Referencing Guide (version 2)
*** The Reference Guide has been updated - 14th February 2014. Please ensure that you have the current version. ***
Following a recommended style ensures that your references are compiled in a consistent format and that it is
possible for the reader to clearly identify and locate resources listed in your reference list and bibliography.
If your course of study is at a partnership university, you may need to use their recommended style guide which
you can access from their website.
Table of Contents
Why Reference? ...................................................................................................................... 2
The Author - Date System ....................................................................................................... 2
Reference List .................................................................................................................... 2
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 2
In-Text Citations ................................................................................................................. 3
Punctuation ........................................................................................................................ 4
Abbreviations commonly used in referencing .................................................................. 4
Source ................................................................................................................................ 4
Explanations and Examples .................................................................................................... 5
1. Print Publications ............................................................................................................... 5
Books.................................................................................................................................. 5
Journals & Magazines ..................................................................................................... 10
Newspapers ..................................................................................................................... 11
Other ................................................................................................................................. 12
2. Audiovisual Publications ................................................................................................. 13
3. Electronic Sources ........................................................................................................... 14
World Wide Web .............................................................................................................. 14
E-Books, Journals and Newspaper articles .................................................................... 16
Articles from Databases .................................................................................................. 17
4. Illustrations/visual work/tables ...................................................................................... 18
5. Unpublished Information ................................................................................................. 19
Example of a Reference List ................................................................................................. 20
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Why Reference?
You must give credit to the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment. This allows
your readers to locate and follow up resources you have used and assess the value of your research. It also
protects you from the serious charge of plagiarism. Plagiarism is taking information that has been produced by
someone else and using it as your own. For more information on plagiarism and how to avoid it, visit:
http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/about_us/policies/plagiarism
All submitted and assessed work, including PowerPoint presentations, must be fully referenced, i.e. include
citations for images, text and charts used on slides and a full reference on the Reference List at the end of the
presentation.
The Author - Date System
There are many different styles for citing references and compiling bibliographies. The author-date system is used
at Holmesglen. This style of referencing is widely accepted in academic publications, although you may see a
number of variations in the way it is used. Harvard and APA 6th are examples of the author - date system.
Reference List
A Reference List is a list of books, articles and other resources which you have referred to (cited) in the text of your
work.
The Reference List must be listed in alphabetical order. The order is determined by the first letter of the
author's/editor's surname or name of organisation. If there is no author, use the title of the text. When using the
title do not order by 'A', 'An' and 'The'. Your Reference List should be included on a separate page, at the end of an
assignment.
Make sure you follow the punctuation of the referencing style (commas, full stops, spacing, brackets, use of
capital letters and lower case).
See full example of a Reference List on page 21.
Bibliography
You may sometimes be required to create a Bibliography at the end of a written assignment. A bibliography
includes all the books, articles and other sources of information that you found useful for the writing of the
assignment, not just those you cited.
Your Bibliography should be included on a separate page, after the Reference List if both are required.
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In-Text Citations
In-text citations appear in the body of your assignment. When you use ideas from other sources, you need to give
brief details acknowledging the source. This means when you are using text (direct or indirect quote) or an image,
illustration, chart or table that has been copied or adapted from another source you must include an in-text
citation.
The surname of the author and the date of publication is generally all that is necessary for an in-text citation. Page
numbers must be included when you are quoting directly or indirectly or referring to figures or data.
Examples
Direct quote
Example 1
Australia has many unusual animals and „almost half are marsupials
and the rest are either placental mammals or monotremes‟ (Fin
1997, p. 95).
Example 2
In defining Australia‟s unusual animals, Fin (1997, p. 95) states that
„almost half are marsupials and the rest are either placental
mammals or monotremes‟.
Indirect quote (paraphrase)
Example 1
Fin (1997) discusses some of the unusual flora and fauna that have
evolved as unique species to Australia.
Example 2
Alexander et al. (2006, p. 102) provide an interesting recipe for
kangaroo fillet served with chopped beetroot and anchovy butter.
Example 3
The echidna has certain characteristics which enable it to survive in
the Australian bush. It has a keen sense of smell, a long tongue, hairs
and quills and can roll into a ball when threatened (Australian
Government Cultural Portal 2007).
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Brief quotations (30 words or less)
These quotes can be included in text. Use single quotation marks.
Example
'Librarians are vital to the survival of students' (Shackett 2005, p. 23).
Longer quotations (more than 30 words)
These quotes should begin on a new line. Introduce the quotation in your own words,
use single spacing and indent from the left margin. Quotation marks are not used. Use a
smaller font size for the quotation (e.g. from font size 12 to font size 10). Remember to
change back to the original font size for the author, date and page number as this is not
part of the actual quotation.
Example
The growth of multiculturalism in Melbourne was transformative as
evidenced in the range of food stuffs available:
Because of the rapid increase in the numbers of immigrants arriving from
the 1950s onwards, there was a greater opportunity to manufacture the
foods they sought on a commercial scale, such as salamis, prosciutto,
pepperoni and other preserved meats, Italian and Greek cheeses, yoghurt,
pasta and filo pastry (Hutton 2000, p. 16).
Punctuation
The in-text citation is considered part of the sentence therefore a full stop is placed after a citation
which is at the end of a sentence. Retain punctuation from the original text when quoting.
Minimal capitalisation is used except for the titles of periodicals (journals, magazines and newspapers).
Single quotation marks are used for the titles of chapters and articles in periodicals.
Single quotation marks are used for quotes.
When there are four or more authors, the in-text citation should show only the first named author
followed by et al. (meaning „and others‟). All authors are listed in the reference list.
Abbreviations commonly used in referencing
ed.,eds
edn
et al.
n.d.
n.p.
editor(s)
edition
and others
no date
no place of publication
vol.
no.
p., pp.
volume
number
page, pages
Source
The content of this guide was developed through agreement with the Academic Skills Unit and Higher Education
Support Unit. For further information please refer to the source for this guide.
Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, ACT.
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Explanations and Examples
1. Print Publications
Books
Type
In-text citation example
Reference List example
Basic format
(author year)
Author‟s surname, Author‟s initial(s) Year of publication, Title,
edition (if applicable), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Book with single
author
„Australia has about 282
species of mammals
and…‟ (Fin 1997, p. 95).
Fin, K 1997, The book of Australia, The Watermark Press,
NSW.
Fin (1997, pp. 90-98)
suggests that ….
Book with two
authors
Barron and Williamson
(2009, p. 111) state that
„taxation law….‟.
Barron, M & Williamson, C 2009, Fundamental business law,
6th edn, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, NSW.
It has been suggested by
Barron and Williamson
(2009) that….
Book with three
authors
According to Alexander,
Dupleix and Hafner
(2006, p. 8), „slow
cooking…‟.
Alexander, S, Dupleix, J & Hafner, B 2006, Winter, John Fairfax
Publications Pty Ltd, NSW.
Many Italian soups are…
(Alexander, Dupleix &
Hafner 2006, p.28).
Book with four or
more authors
Malinowski et al. (1999,
p. 44) believe that
„population growth…‟.
Malinowski, W, Larsen, AA, Ngu, B & Fairweather, S 1999,
Human geography, Routledge, New York.
Based on this, the study
(Malinowski et al. 1999)
supports ….
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Type
In-text citation example
Reference List example
Book with
government
department as
author
The Department of
Immigration and
Citizenship (2008, p. 20)
confirms that „in 2007
Australia ….‟.
Department of Immigration and Citizenship 2008, Population
flows: immigration aspects, Department of Immigration and
Citizenship, ACT.
Migration numbers have
increased since…
(Department of
Immigration and
Citizenship 2008, p. 22).
Book with a 2nd or
later edition
„It is vital that every
organisation…‟ (Robbins
2003, p. 49).
Robbins, SP 2003, Management, 3rd edn, Pearson Education,
NSW.
Robbins (2003, pp. 6073) discusses a number
of important issues….
Book with
organisation as
author
„People with Alzheimer‟s
are vulnerable to over
medication, to reactions
from combinations of
drugs and to their side
effects‟ (Alzheimer‟s
Australia 2006, p. 12).
Alzheimer‟s Australia 2006, „Changed behaviours and
dementia: problem solving‟ in Dementia Information resource
kit, Alzheimer’s Australia , Hawthorn, VIC.
Alzheimer patients can be
affected by taking too
much medication, or by
taking more than one
drug at a time
(Alzheimer‟s Australia
2006, p. 12).
Book with one editor
„Changes to the law will…‟
(Harbour 2008, p. 33).
Harbour, C (ed.) 2008, The law handbook 2008: your practical
guide to the law in Victoria, Fitzroy Legal Service, Fitzroy, VIC.
Harbour (2008, p. 33)
outlines a number of….
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Type
In-text citation example
Book with more than According to Carmody and
one editor
Forster (2003, p. 99)
„there is a need for…‟.
Reference List example
Carmody, S & Forster, S (eds) 2003, Aged care nursing: a
guide to practice, Ausmed Publications, VIC.
Carmody and Forster
(2003) discuss certain
issues relating to….
Book with no author
or organisation
„Every workplace is
A guide to the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1998, 4th
required to…‟ (A guide to
edn, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
the Occupational Health
and Safety Act 1998, p. 3).
The Guide to the
Occupational Health and
Safety Act (1998, p. 20)
outlines a number of
issues…
Chapter or article
from a book
It has been suggested by
Kanter (1996,
p. 101) that „world class
leaders…‟.
Kanter, RM 1996, „World class leaders: the power of
partnering‟, in Hesselbein, F, Goldsmith, M & Beckhard, R
(eds), The leaders of the future, Drucker Foundation, JosseyBass, San Francisco, USA, pp. 77-113.
There are a number of
reasons why
partnerships… (Kanter
1996).
Chapter in edited
work
„The reinvention of
nursing, I would suggest
has been occurring on
several fronts‟…(Parker
2010 p. 47).
Parker, J 2010, „Nursing as art and science‟, in Daly, J,
Speedy, S & Jackson, D (eds), Contexts of nursing: an
introduction, 3rd edn, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Sydney,
pp. 38-50.
In a number of ways,
nursing is being
reinvented…(Parker
2010, p. 47).
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Type
In-text citation example
Reference List example
Several sources are
cited at once
Curtis (1983), Bradford
(1992), and Graham
(1997) all agree …
Bradford, C 1992, Genre in perspective: a whole language
approach, Bookshelf, Gosford, NSW.
Curtis, A 1983, Practical math for business, Houghton Mifflin,
Boston, USA.
Recent studies (Bradford
1992; Curtis 1983;
Graham 1997) agree that
….
Book in a series
Sharples (2011, p. 101)
states that ‟Your mentor
must always ensure that
the feedback given is
constructive…….‟.
Graham, A 1997, Managing more postgraduate research
students, Oxford Centre for Staff Development, Oxford, UK.
Sharples, K 2011, Successful practice learning for nursing
students, 2e, Transforming Nursing Practice, Learning Matters,
Ltd., Exeter, UK.
A mentor must always
give constructive
feedback….(Sharples
2011, pp. 101-102).
Dictionary
According to the Oxford
Advanced Learner‟s
Dictionary (1995, p. 66),
„attribute‟ means „…‟.
Articles in
In reviewing architectural
encyclopaedias/dicti styles, McCarter (2004, p.
onaries with author
1167) asserts that
„modernism reflects…‟.
Crowther, J (ed.) 1995, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
5th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
McCarter, R 2004, „Sarasota school‟, in Encyclopaedia of 20th
century architecture, vol. 3, New York. pp. 1166-67.
Sarasota is described by
McCarter (2004, pp.
1166-67) as ….
Articles in
encyclopaedias/dicti
onaries with no
author
„There is a slight
difference between the
African elephant and….‟
(New Encyclopaedia
Britannica 1993, p. 441).
New Encyclopaedia Britannica 1993, 15th edn, „Elephant‟, vol.
4, pp. 441- 42.
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Type
In-text citation example
When an author has „Many chefs use …‟
published more than (Edwards 1997a, p. 43).
one book in the
same year
Reference List example
Edwards, H 1997a. A day in the life of a chef, Draw
publications, VIC.
In your reference
Edwards (1997b, p. 88)
Edwards, H 1997b, Hey hippopotamus: do babies eat cake
list, order
uses appealing characters too?, Hodder and Stoughton, NSW.
alphabetically
to….
according to the title
of the work and use
letters a, b, c ... after
the publication date.
Referring to an
author (primary
source) read about
in another
publication
(secondary source)
Cole (1992, p. 9), in
reporting Simpson‟s 1975
study, highlights that „in
the education system…‟.
Cole, P 1992, Teaching and learning, Cap Press, Yeppoon,
NSW.
Simpson‟s observations in
1975 (cited in Cole 1992)
led to …
Learning is a process of
association and
development … (Simpson
1975, cited in Cole 1992,
p. 22).
Book with no
publishing date
„On second thoughts…‟
(Turner n.d.,p. 3).
Turner, K n.d., My life in thirty seconds, Animor, VIC.
Turner (n.d., p. 56) was
concerned with ….
Book with no place
of publication
Steward (2010, p. 22)
points out that
„Introduced species of
flowering trees are more
likely to be found in
domestic gardens‟.
Steward, F 2010, Trees of Australia, Hori Press, n.p.
Flowering trees add
beauty as well as perfume
(Steward 2010, p.52)
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Journals & Magazines
Type
In-Text example
Reference list example
Basic format
(author year)
Author‟s surname, Author‟s initial(s) Year of publication of
article, „Title of article‟, Name of Journal/Magazine, Title of
series (if applicable), volume (vol.), number or issue (no.),
section (1.1), page reference.
Print journal article
with author
„…featured prominently in
politics‟ (Jennings 2008,
p. 10).
Jennings, K 2008, „American revolution: the fall of Wall Street
and the rise of Barack Obama‟, Quarterly Essay, vol. 32, pp. 191.
Jennings (2008, p. 10)
noted that there are a
number of….
Print journal article
with 2 or 3 authors
According to Florida and
Goodnight (2005, p. 129),
„it all comes down to how
creative…‟.
Florida, R & Goodnight, J 2005, „Managing for creativity‟,
Harvard Business Review, vol. 83, no. 7, pp. 124-31.
The range of strategies
include… (Florida &
Goodnight 2005).
Print journal article
with no author
„Due to the lack of
water…‟ („Australian
garden update‟ 2009, p.
8).
„Australian garden update‟ 2009, Floreo, no. 19, pp. 8-12.
In the article „Australian
Garden update‟ (2009,
p. 9) there is an outline
of….
Journal with no
volume or issue
number
It has been suggested
that „growth at all cost is
no longer a viable option‟
(Sprague & Shameen
1999, p. 50).
Sprague, J & Shameen, A 1999, „Boosting growth, courting
disasters?‟, Asiaweek, 31 July, pp. 50–51.
Sprague and Shameen
(1999) indicate that
alternatives to continual
economic growth ….
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Newspapers
Type
In-Text example
Reference list example
Newspaper article
with author
In his article, Millar (2009, Millar, R 2009, „State emission cuts futile‟, The Age, 23
p. 1) writes that „There is
March, p. 1.
no reason for …‟.
Victoria‟s climate change
policies are of great
concern for the… (Millar
2009, p. 1).
Newspaper article
with no author
The article in the Herald
Sun (27 March, 2009, p.
9), refers to the Premier‟s
claims as „irresponsible
and …‟.
Herald Sun 2009, „Victoria presents a sombre opportunity‟, 27
March, p. 9.
Premier Brumby believed
that bushfire-affected
areas… (Herald Sun, 27
March 2009, p. 9).
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Other
Type
In-Text example
Reference List example
Legislation and
Government
Regulations
Occupational Health and
Safety Act 2004 (VIC)
clearly outlines the
requirements…..
Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004, (VIC).
Legal Authorities
(Cases)
The case, Jones v.
Sherlock (2009) NSWSC
246 showed that…
Jones v. Sherlock (2009), NSWSC 246.
Australian
Standards
According to Standards
Australia (1999), …
Standards Australia 1999, Residential timber-framed
construction. Part 4, simplified- non-cyclonic areas, AS
1684.4-1999, Standards Australia International, Strathfield,
NSW.
Brochure
Borrowing limits are
outlined in the „Student
Guide‟ (Holmesglen
Learning Commons
2009).
Holmesglen Learning Commons 2009, Student guide,
brochure, Holmesglen, VIC.
Education and Care Services National Regulations 2011, (VIC).
Note: A legal case is
only included in your
references if it is
important to the
understanding of
your essay. Cases
should be listed
separately under the
heading “Legal
Authorities”
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2. Audiovisual Publications
Type
In-Text example
Reference list example
Videorecording
…as demonstrated in
More bloody meetings
(1984).
More bloody meetings 1984, videorecording, Video Arts,
London, UK.
Television program
Going backwards: four
corners (2001) explains
that ‘there are…‟.
Going backwards: four corners 2001, television program, ABC,
Sydney, 9 July.
Film/Motion
Pictures
…the film Love the beast
(2009) challenges the
idea…
Love the beast 2009, motion picture, Whyte House
Productions, Sydney, NSW.
DVD
…there are many theories
on global warming in An
inconvenient truth
(2006).
An inconvenient truth 2006, DVD, Paramount Pictures, CA.
Radio
Norris (1997) described
the melting of the ice
packs in the Antarctic …
Norris, D 1997, The greenhouse report, radio broadcast, ABC
Radio National, 6 January.
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3.
Electronic Sources
World Wide Web
Type
In-Text example
Reference list example
Basic format for
webpage
(Author year)
Author‟s surname, Author‟s initial(s), Year of post/most recent
copyright date, Title of web page, date viewed, URL.
Note: the “date viewed” refers to the first date you accessed
the electronic source.
Web page with
author
„Learning and teaching
are….‟ (Atherton 2005).
Atherton, JS 2005, Learning and teaching: experiential
learning, viewed 28 April 2009,
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/experience.htm
.
Atherton (2005) looks at a
number of issues….
Web page with no
author, use
company or
organisation
„Most international
students in Melbourne
come from….‟ (City of
Melbourne 2009).
City of Melbourne 2009, International students, viewed 28
August 2009,
http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=43&pg=2293.
The City of Melbourne
(2009) outlines how….
Basic format for
blog or blog post
(Author year)
Author‟s surname, Author‟s initial(s), Year of post/most recent
copyright date, Title of blog, weblog, date of post (if available),
date viewed, URL.
Blog with author
„Climate change is the
most obvious and urgent
matter.‟ (Barlett 2009).
Barlett, A 2009, Bartlett’s Blog, weblog, viewed 14 September
2009, http://andrewbartlett.com/blog/.
If you are
referencing a group
blog use the author
of the post.
Blog with no author
Bartlett (2009) describes
a number of reasons for …
„Conan is believed to be
the …‟ (Wilhelm2451
2008).
Wilhelm2451 2008, 'Age of Conan: Hystarian adventures', The
ancient gaming noob, weblog, post 22 May, viewed 28 May
2008, http://tagn.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/age-of-conanhystarian-adventures/.
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In the blog on toys
Wilhelm2451 (2008)
discusses….
Wikis
„To get the maximum out
of …‟ („Satellites‟ 2008).
„Satellites' 2008, Amateur Radio Wiki, viewed 4 August 2008,
http://www.amateur-radio-wiki.net/index.php?title=Satellites.
„Satellites‟ (2008)
describes ….
Web video
„A great deal of tact and…‟
(Hospitality – how to deal
with rude customers
2007).
Hospitality – how to deal with rude customers 2007, online
video, post 27 October, Hospitality Crew, viewed 14
September 2009,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQsyQK42Tso.
In Hospitality – how to
deal with rude customers
(2007) strategies are
provided for ….
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E-Books, Journals and Newspaper articles
Type
In-Text example
Reference list example
E-Book
„Dreams can mean …‟
(Freud 2009, p. 72).
Freud, S 1999, Interpretation of dreams, 3rd edn, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, viewed 28 May 2002,
http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm.
Freud (1999, p. 72)
analyses the significance
of ….
E-Journal
Lau, Caughley and
Deacon (2008) claim that
„bacteria…‟.
Lau, R, Caughley, B & Deacon, R 2008, „Monitoring for
Legionella bacteria in public spa pools‟, Environmental Health,
vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 11-18, viewed 30 March 2009,
http://journal.eh.org.au.
Legionella and fungi
tests… (Lau, Caughley &
Deacon 2008).
Newspaper article
online
According to Grattan and
Arup (2009) „the global
financial crisis…‟.
Grattan, M & Arup, T 2009, „Climate shadowed by economy‟,
The Age, 28 March, viewed 30 March 2009,
http://www.theage.com.au/environment/climate-shaded-byeconomy-20090327-9ebp.html.
The effects of the
financial crisis … (Grattan
& Arup 2009).
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Articles from Databases
Type
In-Text example
Reference list example
Journal article with
author
Sims (2009, p. 37) refers
to a home interaction
program for parents „to
help…‟.
Sims, M 2009, „Neurobiology and child development:
Challenging current interpretation and policy implications‟,
Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 3642, viewed 30 September 2009, EBSCO Academic Search
Premier database.
…such as improving
access to early childhood
education (Sims 2009, p.
40).
Newspaper article
with author
„The 2009 Melbourne
Food Festival…‟ (Dolan
2009, p. 4).
Dolan, K 2009, „A feast for the senses – cover story‟, Epicure,
The Age, 17 February, p. 4, viewed 27 March 2009, Newsbank
database.
In his article „A feast for
the senses – cover story‟,
Dolan (2009, p. 4)….
Newspaper article
with no author
An article in the Herald
Sun (7 May 2009, p. 9)
describes the cuts….
„Victoria challenges cuts‟ 2009, Herald Sun, 7 May, p. 9,
viewed 12 May 2012, Newsbank database.
Conference paper
Foo, Zobel, Sinha and
Tahaghoghi (2007, p.
560) state that „…‟.
Foo, JJ, Zobel, J, Sinha, R & Tahaghoghi, SMM 2007,
'Detection of near-duplicate images for web search',
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international conference on
image and video retrieval, London, UK, 9-11 July, pp. 557-64,
viewed 26 May 2008, IEEE Xplore database.
Online Report
A report by IBISWorld
Australia (2009) claimed
that….
IBISWorld Australia 2009, Tourism in Australia, 14 April,
viewed 7 May 2009, IBISWorld, X0003.
Australian
Standards online
„There are a number of
safety issues…‟
(Standards Australia
2009).
Standards Australia 2009, Electrical installations AS/NZS
3000:2007, viewed 8 May 2009, SAI Global Database.
Australian Bureau of
Statistics document
with author
„There has been a growing Linacre, S 2007, „Australian social trends 2007: participation
trend…‟ (Linacre 2007).
in sports and physical recreation‟, cat. no. 4102.0, ABS,
viewed 27 May 2008, ABS Database.
According to Linacre
(2007), sport and physical
recreation play an
important part….
Australian Bureau of
Statistics document
with no author
„A measurement of life
expectancy for these
people…‟ (Australian
Bureau of Statistics
2007).
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, „Older Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people: a snapshot 2004-05‟, cat. no.
4722.0.55.002, ABS, viewed 7 May 2009, ABS Database.
A report issued by the
Australian Bureau of
Statistics (2007) finds…
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4.
Illustrations/visual work/tables
All illustrations, visual work and tables must be numbered and titled.
Images, figure or illustration – In-text citation
Chart, table or graph – In-text citation
Note the title position below the image.
Note the title position above the table.
Table 1: The ABO Blood Group (Biotype diets 2006)
Figure1. Fish n lemon (Abdala 2006).
Type
In-Text example
Reference List example
Published image
(offline)
In figure 1, Rhinoceros
Salley, V 2003, Nature's artist: plants and animals by
(Durer cited in Salley 2003, Albrecht Dürer, Prestel, London, UK.
p. 59), the engraving
encapsulates ….
Online image with
artist
The cartoon in figure 3
(Frith 1968) depicts….
Frith, J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon,
National Library of Australia, viewed 14 September 2009,
http://moadoph.gov.au/exhibitions/online/frith/theherald01.html.
Online image with
no artist
Figure 4, Tip #146 – Eat
More Cauliflower! (Daily
Eco Tips 2009), shows
that ….
Daily Eco Tips 2009, Tip #146 - Eat more cauliflower! online
photograph, post 2 March, viewed 14 September 2009,
http://www.dailyecotips.com/tip-146-eat-more-cauliflower/.
Published
table/chart work
(offline)
As shown in table 3
(Jenson 1995, p. 13) the
majority of migrants….
Jenson, K 1995, Migration influences post World War 2,
Snoobs, WA.
Online table/chart
with author
Table 6, a „Summary of
extant measurements of
the temperature profile as
a function of pressure for
the jovian planets‟
(Weisstein 1999),
indicates that….
Weisstein, E 1999, Pressure-temperature profiles, viewed 17
November 2009,
http://www.ericweisstein.com/research/thesis/node41.html.
Online table/chart
with no author
The various blood types
listed in table 1 (Biotype
diets 2006) show that….
Biotype diets 2006, Understanding your blood type, viewed 17
November 2009, http://biotype.net/diets/bloodtypes.htm.
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5.
Unpublished Information
Type
In-Text example
Reference List example
Lecture (including
lecture notes from
the learning
management
system, e.g. Moodle,
Fetch Files)
„It is vital for a small
business to…‟ (Banks
2011).
Banks, J 2011, „Managing finances in small business‟, lecture,
Effective work relationships for BSBMED201A, Diploma of
Business, Holmesglen, 6 May.
In his lecture, Banks
(2011) discusses how a
workplace….
Article reproduced in
a course
subject/unit reading
book
Class handouts
„Play is associated with
the development of
intellectual skills and
understanding‟ (Kennedy
& Barblett 2010, cited in
Holmesglen 2012, p. 22).
Kennedy & Barblett
(2010, cited in
Holmesglen 2012, p. 22)
argue that play…
Personal
communications
Email,
conversations,
interviews,
telephone calls,
letters, Live Chat,
instant messaging,
SMS text
messaging.
In an e-mail dated 20
March 2012, John Smith
wrote …
Holmesglen 2012, Organise experiences to facilitate and
enhance children‟s development CHCPR502D Unit notes,
Diploma of Children‟s Services, Holmesglen.
Refer to citing secondary sources, p. 10
Smith, J 2012, email to Sarah Jones, 20 March.
Ngyuen, V 2011, SMS text to Paul Nielsen, 12 April.
Ask for permission
before citing
personal
communications.
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Example of a Reference List
A bibliography, if required, is in the same format as the reference list except that it has the
heading Bibliography.
Reference List
Abdala, N 2006, Fish n lemon, lino cut, viewed 17 November 2009,
http://moadoph.gov.au/exhibitions/online/frith/theherald-01.html.
Barron, M & Williamson, C 2009, Fundamental business law, 6th edn, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde,
NSW.
Carmody, S & Forster, S (eds) 2003, Aged care nursing: a guide to practice, Ausmed
Publications, Melbourne, VIC.
City of Melbourne 2009, International students, viewed 28 August 2010,
http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=43&pg=2293.
Crowther, J (ed.) 1995, Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, 5th edn, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, UK.
Edwards, H 1997a, A day in the life of a chef, Draw Publications, VIC.
Edwards, H 1997b, Hey hippopotamus: do babies eat cake too?, Hodder and Stoughton, Sydney,
NSW.
Freud, S 1999, Interpretation of dreams, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, viewed 28
May 2012, http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm.
IBISWorld Australia 2009, Tourism in Australia, 14 April, viewed 7 May 2009, IBISWorld, X0003.
Lau, R, Caughley, B & Deacon, R 2008, „Monitoring for Legionella bacteria in public spa pools‟,
Environmental Health, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 11-18, viewed 30 March 2009, http://journal.eh.org.au.
The Law Handbook 2012, Fitzroy Legal Service, Fitzroy, VIC.
Love the beast 2009, motion picture, Whyte House Productions, Sydney, NSW.
Malinowski, W, Larsen, AA, Ngu, B & Fairweather, S 1999, Human geography, Routledge, NY,
USA.
Millar, R 2009, „State emission cuts futile‟, The Age, 23 March, p. 1.
Sims, M 2009, „Neurobiology and child development: challenging current interpretation and
policy implications‟, Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 36-42, viewed 30
September 2011, EBSCO Academic Search Premier database.
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