHULQJ
HYLGHQFHRIQHZVSDSHUDGYHUWLVHPHQWVWKDWGHVFULEHGUHQWDODVD³ZKLWHKRPH´DVGLVFULPLQDWRU\
DQGOLDEOHXQGHU†F
See generally -26(3+ 7852:7+( '$,/< <28 +2:7+( 1(: $'9(57,6,1* ,1'8675<
,6'(),1,1*<285,'(17,7<$1'<285:257+GLVFXVVLQJKRZPHGLDLQFOXGLQJDGYHU
WLVHPHQWVDQGHQWHUWDLQPHQWXVHV%LJ'DWDWRDFTXLUHDQGFUHDWHLQGLYLGXDOSURILOHVIRUFRQVXP
HUV
Seegenerally :RRGURZ+DUW]RJ(YDQ6HOLQJHUBig Data in Small Hands 67$1 /
5(9 21/,1(KWWSZZZVWDQIRUGODZUHYLHZRUJRQOLQHSULYDF\DQGELJGDWDELJGDWD
VPDOOKDQGVarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF%39*7/KLJKOLJKWLQJ%LJ'DWD¶VSRZHUWRJHQHUDWH
KLJKO\GHWDLOHGLQGLYLGXDOSURILOHVZLWKOLWWOHVRFLDOPHGLDLQIRUPDWLRQ0LFKDHO.RVLQVNLHWDO
Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior 352&1$7¶/$&$'6&,ILQGLQJWKDW³KLJKO\VHQVLWLYHSHUVRQDODWWULEXWHV´FRXOGEH
SUHGLFWHGZLWKKLJKGHJUHHVRIVXFFHVVIURP³)DFHERRN/LNHV´
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
SURKLELWGLVFULPLQDWLRQLQDFFHVVWRFUHGLW 'HVSLWHWKHVHUHJXODWLRQVFRP
SDQLHV KDYH XWLOL]HG %LJ 'DWD PRGHOV WR LGHQWLI\ DQG DYRLG ,QWHUQHW XVHUV
ZLWKORZFUHGLWVFRUHVZKHQSRVWLQJDGYHUWLVHPHQWVIRUORDQV $FFRUGLQJO\ %LJ 'DWD PD\ HOLPLQDWH KRXVLQJ VXSSOLHUV¶ QHHG WR GLV
FORVH WKHLU SRWHQWLDOO\ GLVFULPLQDWRU\ SUHIHUHQFHV LQ WKHLU DGYHUWLVHPHQWV
,QVWHDGWKHKRXVLQJSURYLGHUVFRXOGGHVLJQDQDOJRULWKPWRSUHGLFWWKHUHOH
YDQW 3,, RI SRWHQWLDO EX\HUV RU UHQWHUV DQG DGYHUWLVH WKH SURSHUWLHV RQO\ WR
WKRVH ZKR ILW WKHVH SURILOHV ,Q WKH KRXVLQJ PDUNHW SURYLGHUV PD\ DGRSW
WKHVH SUDFWLFHV DQG LQFUHDVLQJO\ UHO\ RQ SXEOLFO\ DYDLODEOH SHUVRQDO LQIRU
PDWLRQWRJHQHUDWHWKHVHSURILOHV-XVWDV%LJ'DWDPD\EHXVHGWRSUHYHQW
FDQGLGDWHVIURPVHHLQJORDQVWKDWPLJKWEHDGYDQWDJHRXVWRWKHPKRXVLQJ
VXSSOLHUV FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ XVH%LJ'DWDWR GLVFULPLQDWH DOO ZKLOH FLUFXP
YHQWLQJWKHIDLUKRXVLQJODZV %LJ 'DWD¶V DELOLW\ WR GLVFULPLQDWH ZKLOH PDQHXYHULQJ DURXQG SULYDF\
UHJXODWLRQVFRPHVIURPLWVPHWKRGRORJ\1RWRQO\FDQPDVVLYHDPRXQWVRI
RQOLQHEHKDYLRUEHFROOHFWHGDQGDVVHVVHGWRFRPSXWHWKHSUREDELOLWLHVRIDQ
LQGLYLGXDO¶VSDUWLFXODUGHPRJUDSKLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFEXWWKDWSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\
VLVFDQDOVREHFRPHDIRUPRI3,,LWVHOI 0RUHRYHUWKLVSURFHVVFDQSUHGLFW
KLJKO\ LQWLPDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ HYHQ LI QRQH RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO SLHFHV RI GDWD
FRXOGEHGHILQHGDV3,, $OWKRXJKWKHVHSUHGLFWLYHSURFHVVHVPD\JHQHUDWH
DQ LQDFFXUDWH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ VXFK SURFHVVHV QHYHUWKHOHVV FUHDWH D PRGHO
RI SRVVLEOH SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG DVVRFLDWH LW ZLWK DQ LQGLYLGXDO $F
FRUGLQJO\KDUPVFDQUHVXOWUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHPRGHO¶VDFFXUDF\
See(TXDO&UHGLW2SSRUWXQLW\$FW(&2$86&††±I
0LFKDHO)HUWLNThe Rich See a Different Internet Than the Poor6&, $0)HE
KWWSZZZVFLHQWLILFDPHULFDQFRPDUWLFOHFIP"LG ULFKVHHGLIIHUHQWLQWHUQHWWKDQWKHSRRU archived
at KWWSSHUPDFF3&:*%'%VWDWLQJWKDWLI%LJ'DWDDQDO\VLVLQGLFDWHVDSRRUFUHGLWUHFRUGIRU
WKHXVHU³\RXZRQ¶WHYHQVHHDFUHGLWRIIHUIURPOHDGLQJOHQGLQJLQVWLWXWLRQVDQG\RXZRQ¶WUHDOL]H
WKDWORDQVDUHDYDLODEOHWRKHOS\RXZLWK\RXUFXUUHQWSHUVRQDORUSURIHVVLRQDOSULRULWLHV´
Cf.$OLVWDLU&UROOBig Data Is Our Generation’s Civil Rights Issue, and We Don’t Know It
62/9()25 ,17(5(67,1* -XO\ 30 KWWSVROYHIRULQWHUHVWLQJFRPELJGDWDLVRXU
JHQHUDWLRQVFLYLOULJKWVLVVXHDQGZHGRQWNQRZLW archived at KWWSSHUPDFF'74&: LOOXV
WUDWLQJKRZ%LJ'DWDFDQEHXVHGIRUGLVFULPLQDWRU\SXUSRVHV$OLVWDLU&UROOFollowup on Big Data
and Civil Rights 62/9( )25 ,17(5(67,1* $XJ $0 KWWSVROYHIRULQWHUHVWLQJ
FRPIROORZXSRQELJGDWDDQGFLYLOULJKWVarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF=3.1*)&VDPH
See 7HQH3RORQHWVN\supraQRWHDWVXJJHVWLQJWKDW7DUJHWKDGJHQHUDWHGVHQVL
WLYHSHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQE\XVLQJ%LJ'DWD¶VSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFVZKHQLWGHWHUPLQHGWKDWDWHHQ
ZDVSUHJQDQW
See 6FKZDUW]6RORYHsupra QRWHDW±H[SODLQLQJKRZ%LJ'DWDFDQWUDQVIHU
SUHYLRXVO\DQRQ\PRXVGDWDLQWR3,,WKURXJKUHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ
See &\QWKLD'ZRUN'HLUGUH0XOOLJDQIt’s Not Privacy, and It’s Not Fair67$1 /
5(9 21/,1( ± KWWSZZZVWDQIRUGODZUHYLHZRUJRQOLQHSULYDF\DQGELJGDWD
LWVQRWSULYDF\DQGLWVQRWIDLUarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF;(;6,DQ.HUU-HVVLFD(DUOH
Prediction, Preemption, Presumption: How Big Data Threatens Big Picture Privacy67$1/
5(9 21/,1( KWWSZZZVWDQIRUGODZUHYLHZRUJRQOLQHSULYDF\DQGELJGDWDSUH
GLFWLRQSUHHPSWLRQSUHVXPSWLRQarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF&;89
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
+HDOWK$QDO\WLFVDQG3HUVRQDOL]HG0HGLFLQH
$VRQHQRWHGKHDOWKODZVFKRODUKDVZULWWHQPDQ\FRQVLGHUWHFKQRORJ\
SLYRWDO WR DGGUHVVLQJ LVVXHV LQ KHDOWK FDUH EHFDXVHWHFKQRORJ\¶V UDSLG SUR
JUHVV KDV IDFLOLWDWHG DIIRUGDEOH DQG HDV\ DFFHVV WR UHVHDUFK DGYDQFHPHQWV
DQG SDWLHQW UHFRUGV *LYHQ WKHVH EHQHILWV WKH XVH RI %LJ 'DWD LQ KHDOWK
FDUH VHHPV SDUWLFXODUO\ DWWUDFWLYH 6RPH HYHQ SUHGLFW WKDW LW ZLOO EULQJ
IRUWK ³SHUVRQDOL]HG PHGLFLQH´²DQDO\]LQJ ODUJH GDWD VHWV RI SDWLHQW LQIRU
PDWLRQ WR PDNH GLDJQRVWLF SUHGLFWLRQV DQG WUHDWPHQW VXJJHVWLRQV 1RQH
WKHOHVVVLPLODULVVXHVWRWKRVHSUHYLRXVO\GLVFXVVHGDULVHZKHQ%LJ'DWDLV
XVHGWRDGGUHVVKHDOWKSUREOHPV
)RUH[DPSOH%LJ'DWD¶VPHWKRGRORJ\PD\KDUPWKHSULYDF\RIKHDOWKLQ
IRUPDWLRQ6XFKSHUVRQDOL]HGPRGHOVZRXOGUHTXLUH%LJ'DWDSUDFWLFHVWRDF
FHVV YHU\ GHWDLOHG SHUVRQDO KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW DQ LQGLYLGXDO DV ZHOO DV
WKRXVDQGV RI RWKHUV¶ SURILOHV IRU FRPSDULVRQ7KH JHQHUDWHG SUHGLFWLRQV DQG
WUHDWPHQWVXJJHVWLRQVZRXOGEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLQGLYLGXDOLQWKHVDPHZD\
7HUU\supra QRWHDW7HUU\QRWHV
7HFKQRORJ\QRWVXUSULVLQJO\LVYLHZHGDVKROGLQJWKHVROXWLRQ>WRULVLQJKHDOWKFDUH
FRVWV@ EHFDXVH ³>D@GYDQFHV KDYH PDGH YDVW FRPSXWDWLRQDO SRZHU DIIRUGDEOH DQG
ZLGHO\ DYDLODEOH ZKLOH LPSURYHPHQWV LQ FRQQHFWLYLW\ KDYH DOORZHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WR
EH DFFHVVLEOH LQ UHDO WLPH YLUWXDOO\ DQ\ZKHUH´ DIIRUGLQJ ³WKH SRWHQWLDO WR LPSURYH
KHDOWKFDUHE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHUHDFKRIUHVHDUFKNQRZOHGJHSURYLGLQJDFFHVVWRFOLQL
FDOUHFRUGVZKHQDQGZKHUHQHHGHGDQGDVVLVWLQJSDWLHQWVDQGSURYLGHUVLQPDQDJ
LQJFKURQLFGLVHDVHV´
Id. DOWHUDWLRQ LQ RULJLQDO TXRWLQJ ,167 2) 0(' %(67 &$5( $7 /2:(5 &267 7+( 3$7+ 72
&217,18286/</($51,1*+($/7+&$5(,1$0(5,&$0DUN6PLWKHWDOHGV
Id.
1DUJHV %DQL $VDGL The Personalized Medicine Revolution Is Almost Here 9(1785(%($7
-DQ30KWWSYHQWXUHEHDWFRPWKHSHUVRQDOL]HGPHGLFLQHUHYROXWLRQ
LVDOPRVWKHUHarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF/-3=/3UHVV5HOHDVH'HS¶WIRU%XV,QQRYDWLRQ
6NLOOV DQG 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU¶V 2IILFH £30 Million Investment in Health Research Centre to Tackle
Major Diseases 0D\ KWWSVZZZJRYXNJRYHUQPHQWQHZVPLOOLRQLQYHVWPHQWLQ
KHDOWKUHVHDUFKFHQWUHWRWDFNOHPDMRUGLVHDVHVH[SUHVVLQJWKH3ULPH0LQLVWHU¶VEHOLHILQ%LJ'DWD¶V
SURPLVHIRUKHDOWKFDUHsee also7HUU\ supra QRWHDW³,WZLOOQRWEHORQJXQWLOSDWLHQWOHYHO
LQIRUPDWLRQLVFRPELQHGZLWKODUJHH[LVWLQJGDWDVHWV>WKDW@ZLOOJHQHUDWHIDUPRUHDFFXUDWHSUHGLFWLYH
PRGHOLQJ SHUVRQDOL]DWLRQ RI FDUH DVVHVVPHQW RI TXDOLW\ DQG YDOXH IRU PDQ\ PRUH FRQGLWLRQV DQG
KHOSSURYLGHUVEHWWHUPDQDJHSRSXODWLRQKHDOWKDQGULVNEDVHGUHLPEXUVHPHQWDSSURDFKHV´TXRWLQJ
5REHUW .RFKHU %U\DQ 5REHUWV Meaningful Use of Health IT Stage 2: The Broader Meaning
+($/7+ $)) %/2* 0DU30KWWSKHDOWKDIIDLUVRUJEORJPHDQLQJIXO
XVHRIKHDOWKLWVWDJHWKHEURDGHUPHDQLQJarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF-3.8
6DUDK$'RZQH\How to Use 23andMe Without Giving Up Your Genetic Privacy9(1
785(%($76HSW$0KWWSYHQWXUHEHDWFRPKRZWRXVHDQGPH
ZLWKRXWJLYLQJXS\RXUJHQHWLFSULYDF\ archived at KWWSSHUPDFF6==+% See generally
$1'0(KWWSZZZDQGPHFRParchived at KWWSSHUPDFF0)=%+ODVWYLVLWHG'HF
SURYLGLQJDQH[DPSOHRIDJHQHWLFWHVWLQJFRPSDQ\WKDWUHOLHVRQ%LJ'DWDPHWKRGRORJ\
3(5621$/ *(120( 352-(&7KWWSZZZSHUVRQDOJHQRPHVRUJarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF&6)
$):ODVWYLVLWHG'HFSURYLGLQJDQH[DPSOHRIDODUJHVFDOHSHUVRQDOJHQRPLFVVWXG\
WKDWUHOLHVRQ%LJ'DWDPHWKRGRORJ\
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
DV3,,$VRQHQRWHGKHDOWKVFKRODUHPSKDVL]HV+,3$$+,7(&+¶VVHFXULW\DQG
SULYDF\VWDQGDUGVIRUHOHFWURQLFKHDOWKUHFRUGVDSSO\WRHQWLWLHVRIKHDOWKSODQV
KHDOWKFDUHFOHDULQJKRXVHVDQGKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUVLQFRQWUDVWLWLVXQFOHDU
ZKHWKHUWKHVHUHJXODWLRQVZLOODSSO\WRRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWDUHQRWVRFKDUDFWHU
L]HGEXWZKRVWLOOUHFHLYHSHUVRQDOKHDOWKLQIRUPDWLRQIURPLQGLYLGXDOVRUE\
JHQHUDWLQJ LW WKURXJK %LJ 'DWD7KXV HYHQ KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ²RQH RI WKH
PRVWKLJKO\SURWHFWHGW\SHVRISHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ²ZLOOEHLQFUHDVLQJO\YXO
QHUDEOHLQWKHFRQWH[WRI%LJ'DWDDQGSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFV
3UHGLFWLYH3ROLFLQJ
/DZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQFLHVWKURXJKRXWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDUHWXUQLQJWR
SUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJPRGHOVRI%LJ'DWDLQWKHKRSHVWKDWWKH\ZLOOVKLQHLQ
YHVWLJDWLYH OLJKW RQ XQVROYHG FDVHV RU KHOS SUHYHQW IXWXUH FULPHV 7KLV
PRGHOXVHVWKHGDWHWLPHW\SHDQGORFDWLRQRIUHFHQWFULPHVDQGFRPELQHV
WKDWGDWDZLWKKLVWRULFDOFULPHGDWDWRLGHQWLI\³KRWVSRWV´WKDWEHFRPHWKH
IRFXVRIRIILFHUSDWUROV %LJ'DWD¶VDELOLW\WRDQDO\]HODUJHDPRXQWVRIGDWDPD\OHDGWRSUHGLF
WLYH SULYDF\ KDUPV IRU LQGLYLGXDOV WDUJHWHG E\ ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW :LWK %LJ
'DWDLWWDNHVYHU\OLWWOHWRFRQQHFWWLPHSODFHDQGORFDWLRQZLWKLQGLYLGX
DOVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQFRPELQHGZLWKRWKHUGDWDVHWV 0RUHRYHUWKHSUHGLF
WLRQVWKDWWKHVHSROLFLQJDOJRULWKPVPDNH²WKDWSDUWLFXODUJHRJUDSKLFDUHDV
DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR KDYH FULPH²ZLOO VXUHO\ SURGXFH PRUH DUUHVWV LQ WKRVH
DUHDVE\GLUHFWLQJSROLFHWRSDWUROWKHP 7KLVLQWXUQZLOOJHQHUDWHPRUH
7HUU\supra QRWHDWTXHVWLRQLQJWKHYDOXHRI+,3$$+,7(&+SURWHFWLRQVZKLFK
DUH³GHVLJQHGWRNHHSXQDXWKRUL]HGGDWDDJJUHJDWRUVRXWRIRXUPHGLFDOUHFRUGV´ZKHQ%LJ'DWD
³DOORZVWKHFUHDWLRQRIVXUURJDWHSURILOHVRIRXUPHGLFDOVHOYHV´see 0RGLILFDWLRQVWRWKH+,3$$
3ULYDF\6HFXULW\(QIRUFHPHQWDQG%UHDFK1RWLILFDWLRQ5XOHV)HG5HJ-DQ
WREHFRGLILHGDW&)5SWV,QDGGLWLRQWRFLUFXPYHQWLQJSURWHFWHGGRPDLQVHQWLUH
O\ %LJ 'DWD PD\ DOVR EHQHILW IURP RQH RI D QXPEHU RI FDUYHRXWV WR WUDGLWLRQDOO\ SURWHFWHG
+,3$$+,7(&+GRPDLQV7HUU\supra QRWHDW)RUH[DPSOHWKH%LJ'DWDWDVNRI³UXQ
QLQJGDWDDQDO\WLFVDJDLQVWDKRVSLWDO¶V>(OHFWURQLF0HGLFDO5HFRUGV@GDWD´LQRUGHUWR³ORRN>@IRU
GLVHDVHSUHGLFWRUV´PD\EHFDWHJRUL]HGDVD³TXDOLW\LPSURYHPHQWXQGHUµKHDOWKFDUHRSHUDWLRQV¶´
DQGWKHUHIRUHEHH[HPSWIURPUHJXODWLRQId.
See =DFK )ULHQG Predictive Policing: Using Technology to Reduce Crime )%, / (1
)25&(0(17 %8// $SU KWWSZZZIELJRYVWDWVVHUYLFHVSXEOLFDWLRQVODZHQIRUFH
PHQWEXOOHWLQ$SULOSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJXVLQJWHFKQRORJ\WRUHGXFHFULPH archived at KWWS
SHUPDFF'*&('&
Id.
Cf.<YHV$OH[DQGUHGH0RQWMR\HHWDOUnique in the Crowd: The Privacy Bounds of Human Mobility 6&, 5(3 0DU DW KWWSZZZQDWXUHFRPVUHSVUHS
SGIVUHSSGIarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF%8696H[SODLQLQJKRZ%LJ'DWDFDQ
UHLGHQWLI\ PRELOH SKRQH GDWD WR WUDFN LQGLYLGXDOV ([LVWLQJ GDWDEDVHV VXFK DV KLVWRULFDO FULPH
GDWDHQKDQFH%LJ'DWD¶VDELOLW\WRFRQQHFWLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKWKHDYDLODEOHLQIRUPDWLRQ$QGUHZ*
)HUJXVRQPredictive Policing and Reasonable Suspicion(025</-
)HUJXVRQsupra QRWHDW±H[SODLQLQJSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJPRGHOV
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
³KLVWRULFDO FULPH GDWD´ IRU WKRVH DUHDV DQG LQFUHDVH WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI SD
WUROV )RU WKRVH ZKR OLYH WKHUH WKHVH ³KRW VSRWV´ PD\ ZHOO EHFRPH DV
PXFK3,,DVRWKHUGHPRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQ /DZHQIRUFHPHQW¶VXVHRI%LJ'DWDLQRWKHUZD\VPD\VLPLODUO\OHDG
WRDEXVH6LPLODUDQDO\WLFVDUHXVHGLQ³IXVLRQFHQWHUV´²LQIRUPDWLRQKXEV
FUHDWHG E\ WKH 86 'HSDUWPHQW RI +RPHODQG 6HFXULW\ DQG WKH 86 'H
SDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFHWRVKDUHSHUVRQDOGDWDKHOGE\VXFKDJHQFLHVDVWKH&HQ
WUDO,QWHOOLJHQFH$JHQF\)HGHUDO%XUHDXRI,QYHVWLJDWLRQDQGWKHPLOLWDU\ 7KLV DJJUHJDWLRQ RIYDULRXVDJHQFLHV¶GDWDDOORZVODZHQIRUFHPHQW WR SUH
GLFWRUIODJLQGLYLGXDOVDVVXVSLFLRXVRUZRUWK\RILQYHVWLJDWLRQVHDUFKRU
GHWHQWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH DJHQF\¶V RXWOLQHG FULWHULD $V WZR VFKRODUV QRWH
WKLVPHWKRGPD\VRPHWLPHVOHDGWRHUURQHRXVUHVXOWV
,Q RQH FDVH 0DU\ODQG VWDWH SROLFH H[SORLWHG WKHLU DFFHVV WR IXVLRQ
FHQWHUVWRFRQGXFWVXUYHLOODQFHRIKXPDQULJKWVJURXSVSHDFHDFWLY
LVWVDQGGHDWKSHQDOW\RSSRQHQWVRYHUDQLQHWHHQPRQWKSHULRG)LI
W\WKUHH SROLWLFDO DFWLYLVWV HYHQWXDOO\ ZHUH FODVVLILHG DV ³WHUURULVWV´
LQFOXGLQJWZR&DWKROLFQXQVDQGD'HPRFUDWLFFDQGLGDWHIRUORFDORI
ILFH7KHIXVLRQFHQWHUVKDUHGWKHVHHUURQHRXVWHUURULVWFODVVLILFDWLRQV
ZLWKIHGHUDOGUXJHQIRUFHPHQWODZHQIRUFHPHQWGDWDEDVHVDQGWKH
1DWLRQDO6HFXULW\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDOOZLWKRXWDIIRUGLQJWKHLQQRFHQW
WDUJHWVDQ\RSSRUWXQLW\WRNQRZPXFKOHVVFRUUHFWWKHUHFRUG
:KHQFRPELQHGDQGFRQVWUXFWHGLQWRDFRPSRVLWHSUHGLFWLRQRIDSHU
VRQ VXFK DQDO\WLFV KDYH YHU\ VHULRXV FRQVHTXHQFHV IRU SHUVRQDO SULYDF\
)RUH[DPSOHLQLQWKH866XSUHPH&RXUWGHFLVLRQLQUnited States
v. Jones -XVWLFH 6RQLD 6RWRPD\RU¶V FRQFXUULQJ RSLQLRQ H[SUHVVHG VHULRXV
FRQFHUQVDERXWLQYDVLRQVRISULYDF\WKDWFRXOGUHVXOWIURPGLUHFWFROOHFWLRQ
RIPDVVLYHDPRXQWVRISHUVRQDOGDWD²VSHFLILFDOO\WKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VDELOLW\
³WR DVVHPEOH GDWD WKDW UHYHDO SULYDWH DVSHFWV RI LGHQWLW\´ WKURXJK PHDQV
VXFK DV *OREDO 3RVLWLRQ 6\VWHP *36 PRQLWRULQJ 6XFK XQUHVWUDLQHG
JRYHUQPHQWDO SRZHU PD\ EH VXVFHSWLEOH WR DEXVH HQGDQJHU LQGLYLGXDOV¶
ULJKWWRSULYDF\DQGZHDNHQLQGLYLGXDOV¶WUXVWLQJRYHUQPHQW
:LWKSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJWKHJRYHUQPHQWLVQRWRQO\watching and collectingPDVVLYHDPRXQWVRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWLQGLYLGXDOVEXWLWLVDOVRXV
LQJSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFVWRgenerate³GDWDWKDWUHYHDOSULYDWHDVSHFWVRILGHQ
See id.
See id
'DYLG*UD\'DQLHOOH&LWURQThe Right to Quantitative Privacy 0,11/5(9
Id
Id. DWIRRWQRWHVRPLWWHG
8QLWHG6WDWHVY-RQHV6&W6RWRPD\RU-FRQFXUULQJ
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
WLW\´ ZKLFK LV VXEMHFW WR DEXVH LQ VLPLODU ZD\V (YHQ WKH FRPSDQLHV GH
VLJQLQJVRIWZDUHIRUODZHQIRUFHPHQWUHYHDOWKDWWKHLUV\VWHPVGRQRWQHF
HVVDULO\FRQIRUPWRSUDFWLFDORUHWKLFDOVWDQGDUGV $VRQHRIWKHVHFRPSD
QLHV¶IRUPHUSULYDF\RIILFHUVKDVVWDWHG³>*@HHNVOLNHPHFDQGRVWXIIOLNH
WKLVZHFDQPDNHVWXIIZRUN²LW¶VQRWRXUMREWRILJXUHRXWLILW¶VULJKWRU
QRW :H RIWHQ GRQ¶W NQRZ´ 7KLV VRIWZDUH FDQ KDYH SDUWLFXODUO\ KDUPIXO
LPSDFWV RQ UDFLDO SURILOLQJ DQG RWKHU DYHQXHV RI GLVFULPLQDWLRQ )XUWKHU
PRUHLWPD\FLUFXPYHQWWKHJRDORISURJUDPVGHVLJQHGWRSURPRWHUHKDELOL
WDWLRQ DQG UHLQFRUSRUDWLRQ WKURXJK ³&OHDQ 6ODWH´ ODZV :KHUHDV WKHVH
ODZVDOORZFHUWDLQQRQYLROHQWRIIHQGHUVWRH[SXQJHWKHLUFULPLQDOUHFRUGVWR
JDLQ EHWWHU HGXFDWLRQ HPSOR\PHQW DQG KRXVLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV ODZ HQ
IRUFHPHQW¶VXVHRIGDWDDQDO\WLFVPD\UHVXUIDFHWKHVHSULRUFRQYLFWLRQV )XUWKHUPRUH%LJ'DWDZLOOOLNHO\H[DFHUEDWHFXUUHQWFRQFHUQVRISUR
WHFWLQJ )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW ULJKWV LQ OLJKW RI QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV 5HFHQWO\
TXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOOLPLWVRQSXEOLFGDWDVXUYHLOODQFHVXFKDV
WKH*36WUDFNLQJDWLVVXHLQJonesFRQWLQXHWRWHVWWKHFRXUWV¶LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
RI )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW SUHFHGHQWV 7KH JHQHUDWLYH GDWDPDNLQJ SUDFWLFHV
RI %LJ 'DWD ZLOO RQO\ SODFH IXUWKHU VWUDLQ RQ WKHVH LVVXHV EHFDXVH LWV DS
SURDFKHVWRSROLFLQJDQGLQWHOOLJHQFHPD\EHERWKTXDOLWDWLYHO\andTXDQWL
WDWLYHO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHVXUYHLOODQFHDSSURDFKHVDGGUHVVHGLQJones Cf. id.VXJJHVWLQJWKDWJRYHUQPHQWFROOHFWLRQRIPDVVLYHDPRXQWVRISHUVRQDOGDWDLVVXE
MHFW WR DEXVH .HUU (DUOH supra QRWH DW KLJKOLJKWLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV¶ DQG WKH JRYHUQ
PHQW¶VXVHRIH[LVWLQJSHUVRQDOGDWDDQGSUHGLFWLYHDOJRULWKPVWRH[WUDSRODWHFRQFOXVLRQVXQUHODWHG
WRWKDWGDWDSee generally 3DWULFLD/%HOOLDThe Memory Gap in Surveillance Law8&+,/
5(9GHVFULELQJWKHYDULRXVPHWKRGVWKURXJKZKLFKWKHJRYHUQPHQWPD\FROOHFWGDWD
DERXWLQGLYLGXDOV
-RUGDQ5REHUWVRQHow Big Data Could Help Identify the Next Felon—or Blame the Wrong
Guy %/220%(5* $XJ $0 KWWSZZZEORRPEHUJFRPQHZV
KRZELJGDWDFRXOGKHOSLGHQWLI\WKHQH[WIHORQRUEODPHWKHZURQJJX\KWPOarchived at KWWS
SHUPDFF+(4317
Id7KLVSULYDF\RIILFHUKDGZRUNHGDW,QWHOLXVDFRPSDQ\WKDWGHVLJQVVRIWZDUHWRSUHGLFW
ZKHWKHU DQ LQGLYLGXDO ZLOO EH D IHORQZLWK PLQLPDO GDWD DQG FRQVLGHUDEOH SUHGLFWLYH JXHVVZRUN
Id. $OWKRXJK WKH VRIWZDUH FDQ PDNH DFFXUDWH SUHGLFWLRQV LW KDV DOVR JHQHUDWHG VRPH IDOVH SRVL
WLYHVId.
See 6HFRQG &KDQFH $FW RI 86& † 6XSS 9 VHHNLQJ WR UHGXFH
UHFLGLYLVPUDWHVE\SURYLGLQJHPSOR\PHQWKRXVLQJDQGRWKHUDVVLVWDQFHWRQRQYLROHQWFULPLQDO
RIIHQGHUV
See/DKQ\56LOYDClean Slate: Expanding Expungements and Pardons for Non-Violent
Federal Offenders8&,1/5(9±±VWDWLQJWKDWFULPLQDOFRQYLF
WLRQV EDUV LQGLYLGXDOV IURP YDULRXV RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKDW OHJLVODWLRQ GHVLJQHG WR H[SXQJH WKHLU
UHFRUGVPD\GHFUHDVHUHFLGLYLVP
See, e.g.Jones6&WDW8QLWHG6WDWHVY.DW]LQ)G±G&LU
FRQVLGHULQJZKHWKHU*36GDWDPD\EHLQFOXGHGDVHYLGHQFHLIDXWKRULWLHVREWDLQHGWKH*36
ZLWKRXWDZDUUDQW
*UD\&LWURQ supraQRWHDW±
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
& Predictive Privacy Harms Threaten to Marginalize
Traditional Privacy Protections
,QOLJKWRIWKHVHSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVLWLVZRUWKFRQVLGHULQJZKDWDQ
DSSURSULDWHVHWRISULYDF\SURWHFWLRQVPLJKWEHWRDGGUHVVWKHP7UDGLWLRQDOO\
$PHULFDQFLYLOSULYDF\SURWHFWLRQVKDYHIRFXVHGRQUHJXODWLQJWKUHHPDLQDFWLY
LWLHV LQIRUPDWLRQ FROOHFWLRQ SURFHVVLQJ DQG GLVFORVXUH )RU H[DPSOH WKH
(OHFWURQLF &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 3ULYDF\ $FW RI (&3$ SURKLELWV WKH XQDX
WKRUL]HGFROOHFWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFRQWHQWWKH)DLU&UHGLW5HSRUWLQJ$FW
SURKLELWVWKHXVHRIILQDQFLDOUHFRUGVIRUFHUWDLQSXUSRVHVDQGWKH9LGHR3UL
YDF\3URWHFWLRQ$FWRISURKLELWVWKHGLVFORVXUHRIYLGHRUHQWDOUHFRUGV
%LJ 'DWD KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR HOXGH DOO WKUHH RI WKHVH DSSURDFKHV SUL
PDULO\EHFDXVHRIWKHXQSUHGLFWDEOHQDWXUHRILWVSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPV
)URP WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI GDWD FROOHFWLRQ UHJXODWLRQV RQH FDQQRW DVVHVV WKH
SUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\ULVNVIURPWKHFROOHFWLRQRIDVLQJOHGDWDSRLQWVXFKDVD
VLQJOHWZHHWDVLQJOH³OLNH´RQ)DFHERRNDVLQJOHZHEVHDUFKRUDVLQJOH
DIWHUQRRQ GULYH UHFRUGHG RQ D *36 5HJXODWLQJ FROOHFWLRQ LV KDUG DQG
UHJXODWLQJSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFVLVHYHQPRUHGLIILFXOW1RUFDQRQHQHFHVVDUL
O\SUHGLFWZKHQDFHUWDLQIRUPRILQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJZLOOSURGXFHSUH
GLFWLYH SULYDF\ KDUPV (YHQ GLVFORVXUH UHJXODWLRQV EHFRPH FRPSOLFDWHG
EHFDXVH%LJ'DWDV\VWHPVGRQRWFUHDWH3,,DWWKHSRLQWRIFROOHFWLRQ2IWHQ
WLPHVWKHGDWDWKDWHQGVXSEHLQJSHUVRQDOO\LGHQWLI\LQJPD\QRW\HWH[LVW
GXULQJWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWGDWDWUDQVIHUV7KLVLVVHHQLQSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJ
V\VWHPV ZKHUH QXPHURXV GDWD FROOHFWLRQV DQG WUDQVIHUV FDQ RFFXU EHIRUH
DQ\ SUHGLFWLYH SULYDWH KDUP FRPHV LQWR H[LVWHQFH ,Q IDFW LW PD\ RQO\ EH
DIWHU DOO WUDQVIHUV DUH FRPSOHWH WKDW WKH SUHGLFWLRQV RFFXU )RU H[DPSOH LI
WKH )%, FROOHFWHG FULPH GDWD IURP QXPHURXV ORFDO ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW GDWD
EDVHVWRSUHGLFWDUHDVOLNHO\WRKRXVHVH[RIIHQGHUVLWZRXOGEHLPSRVVLEOH
WR LGHQWLI\ WKH UHVXOWLQJ KDUP ZKHQ WKH GDWD WUDQVIHUV RFFXUUHG $IWHU DOO
%LJ'DWDSURPLVHVWRDFFRPSOLVKVXFKSUHYLRXVO\XQDWWDLQDEOHWDVNV7KXV
XQOHVV RQH GHFLGHV WKDW SULYDF\ UHJXODWLRQV PXVW JRYHUQ DOO GDWD HYHU FRO
OHFWHG SURFHVVHG RU GLVFORVHG GHFLGLQJ ZKHUH DQG ZKHQ WR GUDZ OLQHV
DURXQGWKHVHDFWLYLWLHVEHFRPHVH[WUHPHO\GLIILFXOWZLWKUHVSHFWWR%LJ'DWD
LQIRUPDWLRQSUDFWLFHV
'DQLHO-6RORYHA Taxonomy of Privacy83$/5(9±GHWDLO
LQJWKHVHWKUHHFDWHJRULHV
See 86&††±±±
86&††±W
86&† amended by9LGHR 3ULYDF\ 3URWHFWLRQ $FW $PHQGPHQWV$FW RI
3XE/1R6WDW
See 7HUU\supraQRWHDW±GHVFULELQJWKHGLIILFXOWLHVLQDSSO\LQJSULYDF\ODZWR
%LJ'DWD6FKZDUW]6RORYHsupra QRWHDW±GHVFULELQJWKHGLIILFXOWLHVRIFKDUDFWHU
L]LQJ%LJ'DWDUHVXOWVDV3,,
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
(YHQ WKH DQFKRULQJ FRQFHSW RI PRVW PRGHUQ SULYDF\ UHJXODWLRQV²
3,,²PD\IDLOWRSURYLGHDVXIILFLHQWQH[XVIRUIXWXUH%LJ'DWDSULYDF\UHJ
XODWLRQ %LJ 'DWD¶V DQDO\WLFV DUH VLPSO\ WRR G\QDPLF DQG XQSUHGLFWDEOH WR
GHWHUPLQH LI DQG ZKHQ SDUWLFXODU LQIRUPDWLRQ RU DQDO\VHV ZLOO EHFRPH RU
JHQHUDWH 3,, ,QVWHDG RQH PD\ RQO\ REVHUYH WKH SUREOHP LQ KLQGVLJKW
VXFKDVZLWKSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJRULQWKH7DUJHWSUHJQDQF\FDVH 0RUHRYHUSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVPD\PDUJLQDOL]HWKHEURDGHUIUDPH
ZRUNV IRU SULYDF\ )RU GHFDGHVSULYDF\SROLF\PDNHUVKDYH UHOLHG RQ D VHW RI
)DLU,QIRUPDWLRQ3UDFWLFH3ULQFLSOHV³),33V´DVJXLGHOLQHVIRUDGDSWLQJH[LVW
LQJSULYDF\ODZVDQGGHYHORSLQJQHZRQHVHVSHFLDOO\LQOLJKWRIQHZWHFKQR
ORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVRULQIRUPDWLRQSUDFWLFHV9DULRXVYHUVLRQVRIWKH),33V
H[LVWEXWLQJHQHUDOWKH)HGHUDO7UDGH&RPPLVVLRQ)7&VXJJHVWVWKHVHFRUH
SULQFLSOHV QRWLFHDZDUHQHVV FKRLFHFRQVHQW DFFHVVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
LQWHJULW\VHFXULW\ DQG HQIRUFHPHQWUHGUHVV ,Q )HEUXDU\ WKH
:KLWH +RXVH DOVR RXWOLQHG DQG UHOHDVHG LWV RZQ ),33V ZKLFK LQFOXGHG WKH
SULQFLSOHVRILQGLYLGXDOFRQWUROWUDQVSDUHQF\UHVSHFWIRUFRQWH[WVHFXULW\DF
FHVVDQGDFFXUDF\IRFXVHGFROOHFWLRQDQGDFFRXQWDELOLW\ 6FKZDUW]6RORYHsupra QRWHDW±
See 'XKLJJ supra QRWH † 0DJD]LQH DW GLVFXVVLQJ 7DUJHW¶V XVH RI %LJ 'DWD
supra QRWHV±DQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJWH[WGHVFULELQJSUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJ
See 52%(57 *(//0$1)$,5 ,1)250$7,21 35$&7,&(6 $ %$6,& +,6725<KWWS
EREJHOOPDQFRPUJGRFVUJ),36KLVWRU\SGIarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF=%</'3
)(' 75$'( &200¶1 35,9$&< 21/,1( $ 5(325772 &21*5(66 ± available at
KWWSZZZIWFJRYVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVGRFXPHQWVSXEOLFBHYHQWVH[SORULQJSULYDF\URXQGWDEOHVHULHV
SULYDSGI archived at KWWSSHUPDFF3&7;044 see )(' 75$'( &200¶1 3527(&7,1*
&21680(5 35,9$&<,1$1 (5$2) 5$3,' &+$1*( available at KWWSZZZIWFJRYRV
SULYDF\UHSRUWSGIarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF'(5
7+( :+,7( +286( &21680(5 '$7$ 35,9$&< ,1 $ 1(7:25.(' :25/' $ )5$0(
:25. )25 3527(&7,1* 35,9$&< $1' 352027,1* ,1129$7,21 ,1 7+( */2%$/ ',*,7$/
(&2120< available at KWWSZZZZKLWHKRXVHJRYVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVSULYDF\ILQDOSGI
archived at KWWSSHUPDFF=&59 7KH :KLWH +RXVH H[SODLQV LWV ),33V LQ LWV ³&RQVXPHU
3ULYDF\%LOORI5LJKWV´
— ,QGLYLGXDO&RQWURO&RQVXPHUVKDYHDULJKWWRH[HUFLVHFRQWURORYHUZKDWSHUVRQDOGDWD
FRPSDQLHVFROOHFWIURPWKHPDQGKRZWKH\XVHLW
— 7UDQVSDUHQF\ &RQVXPHUV KDYH D ULJKW WR HDVLO\ XQGHUVWDQGDEOH DQG DFFHVVLEOH LQIRU
PDWLRQDERXWSULYDF\DQGVHFXULW\SUDFWLFHV
— 5HVSHFWIRU&RQWH[W&RQVXPHUVKDYHDULJKWWRH[SHFWWKDWFRPSDQLHVZLOOFROOHFWXVH
DQG GLVFORVH SHUVRQDO GDWD LQ ZD\V WKDW DUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFK FRQ
VXPHUVSURYLGHWKHGDWD
— 6HFXULW\&RQVXPHUVKDYHDULJKWWRVHFXUHDQGUHVSRQVLEOHKDQGOLQJRISHUVRQDOGDWD
— $FFHVVDQG$FFXUDF\&RQVXPHUVKDYHDULJKWWRDFFHVVDQGFRUUHFWSHUVRQDOGDWDLQXV
DEOHIRUPDWVLQDPDQQHUWKDWLVDSSURSULDWHWRWKHVHQVLWLYLW\RIWKHGDWDDQGWKHULVNRI
DGYHUVHFRQVHTXHQFHVWRFRQVXPHUVLIWKHGDWDLVLQDFFXUDWH
— )RFXVHG&ROOHFWLRQ &RQVXPHUV KDYH D ULJKW WR UHDVRQDEOH OLPLWV RQ WKH SHUVRQDO GDWD
WKDWFRPSDQLHVFROOHFWDQGUHWDLQ
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
$OWKRXJKWKH)7&DQGWKH:KLWH+RXVHVKDUHVRPH),33VWKH:KLWH
+RXVH¶V YHUVLRQ LQFOXGHV DGGLWLRQDO DSSURDFKHV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJXODWLRQ
WKDW DWWHPSW WR H[SDQG WKH VFRSH RI ),33V HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WHUPV RI FRQWURO
RYHU WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DW LVVXH DQG ZLWK PRUH IRFXV RQ WKH GDWD¶V XVHU DQG
FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ <HW HYHQ WKHVH EURDGHQHG SULQFLSOHV GHSHQG RQ QRW RQO\
NQRZLQJZKLFKLQIRUPDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGSHUVRQDOGDWDEXWDOVRSURYLGLQJ
QRWLFHFKRLFHDQGFRQWUROWRXVHUVH[DQWHDQ\SULYDF\KDUP3ULYDF\ODZLV
SULPDULO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKFDXVDOLW\ZKHUHDV%LJ'DWDLVJHQHUDOO\DWRRORI
FRUUHODWLRQ 7KLVFRQWUDVWPDNHV),33VVW\OHDSSURDFKHVWRSULYDF\SURWHF
WLRQSDUWLFXODUO\GLIILFXOWZLWKUHVSHFWWR%LJ'DWD
%XW KRZ GRHV RQH JLYH QRWLFH DQG JHW FRQVHQW IRU LQQXPHUDEOH DQG
SHUKDSV HYHQ \HWWREHGHWHUPLQHG TXHULHV WKDW RQH PLJKW UXQ WKDW FUHDWH
³SHUVRQDOGDWD´"+RZGRHVRQHSURYLGHFRQVXPHUVZLWKLQGLYLGXDOFRQWURO
FRQWH[W DQG DFFRXQWDELOLW\ RYHU VXFK SURFHVVHV" 6XFK GLIILFXOWLHV VXJJHVW
WKDW IUDPHZRUNV OLNH ),33V PD\ IDLO WR UHJXODWH SUHGLFWLYH SULYDF\ KDUPV
EHFDXVHWKH\IRFXVRQGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGUHWHQWLRQZKLOHXVLQJQRWLFHDQG
FRQVHQWPRGHOV $V %LJ 'DWD LV YHUVDWLOH G\QDPLF DQG XQSUHGLFWDEOH WUDGLWLRQDO QR
WLRQV RI SULYDF\ WKDW LVRODWH FHUWDLQ FDWHJRULHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ²VXFK DV
3,,²WRUHJXODWHFROOHFWLRQXWLOL]DWLRQRUGLVFORVXUHDUHLOOVXLWHGWRDGGUHVV
WKHVHHPHUJLQJULVNV (YHQRPQLEXVSULYDF\DSSURDFKHVVXFKDVWKH(X
URSHDQ8QLRQ¶V³ULJKWWREHIRUJRWWHQ´ZLOOOLNHO\VWUXJJOHZLWK%LJ'DWD¶V
DELOLW\ WR UHFDOO RU HYHQ UHFRQVWUXFW DQ LQGLYLGXDO¶V SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ
EDVHGRQSDVWRUSUHVHQWGDWD 7KHVHW\SHVRISULYDF\SUREOHPVGHPDQGD
— $FFRXQWDELOLW\ &RQVXPHUV KDYH D ULJKW WR KDYH SHUVRQDO GDWD KDQGOHG E\ FRPSDQLHV
ZLWKDSSURSULDWHPHDVXUHVLQSODFHWRDVVXUHWKH\DGKHUHWRWKH&RQVXPHU3ULYDF\%LOO
RI5LJKWV
Id.
See, e.g.5XELQVWHLQsupra QRWHDWVWDWLQJWKDW%LJ'DWDUHOLHVRQFRUUHODWLRQLQVWHDGRI
FDXVDWLRQ*LO3UHVVBig Data News Roundup: Correlation vs. Causation)25%(6$SU
$0 KWWSZZZIRUEHVFRPVLWHVJLOSUHVVELJGDWDQHZVURXQGXSFRUUHODWLRQYV
FDXVDWLRQarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF4-4/'$&VXPPDUL]LQJYDULRXVPHGLDUHSRUWVWKDWKLJK
OLJKW%LJ'DWD¶VXVHRIFRUUHODWLRQ
See 'ZRUN 0XOOLJDQ supra QRWH DW ± H[SODLQLQJ ZK\ FXUUHQW SULYDF\ IUDPH
ZRUNVGRQRWDGHTXDWHO\DGGUHVV%LJ'DWD+DUW]RJ6HOLQJHUsupraQRWHDW±VWDWLQJ
WKDW),33VGRQRWDGHTXDWHO\DGGUHVV%LJ'DWD
See 'ZRUN0XOOLJDQsupraQRWHDW±1DWDVKD6LQJHUAcxiom Lets Consumers
See Data It Collects1< 7,0(6 6HSWDW%)RUH[DPSOHRQHQRWRULRXVGDWDEURNHU
$F[LRPQRZOHWVFXVWRPHUVVHHDQGFKDQJHWKHGDWDLWFROOHFWVDERXWWKHPLQGLYLGXDOO\6LQJHU
supra$F[LRPKRZHYHUGRHVQRWDOORZWKHPWRFKDQJHWKHDQDO\WLFVLWXVHVWRDVVHVVWKHGDWDIRU
VDOHWRPDUNHWHUVId. 7KLVLVDVLJQWKDWWUDQVSDUHQF\DQGUHJXODWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQLV
QRWOLNHO\WRVHUYHDVDQHIIHFWLYHJDWHNHHSLQJIXQFWLRQIRUFRQWUROOLQJSULYDF\KDUPV See id.
See, e.g. 0HJ/$PEURVHIt’s About Time: Privacy, Information Life Cycles, and the Right
to Be Forgotten67$17(&+/5(9±KLJKOLJKWLQJFRQFHUQVDERXWWKHULJKW
WR EH IRUJRWWHQ -HIIUH\ 5RVHQ The Right to Be Forgotten 67$1 / 5(9 21/,1( ±
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
VKLIWLQWKLQNLQJWKDWFDQDSSURDFKWKHSUREOHPZLWKWKHVDPHG\QDPLFDQG
IOH[LEOHFDSDFLWLHVWKDW%LJ'DWDLWVHOISURYLGHV
,,:+<%,*'$7$1(('6352&('85$/'8(352&(66
The heart of the matter is that democracy implies respect for the elementary rights of men, however suspect or unworthy; a democratic government must therefore practice fairness; and fairness can rarely be obtained by secret, one-sided determination of facts decisive of rights.
²-)UDQNIXUWHU $VQRWHGLQ3DUW,WKHSRZHURI%LJ'DWDDQDO\VHVWRHYDGHRUPDUJLQ
DOL]HWUDGLWLRQDOSULYDF\SURWHFWLRQVDQGIUDPHZRUNVLWVGULYHWREULQJYLVL
ELOLW\WRWKHLQYLVLEOHDQGLWVG\QDPLFDQGXQSUHGLFWDEOHQDWXUHDOOSUHVHQW
FKDOOHQJHVWRWKLQNLQJDERXWKRZSULYDF\DQG%LJ'DWDFDQFRH[LVW,QUH
VSRQVHWKLV$UWLFOHSURSRVHVDQDOWHUQDWLYHDSSURDFK²SURFHGXUDOGDWDGXH
SURFHVV5DWKHUWKDQDWWHPSWUHJXODWLRQRISHUVRQDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQXVHRU
GLVFORVXUHH[DQWHSURFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVVZRXOGUHJXODWHWKHIDLUQHVV
RI%LJ'DWD¶VDQDO\WLFDOSURFHVVHVZLWKUHJDUGWRKRZWKH\XVHSHUVRQDOGDWD
RUPHWDGDWDGHULYHGIURPRUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSHUVRQDOGDWDLQDQ\DGMXGLFD
WLYHSURFHVVLQFOXGLQJSURFHVVHVZKHUHE\%LJ'DWDLVEHLQJXVHGWRGHWHU
PLQHDWWULEXWHVRUFDWHJRULHVIRUDQLQGLYLGXDO)RUH[DPSOHLIDKHDOWKLQ
VXUDQFHSURYLGHUXVHG%LJ'DWDWRGHWHUPLQHWKHOLNHOLKRRGWKDWDFXVWRPHU
KDVDFHUWDLQGLVHDVHDQGWKXVGHQLHGFRYHUDJHRQWKDWEDVLVWKH FXVWRPHU
ZRXOGKDYHDGDWDGXHSURFHVVULJKWZLWKUHJDUGWRWKDWGHWHUPLQDWLRQ6LPL
ODUO\ LI D SRWHQWLDO HPSOR\HU XVHG %LJ 'DWD WR SUHGLFW KRZ KRQHVW FHUWDLQ
MREDSSOLFDQWVPLJKWEHWKHVHDSSOLFDQWVFRXOGWKHQH[HUFLVHWKHLUGDWDGXH
SURFHVVULJKWV :KDWZRXOGVXFKDUHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHQWDLO"7KLV3DUWGHVFULEHVVRPH
RIWKHKLVWRU\RIGXHSURFHVVLQ$QJOR$PHULFDQODZ7KLV3DUWWKHQGHPRQ
VWUDWHVZK\GXHSURFHVV¶VHPEHGGHGYDOXHVDQGLWVWUDGLWLRQDOSURFHGXUHVLQ
KWWSZZZVWDQIRUGODZUHYLHZRUJVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVRQOLQHWRSLFV6/52SGI archived at
KWWSSHUPDFF;+/(3GLVFXVVLQJVKRUWFRPLQJVRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ¶VULJKWWREHIRUJRWWHQ
$VGHVFULEHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQLQLWVGUDIW*HQHUDO'DWD3URWHFWLRQ5HJXODWLRQWKH³ULJKW
WREHIRUJRWWHQ´PDQGDWHVWKDWXSRQWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VUHTXHVWHQWLWLHVWKDWFROOHFWRUVWRUHGDWDPXVW
GHOHWHGDWDSHUWDLQLQJWRWKDWLQGLYLGXDOProposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and
of the Council on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and
on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation)DW±&20
ILQDO-DQavailable at KWWSHXUOH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR"XUL &20
),1(13')archived at KWWSSHUPDFF&$)/
-RLQW$QWL)DVFLVW5HIXJHH&RPPY0F*UDWK86)UDQNIXUWHU-
FRQFXUULQJ
See6WHYH/RKUBig Data, Trying to Build Better Workers1< 7,0(6 $SUDW
%8LOOXVWUDWLQJKRZ%LJ'DWDLVXVHGE\HPSOR\HUVWRLGHQWLI\LGHDOWUDLWVLQMREDSSOLFDQWV
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
FRXUWV RI ODZ DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SURFHHGLQJV PD\ EH ZHOOVXLWHG IRU DQ
DQDORJRXVV\VWHPUHJXODWLQJSULYDWHXVHRI%LJ'DWDWRPLWLJDWHSUHGLFWLYH
SULYDF\KDUPV)LQDOO\WKLV3DUWGLVFXVVHVZKDWSURFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVV
ZRXOGLQYROYHDQGVRPHSRVVLEOHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQV
$ The Historical Role of Due Process
7KURXJKRXW WKH KLVWRU\ RI $QJOR$PHULFDQ ODZ SURFHGXUDO GXH SUR
FHVVKDVVHUYHGDVDVHWRIFRQVWUDLQWVRQDGMXGLFDWLRQ²WKHSURFHVVRIGH
FLGLQJ $GMXGLFDWLRQV DUH DUJXDEO\ VLPLODU WR WKH W\SH RI PRGHOV DQG GH
WHUPLQDWLRQV WKDW SUHGLFWLYH DOJRULWKPV FUHDWH EDVHG RQ PDVVLYH GDWD VHWV
-XVWDVLQIRUPDWLRQGULYHV%LJ'DWDGHWHUPLQDWLRQVVRGRHVLWGULYHOLWLJD
WLRQOHJDOVWUDWHJLHVDQGOHJDORXWFRPHV /DZ²PXFKOLNHFRPSXWHUFRGH
DQG GDWD²KDV LWV RZQ LQIRUPDWLRQ UXOHV WKDW DUH JRYHUQHG E\ YDULRXV
IUDPHZRUNVIURPIRUPDOUXOHVOLNHWKH)HGHUDO5XOHVRI&LYLO3URFHGXUHWR
FRPPRQODZDQGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOGRFWULQHVVXFKDVGXHSURFHVV 2XU PRGHUQ FRQFHSWLRQ RI GXH SURFHVV LV GHULYHG IURP WZR IRXQGD
WLRQDO VRXUFHV )LUVW LV WKH 0DJQD &DUWD ZKLFK XQGHUVWRRG GXH SURFHVV WR
PHDQWKDW³>Q@RIUHHPHQVKDOOEHWDNHQRU^DQG`LPSULVRQHGRUGLVVHLVHGRU
H[LOHG RU LQ DQ\ ZD\ GHVWUR\HG QRU ZLOO ZH JR XSRQ KLP QRU VHQG XSRQ
KLPH[FHSWE\WKHODZIXOMXGJPHQWRIKLVSHHUVRU^DQG`E\WKHODZRIWKH
ODQG´ 'XHSURFHVVWKHQPDGHLWVZD\LQWRWKH86&RQVWLWXWLRQDVSDUWRI
WKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQWZKLFK VWDWHV ³1R SHUVRQ VKDOOEH GHSULYHGRIOLIH
OLEHUW\RUSURSHUW\ZLWKRXWGXHSURFHVVRIODZ´
7KHUHDUHWZRLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWVWRQRWHKHUH7KHILUVWLVWKHSUR
KLELWLRQRQGHSULYDWLRQ7KHVXEMHFWV²OLIHOLEHUW\DQGSURSHUW\²DUHREYL
RXVO\ HDFK EURDG FDWHJRULHV WKDW KDYH DW WLPHV GHILQHG WKH FRUH FRPSR
QHQWV RI FLWL]HQVKLS 7KH\ UHSUHVHQW TXDOLWDWLYHO\ WKH OHYHO RI VHULRXVQHVV
WKDWWKHGHSULYDWLRQPXVW FRQVWLWXWHLQRUGHUWRLQYRNHGXHSURFHVVSURWHF
5\DQ&:LOOLDPVThe One and Only Substantive Due Process Clause<$/(/-
±
See)UHGULF0%ORRPInformation Lost and Found&$/,)/5(9
Id. DW see also /$:5(1&( /(66,* &2'( 9(56,21 DW ± GLVFXVVLQJ
FRGH¶VUROHLQF\EHUVSDFHDVODZDQGH[SORULQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVIRUODZ\HUVDQGFLWL]HQV
0$*1$ &$57$ F reprinted in 7+( *5($7 &+$57(5 )285 (66$<6 21
0$*1$ &$57$$1' 7+( +,6725<2) 285 /,%(57< see also+XUWDGRY&DOLIRUQLD
86 ± H[SODLQLQJ WKH 0DJQD &DUWD¶V LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI GXH SURFHVV DQG
GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJLWIURPWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQW0XUUD\¶V/HVVHHY+RERNHQ/DQG,PSURYHPHQW
&R86+RZ±DQDORJL]LQJ³GXHSURFHVVRIODZ´WRWKH0DJQD&DU
WD¶VUHIHUHQFHWR³WKHODZRIWKHODQG´
86&2167 DPHQG97KLVSURYLVLRQIRFXVHGRQIHGHUDOVWDWHDFWLRQVId. 7KH)RXUWHHQWK
$PHQGPHQWDOVRFRQWDLQVDVLPLODUFODXVHWKDWH[WHQGVGXHSURFHVVSURWHFWLRQVWRLQGLYLGXDOVWDWH
DFWLRQVIdDPHQG;,9
See :LOOLDPVsupraQRWHDW±QRWLQJWKDWHDFKLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIGXHSURFHVVLQ
FOXGHVDIRFXVRQOLIHOLEHUW\DQGSURSHUW\
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
WLRQDQGUHIOHFWWKHW\SHRIKDUPWKDWZHZLVKWRSUHYHQW 7KHFDWHJRU\RI
OLEHUW\LVHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWWRFRQVLGHULQWKHFRQWH[WRISULYDF\DQGSUH
GLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPV%RWK-RKQ/RFNHDQG:LOOLDP%ODFNVWRQHGHVFULEHG
OLEHUW\DVDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VXQDEULGJHGQDWXUDOULJKWWRIROORZKLVRZQZLOO ,IRQHFRQVLGHUVSULYDF\WREH³WKHULJKWWREHOHWDORQH´DQGWRKDYHVRPH
IUHHGRPRIVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQDQGDXWRQRP\WKHQLWILWVZHOOZLWKLQWKHOLE
HUW\FDWHJRU\ 3URSHUW\DQGRWKHULQWHUHVWVDUHDOVRLPSOLFDWHGHVSHFLDOO\
DV%LJ'DWDDQDO\WLFVDUHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRGHFLVLRQVFRQFHUQLQJKRXVLQJRS
SRUWXQLWLHVHPSOR\PHQWDQGFUHGLWSURYLVLRQLQJ 7KXVSUHGLFWLYHSULYD
F\KDUPVVHHPZHOOVXLWHGIRUGXHSURFHVVSURWHFWLRQLQWHUPVRIWKHW\SHRI
VXEMHFWPDWWHUFRYHUHG
7KH VHFRQG FRPSRQHQW²³ZLWKRXW GXH SURFHVV RI ODZ´²LV D PHDQV
WRHQIRUFHWKHSUREDWLRQDSURFHVV%XWZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVWKLVSURFHVV":KDW
DUHWKHXQGHUO\LQJYDOXHVWKDWGULYHLW"+RZZRXOGWKH\IDUHDVDPHDQVRI
UHJXODWLQJ%LJ'DWD"
% Procedural Due Process in the Courts
7RGD\ SURFHGXUDO GXH SURFHVV JHQHUDOO\ GHVFULEHV WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO
UHTXLUHPHQWWKDWDQ\JRYHUQPHQW GHSULYDWLRQRI D OLEHUW\ RU SURSHUW\ ULJKW
PXVW EH SUHFHGHG²DW D PLQLPXP²E\ QRWLFH DQG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU D
KHDULQJRQWKHPDWWHUEHIRUHDQLPSDUWLDODGMXGLFDWRU +LVWRULFDOO\ WKLV FRQFHSWLRQ RI GXH SURFHVV FRPHV PDLQO\ IURP WZR
ODQGPDUN866XSUHPH&RXUWFDVHVMathews v. Eldridge DQGGoldberg
Id.
See :,//,$0%/$&.6721(&200(17$5,(6VWDWLQJWKDWWKHULJKWWRSHUVRQDOOLEHU
W\ LV ³VWULFWO\ QDWXUDO´ DQG ³FDQQRW HYHU EH DEULGJHG ZLWKRXW WKH H[SOLFLW SHUPLVVLRQ RI WKH
ODZV´-2+1/2&.(7:275($7,6(62)*29(510(173HWHU/DVOHWWHG&DPEULGJH8QLY
3UHVV GHVFULELQJ SHUVRQDO OLEHUW\ DV ³D OLEHUW\ WR IROORZ >RQH¶V@ RZQ :LOO LQ DOO
WKLQJV´DQG³WREHXQGHUQRRWKHUUHVWUDLQWEXWWKHODZRIQDWXUH´
See 1HLO05LFKDUGVIntellectual Privacy7(; / 5(9DUJXLQJWKDW
SULYDF\³VDIHJXDUGVWKHLQWHJULW\RIRXULQWHOOHFWXDODFWLYLWLHVE\VKLHOGLQJWKHPIURPWKHXQZDQWHG
JD]HRULQWHUIHUHQFHRIRWKHUV´6DPXHO':DUUHQ/RXLV'%UDQGHLVThe Right to Privacy
+$59$5'/5(9GHILQLQJSULYDF\DV³WKHULJKWWREHOHWDORQH´
See*UD\&LWURQsupraQRWHDWVXJJHVWLQJWKHUHLVDULJKWWRLQIRUPDWLRQSULYD
F\ EDVHG RQ VXEVWDQWLYH GXH SURFHVV EHFDXVH FRQWLQXRXV GDWD FROOHFWLRQ KDUPV LQGLYLGXDOV¶ VHOI
GHYHORSPHQWDQGWKUHDWHQVWKHLUIXQGDPHQWDOULJKWV7KHVHVFKRODUVDOVRQRWHWKDW³WKHLQVLGLRXV
IDUUHDFKLQJDQGLQGLVFULPLQDWHQDWXUHRIHOHFWURQLFVXUYHLOODQFH²DQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWLWVFDSDFL
W\ WR FKRNH RII IUHH KXPDQ GLVFRXUVH WKDW LV WKH KDOOPDUN RI DQ RSHQ VRFLHW\²PDNHV LW DOPRVW
DOWKRXJK QRW TXLWH DV GHVWUXFWLYH RI OLEHUW\ DV µWKH NLFNHGLQGRRU¶´ Id. TXRWLQJ $QWKRQ\ $P
VWHUGDPPerspectives on the Fourth Amendment0,11/5(9
See+DPGLY5XPVIHOG86&OHYHODQG%GRI(GXFY/RXGHUPLOO
86³$QHVVHQWLDOSULQFLSOHRIGXHSURFHVVLVWKDWDGHSULYDWLRQRIOLIHOLEHU
W\RUSURSHUW\µEHSUHFHGHGE\QRWLFHDQGRSSRUWXQLW\IRUKHDULQJDSSURSULDWHWRWKHQDWXUHRIWKH
FDVH¶´TXRWLQJ0XOODQHY&HQW+DQRYHU%DQN7UXVW&R86
86±±
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
v. Kelly ,QLQGoldbergWKH&RXUWKHOGWKDWSURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVV
UHTXLUHGDQHYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJEHIRUHWKHJRYHUQPHQWFRXOGGHSULYHDSHU
VRQRIZHOIDUHEHQHILWV 7KHUHWKH1HZ<RUN&LW\'HSDUWPHQWRI6RFLDO
6HUYLFHVDOORZHGFLW\FDVHZRUNHUVWRWHUPLQDWHSD\PHQWVWRZHOIDUHUHFLSL
HQWVZKRPWKH\GHHPHGLQHOLJLEOH$IWHUWKH&LW\WHUPLQDWHGWKHUHFLSLHQWV¶
ZHOIDUH SD\PHQWV WKH UHFLSLHQWV FRXOG UHTXHVW D SRVWWHUPLQDWLRQ KHDULQJ
FKDOOHQJLQJWKHGHFLVLRQ 7KH&RXUWQRQHWKHOHVVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKLVSUR
FHGXUH LQDGHTXDWHO\ SURWHFWHG WKH ZHOIDUH UHFLSLHQWV¶ SURFHGXUDO GXH SUR
FHVV ULJKWV XQGHU WKH )RXUWHHQWK $PHQGPHQW :ULWLQJ IRU WKH PDMRULW\
-XVWLFH :LOOLDP - %UHQQDQ -U H[SODLQHG WKH QHFHVVLW\ IRU JUHDWHU SURWHF
WLRQ³)RUTXDOLILHGUHFLSLHQWVZHOIDUHSURYLGHVWKHPHDQVWRREWDLQHVVHQ
WLDOIRRGFORWKLQJKRXVLQJDQGPHGLFDOFDUH´ 7KH&RXUWWKHUHIRUHFKDU
DFWHUL]HGWKHUHYRFDWLRQRIDZHOIDUHEHQHILWDVDJRYHUQPHQWDOO\VDQFWLRQHG
³JULHYRXVORVV´ZKLFKUHTXLUHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWWRDIIRUGWKHLQGLYLGXDOFHU
WDLQSURFHGXUDOSURWHFWLRQVRIGXHSURFHVVEHIRUHWKLVORVV 7KHVWDWHQHHG
QRWUHVRUWWRDFRPSOHWHMXGLFLDORUTXDVLMXGLFLDOWULDOLQRUGHUWRVDWLVI\GXH
SURFHVV ,QVWHDG WKH VWDWH PXVW²DW PLQLPXP²SURYLGH WKH SRWHQWLDOO\
DJJULHYHGSDUW\ZLWKWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WREHKHDUGDWDPHDQLQJIXOWLPHDQG
LQ D PHDQLQJIXO PDQQHU DGHTXDWH QRWLFH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR SUHVHQW ZLW
QHVVHV DQG WKH DELOLW\ WR SUHVHQW DUJXPHQWV DQG HYLGHQFH 7KXV Goldberg VHW D IDLUO\ KLJK SURFHGXUDO EDU IRU DQ\ DFWLRQ WKDW FRXOG GHSULYH DQ
LQGLYLGXDORIDSURSHUW\RUOLEHUW\LQWHUHVW ,QLQMathews WKH&RXUWUHWUHDWHGVRPHZKDWIURPWKLVSRVLWLRQ
ZKHQ LW DGGUHVVHG WKH 6RFLDO 6HFXULW\ $FW¶V SROLF\ IRU WKH WHUPLQDWLRQ RI
GLVDELOLW\ EHQHILWV ,Q PDQ\ ZD\V WKLV FDVH ZDV VLPLODU WR Goldberg LQ
ERWKFDVHVWKHVWDWHKDGGHSULYHGDQLQGLYLGXDORIVRPHJRYHUQPHQWEHQHILW
86±
Id.
IdDW±
Id. DW±
Id. DW
IdDWTXRWLQJMcGrath86DW
Id. DW
IdDW±
See id.
86DW±±GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJLWVGXHSURFHVVUHTXLUHPHQWVLQ GoldbergIURP
RWKHUGHFLVLRQVEDVHGRQGoldberg¶VIDFWV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH6RFLDO6HFXULW\$FWGLVDEOHGZRUN
HUV ERUH WKH EXUGHQ WR SURYH WKHLU HQWLWOHPHQW WR EHQHILWV E\ VKRZLQJ WKDW WKH\ ZHUH XQDEOH WR
SHUIRUP WKHLU SUHYLRXV ZRUN²RU DQ\ RWKHU JDLQIXO HPSOR\PHQW²EHFDXVH RI D GLVDELOLW\ Id. DW
±/RFDOVWDWHDJHQFLHVZRXOGUHYLHZWKHHYLGHQFHSURYLGHGDQGPDNHFRQWLQXLQJGHWHUPL
QDWLRQVDVWRWKHZRUNHU¶VHOLJLELOLW\IRUDLGId. ,IWKHDJHQF\IHOWWKDWDQDLGUHFLSLHQWQRORQJHU
TXDOLILHGIRUGLVDELOLW\UHOLHILWZRXOGLQIRUPWKHUHFLSLHQWDQGWKH6RFLDO6HFXULW\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
66$DQGSURYLGHERWKZLWKDVXPPDU\RIWKHUHOHYDQWHYLGHQFHId.7KH66$ZRXOGWKHQPDNHD
ILQDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQLIWKH66$WHUPLQDWHGGLVDELOLW\EHQHILWVWKHUHFLSLHQWKDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRU
DWKRURXJKUHYLHZKHDULQJId.
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
ZLWKRXW WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU D SUHWHUPLQDWLRQ KHDULQJ %XW WKH &RXUW LQ
MathewsFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHWHUPLQDWLRQRIGLVDELOLW\SD\PHQWVGLGQRWUH
TXLUH WKH VDPH SUHWHUPLQDWLRQ KHDULQJ DV WKH WHUPLQDWLRQ RI ZHOIDUH SD\
PHQWV³7KHSULYDWHLQWHUHVWWKDWZLOOEHDGYHUVHO\DIIHFWHGE\DQHUURQHRXV
WHUPLQDWLRQRIEHQHILWVLVOLNHO\WREHOHVVLQWKHFDVHRIDGLVDEOHGZRUNHU
WKDQ LQ WKH FDVH RI D ZHOIDUH UHFLSLHQW´ 7KH &RXUW UHOLHG XSRQ LWV SHU
FHLYHG GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH ILQDQFLDO EXUGHQ RI WHUPLQDWLRQ EHWZHHQGLVDELOLW\
DLG UHFLSLHQWV DQG ZHOIDUH UHFLSLHQWV )XUWKHUPRUH WKH FRXQWHUYDLOLQJ
VWDWHLQWHUHVWLQILVFDOSUXGHQFHDQGHIILFLHQF\RXWZHLJKHGWKHSRWHQWLDOIRU
HUURQHRXV DQG KDUPIXO GHSULYDWLRQ WKHUHE\ PDNLQJ DGGLWLRQDO SURFHGXUDO
SURWHFWLRQVFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\XQQHFHVVDU\ 7R VRIWHQ WKH VXSSRVHGO\ VWULQJHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV RI Goldberg WKH
&RXUWLQMathewsHVWDEOLVKHGDWHVWIRUGHWHUPLQLQJZKDWFRXUWVPXVWFRQ
VLGHUZKHQMXGJLQJWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\RIWKHGHSULYDWLRQ 7KLVWHVWFRQ
VLVWHGRIEDODQFLQJWKUHHIDFWRUV
)LUVW WKH SULYDWH LQWHUHVW WKDW ZLOO EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH RIILFLDO DF
WLRQVHFRQGWKHULVNRIDQHUURQHRXVGHSULYDWLRQRIVXFKLQWHUHVW
WKURXJK WKH SURFHGXUHV XVHG DQG WKH SUREDEOH YDOXH LI DQ\ RI
DGGLWLRQDO RU VXEVWLWXWH SURFHGXUDO VDIHJXDUGV DQG ILQDOO\ WKH
*RYHUQPHQW¶V LQWHUHVW LQFOXGLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQ LQYROYHG DQG WKH
ILVFDODQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHEXUGHQVWKDWWKHDGGLWLRQDORUVXEVWLWXWH
SURFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWZRXOGHQWDLO $OWKRXJKMathews VKRZVWKDWWKHOHYHORIGXHSURFHVVUHTXLUHGGLIIHUVDF
FRUGLQJWRWKHJUDYLW\RIWKHGHSULYDWLRQDQGWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHFRXQWHUYDLO
LQJVWDWHLQWHUHVWPRVWFDVHVRYHUWLPHKDYHHVWDEOLVKHGIRXUGLVWLQFWSURFHGXUDO
UHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWDSSO\ZKHQWKHVWDWHGHSULYHVDQLQGLYLGXDORIDVWDWHLQWHUHVW
7KRVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQFOXGHSDUWLFLSDWRU\SURFHGXUHVLHWKHDIIHFWHGSDUW\
LVSUHVHQWDQHXWUDODUELWHUSULRUSURFHVVLHWKHKHDULQJSUHFHGHVWKH
DGYHUVH DFWLRQ DQG FRQWLQXLW\ LH WKH KHDULQJ ULJKWV DWWDFK DW DOO VWDJ
HV$VWKLV$UWLFOHODWHUGLVFXVVHVWKHVHHOHPHQWVPD\EHXVHIXOWRDGGUHVV
%LJ'DWD¶VSULYDF\KDUPV
Compareid.DOORZLQJWKHGLVDELOLW\DLGUHFLSLHQWWRDSSHDOWKH66$¶VWHUPLQDWLRQRIDLG
RQO\DIWHUWKH66$KDGPDGHDILQDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQwithGoldberg86DW±DOORZLQJ
WKHZHOIDUHUHFLSLHQWWRDSSHDO66$¶VWHUPLQDWLRQRISD\PHQWVRQO\DIWHUWKHDJHQF\KDGPDGHD
ILQDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
86DW±
Id DW QRWLQJ WKDW GHVSLWH WKH VLJQLILFDQW KDUGVKLSWKDW WHUPLQDWLRQ PD\ LPSRVH RQ D
GLVDELOLW\UHFLSLHQWWKHKDUGVKLSLVPRUHVLJQLILFDQWIRUZHOIDUHUHFLSLHQWV
See id.DW±
Id. DW
Id
See, e.g. Hamdi86DWLoudermill86DW
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
(OHYHQ(OHPHQWVRID'XH3URFHVV³+HDULQJ´
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR 6XSUHPH &RXUW SUHFHGHQW DQRWKHU YDOXDEOH VRXUFH IRU
LGHQWLI\LQJHOHPHQWVRISURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVVLVWKHVHPLQDODUWLFOH
Some Kind of HearingE\-XGJH+HQU\)ULHQGO\ 6LPLODUWRWKHEDODQFLQJ
WHVWLQMathews-XGJH)ULHQGO\HPSKDVL]HVWKDWWKHUHLVQRVSHFLILFFKHFN
OLVW RI UHTXLUHG SURFHGXUHV 5DWKHU WKH DSSURSULDWH SURFHVV VKRXOG FRQ
VLGHUDQGVHOHFWDVHWRISRWHQWLDOO\XVHIXOSURFHGXUHVEDVHGRQWKHFKDUDF
WHULVWLFVRIWKHSDUWLFXODUPDWWHUVXFKDVWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHGHSULYDWLRQDQG
WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQWHUHVW DWVWDNH +HDOVRQRWHVWKDWFLYLOSURFHGXUDOGXH
SURFHVVKDVPRYHGEH\RQGUHJXODWRU\DUHDVVXFKDVGLVDELOLW\DQGZHOIDUH )RU H[DPSOH LQ LQGreene v. McElroy WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KHOG WKDW
WKHJRYHUQPHQWKDGYLRODWHGDQRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶VGXHSURFHVVULJKWVZKHQWKH
JRYHUQPHQW LGHQWLILHG LW DV &RPPXQLVW DQG VXEYHUVLYH ZLWKRXW DQ RSSRU
WXQLW\WREHKHDUG 7KHUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKHVH³VWLJPDWLF´OLEHUW\LQWHUHVWVZDVDNH\WXUQLQJ
SRLQW LQ WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI FLYLO SURFHGXUDO GXH SURFHVV LQ WKH $PHULFDQ
FRXUWV 0RUHRYHU LW KDV SURIRXQG LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU GDWD GXH SURFHVV EH
FDXVHSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVRIWHQKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUVWLJPDWLFUHVXOWV
)RULQVWDQFHUHFHQWSUDFWLFHVLQFRPPHUFLDODYLDWLRQLOOXVWUDWHVLPLODUYLROD
WLRQV RI GXH SURFHVV DV WKRVH LQ Greene 7KH VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ WKH
+HQU\-)ULHQGO\Some Kind of Hearing83$/5(9passim Id.DW±
Id.DW±,QGHVFULELQJWKHIOH[LELOLW\RIWKHFRPPRQODZ³IDLUSURFHGXUH´UHTXLUH
PHQW-XGJH)ULHQGO\SURYLGHG
7KHFRPPRQODZUHTXLUHPHQWRIDIDLUSURFHGXUHGRHVQRWFRPSHOIRUPDOSURFHHG
LQJVZLWKDOOWKHHPEHOOLVKPHQWVRIDFRXUWWULDOQRUDGKHUHQFHWRDVLQJOHPRGH
RISURFHVV,WPD\EHVDWLVILHGE\DQ\RQHRIDYDULHW\RISURFHGXUHVZKLFKDIIRUGD
IDLURSSRUWXQLW\IRUDQDSSOLFDQWWRSUHVHQWKLVSRVLWLRQ$VVXFKWKLVFRXUWVKRXOG
QRWDWWHPSWWRIL[DULJLGSURFHGXUHWKDWPXVWLQYDULDEO\EHREVHUYHG,QVWHDGWKHDV
VRFLDWLRQVWKHPVHOYHVVKRXOGUHWDLQWKHLQLWLDODQGSULPDU\UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUGHYLV
LQJ PHWKRG ZKLFK SURYLGHV DQ DSSOLFDQW DGHTXDWH QRWLFH RI WKH ³FKDUJHV´ DJDLQVW
KLPDQGDUHDVRQDEOHRSSRUWXQLW\WRUHVSRQG
Id. DWQTXRWLQJ3LQVNHUY3DF&RDVW6RF¶\RI2UWKRGRQWLVWV3G±&DO
HQEDQF
Id.DW-XGJH)ULHQGO\DOVRSRLQWHGWRFDVHVLQYROYLQJSXEOLFHGXFDWLRQ Id.DW±
FLWLQJ:RRGY6WULFNODQG863HUU\Y6LQGHUPDQQ86
%GRI5HJHQWVRI6WDWH&ROOHJHVY5RWK86)RULQVWDQFHLQLQPerry v.
SindermannWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWKHOGWKDWDSXEOLFLQVWLWXWLRQFRXOGQRWGLVPLVVDSURIHVVRUZLWK
RXWDKHDULQJLIKHKDGWHQXUHRULIWKHGLVPLVVDOZRXOGLPSDLUKLVDELOLW\WRREWDLQIXWXUHHPSOR\
PHQW86DW
86±)ULHQGO\supra QRWHDW
See )ULHQGO\supra QRWHDW±
Compare 86 DW ± KROGLQJ WKDW JRYHUQPHQWDO ODEHOLQJ RI DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV
&RPPXQLVWDQGVXEYHUVLYHZLWKRXWDQRSSRUWXQLW\WREHKHDUGZDVDGXHSURFHVVYLRODWLRQwith
'DQLHOOH.&LWURQ Technological Due Process:$6+8/5(9QRWLQJ
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
KDUPVDGGUHVVHGE\GXHSURFHVVLQGreeneDQGWKHHUURUVDQGPLVWDNHQDV
VXPSWLRQV WKDW KDYH EHHQ UHYHDOHG DERXW WKH 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ $G
PLQLVWUDWLRQ¶V³1R)O\´OLVW²DQRWKHUSURGXFWRI%LJ'DWD²IXUWKHUVXSSRUW
WKHQHHGIRUGDWDGXHSURFHVV 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDV-XGJH)ULHQGO\QRWHVLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHFRJQL]H
D EDODQFH EHWZHHQ SURWHFWLQJ LQGLYLGXDO ULJKWV WKURXJK GXH SURFHVV DQG
SURYLGLQJWKHFRVWO\DGPLQLVWUDWLYHPHDVXUHVWRGRVR $FFRUGLQJO\VLPL
ODURQHURXVFRVWVVKRXOGQRWEHLPSRVHGRQ%LJ'DWDSURYLGHUVEHFDXVHWKH\
ZRXOGVORZGRZQWKHSURFHVVRIDGPLQLVWHULQJMXVWLFHDVZHOODVHQFRXUDJH
KDUDVVPHQWDQGJDPHSOD\LQJ7KLVEDODQFHRISURWHFWLRQZLWKFRVWZLOODOVR
LWVHOIEHG\QDPLFDQGWKXVEHWWHUFRQVLGHUHGDVDVWDQGDUGWKDQDUXOH²\HW
DQRWKHUUHDVRQZK\DGXHSURFHVVDSSURDFKLVZHOOVXLWHGIRU%LJ'DWD 6R ZKDW NLQG RI KHDULQJ LV UHTXLUHG IRU GDWD GXH SURFHVV" -XGJH
)ULHQGO\ ZULWHV WKDW WKH DIIHFWHG SDUW\ PXVW UHFHLYH DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR SUH
VHQW DQ DUJXPHQW HYLGHQFH DQG FRUUHFWLRQV WR SUHMXGLFH ,Q WKLV UHJDUG
WKH UHTXLUHG OHYHO RI SURFHGXUDO VDIHJXDUGV YDULHV GLUHFWO\ ZLWK WKH LP
SRUWDQFH RI WKH DIIHFWHG SULYDWH LQWHUHVW WKH QHHG IRU WKDW SDUWLFXODU VDIH
JXDUG LQ WKH JLYHQ FLUFXPVWDQFHV DQG LWV XWLOLW\ )XUWKHUPRUH LW YDULHV
LQYHUVHO\ZLWKWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHEXUGHQDQGDQ\RWKHUDGYHUVHFRQVHTXHQF
WKDW ³>H@YHU\ ZHHN DSSUR[LPDWHO\ DLUOLQH WUDYHOHUV UHSRUWHGO\ DUH PLVODEHOHG DV WHUURULVWV
GXHWRHUURUVLQWKHGDWDPDWFKLQJSURJUDPNQRZQDVWKHµ1R)O\¶OLVW´
&LWURQ supra QRWHDW$OWKRXJKVRPHGXHSURFHVVFDVHVKDYHKHOGWKDWUHSXWD
WLRQDOKDUPVDUHPRUHDSSURSULDWHIRUWKHSURYLQFHRIWRUWODZGXHSURFHVVFDQDSSO\ZKHQUHSXWD
WLRQ OHDGV WR GHSULYDWLRQ RI OLEHUW\ RU SURSHUW\ Compare 3DXO Y 'DYLV 86 ±
GHQ\LQJGXHSURFHVVFODLPRYHUVWLJPDWLFKDUPUHODWHGWRIXWXUHHPSOR\PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHV
VWHPPLQJIURPLQFOXVLRQLQDIO\HURI³DFWLYHVKRSOLIWHUV´with :LVFRQVLQY&RQVWDQWLQHDX
86 ± KROGLQJ WKDW D EDQ RQ GLVWULEXWLQJ DOFRKROLF GULQNV WR SHUVRQV ZKRVH
QDPHVZHUH³SRVWHG´DVH[FHVVLYHGULQNHUVZDVDGHSULYDWLRQRIOLEHUW\EHFDXVHLWDOWHUHGRUH[WLQ
JXLVKHGDGLVWLQFWULJKWSUHYLRXVO\UHFRJQL]HGE\VWDWHODZ
)ULHQGO\ supra QRWH DW ³>$@W VRPH SRLQW WKH EHQHILW WR LQGLYLGXDOV IURP DQ
DGGLWLRQDO>SURFHGXUDO@VDIHJXDUGLVVXEVWDQWLDOO\RXWZHLJKHGE\WKHFRVWRISURYLGLQJVXFKSUR
WHFWLRQ DQG WKDW WKH H[SHQVH RI SURWHFWLQJ WKRVH OLNHO\ WR EH IRXQG XQGHVHUYLQJ ZLOO SUREDEO\
FRPHRXWRIWKHSRFNHWVRIWKHGHVHUYLQJ´
See &LWURQ supra QRWH DW ± GLVFXVVLQJ WKH WHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ VWDQGDUGV DQG
UXOHV
See )ULHQGO\supraQRWHDW³$KHDULQJLQLWVYHU\HVVHQFHGHPDQGVWKDWKHZKR
LVHQWLWOHGWRLWVKDOOKDYHWKHULJKWWRVXSSRUWKLVDOOHJDWLRQVE\DUJXPHQWKRZHYHUEULHIDQGLI
QHHGEHE\SURRIKRZHYHULQIRUPDO´TXRWLQJ/RQGRQHUY'HQYHU86
7RVXSSRUWKLVYLHZ-XGJH)ULHQGO\UHIHUHQFHGVXFKDXWKRULW\DV-XVWLFH)HOL[)UDQNIXUWHU¶VFRQ
FXUULQJRSLQLRQLQMcGrathWKDW³HYHQLQWKHFDVHRIµDSHUVRQLQMHRSDUG\RIVHULRXVORVV¶WKDW
RQHPXVWEHJLYHQµQRWLFHRIWKHFDVHDJDLQVWKLPDQGRSSRUWXQLW\WRPHHWLW¶´Id. TXRWLQJ
86DW±)UDQNIXUWHU-FRQFXUULQJ-XGJH)ULHQGO\IXUWKHUUHOLHGXSRQ(QJOLVKFRPPRQ
ODZZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]HGGXHSURFHVVDV³DIDLURSSRUWXQLW\IRUFRUUHFWLQJRUFRQWUDGLFWLQJDQ\
UHOHYDQWVWDWHPHQWSUHMXGLFLDOWR>RQH¶V@YLHZ´Id. TXRWLQJ%RDUGRI(GXFY5LFH>@$&
Id.DW
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
HV 7RRIIVHWWKLVEDODQFLQJWHVW¶VXQFHUWDLQW\-XGJH)ULHQGO\VXJJHVWVWKDW
³PRUH HODERUDWH VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI WKH UHOHYDQW IDFWRUV PD\ KHOS WR SURGXFH
PRUH SULQFLSOHG DQG SUHGLFWDEOH GHFLVLRQV´ ,W LV WKLV VHQVH RI SULQFLSOH
DQGSUHGLFWDELOLW\WKDWLQVSLUHVWKLV$UWLFOHWREULQJGXHSURFHVVWR%LJ'DWD
DQGLWVSRWHQWLDOSULYDF\KDUPV
+DYLQJODLGRXWKLVJHQHUDOYLVLRQRIGXHSURFHVVKHDULQJV-XGJH)ULHQGO\
WKHQJRHVRQWRHQXQFLDWHHOHYHQSRWHQWLDOHOHPHQWVRIDKHDULQJWKDWPD\KHOS
HQVXUHDIDLUSURFHVV1RWDOODUHUHTXLUHGKHVWDWHVEXWDOODUHZRUWKFRQVLGHUD
WLRQGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDWLVVXH7KH\DUHDQXQELDVHGWULEX
QDOQRWLFHRIWKHSURSRVHGDFWLRQDQGWKHJURXQGVDVVHUWHGIRULW
DQRSSRUWXQLW\WRSUHVHQWUHDVRQVZK\WKHSURSRVHGDFWLRQVKRXOGQRWEHWDN
HQ WKH ULJKW WR FDOO ZLWQHVVHV WKH ULJKW WR NQRZ WKH HYLGHQFH
DJDLQVWRQHVHOIWKHULJKWWRKDYHWKHGHFLVLRQEDVHGRQO\RQWKHHYLGHQFH
SUHVHQWHG WKH ULJKW WR FRXQVHO WKH PDNLQJ RI D UHFRUG D
VWDWHPHQWRIUHDVRQVSXEOLFDWWHQGDQFHDQGMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ
1RW DOO RI WKHVH HOHYHQ HOHPHQWV ZRXOG ILW D GDWD GXH SURFHVV RI
FRXUVH7KHULJKWWRFDOOZLWQHVVHVIRUH[DPSOHZRXOGEHGLIILFXOWDQGSR
WHQWLDOO\ FXPEHUVRPH JLYHQ KRZ %LJ 'DWD V\VWHPV SHUIRUP WKHLU DQDO\W
Id.
Id.
Id.DW³$OWKRXJKDQXQELDVHGWULEXQDOLVDQHFHVVDU\HOHPHQWLQHYHU\FDVHZKHUHD
KHDULQJLVUHTXLUHGVKDUSGLVDJUHHPHQWFDQDULVHRYHUKRZPXFKLQWKHZD\RISULRUSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
FRQVWLWXWHVELDV´
Id.DW±³,WLVOLNHZLVHIXQGDPHQWDOWKDWQRWLFHEHJLYHQDQGWKDWLWEHWLPHO\DQG
FOHDUO\LQIRUPWKHLQGLYLGXDORIWKHSURSRVHGDFWLRQDQGWKHJURXQGVIRULW´
Id.DW
Id.DW³8QGHUPRVWFRQGLWLRQVWKHUHGRHVQRWVHHPWREHDQ\GLVSRVLWLRQWRGHQ\WKH
ULJKWWRFDOOZLWQHVVHVDOWKRXJKWKHWULEXQDOPXVWEHHQWLWOHGUHDVRQDEO\WROLPLWWKHLUQXPEHUDQG
WKHVFRSHRIH[DPLQDWLRQ´
Id. DW ± QRWLQJ GLVDJUHHPHQW DV WR ZKHWKHU ³WKH ULJKW WR NQRZ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH
HYLGHQFH RQ ZKLFK WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU UHOLHV´ DSSOLHV RQO\ WR FULPLQDO FDVHV RU WR FDVHV LQFOXGLQJ
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGUHJXODWRU\DFWLRQV
Id. DW ± GLVFXVVLQJ WKH QHFHVVLW\ WR JUDQW DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRQIURQW DOO HYLGHQFH
DQGZLWQHVVHV
Id. DW ± HPSKDVL]LQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI FRXQVHO¶V UROH ³WR DGYDQFH KLV FOLHQW¶V
FDXVHE\DQ\HWKLFDOPHDQV´
Id.DW±KLJKOLJKWLQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDUHFRUGEXWFDXWLRQLQJDJDLQVW³WKHVKHHU
SUREOHPRIZDUHKRXVLQJWKHVHPRXQWDLQVRISDSHUV´
Id. ILQGLQJ D ZULWWHQ VWDWHPHQW RI UHDVRQV QHFHVVDU\ IRU SXUSRVHV RI MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ WR
SURYLGH IRU MXVWLILFDWLRQ DV D SRZHUIXO SUHYHQWLYH RI ZURQJ GHFLVLRQV WR HQFRXUDJH XQLIRUPLW\
DFURVV GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ ERGLHV DQG WR PDNH GHFLVLRQV VRPHZKDW PRUH DFFHSWDEOH WR D ORVLQJ
FODLPDQW
Id.DW±FLWLQJWKUHHSULQFLSDOUHDVRQVIRUWKHULJKWWRDQRSHQWULDODVDSDUWRIGXH
SURFHVVIRVWHULQJSXEOLFFRQILGHQFHLQWKHRXWFRPHKHOSLQJWRDVVXUHWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKH
HYLGHQFH RIIHUHG DQG SODFLQJ SUHVVXUH RQ WKH SUHVLGLQJ RIILFLDOV WR FRQGXFW WKH SURFHHGLQJV
IDLUO\ -XGJH )ULHQGO\ KRZHYHU DFNQRZOHGJHV WKDW SXEOLF DWWHQGDQFH FDQ DOVR EH GLVUXSWLYH LQ
FHUWDLQFRQWH[WVVXFKDVSULVRQGLVFLSOLQDU\KHDULQJVId.
Id. DW±VXJJHVWLQJWKDWMXGLFLDOUHYLHZEHOLPLWHGWRTXHVWLRQVRIIDLUSURFHGXUH
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
LFV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG HOHPHQWV VXFK DV ³DQ XQELDVHG WULEXQDO´ ³WKH
ULJKWWRNQRZWKHHYLGHQFHDJDLQVWRQH´³WKHPDNLQJRIDUHFRUG´DQG³D
VWDWHPHQWRIUHDVRQV´PDNHPRUHVHQVHIRUGDWDGXHSURFHVV)RUH[DPSOH
UDWKHUWKDQIRFXVLQJ²DV),33VGR²RQWKHULJKWWRDXGLWWKHSHUVRQDOGDWD
WKDWKDVEHHQFROOHFWHGDERXWRQHVHOIJHQHUDOO\GDWDGXHSURFHVVZRXOGVSH
FLILFDOO\IRFXVRQWKHULJKWWRDXGLWWKHGDWDXVHGWRPDNHWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
DWLVVXH0RUHRYHUDOWKRXJKERWK),33VDQGGXHSURFHVVGHVFULEHWKHFRQ
FHSW RI ³QRWLFH´ DV FULWLFDO GXH SURFHVV¶V QRWLFH IRFXVHV RQ WKH SURSRVHG
DFWLRQWREHWDNHQDJDLQVWWKHLQGLYLGXDOUDWKHUWKDQWKHW\SHDQGDPRXQWRI
GDWDWREHFROOHFWHGRUXVHG²DVLV),33VIRFXV$JDLQEHFDXVHLWLVKDUGWR
SUHGLFWLQDGYDQFHZKDWSURFHVVHVRUTXHULHVZLOOEHFRQGXFWHGE\%LJ'DWD
GXHSURFHVV¶VUHTXLUHGQRWLFHRIDSURSRVHGDFWLRQILWV%LJ'DWD¶VLQIRUPDWLRQ
SUDFWLFHVEHWWHUWKDQ),33V¶DSSURDFKWRJDWHNHHSLQJDWWKHFROOHFWLRQVWDJH $QXQELDVHGWULEXQDODQGMXGLFLDOUHYLHZZRXOGDOVREHDSSURSULDWHIRU
GDWD GXH SURFHVV $OJRULWKPLF ELDV LV D VHULRXV LVVXH DQG WKHUH VKRXOG EH
PHDQVIRUFKDOOHQJLQJLW %HFDXVHSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVDUHRIWHQRQO\
GLVFHUQDEOHLQKLQGVLJKWLWPD\PDNHVHQVHWRSURYLGHIRUVRPHDJHQF\RU
MXGLFLDORYHUVLJKWZKHQWKH\RFFXU7KLVRYHUVLJKWZRXOGRQO\DSSO\WRGDWD
GXHSURFHVVDQGQRWWRWKHDFWXDOUHVXOWHQVXULQJWKDWWKHUHYLHZVZRXOGEH
IDLUO\ VWDQGDUGL]HG DQG WKDW WKH JURZLQJ H[SHUWLVH RI WKH DJHQF\ RU FRXUW
SHUIRUPLQJWKHVHUHYLHZVZRXOGSURPRWHHIILFLHQF\RYHUWKHORQJWHUP
7KH1DWXUHRIWKH$FWLRQ
7RDGGUHVVKRZWKHQDWXUHRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDFWLRQVKRXOGLQIOXHQFH
WKHGXHSURFHVVUHTXLUHPHQWV-XGJH)ULHQGO\DUJXHVWKDWWKHJUHDWHUWKHVH
ULRXVQHVV RI WKH GHSULYDWLRQ WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO WKH PRUH SURWHFWLRQV VKRXOG
EHLQSODFH )RUH[DPSOHWDNLQJDFWLRQDJDLQVWDFLWL]HQLVIDUPRUHVHUL
RXV WKDQ VLPSO\ GHQ\LQJ D FLWL]HQ¶V UHTXHVW $PRQJ WKH GHSULYDWLRQV KH
UDQNVDVGHVHUYLQJWKHPRVWSURFHGXUDOSURWHFWLRQ-XGJH)ULHQGO\LQFOXGHV
UHYRFDWLRQRISDUROHRUSUREDWLRQFLYLOFRPPLWPHQWZDUUDQWVDQGUHYRFD
WLRQRIDSURIHVVLRQDOOLFHQVH +HDOVRVXJJHVWVWKDWJUDGDWLRQVLQGHSULYD
WLRQPDWWHU
See )ULHQGO\supraQRWHDW
See &LWURQsupraQRWHDW±DUWLFXODWLQJWKDWFXUUHQWQRWLFHLVLQDGHTXDWHDQG
VXJJHVWLQJLPSURYHPHQWVWKDWPLUURUWKHQRWLFHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIRWKHUFRXQWULHV
Id. DW GLVFXVVLQJ SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW SURJUDPPHUV PD\ GLVWRUW SROLF\ ZLWK RZQ ELDVHV
ZKHQWDVNHGZLWKGHYLVLQJFRGHWRDFKLHYHSROLF\¶VJRDOV
See)ULHQGO\supraQRWHDW±
Id.
Id.DW±
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
7KXVDZHOIDUHWHUPLQDWLRQLVPRUHVHULRXVWKDQDUHGXFWLRQVXV
SHQVLRQRIDSD\PHQWWKDWLVWKHFODLPDQW¶VRQO\KRSHIRULQFRPH
LV PRUH VHULRXV WKDQ D VXVSHQVLRQ WKDW SHUPLWV UHVRUW WR RWKHU
VRXUFHV RI LQFRPH HYHQ WR WKH ZHOIDUH V\VWHP H[SXOVLRQ IURP
SXEOLF KRXVLQJ LV PRUH VHULRXV WKDQ WUDQVIHU WR D VPDOOHU DSDUW
PHQWH[SXOVLRQIURPDVFKRROLVPRUHVHULRXVWKDQVXVSHQVLRQRU
ORVVRIFUHGLWVHYHUDQFH IURP JRYHUQPHQW VHUYLFH LV JUDYHU WKDQ
VXVSHQVLRQSHQGLQJDIXUWKHUKHDULQJGLVPLVVDORQDJURXQGFDU
U\LQJ D PRUDO VWLJPD LV PRUH VHULRXV WKDQ RQ RQH WKDW GRHV QRW
VRPHW\SHVRIGLVFLSOLQHDUHPRUHRQHURXVWKDQRWKHUV ,Q WHUPV RI GDWD GXH SURFHVV WKH W\SH RI SUHGLFWLYH SULYDF\ KDUP
VKRXOG VLPLODUO\ LQIOXHQFH WKH GXH SURFHVV UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH JUHDWHU WKH
VWLJPDRUVHULRXVQHVVRIWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKHJUHDWHUULJKWRQHVKRXOGKDYH
WR TXHVWLRQ KRZ %LJ 'DWD DGMXGLFDWHG WKDW UHVXOW )RU H[DPSOH KHDOWK LQ
IRUPDWLRQ LV DPRQJ WKH PRVW SUHFLRXVDQG SURWHFWHG VR PRUH GXH SURFHVV
ZRXOG EH DIIRUGHG WR GHWHUPLQDWLRQV LQ WKLV ILHOG /DZ HQIRUFHPHQW XVHV
ZRXOG DOVR EH DPRQJ WKRVH PRVW VXEMHFW WR PRUH VFUXWLQ\ $GYHUWLVLQJ
PLJKWEHRQWKHOHVVHUHQG RI VFUXWLQ\)RU PL[HG XVHV VXFK DV WKH 7DUJHW
SUHJQDQF\ H[DPSOH ZKLFK PD\ EH FDWHJRUL]HG DV ERWK DGYHUWLVLQJ DQG
KHDOWKLQIRUPDWLRQWKHJUHDWHUSURWHFWLRQVKRXOGJRYHUQ & The Underlying Values of Due Process
7RIXUWKHUDVVHVVWKHDSSURSULDWHQHVVRIDGXHSURFHVVDSSURDFKWR%LJ
'DWD LW LV ZRUWK FRQVLGHULQJ WKH YDOXHV WKDW XQGHUOLH PDQ\ GXH SURFHVV
UXOHV$V0DUWLQ5HGLVKDQG/DUU\0DUVKDOOKDYHQRWHGGXHSURFHVV¶VYDO
XHV UHPDLQ PRUH FRQVLVWHQW WKDQ LWV SURFHGXUHV $SSOLFDWLRQ RI GXH SUR
FHVVWRGDWDUHTXLUHVVLJQLILFDQWLPDJLQDWLRQWRGHVLJQWKHDSSURSULDWHSUR
FHVVHV DQG SURFHGXUHV 7KH ODUJH FRPSXWDWLRQDO XVH RI GDWD ZLOO EH YDULHG
DQGFRQWH[WXDOPXFKOLNHWKHUDQJHRIFDVHVWKDWFRXUWVFRQVLGHU$FFRUG
LQJO\DIOH[LEOHPRGHOEDVHGPRUHRQYDOXHVDQGOHVVRQVSHFLILFSURFHGXUHV
ZLOOEHPRUHOLNHO\WRHQGXUHRYHUWLPH VFDOH
Id. DW IRRWQRWHV RPLWWHG QRWLQJ WKH LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI LPSOHPHQWLQJ D XQLYHUVDO
See 'XKLJJsupra QRWH†0DJD]LQHDWGLVFXVVLQJWKH7DUJHWH[DPSOH
0DUWLQ+5HGLVK/DZUHQFH&0DUVKDOOAdjudicatory Independence and the Values of
Procedural Due Process<$/(/-5HGLVKDQG0DUVKDOOVWUHVVWKDWDSURFH
GXUDOGXHSURFHVVPRGHOVKRXOGKDYHIOH[LEOHSURFHGXUDOPHFKDQLVPVWKDWPDLQWDLQWKHGXHSUR
FHVVFODXVH¶VORQJH[LVWLQJYDOXHVId.
See id.DW±
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
,QWKHLUH[DPLQDWLRQRIGXHSURFHVV5HGLVKDQG0DUVKDOOVHWRXWVHYHQ
HQGXULQJ VHWV RI YDOXHV WKDW GXH SURFHVV VKRXOG SUHVHUYH DFFXUDF\ WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIIDLUQHVV HTXDOLW\RILQSXWVLQWRWKHSURFHVV SUHGLFWDELOLW\ WUDQVSDUHQF\ DQG UDWLRQDOLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ UHYHODWLRQ DQGSULYDF\GLJQLW\ (DFK RI WKHVH YDOXHV PDSV ZHOO WR RXU FRQFHUQV DERXW %LJ 'DWD )RU
%LJ'DWDWRGHOLYHUWKHDQVZHUVZHVHHNLWPXVWEHDFFXUDWHDQGLQFOXGHDOO
DSSURSULDWHLQSXWVHTXDOO\WRRYHUFRPHDQ\VLJQDOSUREOHPV2WKHUZLVH%LJ
'DWD PD\ SURYLGH XV ZLWK PLVOHDGLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV )XUWKHUPRUH EHIRUH
%LJ 'DWD¶V UROH LQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ FDQ JDLQ JUHDWHU VRFLDO DFFHSWDQFH²
HVSHFLDOO\ZLWKLQJRYHUQPHQW²LWPXVWQRWRQO\DSSHDUIDLUEXWDOVRKDYHDQ
DFFHSWDEOH GHJUHH RI SUHGLFWDELOLW\ WUDQVSDUHQF\ DQG UDWLRQDOLW\ :LWKRXW
WKHVHYDOXHVZHFDQQRWWUXVW%LJ'DWDWREHSDUWRIJRYHUQDQFH )LQDOO\
SDUWLFLSDWLRQUHYHODWLRQDQGSULYDF\GLJQLW\ZRXOGKHOSRSWLPL]H%LJ'D
WD¶VUROHLQSXEOLFGHFLVLRQPDNLQJIRUWKHVDPHUHDVRQVWKH\RSWLPL]HWKH
MXGLFLDORUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHSURFHVVE\EULQJLQJOHJLWLPDF\WRWKHSURFHVVDO
EHLW WKURXJK GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFKHV 7KHVH YDOXHV DGGUHVV WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V
FRQFHUQ DERXW WKH SURFHGXUDO SURFHVV HYHQ LQ VSLWH RI XQIDYRUDEOH RXW
FRPHV Id.DW±H[SODLQLQJSURFHGXUDOPHFKDQLVPVVXFKDVDQLQGHSHQGHQWDGMXGLFDWRUDQG
ULJKWWRFRXQVHOWRHQVXUHDFFXUDF\
Id.DW±FKDUDFWHUL]LQJDQDSSHDUDQFHRIIDLUQHVVYLDDQLQGHSHQGHQWDGMXGLFDWRUDV
WKHIOLSVLGHRIWKHDFFXUDF\YDOXHEHFDXVHLWIRVWHUVWUXVWLQWKHDGMXGLFDWRU\SURFHVV
Id.DW±HPSKDVL]LQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISURFHGXUDOIDLUQHVVWRHQVXUHWKDWDSDUW\¶V
LGHQWLW\GRHVQRWDIIHFWWKHDGMXGLFDWRU\SURFHVV
Id. DW ± UHDVRQLQJ WKDW GXH SURFHVV¶V SUHGLFWDELOLW\ WUDQVSDUHQF\ DQG UDWLRQDOLW\
DOORZLQGLYLGXDOVWRSODQUDWLRQDOO\DQGPDNHLQIRUPHGGHFLVLRQV
Id. DW ± DWWULEXWLQJ WKH YDOXH RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ WR LQGLYLGXDO SV\FKRORJLFDO EHQHILWV
DQG VRFLHWDO EHQHILWV see 0DUVKDOO Y -HUULFR ,QF 86 VSHFLI\LQJ ³WKH
SURPRWLRQRISDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGGLDORJXHE\DIIHFWHGLQGLYLGXDOVLQWKH>GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ@SURFHVV´
DVDFHQWUDOFRQFHUQRISURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVV
5HGLVK 0DUVKDOO supra QRWH DW ± QRWLQJ WKDW DOWKRXJK WKLV YDOXH LV PRUH
LQWURVSHFWLYHWKDQRWKHUVLWLVSLYRWDOWRSUHVHUYLQJLQGLYLGXDOGLJQLW\DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
Id.DWVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWDFNQRZOHGJHVLQGLYLGXDOSK\VLFDODQGPHQ
WDOSULYDF\EXWVWDWLQJWKDWWKLVYDOXHUHVWULFWVGXHSURFHVV¶VSURFHGXUDOPHFKDQLVPV
See, e.g. 'HFODQ%XWOHUWhen Google Got Flu Wrong 1$785(±
H[SODLQLQJ*RRJOH)OX7UHQGV¶IDXOW\RYHUHVWLPDWLRQZKHQLWXVHG%LJ'DWDWRGHWHUPLQHSHDNIOX
OHYHOVDQGWKHHIIHFWVRIPLVWDNHQUHOLDQFHRQLWVDQDO\VLV.DWH&UDZIRUGThe Hidden Biases in
Big Data+$59%865(9$SU30KWWSEORJVKEURUJFVWKHBKLGGHQB
ELDVHVBLQBELJBGDWDKWPO archived at KWWSSHUPDFF%8.$ GLVFXVVLQJ %LJ 'DWD¶V VLJQDO
SUREOHPVLQVXFKVFHQDULRVDVDQDO\VLVRI*36GDWDWRGHWHFWSRWKROHV
See generally.DWH&UDZIRUG&DWKHULQH/XPE\Networks of Governance: Users, Platforms, and the Challenges of Networked Media Regulation,17¶/ - 7(&+ 32/¶< /$: %\WKHWHUP³JRYHUQDQFH´ZHDUHUHIHUULQJSULPDULO\WRQHWZRUNHGRUWHFKQRORJLFDOJRY
HUQDQFHZKLFKLQYROYHVERWKJRYHUQPHQWDODVSHFWVDVZHOODVSULYDWHDQGLQGLYLGXDORQHVId.
5REHUW-0DF&RXQVoice, Control, and Belonging: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Justice $11 5(9 / 62& 6&, ± KLJKOLJKWLQJ ³WKH DELOLW\ WR WHOO
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
5HGLVK DQG 0DUVKDOO DOVR UDLVH WZR FDXWLRQDU\ FRQFHUQV DERXW ZKDW
WKH\FRQVLGHUWREHWKHFHQWHUSLHFHRIDQ\GXHSURFHVVIUDPHZRUN²WKHLQ
GHSHQGHQW DGMXGLFDWRU 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH\ KLJKOLJKW WKH GDQJHUV WKDW DULVH
ZKHQDQDGMXGLFDWRUKDVHLWKHUDGLUHFWILQDQFLDOLQWHUHVWLQWKHSURFHHGLQJ¶V
RXWFRPH RU DQ LQKHUHQW SHUVRQDO ELDV 7KHUH FDQ EH QR GRXEW WKDW IRU
SURILWSURYLGHUVRI%LJ'DWDDQDO\WLFVKDYHGLUHFWILQDQFLDOLQWHUHVWVLQVRPH
RIWKHRXWSXWVWKH\SURGXFH)XUWKHUPRUHDVZHQRWHLQDQRWKHUDUWLFOHLV
VXHV RI ELDV DOVR H[LVW ZLWKLQ %LJ 'DWD¶V DOJRULWKPV DQG GDWD VHWV GHVSLWH
WKHLU DSSHDUDQFH RI REMHFWLYLW\ 7KHVH SUHVHQW WZR DGGLWLRQDO UHDVRQV WR
DSSO\GXHSURFHVVWRWKHVHGDWDUHJLPHV
' Due Process as Separation of Powers and Systems Management
'XH SURFHVV¶V KLVWRULFDO UROH DV D PHDQV RI VHSDUDWLQJ SRZHUV DPRQJ
JRYHUQPHQWV LV DQRWKHU IDYRUDEOH UHDVRQ WR FRQVLGHU LW DV D PHFKDQLVP WR
DGGUHVV KRZ %LJ 'DWD KDQGOHV SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ 'XH SURFHVV KDV HQ
VXUHG WKDW WKRVH ZKR SDVV JHQHUDO ODZV DUH NHSW VHSDUDWH IURP ERWK WKRVH
ZKR DUH FDOOHG XSRQ WR HQIRUFH WKHP LQ VSHFLILF FLUFXPVWDQFHV DQG WKRVH
ZKR MXGJH ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKRVH FDVHV KDYH PHULW $V WZR VFKRODUV ZULWH
WKLV SURWHFWV FLWL]HQV DJDLQVW GLUHFWHG H[HFXWLYH SXQLVKPHQW LQ WKH IRUP RI
DGMXGLFDWLRQ &RQJUHVV PD\ SDVV ODZV DIIHFWLQJ RXU OLYHV OLEHUW\ DQG
SURSHUW\DQGWKH3UHVLGHQWPD\VLJQWKHPEXWWKHLUHQIRUFHPHQWUHTXLUHVD
IDLU SURFHVV RYHUVHHQ E\ D QHXWUDO DUELWHU 7KXV D FRUH IXQFWLRQ RI GXH
SURFHVVLVWRVHSDUDWHWKRVHZKRZULWHWKHOHJDOFRGHIURPDGMXGLFDWRUVZKR
XVHLW :LWKPDQ\%LJ'DWDGHWHUPLQDWLRQVWKHUHLVOLWWOHRUQRUHJXODWLRQRI
WKHLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJWKHDOJRULWKP¶VGHVLJQHUWKHODZPDNHUWKHSHUVRQ
ZKRRYHUVHHVWKHTXHULHVWKHH[HFXWLYHDQGWKHDGMXGLFDWRUWKHFRPSXWD
WLRQDO RXWSXW $FFRUGLQJO\ WKHUH LV QR V\VWHP RI FKHFNV DQG EDODQFHV WR
HQVXUHWKDWELDVHVDUHQRWSUHVHQWLQWKHV\VWHPZKLFKLVHVSHFLDOO\FUXFLDO
WRDV\VWHPRIHQIRUFHPHQW$V&KLHI-XVWLFH-RKQ0DUVKDOOKDVH[SODLQHG
³,WLVWKHSHFXOLDUSURYLQFH RI WKH OHJLVODWXUH WR SUHVFULEH JHQHUDO UXOHV IRU
WKH JRYHUQPHQW RI VRFLHW\ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKRVH UXOHV WR LQGLYLGXDOV LQ
RQH¶V VWRU\´ DQG ³GLJQLILHG UHVSHFWIXO WUHDWPHQWV´ DV VLJQLILFDQW GLPHQVLRQV RI GXH SURFHVV WR
LQGLYLGXDOVUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHDGMXGLFDWRU\SURFHVV¶VRXWFRPH
5HGLVK0DUVKDOOsupraQRWHDW±
See &UDZIRUG supra QRWH .DWH &UDZIRUG Think Again: Big Data )25(,*1 32/¶<
0D\KWWSZZZIRUHLJQSROLF\FRPDUWLFOHVWKLQNBDJDLQBELJBGDWDarchived
at KWWSSHUPDFF64%;.
1DWKDQ6&KDSPDQ0LFKDHO:0F&RQQHOODue Process as Separation of Power
<$/(/-±
Id. DW ± GLVFXVVLQJ WKH HYROXWLRQ RI KRZ GXH SURFHVV DFWV DV D VHSDUDWLRQ RI
SRZHUV
Id
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
VRFLHW\ ZRXOG VHHP WR EH WKH GXW\ RI RWKHU GHSDUWPHQWV´ 'XH SURFHVV
ZRXOGKHOSHQVXUHWKDW%LJ'DWDGRHV QRW EOXU LWV SURFHVVHV ZLWKLWVSURY
LQFHV
9DULRXVGXHSURFHVVVFKRODUVKDYHDOVRFRQFHSWXDOL]HGWKHGRFWULQHDV
DIRUPRIV\VWHPDWLF PDQDJHPHQW WHFKQLTXH WKDW VKRXOG IRFXV OHVVRQDQ\
LQGLYLGXDO KDUP DQG PRUH RQ GLVFRYHULQJ HUURUV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKHLU FDXVHV
DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ FRUUHFWLYH DFWLRQV 2U DV RQH VFKRODU VXJJHVWV DOW
KRXJKGXHSURFHVVVKRXOGDGGUHVVLQMXVWLFHVLQGLYLGXDOO\LWVKRXOGORRNEH
\RQG WKHP WR WKH PDQDJHULDO OHYHO E\ FUHDWLQJ VFKHPHV DQG LQFHQWLYHV WR
QRUPDWLYHO\ FLUFXPVFULEH JRYHUQPHQW DFWLRQV ZLWKLQ WKH ERXQGVRI ODZ 6LPLODUO\GXHSURFHVVFDQVHUYHDVDV\VWHPDWLFPDQDJHPHQWWHFKQLTXHIRU
%LJ 'DWD E\ XQFRYHULQJ HUURUV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKHLU FDXVHV DQG SURYLGLQJ
VFKHPHVDQGLQFHQWLYHVWRFRUUHFWWKHPZKLOHNHHSLQJZLWKLQWKHERXQGVRI
SULYDF\ODZVDQGQRUPV
,,,72:$5'$02'(/)25'$7$'8(352&(66
$ Technological Due Process: The Citron Analysis
7KHJHQHUDOLGHDRIDSSO\LQJGXHSURFHVVWRDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPVLVQRW
QHZ ,QKHUDUWLFOHTechnological Due Process'DQLHOOH&LWURQH[
DPLQHV WKH XVH RI DXWRPDWHG V\VWHPV LQ JRYHUQPHQWDO DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SUR
FHHGLQJV WKH ULVNV WKH\ SRVH WR GHSULYDWLRQV RI OLEHUW\ DQG SURSHUW\ DQG
KRZ D UHLQYLJRUDWHG DSSURDFK WR GXH SURFHVV FRXOG KHOS PLWLJDWH DQG DG
)OHWFKHUY3HFN86&UDQFKsee&KDSPDQ0F&RQQHOOsupra
QRWHDWHPSKDVL]LQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDSSO\LQJWKHODZVHTXDOO\WRDOOSHRSOHVXJJHVW
LQJ WKDW VHSDUDWLRQ RI SRZHUV VHUYHV DV DQ HIIHFWLYH YHKLFOH WR DFFRPSOLVK WKLV DQG XVLQJ &KLHI
-XVWLFH0DUVKDOO¶VRSLQLRQWRVXSSRUWWKLVDUJXPHQW
See, e.g. &LWURQ supra QRWH DW ± 5LFKDUG + )DOORQ -U Some Confusion
About Due Process, Judicial Review, and Constitutional Remedies&2/80/5(9
±-HUU\/0DVKDZThe Management Side of Due Process: Some Theoretical and
Litigation Notes on the Assurance of Accuracy, Fairness, and Timeliness in the Adjudication of
Social Welfare Claims&251(///5(9±
)DOORQsupraQRWHDW
See, e.g. &LWURQ supra QRWH ± ,DQ.HUU Prediction, Pre-emption, Presumption: The Path of Law After the Computational Turnin 35,9$&< '8( 352&(66$1'7+( &20
387$7,21$/78517+(3+,/2623+<2)/$:0((767+(3+,/2623+<2)7(&+12/2*<
0LUHLOOH +LOGHEUDQGW .DWMD GH 9ULHV HGV QRWLQJ WKDW ³IURP D EURDG OHJDO DQG HWKLFDO
SHUVSHFWLYH SUREOHPV DUH VXUH WR DULVH ZKHQ DQWLFLSDWRU\ DOJRULWKPV DQG RWKHU FRPSXWDWLRQDO
V\VWHPV LPSRUW QRUPV WKDW XQGHUPLQH WKH GXH SURFHVV RWKHUZLVH DIIRUGHG WR FLWL]HQV E\ ODZ´
'DQLHO - 6WHLQERFN Data Matching, Data Mining, and Due Process *$ / 5(9 ±
DGGUHVVLQJWKHGXHSURFHVVHIIHFWVRIXVLQJGDWDPDWFKLQJDQGPLQLQJWRLGHQWLI\SHUVRQV
DJDLQVWZKRPRIILFLDODFWLRQLVWDNHQVXFKDVLQWKHXVHRIDLUSDVVHQJHUVFUHHQLQJDQGWKHPDLQWH
QDQFHRIZDWFKOLVWV7DO==DUVN\Transparent Predictions8 ,// / 5(9±
FULWLTXLQJWUDGLWLRQDOQRWLRQVRIWUDQVSDUHQF\LQWKHFRQWH[WRISUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFVDQGDGYR
FDWLQJIRUVWURQJSURFHGXUDOSURWHFWLRQVWRFRXQWHUDFWWUDQVSDUHQF\¶VLQDELOLW\WRHIIHFWLYHO\KROG
JRYHUQPHQWDFWRUVDFFRXQWDEOHIRUWKHLUXVHRI%LJ'DWD
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
GUHVVWKHVHSUREOHPV &LWURQ¶VDSSURDFKFRXOGEHH[SDQGHGWRDGGUHVVWKH
SUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVRI%LJ'DWD
)LUVW &LWURQ LGHQWLILHV YDULRXV DXWRPDWHG V\VWHPV WKDW JRYHUQPHQW
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RIILFLDOV XVH WR DGMXGLFDWH LQGLYLGXDO OLEHUW\ RU SURSHUW\ LQ
WHUHVWV7KHVHLQFOXGHV\VWHPVWKDWWHUPLQDWH0HGLFDLGIRRGVWDPSVDQG
RWKHUZHOIDUHEHQHILWVWDUJHW SHRSOH IRU H[FOXVLRQ IURP DLU WUDYHO LGHQWLI\
SDUHQWVZKRQHJOHFWFKLOGVXSSRUWSD\PHQWVSXUJHYRWHUVIURPUROOVZLWK
RXW QRWLFH DQG GHHP VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV LQHOLJLEOH IRU IHGHUDO FRQWUDFWV 6KHDOVRQRWHVWKDWPRVWRIWKHVHV\VWHPVKDYH IDLOHGWRJLYHDGHTXDWH
QRWLFH WR LQGLYLGXDOV ZKRVH LQWHUHVWV ZHUH DW VWDNH KDYH IDLOHG WR SUR
YLGH DQ\ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR EH KHDUG EHIRUH D GHFLVLRQ ZDV UHQGHUHG DQG KDYHRIWHQDGMXGLFDWHGWKHFDVHLQVHFUHF\RUZLWKRXWOHDYLQJDQ\UHFRUGIRU
DXGLWVRUMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ ,QSDUWLFXODU&LWURQQRWHVWKDWDXWRPDWLFV\VWHPVJHQHUDOO\IDLOWRJLYHDQ\
RU DGHTXDWH QRWLFH WR LQGLYLGXDOV ZKHQ WKHLU OLEHUW\ RU SURSHUW\ LQWHUHVWV DUH
DOJRULWKPLFDOO\ DGMXGLFDWHG,Q DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SURFHHGLQJV QRWLFH RI DQ DF
WLRQDJDLQVWRQH¶VOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWVKRXOG³EHµUHDVRQDEO\FDOFXODWHG¶WRLQIRUP
DIIHFWHGLQGLYLGXDOVRIWKHLVVXHVWREHGHFLGHGWKHHYLGHQFHVXSSRUWLQJWKH
JRYHUQPHQW¶VSRVLWLRQDQGWKHDJHQF\¶VGHFLVLRQDOSURFHVV´:KHQDIIHFWHG
LQGLYLGXDOVGRQRWUHFHLYHWKLVDGHTXDWHQRWLFHWKH\ODFNVXIILFLHQWLQIRUPDWLRQ
WRUHVSRQGHIIHFWLYHO\WRWKHFODLP$V&LWURQZULWHVFOHDUQRWLFHVKRXOGGH
FUHDVHWKHOLNHOLKRRGWKDWDJHQF\DFWLRQZLOOUHO\RQIDOVHSUHPLVHVPLVOHDGLQJ
SUHVXPSWLRQV RU PLVDSSOLFDWLRQ RI UXOHV7R FRXQWHUDFW WKLV IDLOXUH WR JLYH
QRWLFH&LWURQDUJXHVWKDWDXWRPDWHGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHV\VWHPVPXVWLQFOXGHDXGLW
WUDLOVWKDWUHFRUGWKHIDFWVDQGUXOHVVXSSRUWLQJHDFKGHFLVLRQ 7KLVWUDLOFDQ
WKHQEHFRPSLOHGLQWRVRPHIRUPRIVXIILFLHQWQRWLFHZKHQDGHFLVLRQLVPDGH
DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\WUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHDIIHFWHGLQGLYLGXDO
%LJ 'DWD V\VWHPV VXIIHU IURP PDQ\ RI WKH VDPH ZHDNQHVVHV DV JRY
HUQPHQWDGPLQLVWUDWLRQV\VWHPVUHJDUGLQJQRWLFH,QGLYLGXDOVRUJURXSVWKDW
DUHVXEMHFWHGWRSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPVUDUHO\UHFHLYHDQ\PHDQLQJIXOQR
WLFHRIWKHSUHGLFWLRQVEHIRUHWKH\RFFXURUDUHLPSOHPHQWHGDQGHYHQWKHQ
&LWURQ supra QRWH±
Id.DW
Id.
Id.DW±
Id. DW
Id.DW±
Id.DWFLWLQJ&RVE\Y:DUG)GWK&LU
Id.DWFLWLQJ*ROGEHUJY.HOO\86see also7HQH3ROR
QHWVN\supraQRWHDWHPSKDVL]LQJWKHQHHGIRUIXOOGLVFORVXUHRIWKHSURFHVVDQGFULWHULD
XVHGZKHQPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVWKDWDIIHFWLQGLYLGXDOV¶OLYHV
&LWURQ supra QRWHDW
Id.
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
SURYLGHUV DUH XQOLNHO\ WR VKDUH WKH HYLGHQFH DQG UHDVRQLQJ IRU WKH SUHGLF
WLRQVWKDWZHUH PDGH1RWDEO\ WKHUH LV FXUUHQWO\QR OHJDO UHTXLUHPHQWWKDW
SURYLGHUVDUFKLYHDQ\DXGLWWUDLORUUHWDLQDQ\UHFRUGRIWKHEDVLVRIWKHSUH
GLFWLRQ
2SSRUWXQLWLHVWREHKHDUGDOVRSUHVHQWSUREOHPVIRUDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPV
DQGGXHSURFHVV &LWURQSRVLWVWKDWDQ³RSSRUWXQLW\WREHKHDUG´LQD%LJ
'DWDFRQWH[WZRXOGLQYROYHDFFHVVWRDQDXWRPDWHGSURJUDP¶VVRXUFHFRGH
RU D KHDULQJ RQ WKH ORJLF RI D FRPSXWHU SURJUDP¶V GHFLVLRQ DQG LW ZRXOG
RIWHQ EH IRXQG IDU WRR H[SHQVLYH XQGHUWKHMathews EDODQFLQJWHVW 6KH
QRWHV KRZHYHU WKDW EHFDXVH VXFK FKDOOHQJHV ZRXOG HQFRXUDJH IDLUQHVV LQ
IXWXUH FDVHV LW PLJKW EH ZRUWK SXUVXLQJ DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR EH KHDUG HYHQ
XQGHUMathews 7R EHWWHU DGDSW GXH SURFHVV DSSOLFDWLRQ WR DXWRPDWHG V\VWHPV &LWURQ
SURSRVHVVHYHUDOFKDQJHV6KHVXJJHVWVILUVWWKDWLQVWHDGRIVXEMHFWLQJHYHU\
DXWRPDWHGV\VWHPWRFURVVH[DPLQDWLRQRQHFRXOG²DWDPLQLPXP²LQYHVW
LQH[WUDHGXFDWLRQDERXWWKHELDVHVDQGIDOODFLHVRIDXWRPDWLRQIRUJRYHUQ
PHQW SHUVRQQHO ZKR XVH WKH V\VWHPV WR PDNH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH GHFLVLRQV (GXFDWLQJWKHVHLQGLYLGXDOVDERXWWKHV\VWHPV¶IODZVFRXOGKHOSWKHPVFUX
WLQL]HWKHRXWSXWVPRUHIDLUO\ 6HFRQGVKHVXJJHVWVWKDWDJHQFLHVVKRXOG
UHTXLUHKHDULQJRIILFHUV³WRH[SODLQLQGHWDLOWKHLUUHOLDQFHRQDQDXWRPDWHG
V\VWHP¶V GHFLVLRQ´ LQFOXGLQJ DQ\ FRPSXWHUJHQHUDWHG IDFWV RU OHJDO ILQG
LQJV 7KLUGVKHVXJJHVWVWKDWDJHQFLHVVKRXOGEHUHTXLUHGWRUHJXODUO\WHVW
WKHLUV\VWHP¶VVRIWZDUHIRUELDVDQGRWKHUHUURUV )RU %LJ 'DWD DGMXGLFDWLRQV PDQ\ RI WKHVH VDPH SUREOHPV H[LVW ZLWK
DOJRULWKPLF ELDVHV DQG WKH SRWHQWLDO WR LQDFFXUDWHO\ SUHGLFW 3,, DERXW LQGL
YLGXDOV 7KXV VLPLODU RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR EH KHDUG PD\ ZHOO EH DSSURSULDWH
HVSHFLDOO\ZLWKUHVSHFWWR HGXFDWLQJGDWDVFLHQWLVWV DERXWWKHELDVHVRI%LJ
'DWDUHTXLULQJWKRVHZKRXVH%LJ'DWDIRUVLJQLILFDQWGHFLVLRQVFRQFHUQLQJ
LQGLYLGXDOV WR GLVFORVH ZKLFK GDWD VHWV ZHUH XVHG DQG UHTXLULQJ WHVWLQJ RI
SUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFVWRDVVHVVKRZDFFXUDWHDJLYHQV\VWHPFDQEH
Id.DWQRWLQJWKDWWKHMathews v. EldridgeEDODQFLQJWHVWDVSLUHVWRSURYLGHDQRSSRU
WXQLW\ WR EH KHDUG ³DW D PHDQLQJIXO WLPH DQG LQ D PHDQLQJIXO PDQQHU´ EXW RQO\ LI LW LV FRVW
HIILFLHQWFLWLQJ86
Id.DW
Id. DW±)RUH[DPSOH&LWURQDFNQRZOHGJHVWKDWFHUWDLQDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPVVXFKDV
WKH³1R)O\´OLVWLQYROYHVWDWHVHFUHWVDQGZRXOGUDUHO\EHVXEMHFWHGWRVFUXWLQ\Id.DW
Id.DW
Id.DWQRWLQJWKHVXFFHVVRIVSHFLDOVFLHQWLILFWKHRU\DQGPHWKRGRORJ\ZRUNVKRSVIRU
IHGHUDOGLVWULFWFRXUWMXGJHVZKRQHHGWRDVVHVVWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIH[SHUWWHVWLPRQ\
Id.DW
Id.DW
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
)LQDOO\&LWURQGLVFXVVHVZKDWPHDQLQJIXOMXGLFLDOUHYLHZIRUDXWRPDW
HGV\VWHPVPLJKWHQWDLODQGZK\PRVWRIWKHVHV\VWHPVHYDGHLW 6SHFLIL
FDOO\VKHFULWLTXHVDXWRPDWHGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHV\VWHPVEHFDXVHWKH\RIWHQIDLO
WRUHWDLQDQ\DXGLWUHFRUGRIKRZWKH\PDGHWKHGHFLVLRQVDWLVVXHRUXSRQ
ZKDW GDWD WKH GHFLVLRQ ZDV EDVHG $JDLQ VLPLODU WR WKH QHHG IRU QRWLFH
%LJ 'DWD PD\ EHQHILW IURP DQ DXGLW WUDLO EHFDXVH LW SURYLGHV UHDVVXUDQFH
DQGLQFUHDVHVDFFXUDF\$FFHVVWRDXGLWWUDLOVZRXOGDOVRDOORZLQGLYLGXDOV
WRUDLVHVSHFLILFREMHFWLRQVWRKRZDQGZKHQWKHLUGDWDLVEHLQJXVHGLQYDUL
RXVSURFHVVHV
% Procedural Data Due Process
$VQRWHGDERYHSURFHGXUDOGXHSURFHVVJHQHUDOO\GHVFULEHVWKHFRQVWL
WXWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWDQ\JRYHUQPHQWGHSULYDWLRQRIDOLEHUW\RUSURSHU
W\ ULJKW PXVW EH SUHFHGHG²DW D PLQLPXP²E\ QRWLFH DQG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\
IRU D KHDULQJ RQ WKH PDWWHU EHIRUH DQ LPSDUWLDO DGMXGLFDWRU ,Q WKLQNLQJ
DERXWSURFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVVWKLV6HFWLRQZLOOGUDZIURPWKHVHVDPH
WKUHHHOHPHQWVZKLOHLQFRUSRUDWLQJDVSHFWVRI-XGJH)ULHQGO\¶VOLVWRIHOHY
HQDQG5HGLVKDQG0DUVKDOO¶VYDOXHVRIGXHSURFHVV 7REHJLQVRPHXVHVRI%LJ'DWDZLOOEHGLIILFXOWWRILWLQWKHPROGRI
LQGLYLGXDOL]HGGXHSURFHVVDGMXGLFDWLRQ7KHVHXVHVLQFOXGHWKHRSSRUWXQL
WLHVLQGLYLGXDOVZHUHQRWVHOHFWHGIRUWKHDGYDQWDJHRXVLQVXUDQFHDGYHUWLV
LQJRIIHUVWKDWGLGQRWDSSHDULQWKHLUVHDUFKUHVXOWVDQGWKHMREVWKH\QHYHU
NQHZH[LVWHGEHFDXVHWKH\ GLGQ¶W ILW WKH GHVLUHG SURILOH RI D PDUNHWHU%XW
ZKHQ LQGLYLGXDOV DUH DZDUH RI RU GLUHFWO\ LQYROYHG LQ SURFHVVHV LQ ZKLFK
%LJ'DWDLVXVHGDVSDUWRIWKHRXWFRPHVXFKDVZKHQLWLVXVHGWRLGHQWLI\
WRSFDQGLGDWHVIURPDJLYHQSRRORIDSSOLFDQWVLQGLYLGXDOL]HGGXHSURFHVV
DSSURDFKHV ZLOO VHHP PRVW DSSURSULDWH )RU WKH PRUH RSDTXH SUHGLFWLYH
SUREOHPV²LQFOXGLQJ PLVVHG RSSRUWXQLWLHV VXFK DV D UHDO HVWDWH RIIHU RQH
QHYHU VHHV EHFDXVH %LJ 'DWD PLJKW KDYH MXGJHG RQH XQZRUWK\²D PRUH
VWUXFWXUDOGXHSURFHVVDSSURDFKPLJKWEHEHWWHUZLWKRYHUVLJKWDQGDXGLWLQJ
SULPDULO\GULYHQE\SXEOLFDJHQFLHV$QDOWHUQDWLYHFRXOGEHJUDQWHGLQWKH
IRUP RI D UHPHGLDO WRUW ZLWK VWDQGLQJ DQG VWDWXWRU\ GDPDJHV IRU WKRVH
Id.DW±QRWLQJWKDWGHVLJQHUVRIDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPVKDYHLQWHQWLRQDOO\FKRVHQQRW
WRLQFOXGHDXGLWWUDLOVLQWKHLUV\VWHPVid. at±H[SODLQLQJWKDWDXGLWWUDLOVIRUDXWRPDWHG
V\VWHPVZRXOGKHOSRIILFLDOVXQGHUVWDQGV\VWHPIDLOXUHVZKHQWKH\RFFXU
Id.DW
See )ULHQGO\ supra QRWH 5HGLVK 0DUVKDOO supra QRWH see also &KDSPDQ 0F&RQQHOOsupraQRWHDWKLJKOLJKWLQJ6XSUHPH&RXUW¶VHPSKDVLVWKDW³WRFRPSO\ZLWK
GXHSURFHVVVWDWXWHVPXVWHLWKHUSURYLGHIRUWKHXVHRIFRPPRQODZSURFHGXUHVRULIWKH\GRQRW
HPSOR\DOWHUQDWLYHSURFHGXUHVWKDWWKHFRXUWVZRXOGUHJDUGDVHTXLYDOHQWO\IDLUDQGDSSURSULDWH´
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
ZKRVHULJKWVKDYHEHHQYLRODWHGOLNHWKHVFKHPHVHWIRUWKLQWKH(&3$ 7KLVFRXOGDOVRLQFOXGHFODVVFHUWLILFDWLRQDQGDVVRFLDWLRQVWDQGLQJRSWLRQV
$QRWKHUNH\TXHVWLRQDULVHVDVWRZKHQGXHSURFHVVVKRXOGDWWDFKWRD
SDUWLFXODUGHFLVLRQ$OWKRXJKWKHH[DFWPRPHQWIRUDQ\SDUWLFXODUGHFLVLRQ
LV WRR VSHFLILF IRU WKLV $UWLFOH WR GLVFXVV RQH FDQ LPDJLQH WKDW FHUWDLQ GH
WHUPLQDWLRQV OLNH GHWHUPLQDWLRQV RI HPSOR\PHQW HOLJLELOLW\ ZLOO EH PRUH
UHJXODUL]HGDQGUHSHWLWLYH 7KXVGXHSURFHVVFRXOGDWWDFKDWWKHPRPHQW
WKHGHFLVLRQLVPDGHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVSHFLILFHOLJLELOLW\RIDSDUWLFXODUVHW
RILQGLYLGXDOV7KHPRPHQWRIDWWDFKPHQWFRXOGDOVREHWULJJHUHGVRRQHUDV
WKHJHQHUDWHGGDWDDSSURDFKHVWKHHTXLYDOHQWRI3,,7KHPRUHFORVHO\%LJ
'DWD UHVHPEOHV 3,,W\SH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH VWURQJHU WKH FDVH IRU DWWDFKLQJ
SURFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVV,QDGGLWLRQWKHJUHDWHUWKHVHULRXVQHVVRIWKH
GHFLVLRQWKHPRUH%LJ'DWDGXHSURFHVVLVDIIRUGHG:LWKWKHVHTXHVWLRQVLQ
PLQGWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKLV6HFWLRQWXUQVWRSULQFLSOHVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
1RWLFH
2XU FRQFHSWLRQ RI QRWLFH IRU SURFHGXUDO GDWD GXH SURFHVV FHQWHUV RQ
SURYLGLQJ WKRVH ZKR PD\ VXIIHU IURP SUHGLFWLYH SULYDF\ KDUPV DQ RSSRU
WXQLW\WRLQWHUYHQHLQWKHSUHGLFWLYHSURFHVV7KLVRSSRUWXQLW\HQVXUHVIDLU
QHVVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHSURFHVVHVWKDWDIIHFWWKHLULQWHUHVWVHLWKHULQGLYLGX
DOO\RUVWUXFWXUDOO\2XUDSSURDFKZRXOGUHTXLUHWKRVHZKRXVH%LJ'DWDWR
³DGMXGLFDWH´ RWKHUV²LH WKRVH ZKR PDNH FDWHJRULFDO RU DWWULEXWLYH GHWHU
PLQDWLRQV²WR SRVW VRPH IRUP RI QRWLFH GLVFORVLQJ QRW RQO\ WKH W\SH RI
SUHGLFWLRQVWKH\DWWHPSWEXWDOVRWKHJHQHUDOVRXUFHVRIGDWDWKDWWKH\GUDZ
XSRQ DV LQSXWV LQFOXGLQJ D PHDQV ZKHUHE\ WKRVH ZKRVH SHUVRQDO GDWD LV
LQFOXGHGFDQOHDUQRIWKDWIDFW
2QHFRXOGDOVRLPDJLQHDYDULHW\RIQRWLFHULJKWVDQGREOLJDWLRQVWKDW
ZRXOGHQDEOHFRQVXPHUVWRSHWLWLRQ%LJ'DWDSURYLGHUVWRFKHFNDQGVHHLI
WKHLU GDWD ZDV EHLQJ LQFOXGHG RU XVHG LQ DQ\ SUHGLFWLYH DGMXGLFDWLRQV DQG
ZKHWKHU WKDW GDWD ZDV DFFXUDWH 6LPLODU ODZV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU GDWDFROOHF
WLRQ 7KHVHPRGHOVFRXOGEHH[SDQGHGWRLQFOXGHGDWDSURFHVVLQJIRU%LJ
See 86&††±
See, e.g. (ULF 0DUNRZLW] Meet a Start-Up With a Big Data Approach to Hiring ,1&
KWWSZZZLQFFRPHULFPDUNRZLW]KRZGDWDFDQKHOS\RXUHFUXLWWDOHQWHGHQJLQHHUVKWPOarchived
at KWWSSHUPDFF+997-ODVWXSGDWHG6HSWGHVFULELQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRID³WHFK
WDOHQWVRXUFLQJSODWIRUP´XVLQJ%LJ'DWD-RVHSK:DONHUMeet the New Boss: Big Data:$//67
-6HSW$0 KWWSRQOLQHZVMFRPDUWLFOH6%
KWPOarchived at KWWSSHUPDFF65;81;7GLVFXVVLQJFRPSDQLHV¶XVHRI%LJ'DWD
IRUKLULQJGHFLVLRQV
See, e.g 2QOLQH 3ULYDF\ 3URWHFWLRQ $FW RI &$/ %86 352) &2'( ††±
:HVW DPHQGHG UHTXLULQJ FRPPHUFLDO RSHUDWRUV RI RQOLQH VHUYLFHV WR FRQ
VSLFXRXVO\SRVWSULYDF\SROLFLHVLQIRUPLQJXVHUVRIZKDW3,,LVFROOHFWHGDQGKRZLWZLOOEHXVHG
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
'DWDVRWKDWOLNHSULYDF\SROLFLHVGLVFORVLQJGDWDFROOHFWLRQSUDFWLFHVWKH\
ZRXOGGLVFORVHGDWDSUHGLFWLRQSUDFWLFHV³UHDVRQDEO\ FDOFXODWHG´ WR LQIRUP
LQGLYLGXDOVRIWKHULVNVWRZKLFKWKH\PD\EHH[SRVHGLQWHUPVRISUHGLFWLYH
SULYDF\KDUPV0RUHRYHUZKHQDSDUWLFXODUVHWRISUHGLFWLRQVDERXWDQLQ
GLYLGXDORUGLVFUHWHJURXSKDVEHHQTXHULHGRU³DGMXGLFDWHG´QRWLFHZRXOG
EHVHQWRXWWKDWLV³UHDVRQDEO\FDOFXODWHG´WRLQIRUPWKRVHDIIHFWHGRIDWD
PLQLPXP WKH LVVXHV WKDW ZHUH SUHGLFWHG DQG LGHDOO\ WKH GDWD FRQVLGHUHG
DQGWKHPHWKRGRORJ\HPSOR\HG$WDPLQLPXPWKLVQRWLFHVKRXOGSURYLGH
IRUDPHFKDQLVPWRDFFHVVWKHDXGLWWUDLORUUHFRUGFUHDWHGLQWKHSUHGLFWLYH
SURFHVV )RU H[DPSOH LI D FRPSDQ\ ZHUH WR OLFHQVH VHDUFK TXHU\ GDWD IURP
*RRJOH DQG %LQJ LQ RUGHU WR SUHGLFW ZKLFK MRE DSSOLFDQWV ZRXOG EH EHVW
VXLWHG IRU D SDUWLFXODU SRVLWLRQ LW ZRXOG KDYH WR GLVFORVH WR DOO DSSOLFDQWV
WKDWLWXVHVVHDUFKTXHULHVIRUSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFVUHODWHGWRWKHLUFDQGLGDF\
2ULQWKHFDVHRISUHGLFWLYHSROLFLQJWKHJRYHUQPHQWZRXOGKDYHWRQRWLI\
FLWL]HQV WKDW LW ZDV XVLQJ SUHGLFWLYH DQDO\WLFV DQG SDUWLFXODU VHWV RI SXEOLF
UHFRUGVWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKDUHDVRIDFLW\LWPDUNHGDV³KRWVSRWV´DVZHOO
DV LWV FDSDFLW\ WR GHWHUPLQH LI RQH OLYHG RU ZRUNHG ZLWKLQ WKH DFWXDO KRW
VSRWV
$QRWKHUH[DPSOHZRXOGIRFXVRQWKHLVVXHRIIDLUKRXVLQJ,IODQGORUGV
DQG UHDO HVWDWH FRPSDQLHV ZHUH WR VKLIW DZD\ IURP JHQHUDO DGYHUWLVLQJ LQ
PHGLD RXWOHWV DQG WRZDUG XVLQJ %LJ 'DWD WR GHWHUPLQH OLNHO\ EX\HUV RU
UHQWHUVZKRILWWKHLU³LGHDO´SURILOHVZHFRXOGDJDLQUHTXLUHWKHPWRGLV
FORVH WKLV SUDFWLFH 'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH VSHFLILFV RI WKH SUDFWLFH RQH FRXOG
LPDJLQHWKHQRWLFHHLWKHURQDQLQGLYLGXDOOHYHO²WRWKRVHZKRNQHZRIWKHLU
LQFOXVLRQLQWKHSUHGLFWLRQV²RURQDVWUXFWXUDOOHYHOLIWKHSUHGLFWLRQVZHUH
IRUDODUJHVHWRIDJLYHQSRSXODWLRQ
2SSRUWXQLW\IRUD+HDULQJ
2QFH QRWLFH LV DYDLODEOH WKH TXHVWLRQ WKHQ EHFRPHV KRZ RQH PLJKW
FKDOOHQJH WKH IDLUQHVV RI WKH SUHGLFWLYH SURFHVV HPSOR\HG :H EHOLHYH WKDW
WKH PRVW UREXVW PHFKDQLVP IRU WKLV LV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR EH KHDUG DQG LI
0,11 67$7††0±SURKLELWLQJWKHGLVFORVXUHRI3,,DQGUHTXLULQJRQOLQHVHU
YLFHSURYLGHUVWRJHWXVHUV¶SHUPLVVLRQEHIRUHGLVFORVLQJWKHLULQWHUQHWKLVWRU\
See &LWURQ supra QRWH DW ± GLVFXVVLQJ WKH QHHG IRU DXGLW WUDLOV IRU WKH JRY
HUQPHQW¶V DGPLQLVWUDWLYH WHFKQRORJLFDO V\VWHPV WR IDFLOLWDWH PHDQLQJIXO QRWLFH WR LQGLYLGXDOV
'ZRUN0XOOLJDQsupraQRWHDW±VXJJHVWLQJWKDWELDVWHVWLQJDQGWUDQVSDUHQF\RI%LJ
'DWDDQDO\WLFVPD\PLWLJDWHSULYDF\KDUPVsee also&RQVXOWDWLYH&RPPRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQIRU
WKH3URWRI,QGLYLGXDOVZLWK5HJDUGWR$XWRPDWLF3URFHVVLQJRI3HUV'DWD>(761R@Propositions of Modernisation &281&,/ 2) (85 ± 'HF KWWSZZZFRHLQWWGJKO
VWDQGDUGVHWWLQJGDWDSURWHFWLRQ73'BGRFXPHQWV73'5HYB(B&RQYHQWLRQ
PRGHUQLVHGYHUVLRQSGI archived at KWWSSHUPDFF14=49) GLVFXVVLQJ ³5LJKWV RI WKH
GDWDVXEMHFW´
@
Using Procedural Due Process to Redress Big Data’s Privacy Harms
QHFHVVDU\ FRUUHFW WKH UHFRUG 7KLV ZRXOG LQFOXGH H[DPLQLQJ WKH HYLGHQFH
XVHG LQFOXGLQJ ERWK WKH GDWD LQSXW DQG WKH DOJRULWKPLF ORJLF DSSOLHG ,Q
FRQWH[WVLQZKLFKVHFXULW\DQGSURSULHWDU\FRQFHUQVDULVH²RULQPRUHVWUXF
WXUDOVLWXDWLRQV²WKLVUROHFRXOGEHJLYHQWRDWUXVWHGWKLUGSDUW\ZKRZRXOG
DFWDVDQHXWUDOGDWDDUELWHUWRURXWLQHO\H[DPLQH%LJ'DWDSURYLGHUVZKRVH
DGMXGLFDWLRQVJLYHULVHWRSUHGLFWLYHSULYDF\KDUPV)RUH[DPSOHWKH)7&²
ZKLFK FXUUHQWO\ DGGUHVVHV PDQ\ SULYDF\ KDUPV LQYROYLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG
KDVUHFHQWO\KLUHGWHFKQRORJLVWVWRDVVLVWLWVLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGHQIRUFHPHQW
DFWLRQV²FRXOG LQYHVWLJDWH FRPSODLQWV EDVHG RQ SUHGLFWLYH SULYDF\ KDUPV
DQGLQWKHSURFHVVRIWKRVHFRPSODLQWVLQYHVWLJDWHWKHEDVLVRIWKHSUHGLF
WLRQV 7KHSUHVHQFHRIDQHXWUDOGDWDDUELWHUZRXOGSURYLGHWKHSXEOLFZLWKDQ
RSSRUWXQLW\WREHKHDUGWRH[DPLQHWKHHYLGHQFHXVHGLQDGMXGLFDWLYHSUH
GLFWLRQVDQGWRFKDOOHQJHLW7KLVDSSURDFKZRXOGDOVRFRPSRUWZLWKVHYHUDO
RIWKHXQGHUO\LQJYDOXHVRIGXHSURFHVVDFFXUDF\RIWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQDS
SHDUDQFHRIIDLUQHVVSUHGLFWDELOLW\WUDQVSDUHQF\DQGUDWLRQDOLW\SDUWLFLSD
WLRQDQGUHYHODWLRQ,QSDUWLFXODUEHFDXVH%LJ'DWDJHQHUDOO\H[FOXGHVDQ\
XVHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ LWV GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ D QHXWUDO GDWD DUELWHU ZRXOG EH
HVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHUHZDVDPHDQLQJIXOKHDULQJIRUSXE
OLFFRQFHUQV
,PSDUWLDO$GMXGLFDWRUDQG-XGLFLDO5HYLHZ
2QH RI WKH SULPDU\ P\WKV DERXW %LJ 'DWD LV WKDW LW SURGXFHV RXWSXWV
WKDW DUH VRPHKRZ IUHH IURP ELDV DQG FORVHU WR REMHFWLYH WUXWK WKDQ RWKHU
IRUPV RI NQRZOHGJH 'XH SURFHVV UHTXLUHV WKDW WKRVH ZKR GHSULYH LQGL
YLGXDOVRIDOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWGRVRZLWKRXWXQZDUUDQWHGELDVRUGLUHFWILQDQ
FLDOLQWHUHVWLQWKHRXWFRPH3URFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVVWKHUHIRUHFDQDOVR
VHUYHDVDYDOXDEOHIUDPHZRUNIRUHQVXULQJJUHDWHUIDLUQHVVZLWKSUHGLFWLYH
DQDO\WLFV$QHXWUDOGDWDDUELWHUFRXOGILHOGFRPSODLQWVDQGLQYHVWLJDWHVXIIL
FLHQWDOOHJDWLRQVRIELDVRUILQDQFLDOLQWHUHVWWKDWPLJKWUHQGHUWKHDGMXGLFD
WLRQXQIDLU,QSDUWLFXODUGUDZLQJRQWKHOLWHUDWXUHH[SORULQJGXHSURFHVVDV
DIXQFWLRQRIVHSDUDWLRQRI SRZHUV WKH DUELWHU FRXOG H[DPLQH WKH UHODWLRQ
VKLSEHWZHHQWKRVHZKRGHVLJQHGWKHDQDO\WLFVDQGWKRVHZKRUXQWKHLQGL
YLGXDO SURFHVVHV WR PDNH VXUH WKDW WKHLU UROHV DUH DSSURSULDWH DQG GLVWLQFW
7KLVZRXOGUHTXLUHVRPHIRUPRIDXGLWWUDLOWKDWUHFRUGVWKHEDVLVRISUHGLF
See 3UHVV5HOHDVH)HG7UDGH&RPP¶Q)7&1DPHV(GZDUG:)HOWHQDV$JHQF\¶V&KLHI
7HFKQRORJLVW (LOHHQ +DUULQJWRQ DV ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU 1RY KWWSZZZIWFJRYRSD
FWHGVKWP archived at KWWSSHUPDFF((<7-+9 7KLV ZRXOG DOVR DGGUHVV FRQFHUQV
DERXWVWDQGLQJLQZKLFKDVLQJOHSODLQWLIIPLJKWQRWKDYHVXIILFLHQWHYLGHQFHWRVKRZDQLQGLYLGX
DOFRQFUHWHKDUPLQDSDUWLFXODUFDVHZLWKRXWJDWKHULQJHYLGHQFHWKURXJKWKHOLWLJDWLRQGLVFRYHU\
SURFHVV
ER\G&UDZIRUGsupraQRWHDW
Boston College Law Review
>9RO
WLYHGHFLVLRQVERWKLQWHUPVRIWKHGDWDXVHGDQGWKHDOJRULWKPHPSOR\HG
6XFK DXGLWV DUH DOUHDG\ XVHG LQ YDULRXV GDWDPLQLQJ FRQWH[WV DQG WKXV
ZRXOGQRWEHXQUHDVRQDEOHWRUHTXLUH &21&/86,21
,QFRQFOXGLQJKLVDUWLFOHRQKHDULQJV-XGJH)ULHQGO\ZURWH³:HKDYH
WUDYHOHGRYHUZLGHDUHDV²IURPWHUPLQDWLRQRIZHOIDUHSD\PHQWVWRWKHHV
WDEOLVKPHQWRILQFHQWLYHSHUGLHPIRUIUHLJKWFDUVIURPVWXGHQWDQGSULVRQ
GLVFLSOLQHWRUDWHVIRUQDWXUDOJDV<HWWKHSUREOHPLVDOZD\VWKHVDPH²WR
GHYLVHSURFHGXUHVWKDWDUHERWKIDLUDQGIHDVLEOH´ 7KLV$UWLFOHHQGVKHUH
ZLWKWKHVDPHREVHUYDWLRQ%LJ'DWDSUHVHQWVPDQ\FKDOOHQJHVIRUSULYDF\
WRZKLFKWKLV$UWLFOHSRVLWVDPRGHORISURFHGXUDOGDWDGXHSURFHVVDVDUH
VSRQVH+RZH[DFWO\LWUHVSRQGVWRHDFKFKDOOHQJHPD\YDU\EXWLWZLOOXO
WLPDWHO\VXFFHHGLILWFDQHQVXUHSURWHFWLRQVWKDWDUHERWKIDLUDQGIHDVLEOH
IRUWKRVHDWULVNIURPWKLVQHZIRUPRISULYDF\KDUP
See*UD\&LWURQsupraQRWHDW±QRWLQJWKDWWKHSUHGLFWLYHDQDO\WLFV\VWHPVRI
1HZ<RUN&LW\¶V'$6DQG3DODQWLUERWKSURYLGHPHFKDQLVPVIRURXWVLGHUHYLHZ2QWKHTXHVWLRQ
RIUHPHGLHVZLWKSURFHGXUDOVDIHJXDUGVRQHFDQLPDJLQHVHYHUDOFRPPRQUHPHGLHVIRUFXULQJD
YLRODWLRQ ,Q WKH MXGLFLDO V\VWHP D VSHFLILF SURFHHGLQJ RU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ PLJKW EH LQYDOLGDWHG
WKHUHE\ IRUFLQJ WKH DJHQF\ RU DGMXGLFDWRU WR UHYLVLW WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ XVLQJSURSHUSURFHVVHV ,Q
WKHSULYDF\FRQWH[WWKHUHLVVRPHSUHFHGHQWIRUWKLVLQ)UDQFHSee/RLGXDR€W
UHODWLYH j OD SURWHFWLRQ GHV SHUVRQQHV SK\VLTXHV j O
pJDUG GHVWUDLWHPHQWV GH GRQQpHV j FDUDFWqUH
SHUVRQQHOHWPRGLILDQWODORLGXMDQYLHUUHODWLYHjO
LQIRUPDWLTXHDX[ILFKLHUVHWDX[
OLEHUWpV>/DZRI$XJXVWUHJDUGLQJWKH3URWHFWLRQRI,QGLYLGXDOV5HJDUGLQJ
WKHLU3HUVRQDO'DWDDQGPRGLI\LQJ/DZUHODWLQJWR'DWD3URFHVVLQJ)LOHVDQG)UHHGRPV@
-2851$/2)),&,(/'(/$5e38%/,48()5$1d$,6(>-2@>2)),&,$/*$=(77(2))5$1&(@$XJ
S
)ULHQGO\supraQRWHDW