AP Physics B
Review Guide: Chapters 11-13
Chapter 11: Fluids
Density:
ρ=
Pressure:
ρ
s.g. = substance
ρ water
M
V
F
A
P2 = P1 + ρgh
1 atm = 100,000 Pa
P=
Barometer:
Pressure is independent of horizontal position
Patm = ρgh
Manometer:
Pabsolute = Patm + Pgauge
Pgauge = ρgh
Pascal’s Principle:
Hydraulic Systems
No Height Difference
Height Difference
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
F1
F
+ ρgh = 2
A1
A2
Archimede’s Principle (Buoyant Force):
Fb = Wdisplaced fluid
Fb = (Mdisplaced fluid )g
Fb = ρ fluid (Vdisplaced )g
Object floats when:
Fluid Flow:
Steady, Irrotational, Non-viscous, Incompressible
Mass Flow Rate:
M.F.R. = ρAv
Volume Flow Rate:
V.F.R. = Av
Equation of Continuity:
Bernoulli’s Principle:
ρ1 A1v1 = ρ2 A2 v2 or
P1 + ρgy1 +
Vdisplaced = Vsubmerged
Fb = Fg object
Streamlines
A1v1 = A2v2
1 2
1
ρv1 = P2 + ρgy2 + ρv22
2
2
Pressure is lower when fluid speed is _________________
AP Physics B
Review Guide: Chapters 11-13
Chapter 12: Temperature & Heat
Temperature:
Average KE of particles
Thermometric Properties & Thermometers
Celsius, Kelvin, & Fahrenheit
9
°F = °C + 32
5
ΔV = βVoΔT
K = °C + 273
ΔL = αLo ΔT
Isotropic:
Affects of temperature change on density
Anomalous substances: water below 4°C and rubber
Bimetallic strips
Expansion of a hole or cavity
Thermal Expansion:
Internal Energy:
Sum of ALL energies of atoms/molecules
Heat:
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (James Joule)
β = 3α
1 cal ≈ 4.2 J or 1 Cal ≈ 4200 J
KEo + GPEo + SPEo + Qo + Wnc = KE + GPE + SPE + Q
Heat added/removed◊Internal Energy increases/decreases◊Temperature and/or phase change
Temperature Change:
Phase Change:
Q = mcΔT
Q = mLf
Q = mLv
Q = mLs
T
Know about:
Phases
Slopes
Segment Lengths
Freezing Point
Boiling Point
Q
Calorimetry:
Qlost = Qgained
Mixture problems
Chapter 13: Methods of Heat Transfer
Convection
Conduction:
P=
Q kAΔT
=
t
l
Radiation:
P=
Q
= eσAT 4
t
Examples of good conductors and insulators
e = 0 does not emit/absorb
e = 1 perfect emitter/absorber
σ = 5.67 × 10 −8 J/(s ⋅ m 2 ⋅ K 4 )