Higher Education as
Instrument for Structural
Change in Indonesia
Presented for USINDO
By Anies Baswedan
March 16, 2012
Brief Info
• Population of more than 238 million people (2010).
• More than 300 ethnic groups.
• More than 700 living/spoken languages.
• Consists of 17,508 islands, about 5,000 of which are inhabited
(5 of 10 world’s largest islands are in Indonesia)
• 54,716 km coastline, 2nd longest in the world (after Canada)
Page  2
2
Geographical Comparison
USA and Indonesia
Page  3
Overlooked…..
nd
1• The 2 largest coal exporter;
2• The largest Crude Palm Oil exporter (CPO is the material for biofuel, an energy alternative of the future);
3• The largest tin exporter;
4• One of the largest gas exporters;
5• One of the largest copper exporters;
• More than half of the world's merchant fleet capacity sails through
6 the straits of Malacca, strait of Sunda, and strait of Lombok.
Page  4
Overlooked…..
7• The 4th largest population (after China, India, and the US);
8• The 3rd largest democracy (after India and the US);
9• The largest Moslem Population ; (yet it is a non-religious
based state: Pancasila)
• The 2nd largest biodiversity (after Brazil), home for 20% of
10
world flora and fauna, 17% of world bird species, 25% of
fish species;
• The 3rd largest tropical forest country;
11
Page  5
5
Progress in Indonesian Education
Achievement in Literacy Rate
Literacy Rate
82%
60%
90% 94%
67%
47%
92%
5% 10%
66%
66%
1945 1950 1961 1970 1980 1990 2004 2010
Source: BAPPENAS, Laporan Repelita, BPS
5%
1945
Indonesia
Page  6
Source: UNDP, UNESCO
12%
15%
1947
1937
India
Egypt
State of Education: 1945 - 2010
Number of Institutions
1945
Elementary School
Middle School
High-Vocational School
University (state & private)
1968
1980
1990
2010
15,000
63,100
95,000s
136,600
165,491
322
5,891
12,000s
18,000s
43,888
92
731
6,000s
11,000s
25,332
5
39
1,000
1,200
3,585
Number of Students (in thousand)
1945
Elementary School
1968
1980
1990
2010
2,500
12,300
21,166
26,528
30,340
Middle School
90
1,150
2,983
5,853
11,770
High-Vocational School
19
482
1,574
4,031
8,180
University (state & private)
<2
156
425
1,621
4,890
Page  7
Growth of Indonesian Middle-Income
120
103
Million people
100
80
60
51
32
40
20
In the past 4 decades,
the number of Indonesian
Middle-income has grown
significantly
10.2
2.5
0
1970
Page  8
1980
1990
2000
2010
Source: Statistical Bureau of Indonesia and Asian Development
Bank (analyzed and estimated)
Number of University Students
Pendaftaran untuk tertiary, Indonesia
Jumlah
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1970
Page  9
2008
Emergence of New Middle Class
1952
8
1962
Students volunteered to serve as
high school teacher (2 year)
Pengerahan Tenaga Mahasiswa Started
(Student Mobilization Program)
161 Number of districts served by students
1,418 Number of students serving as highschool teacher
1950's
1960's
1970's
1980's
Government
established High
School in Every
District (+/- 150
districts)
Significant jump in
the number of
university students
coming from the
common people
University graduates
entering job market
in a fast developing
economy of Indonesia
Emergence of Indonesian
1st generation of new
middle class, coming from
all level of the society.
Page  10
Demographic Bonus: A Challenge for Indonesia
Demographic Bonus
Page  11
Source: Ministry of Coordinator for Economic Affairs
Facility and Infrastructure of Education
Primary
Junior
Secondary
Senior
Secondary
Higher
Education
Student
(million)
30,34
11,77
8,18
4,89
Teachers
(thousand)
1.876
902
719
263
Number of
Schools
165.491
43.888
25.332
3.585
Page  12
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture
Number of Students: Entrance and Graduates
5.3
4.4
4.0
3.4
2.9
2.2
In
In
Out
Out
1.1
In
Out
In
0.8
Out
Primary
Page  13
Junior
Secondary
Senior
Secondary
Higher
Education
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture
Access To Higher Education Has Expanded
But Remains Unequal
Gross enrollment rates by economic quintiles, 2008
Percent
93
95
97
Q1-Bottom 20%
Q2
98
Q3-Middle 20%
Q4
Q5-Top 20%
31
3
Primary
SOURCE: UNESCO “Higher Education in South-East Asia”
Page  14
5
8
13
Higher/Tertiary
Unequal Distribution of Higher Education Institutions
Public
6
Private
329
7
8
10
209
161
5
2
4
335
198
13
790
36
363
11
9
SOURCE: Ministry of Education and Culture, 2010
Page  15
322
4
51
4
77
60
Number of Researcher Per A Million Population
Country
Number of Researcher
in A Million Population
Research Budget to GDP
Ratio
Indonesia
90
0,08
Malaysia
365
0,63
Singapore
5.834
2,66
Thailand
316
0,21
India
136
0,76
China
1.999
1,47
South Korea
4.947
3,36
Japan
5.189
3,45
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute of Statistics
Page  16
Socio-Economic Background Determines
Prospect For Getting Higher Education
Rich
OK
OK
Low
Scores
High
Scores
X
Page  17
???
Poor