F(x) vs. x
I
II
V(x) vs. x
III
IV
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V(x) vs. x
E
I
II
III
IV
dx
dx
dx
dx
E
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I
P(x)
V(x)
a
b
II
P(x)
E
a
b
III
P(x)
a
b
IV
a
P(x)
b
a
b
V
P(x)
a
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dx
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ψ(x) vs. x
ψ = +3A
ψ = +2A
ψ = +A
ψ=0
ψ=0
ψ = -A
ψ = -2A
-2a
-a
0
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ψ(x) vs. x
ψ = +2A
ψ = +A
ψ=0
∆a
-2a
-a
ψ=0
∆a
0
+a
+2a
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ψ(x) vs. x
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ψ(x) vs. x for a < x < b
I
+V0
E
II
E
a
b
III
a
b
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0
III
L
IV
0
L
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|ψ(z)|2 vs. z
I
II
0
H
0
III
H
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0
H
0
H
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E = 1.2 eV
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