International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
Urban and Tourism Development Projects for Cities Citadels
(Aleppo and Erbil)
Omar Khasro Akram1 and Sumarni Ismail2 Daniel José Franco3
Master Science in Architecture at Faculty of Design And Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
2
Lecturerat Faculty of Design And Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
3
PhD in Computer Networks at Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
1
Abstract
This research addresses the points present in the
creation of a theoretical framework about the strategies
adopted in the development of the Aleppo and Erbil
Citadels. These particular citadels were chosen not just
because of, according to the urban and cultural aspects,
they have many shared points, but also because Aleppo’s
Citadel is consideredanuniversal paradigm of which
many positives aspects are present in the development
strategy. It is focused the comparison of these points with
the ones adopted by Erbil’s Citadel, identifying the
positive and negative aspects in a way to achieve an
optimal urban development strategy for City Citadels.
Keywords: Erbil City, Erbil Citadel, Aleppo City,
Aleppo Citadel, Tourism, Heritage.
Figure 1 - Aleppo's citadel from the outside
60
Figure 2 - Erbil's citadel from the outside
Introduction
Tourism is considered, in many countries, the most
important foundation upon the national income. The
concept of tourism is to move from one place to
another in order to learn and enjoy the different
sites, including inside and outside tourism. It is
divided according to the tourism product quality to
recreational tourism, cultural, religious and
therapeutic, and various types of tourism based on
several factors, including the tourism product and
human resources management, finance and
marketing.
The Citadel is a mini-city within a city and is
always located in the highest places of the land,
because its main function is to protect and defend.
Citadels contain all the elements of the city, like a
court, which is for the governor of the Palace, as
well as features like the market, a large courtyard,
baths, sectors for housing and places of worship can
be all found in Aleppo and Erbil Citadels and other
citadels. The position may be different for each city,
depending on the characteristics and typography of
city.
Selecting the cities of Aleppo and Erbil, and their
citadels, as an example, which have big importance
for tourism, they began to realize the importance of
the relationship between tourism and architectural
heritage sites of their citadels, in a way to show the
culture of different civilizations and the
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
development of information through attendance by
members of the various communities.
The main similar features between these two
citadels are:
1) Forming the central point of both cities, the
urban growth occurred automatically
around it;
2) Before the population increased and
consequently the city expansion, both
Citadels represented the entire cities;
3) Geographical features: both cities are sited
in a central plain territory, located at the
intersection of old trade routes;
4) Both City Citadels were formed as a result
of the accumulation of several civilizations,
since the roman era.
As for the main difference between both Citadels,
the Aleppo’s is larger and oldest in comparison with
Erbil’s.
Urban Development
Aleppo’s Citadel
Aleppo’s Citadel is located in the old city centre
and is one of the greatest Citadels in the Arabic
World. It was the bulwark of successive labours
such as, the Hittites, Arameans, Seleucids, Romans,
and Byzantines, which contain the oldest human
settlements in the world and also connected to the
old global trade routes, between the Mediterranean
and Mesopotamia, being considered the most
important commercial centres of the ancient world.
Aleppo’s Citadel was exposed to the Mongols
invasion, led by Holako in 658 AH / 1260,
responsible for the demolition of many of its
landmarks. The Citadel was liberated after the
victory of the Arabs against the Mongols in
AynJalut. After this, the King Ashraf Qalawoon
ordered the renovation of what was destroyed.
In 803 AH / 1400 AD, the Tamerlane came and
demolished the city and the citadel, which were,
later on, restored again by the Mamluks that were
seized by the Ottomans in the year 923 AH / 1516.
Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali Pasha of
Egypt, came in 1831 and ruled the city and the
citadel until 1257 AH / 1840, being responsible for
establishing military barracks, and making the
citadel the seat of his soldiers. The citadel repairs
and renovations are taking place, since 1950, by the
Syrian Directorate General of Antiquities, and the
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archaeological excavations conducted to learn about
the history of this citadel before Islam.
The citadel is surrounded by a double fence, in
more than one section, which was ruined in many
occasions and its still waiting for some restoration.
It has also three stately towers, being the most
prominent the high entrance tower and the tower of
the former bridge entrance. At the opposite side, to
the south, the huge third tower rises at the foot of
the wall of trench-coated stone, created by Prince
Mamluk (Jkm), which was, later on, renewed by the
Sultan GhouriQansouh when it was embossed in
916 AH / 1508.
The most important sections of the citadel, in it’s
history, dates back to King’s Zahir Ghazi son, Salah
al-Din, which was the ruler of that era (1190).
Between them we can identify, on the outside, the
fort entrance and a wall built on the slope, creating
a trench around it and on the inside, a mosque and a
few palaces. Salah’s wife became the Queen of
Aleppo, living in one of the citadel’s palaces and
was the first to be buried.
Urban Development Strategy
Adopted by Aleppo’s Citadel
In 1999, the Organization of the Aga Khan,
sponsors of arts and culture, in collaboration with
the Ministry of Antiquities and Heritage and Kaplan
and Wilson Karndt, prepared a projected with the
aim to rehabilitate the citadel and to turn it into a
city for pedestrians. This project also intended to
repair some of the buildings and change it’s use in
line with tourism, and jobs, making them a point of
attraction not just tourists but also for local people,
creating a link between the citadel and the city.
The steps adopted on the project can be summarized
as:
1) Create external spaces for visitor to sit on,
inside the citadel, in a way to rest and
observe the old landmarks;
2) Rehabilitation and restoration of the eastern
wall, making it thicker, and a creating a
point of monitoring and protection of the
citadel, the city and the Euphrates river;
3) Use of traditional markets, from Roman and
Byzantine times, reopening them inside the
citadel with the aim to sale traditional
products to tourists and visitors;
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
4) Restoration and rehabilitation of the
summer theatre, using it as a platform for
lectures
and
tourist
and
visitors
entertainment;
5) Rehabilitation of some existing mosques,
such as the Abraham Mosque, allowing its
usage again;
6) Restoration of Ibrahim Pasha barracks, built
by the Egyptians in the Ottoman era, and
turn them into a museum, using its first
floor as a cafeteria.
3) Preservation of the urban fabric on the
citadel’s perimeter, during the repairs and
restoration of heritage houses and palaces,
according to their era, materials and design
and re use the function as cafeterias or
restaurants to serve tourists and visitors.
Figure 3–Aleppo Citadel and it’s surroundings
Strategy for the Development of Urban-based
Development in the Citadel’s Fabric Perimeter
(Aleppo)
The citadel is considered the historical city
centreit’s significant of Aleppo’s city. The strategy
consists in the development of the city as whole,
referring also to the adjacent neighbourhoods and
recreational areas, in order to revive the ancient city
program protocol and make them a touristic and
cultural Syrian attraction. The Historic Cities
Support for the Aga Khan Foundation for Culture
program in cooperation with the German Agency
Technical Cooperation (GTZ), 3002, have
developed an urban development strategy for
thefabric of the surrounding area of the citadel,
consisting in these points:
1) Design of a major ring road around the
citadel, intersecting with other roads
distributed all over the city, in a way to
provide easier access to the hill where the
citadel is located;
2) Conversion of the axis that links the old
citadel to the market, for the heritage area
to pedestrians, distributing the axis by the
traditional shops selling merchandise
related to the city’s heritage.
62
Figure 4 – Citadel’s link with the city and its
integration with the surrounding urban fabric
Note that the link between the citadel and the city,
its integration with the surrounding urban fabric, the
urban centre and the legislations that have been
taken for the development of the citadel were
considered correct procedures, in terms of
maintaining the heritage environment and
increasing the link to the city’s citadel.The change
of the circulation between traditional market and the
citadel to the axis of pedestrians, has led to the
preservation of the structure’s fabric from
degradation caused by the vehicles, giving greater
access to visitors to visit the inherent culture
heritage and buy goods from the market places.
Criticism to the Development Strategy
The restoration and rehabilitation of buildings and
their reuse as cafeterias or restaurants for tourists,
has given the opportunity for visitors to sit down
and enjoy the atmosphere of heritage, not only at
the level of tourism, but also at the level of the city
local residents. It is also provided the possibility to
run a business using these old buildings to generate
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
funds and economic power. Rehabilitating the
museums and the summer theatre, the city will be
apple to implement better recreational and cultural
activities, attracting more and more visitors.
is the same as the main use present in the citadel
and it’s buildings (The ancient city of Erbil).
Figure 5 - Aleppo Citadel and it’s surroundings
Urban Development for the Erbil’s Citadel
Featuring the city of Erbil site, which mediates a
large plain called the Plain of Erbil, the citadel has a
great importance for the city. Being the capital of
Iraq’s summer, located in the junction of several
important roads that links Iraqi Kurdistan to the
centre, south and the entrance for the Kurdistan
region of Iraq, makes Erbil’s an important political
location and the heart of that region.
Erbil became a commercial centre for caravan
routes during centuries, making the city an
important population centre, when compared to
other cities at the same time ceased to exist, and
preventing its present name from extinction.
Considering the Erbil’s Citadel form, the oval core
with an area around 60.000m2 and a height of about
35m, made the city grow around it in the form of
rings, initially structured from the citadel and
penetrating the radial streets, the axis leading to the
city centre and from the suburbs to the neighbour
cities.
The citadel’s diversity of land use represented
dwellings and government buildings that occupy the
space located at the main gate on the south of the
citadel and were used as official institutions, which
appeared, later on, at the bottom of the citadel,
making up the fabric of the new city of Erbil. These
buildings can be regarded as a civic centre of the
citadel, which was almost a complete city where it
is possible to find markets, a mosque for prayers
and a school called the School of Citadel.
The citadel was the official residence of the city and
it is important to mention that the land use, which
began to be the current city of Erbil over the years,
Figure 6 - Erbil Citadel and it’s surroundings
The Urban Development Strategy Adopted in
the Development of Erbil’s Citadel
63
Figure 7 – Erbil citadel top view
UNESCO (United Nations Organization) has taken
the action of preserving and considering the citadel,
within the preservation areas and citadel population
evacuation, while waiting for the development,
under the Action Plan. The main objective is to
keep the citadel stems from the historical and
archaeological value. Specialists reports confirm the
need to a total preservation, by the general
maintenance of the citadel, and also noted to the
necessity of partial preservation through the
maintenance section of the residential zone, in a
way to maintain the identity of the citadel, the
importance of architectural and historical form, the
importance of the definition of subsequent
generations city and the fabric of urban as one of
the oldest historical sites, which is why it is
necessary to maintenance of the entire region,
especially urbanization, despite the expensive costs
and the difficulty of implementation.
Although the importance of maintaining within the
upper limit of the conditions, but it is possible
rehabilitation policy adoption, as well as to
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
maintain after the preparation of a comprehensive
study of the area to determine the form of the
preservation and rehabilitation, where the
archaeological sites and ancient buildings the
impact of relatively less on the sites where they are
located but this must be the creation of consistency
the harmony between the archaeological heritage
sites and buildings on the one hand and between
modern buildings which commends according to
the architectural concepts on the other hand and use
the latest and best used concepts in cities and
architecture planning in the maintenance and
preservation of these sites, which must be consistent
with the reality of the cities in which these sites and
buildings are located and described economic,
social and controls implemented by the institutions
concerned for the maintenance of these sites of
degradation and operate efficiently.
SummedCitadel Development Strategy
1) Rehabilitation of the mosque;
2) Reuse the movement system to get easily to
all touristic facilities inside the citadel;
3) Heritage buildings rehabilitation, such as
the bathroom, and re-use as a museum;
4) Provide simple commercial areas to serve
tourism as well as restaurants and cafes;
5) Preservation and rehabilitation of some of
the residential character in the role of
architectural heritage and increase the
amount of 31%.
Figure 8 – Land usage scheme proposed inside
the citadel
The Impact of the Citadel in Perimeter the
Urban Fabric Growth
The construction density around the citadel and the
decrease between the first and second ring roads
characterized
by
mixed
use,
including
64
administrative,
commercial,
industrial
and
recreational uses, according to the high density of
the population and form the annular various uses,
within the old centre of the city and its
neighbouring areas to the symbolic remnants, refers
to a form of reliance on the citadel as the main
activities of the city centre unlike other
accumulations may not necessarily find its
dependence on the citadel as much reliance on the
accumulation of the first ring of the old. Thus, the
impact fades the farther from the citadel can study
the most important uses of the land according to
these categories:
First – Trade Zone
The market construction, at the bottom of the
citadel and at the southern gate. The beginning of
appearing the commercial area in the city of Erbil,
where, even today, still exists a trading centre
featuring traditional local products and markets and
where is the nucleus commercial centre in the city
of Erbil, which was considered a strong contender
for commercial area of the citadel, is also the
emergence and development of the region trade
below the citadel in the beginning of the growth and
development of the city of Erbil, after they
exhausted all the possibilities of expansion of the
citadel.
Second – The Residential Area
The Citadel has great impact on the city of Erbil, in
terms of the style and forms of residential areas that
appeared at the bottom of the citadel, forming a new
structure for the city of Erbil, as the three new
residential areas (Khanqah, Taajeel and Arab
District) appeared.
Third – Civic Centre
The Erbil citadel civilian centre with a range of
government departments, which was the entrance to
the citadel, has served the civic centre of the citadel
(the city of Erbil) until the beginning of the century.
With the expansion of the city, the complexity of
the administrative and political affairs, in the need,
emerged to create a new urban centre in the bottom
west citadel, only 200 meters from the border, to
replace the old centre.
Fourth – The Road Network
Affected by the form of the road network in the city
of Erbil, most notably the main streets, the structure
of the citadel business district, since the beginning
of the present century, began to grow and expand as
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
the emergence of new residential areas around the
citadel, led to the opening of an annular 15 meters
street width and a length of 1.5 km, surrounding the
citadel and taking the Ellipse form. Based on this
street, the road network of the city of Erbil began
with rings of streets and other cyclic groups of
radial streets, penetrating and linking the city to its
neighbouring cities and towns.
heritage character related do the citadel, in
terms of materials and details;
2) Evacuation area surrounding the citadel and
demolition of traditional shops which
adjoins the citadel from slop side and
abolished them to new markets
3) Conservation of open areas, providing
exterior seats for visitor and tourists;
4) Construction of public transport, for the
population, in the basement of the crypt
inside the new market, create a movement
of a node, connecting to the new marker
and convert a node to the movement of
public transport.
Figure 9 - Erbil's Existing Land Use Plan
Source: Ministry of Municipality, Slide 4
Urban Development Strategy
In March of 2007, Dar Alhandasa for Consultative
and Engineering Office, at the request of the
Ministry of Municipal Local Government of the
region of Kurdistan, put the design basis for the
centre city of Erbil in report. Is spite of the many
report aspects, which confirmed the preservation of
historical value to the city and its identity, the
analysis of the executing stages of the design
shows:
1) Change of the traditional architectural style
parts, surrounding the citadel, into moderns,
through the conversion of the northern part
(Al Mostawfi residential area) into a
cultural entertainment centre, including
some of the cultural buildings, like the
Centre of the Arts and the Opera House, in
addition to the public library of
contemporary architectural style and a huge
modern shopping complex, called market
“Nashtiman” at the south of the citadel.
This huge market, in terms of space, has as
much area as the citadel and rises almost six
floors above the ground, not including the
underground floors, not carrying any
65
Figure 10 - Proposed design of cultural centre in
the area of Mustawfi, which located in north
citadel
Source: Dar Alhandasa for Consultative and
Engineering Office
Criticism to the Development Strategy
It is clear that proposed urban development and
implemented based on the idea of highlighting the
citadel within the system of open spaces and
isolated from the urban fabric of the city,evacuating
space surrounding the citadel, from everyday life, to
give the contemporary character of the buildings
surrounding the citadel and clarify the following
aspects:
1) The construction of a large commercial
complex, like Nishtiman market, in a urban
historic district fabric, in addition to the
distinctive cultural entertainment centre,
which is located at the northern part of the
citadel, has changed the characteristics of
the urban fabric surrounding the citadel of a
cohesive fabric and highlights the different
characteristics, to the fabric of a multiconstructive modes;
2) The development plan of the city of Erbil
followed a pattern of urban villages, in
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
order to reduce population density from the
city centre to the suburbs and, summarized
that pattern to build residential complexes
with full-service in the suburbs of the city,
linked by a network of highway roads. This
will lead to reduce the importance of the
main node that is the citadel and the city
that has grown on it’s basis;
3) Find a public transport station in the new
commercial complex, led to the node to
make the intersection of roads and traffic
gradually withdraw from the old centre of
the citadel to a new complex and turning
the citadel into constructive mode only;
4) The urban fabric loses its properties and
heritage of the famous traditional handmade
textile markets, made famous by the city of
Erbil, which correspond to the historical
and cultural depth of the citadel, and loses
the urban character and heritage of the
fabric around the citadel, which is one of
the main factors to attract international
tourism.
Comparison Between Aleppo and Erbil Citadel’s
Development Strategies
1) The adoption of the urban integration
strategy between the citadel and the city in
development, in the case of Aleppo,
strengthen the linkage between them and
confirm the continuity of urban life in the
citadel, even without the tourism season.
Through
the
circular
road
surrounding,which emphasizes the role as
urban,are essential to the growth of the
city.The loops that appeared in the city of
Erbil grew automatically because of the
existence of the citadel.
2) Confirm urban development in the city of
Aleppo and parts of the urban area around
the citadel, at all levels (part-whole), while
the development plan in the city of Erbil is
working to develop urban parts surrounding
the citadel, without the announcement of
the citadel’s development strategy proposal,
and the development process is taking place
each part separately.
3) Confirm the presence of open spaces and
seating areas inside Aleppo’s citadel. In
Erbil it has been designed outside the
citadel and around it. This confirms to make
66
Erbil Citadel as a constructive mode seen
from the outside and this is what confirms
the development of policy and the exact
opposite in Aleppo as places to sit located
inside the citadel to make people more
linked to the citadel;
4) Preservation and rehabilitation of heritage
buildings and houses within citadel that
suitable within tourism events, while
maintaining and rehabilitate the Erbil
citadel on small percentage of heritage
building policy;
5) Confirm the preservation of the old urban
fabric heritage, around Aleppo’s citadel,
putting legislations and regulations to build
any building, in order to prevent the
maximum high around the citadel, to
preserve the dominance of the citadel
according to height and size, in contrast to
the development’s policy of the area around
Erbil’s citadel, where they were removing a
large part of the urban fabric to build an
enormous commercial complex, almost as
high as the citadel itself.
Abstract Theoretical Framework for the
Optimal Development Strategy of Erbil’s Citadel
It is possible do classify two different levels:
First – Citadel level:
a) Cultural:
-Citadel regarded as historical and cultural
value
b) Social:
-Revive the social structure of the citadel,
through the creation of opportunities to
achieve continuity of works
c) Economical:
-Economic development and rehabilitation
of buildings, to attract local and
international tourism
d) Constructional:
-Improve the services and infrastructure;
-Rebuild the deterioration of the fabric;
-Rehabilitation
of
buildings
and
maintenance of mosques, public and
heritage and historic buildings;
-Reorganize the movement system to link
its architectural and urban;
Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
-Emphasis on pedestrian traffic to protect
buildings and work to support tourism.
Second – Citadel’s surrounding fabric
a) Cultural:
-Considered the city of cultural cities and
the lack of change and cultural landmarks;
-Improve the cultural level of the city and
strengthening the role of the community in
preserving the cultural attractions in the
city;
-Preservation of cultural heritage and
industries and heritage crafts.
b) Social:
-Social support interaction
c) Economical:
-Encourage tourism and recreational use
while maintaining the residential use;
-Provide job opportunities in addition to the
socio-cultural heritage crafts.
d) Constructional:
-Maintain the pattern of the city and urban
fabric as content of the citadel;
-Integration in the movement of pedestrian
system between the citadel and around it(by
linking the citadel in ways to the of
pedestrians and vehicles movement and also
converting some areas into pedestrian only);
-Exploitation of land available in the
external spaces.
Conclusions
1.Citadels are considered one of the historic
landmarks known as the identity of the city's
history, as in Aleppo and Erbil Citadel.These
citadels contributed to the defensive nature of its
structure and structural rigidity in its continued
existence. Like a museum tells us thehistory,
naturally buildings contain the history of
civilization.
2.The position of the citadelcontributes to the city
because of its impact. Selecting Erbil’s citadel as an
example, being a central site, the city urban fabric
grows according to the topographical potential
around the citadel and become the urban centre of
the city.
67
3. The development strategy requires a
comprehensive vision of the cultural and historical
values in addition to the reality of the situation and
the age requirements. This can be achieved by
taking advantage of the experiences of others, like
specialists andcontribution of several competent
actors, including academic and professional as well
as those responsible.
4.The urban development strategy includes: social,
economical and cultural. The construction side
considers more factors in changing urban
characteristics of the city and other contents.
5. The urban development strategy is based on
maintaining and rehabilitate the citadel and take
advantage of its heritage buildings, re-used for other
functions that suit the historical and heritage status
of the building present in the surrounding fabric and
the level of re-integration with the citadel,
highlighting its role in the formation.
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International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
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Omar Khasro Akram , Sumarni Ismail , Daniel José Franco