BOOK OF
ABSTRACTS
ENTANGLED
HISTORIES,
MULTIPLE
GEOGRAPHIES
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC
THEMATIC CONFERENCE
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE
BELGRADE, SERBIA, OCTOBER 14-17, 2015
Editors:
Vladan Djokić
Ljiljana Blagojević
Ana Raković
Published by:
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture
For publisher:
Prof. Dr. Vladan Djokić, Dean
BOOK OF
ABSTRACTS
ENTANGLED
HISTORIES,
MULTIPLE
GEOGRAPHIES
university of belgrade
faculty of architecture
university of belgrade
faculty of architecture
WELCOME
The University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture is pleased to announce
the European Architectural History Network (EAHN) thematic conference
ENTANGLED HISTORIES, MULTIPLE GEOGRAPHIES to be held in Belgrade,
Serbia on 14-17 October 2015.
At the heart of the conference will be the question of architectural history
as related to perplexing, competing and complementary perceptions and
interpretations of the past, its geography and culture. The focus will be on
the multiple perceptual forms and interpretations of architecture and their
entanglements regarding conditions of historicity, notions of geographical
belonging, as well as concepts of cultural or political identity. Our aim is to
bring together different responses to this general topic that come from
both regional architectural historians and worldwide members of the EAHN.
The symbolic role of the conference venue – with its complex history and
even more complicated interpretations of it – will serve as a vivid reminder
of entanglement and multiplicity that we expect to be addressed by the
participants. Simultaneously seen as European and Oriental, Balkan and
Eastern European, multiethnic and ethno-nationalist, a latecomer to
modernism or trapped in various cultural mythologies, Belgrade owes
its plural identity to both synchronic and diachronic interpretations of its
historical and spatial context. In this sense, the complexity of historical
experiences and processes, along with geographical convolutions – as
constructed or mediated by architectural narratives – will be the thematic
core of this conference. It may include all historical periods from antiquity
to the present day and all the regions of the world. Our aim is to discuss how
various narratives – in architectural history, theory or criticism – represent
and reinforce broader cultural patterns by which we perceive interrelated
phenomena of history, space and identity.
COMMITTEES
CONFERENCE CHAIR
Ljiljana Blagojević, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Dr. Ljiljana Blagojević
Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
Prof. Dr. Vladan Djokić
Dean, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
Prof. Dr. Hilde Heynen
Vice president of the EAHN, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
Prof. Dr. Mari Hvattum
Oslo School of Architecture and Design, Norway
Dr. Aleksandar Ignjatović
Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
Dr. Susan Klaiber
Independent scholar, EAHN, Switzerland
Dr. Carmen Popescu
Independent scholar, EAHN, Adjunct professor, University Paris I-Sorbonne,
France
Dr. Łukasz Stanek
Lecturer, University of Manchester, School of Environment, Education and
Development, UK
ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia:
Vladan Djokić | Budimir Sudimac | Branko Pavić | Ljiljana Blagojević |
Ana Nikezić | Marija Milinković | Dragana Ćorović | Marko Nikolić |
Renata Jadrešin Milić | Ana Raković |
CONTENTS
3
4
8
10
12
14
17
WELCOME
COMMITTEES
CALL FOR PAPERS
KEYNOTES
ROUND TABLE
PHD WORKSHOP
SESSIONS
18
TRANSFER
18
24
Track 1: Session chair: Renata Jadrešin Milić
Track 2: Session chair: Aleksandra Stupar
30 POLITICIZED CITY
30
35
Track 1: Session chair: Torsten Lange
Track 2: Session chair: Ana Nikezić
40 IDEOLOGY
40
47
Track 1: Session chair: Belgin Turan Özkaya
Track 2: Session chair: Carmen Popescu
54 COMMUNITIES’ ROOTS:
PLANTING AND UPROOTINGS
54
59
Track 1: Session chair: Milica Milojević
Track 2: Session chairs: Ljiljana Blagojević,
Michela Rosso
65
HISTORIOGRAPHY
71
IDENTITY
77
CONTESTED HERITAGE
Session chair: Christian Parreno
Session chair: Marija Milinković
Session chair: Susan Klaiber
83 CONSTRUCTED TRADITIONS
Session chair: Lukasz Stanek
90 PARTICIPANTS
94 PROGRAMME
CALL FOR
Since the emergence of architectural history as a discipline, both time and
space have stood at the heart of its theoretical frameworks and narrative.
However, neither space nor time, nor their primary conceptualizations such
as those related to geography and history, have had a firm and unequivocal
position in the narratives. Apart from describing and interpreting
architectural phenomena, these often facilitate producing or constituting
different identity profiles, be they social, cultural, or political.
The EAHN 2015 Belgrade Conference: Entangled Histories, Multiple
Geographies aims to explore how different discourses emerged within
architectural historiography and have both constructed and reproduced
multiple identities, histories and perspectives on culture, nature and
society. It also aims to apprehend the complex hierarchic articulation of
these discourses, in terms of dominancy and peripherality, normativity and
transfers.
The principal aim of the conference is to shed light on how different
interpretations of architecture and the built environment have contributed
to different readings of history, culture, nature and society, either
simultaneously or in alternation.
Special attention will be given to addressing conflicting and complementary
views, explanatory systems and theories that stem from understanding and
interpreting the past by means of architecture. By “entangled histories” we
mean architecture as both a prerequisite to and an instrument in shaping
and understanding different or even competing histories of the peoples
and places, while “multiple geographies” refers to the roles of the built
environment in constructing and interpreting time frames and spatial scales,
as well as cultural and political entities in which these histories unfold.
The conference will be structured according to three broad themes.
The first theme is historicity. This includes architectural responses to
the appropriation and interpretation of the past from antiquity to the
recent past; the roles of architecture in constructing meaning; its roles in
PAPERS
conceptualizing or negotiating historical time and time frames, as well as
how the interpretation of the built environment deals with various regimes
of historicity and produces conflicting identities.
The second theme considers tradition/ innovation in architecture, which can
be traced equally in modern, early modern, and pre-modern periods. The
theme explores the roles of architectural history in addressing questions
of center-periphery, globalization, and cultural, political, or religious
propaganda in the built environment. Examples might include transfer
of architectural traditions and/ or innovations within Europe or beyond;
appropriation of traditions or imposition of innovations for cultural, political,
or religious reasons; or hybrid traditional-innovative conditions. It also
opens the question of architectural history and its role in the simultaneity
of multiple modernities, ideological restructuring of cultural and political
discourse and similar topics.
Finally the third theme looks at the role of politics, both in terms of the
direct interaction of (local) powers with the field of architecture and of the
intermediate pressure of geopolitics. The topics treated here could range
from ideological matters – such as the instrumentalisation of architectural
historiography, etc. – to operative policies related to economic and social
issues, including the role of the State (in early modern and modern times; as
a specification, during the Cold War, it can treat both the socialist regimes
and the welfare capitalist State). The geopolitical perspective could embrace
a larger chronological span and explore, aside from the phenomenon of
globalization (with all its aspects), mechanisms that led previously to shape
networks of political influences.
We invite papers that explore one of the three main themes listed above.
These themes have been, and could be, addressed from different conceptual
perspectives central to the topic of “entangled histories” and “multiple
geographies”. These perspectives might include, but are not limited to, those
of conflict and change; ruptures and continuities; global entanglements and
segregation; regional integration and disintegration; political and cultural
homogenization, and standardization and heterogeneity.
KEYNOTES
BRANKO MITROVIĆ
Professor, Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
ANDREA PALLADIO
IMITATION AND INVENTION
The systematic surveys of Roman temples that Andrea Palladio presented
in Book Four of his I quattro libri dell’architettura (1570) constitute the
birthplace of modern architectural history as a discipline. The lecture analyses
the ideas and concerns that motivated Palladio’s work as an architectural
historian, especially in the context of the traditional debate about his views
on the relative importance of imitation versus invention in architecture.
EEVA-LIISA PELKONEN
Associate Professor, Director, M.E.D. Program, Yale School of Architecture
AALTO’S ENTANGLED GEOGRAPHIES
The lecture counters the standard geographic according to which Aalto’s
architecture and persona were firmly rooted in the culture and nature of his
native Finland, by considering how different forms of mediation ‹ including
various media ‹ helped navigate various geopolitical forces by conveying
messages and constructing meanings, impacting identity formation, his
reception and rise to international fame along the way.
ALEKSANDAR KADIJEVIĆ
Professor, Department for Art History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of
Belgrade
ENTANGLED HISTORIES AND MULTIPLE
GEOGRAPHIES IN A NARROW
CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK:
ARCHITECTURE OF ONE CALENDAR YEAR
AS A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL TOPIC
Observation of overall architectural production realized in a particular
cultural environment in one calendar year is the new and only seemingly less
interesting research topic. In particular since the historians of architecture
have focused on the developing periods of several years, significant
decades, even centuries of buildings in their synthetic overviews, taking out
single year only whithin periodization and valorization of selected works.
Seemingly unrelated, continuously and critically perceived architectural
chronology of a single year demonstrates their essential socio-cultural
relevance, as well as inner professional entanglement and competitiveness,
insufficiently observed in a narrow timeframe.
ROUND
TABLE
ROUND TABLE CHAIR
ANA MILJAČKI
Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Planning, MITMassachusetts Institute of Technology
PARTICIPANTS
ALEKSANDAR KADIJEVIĆ, professor, Department for Art History,
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
BRANKO MITROVIĆ, professor, Department of Architectural Design,
History and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
EEVA-LIISA PELKONEN, associate professor, director, M.E.D.
Program, Yale School of Architecture
CARMEN POPESCU, EAHN, independent scholar, adjunct professor,
University Paris I-Sorbonne, France
ŁUKASZ STANEK, lecturer, University of Manchester, School of
Environment, Education and Development, UK
ANA MARIA ZAHARIADE, professor, Theory & History of
Architecture, University of Architecture and Urbanism Ion Mincu,
Bucharest
GEO-POLITICS OF STORYTELLING
The evaluations of singular architects, architectural organizations,
architectural objects, preoccupations and movements shift with political
winds everywhere, but perhaps nowhere more tangibly and violently than in
the historiography of the former Eastern bloc. Architects and architectural
objects have fallen in and out of narratives of socialist architecture in the
span of mere decades, and sometimes multiple times. Inspired by this
and continuing with the central theme of Entangled Histories, Multiple
Geographies conference in Belgrade, the event’s closing round-table invites
its speakers to discuss the way architectural historians are themselves
implicated in, motivated and enabled by the historical and geographic
entanglements they study. The panelists will discuss various types of
proximities, geographic, emotional and economic between the historical
researchers and their objects of research, both in the regional histories and
beyond. The discussion will probe to what extent the historian’s own specific
position (in the local cultural environment and the global research order)
might regulate the nature of narratives he/she is capable of producing.
PHD
WORKSHOP
MENTORS
CARMEN POPESCU
University Paris I-Sorbonne, France
BELGIN TURAN ÖZKAYA
Middle East Technical University, Ankara
COORDINATORS
RENATA JADREŠIN MILIĆ
MILENA KORDIĆ
MARIJA MILINKOVIĆ
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture
GEOGRAPHY, ‘PERIPHERALITY’
AND ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
(excerpt from the Call for PhD workshop)
Geography as an epistemic category is in turn grounded in issues of
positionality, in questions of who has the power and authority to name, of
who has the power and authority to subsume others into its hegemonic
identity (as France subsumes North African identities, Israel subsumes
Palestinian identities, Anglo-American ideology in the USA has until recently
subsumed ethnic minority identities etc.). (Irit Rogoff, Terra Infirma:
Geography’s Visual Culture)
We seek those [knowledges] ruled by partial sight and limited voice—
not partiality for its own sake but, rather, for the sake of the connections
and unexpected openings situated knowledges make possible. (Donna
Haraway, ‘Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the
Privilege of Partial Perspective’)
In this workshop we would like to re-think the concepts of geography,
‘peripherality,’ and architectural history and the multiple connections
among them. In the light of Irit Rogoff’s and Donna Haraway’s thoughts,
our aim is to seek specific knowledges on architecture and culture that
manifest that they are partial, do not aspire to a disembodied, universalizing
objectivity, but may lead to unexpected openings and connections. So, we
are not only interested in probing architectures and geographies that are
seen as “peripheral” or on the edge but would also like to be self-reflexive
about how we go about doing that.
SESSIONS
SESSION
TRANSFER
TRACK 1
Session Chair: RENATA JADREŠIN MILIĆ
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
“ARCHITECTURE AS THE SUBSTANCE OF
HOPED THINGS:” MANFREDO TAFURI ON
TEL AVIV CITY CENTER COMPETITION
(1964)
Tulay Atak
The Cooper Union and Pratt Institute
In an overlooked essay, titled “Critical Rationalism
and New Utopianism,” Manfredo Tafuri wrote about
the competition for Tel Aviv’s City Center, which took
place in 1964. An example of multiple geographies,
the competition’s site involved contradictions where
old and new, modern and traditional came together.
Defining architecture as the “substance of things
hoped for,” Tafuri analyzed the competition entries
in terms of their “utopian” and “critical rationalist”
attitudes. The essay exemplifies Tafuri’s architectural
criticism and can be considered along with his earlier
work as an architect, a theorist of “citta-territorio”
and a member of the group AUA (Associazione
Urbanisti e Architetti along with Fattinnanzi and
Piccinato) between 1960 and 1964. In a later
interview, Tafuri spoke about urban planning as a
practice that urged him to consider architecture’s
different modes of engagement—as action,
profession or discipline. In “Critical Rationalism and
New Utopianism,” Tafuri wrote about the relation
between architecture and urban planning and raised
the question whether architecture could maintain
both “substance” and “hope” in the urban context.
Considering Tafuri’s essay along with the history
of the competition and in relation to his ideas on
urban design, this paper addresses a moment in the
entangled histories of architecture and urbanism.
KEYWORDS:
Manfredo Tafuri, Tel Aviv, urbanism, utopia, criticism
19
ENTANGLED APARTHEIDS:
AFRIDAR NEIGHBORHOOD IN ISRAEL,
1950-56
Ayala Levin
The Hebrew University in Jerusalem
In 1950, prominent South African architects Norman
Hanson and Roy Kantorowich planned a luxury
neighborhood in the newly founded state of Israel.
Managed by the South African Jewish Appeal who initiated
and funded the project, Afridar presented a radical
exception to Israel’s centralized planning approach during
that period. An early example of a semi-private settlement
initiative for an ethnic and class-based enclave reserved for
“Anglo-Saxon” Jewish immigrants, this export of a planning
model from apartheid South Africa is not only a neglected
subject in Israeli urban planning historiography, but also
in the global history of the cultural and professional
dissemination of apartheid South Africa’s diaspora. By
focusing on Afridar, this paper raises the question how the
apartheid experience informed, radicalized, or haunted
architectural production outside the borders of the
apartheid regime.
Afridar’s enclave reproduced planning practices in South
Africa – colored, literally, since the 1920s by race. Despite
its exclusive image, it was modeled after progressive
experiments in the design of “Native townships.” Their
main objective was to better the standards of housing
of racially discriminated populations, yet in practice they
served as a tool to implement apartheid policies. This
paper interrogates this ambivalence of social aspirations
and complicity with state violence through examining the
translation of apartheid’s planning practices to the Israeli
context, specifically the judaification of the area against
Palestinian refugees’ return by mass immigration of North
African Jews. Facing these two “others” exposed Afridar’s
inner contradictions, in its aspiration to act as a socially
progressive “model town.”
KEYWORDS:
Urban and Regional Planning, Garden City, Neighborhood
Unit, Zionism, Apartheid, Mass Housing, Development,
Knowledge Transfer.
20
THE AMERICAN-YUGOSLAV PROJECT
AND ITS AFTERMATH
Nika Grabar
Faculty of Architecture, Ljubljana
Vladimir Braco Mušič was one of keyfigures of
the first post-WWII generation of architects in
Slovenia, Yugoslavia. His international collaborations,
especially the academic experience in the US,
as well as his later involvement in the AmericanYugoslav Project (AYP), had a strong impact on
his design and research approach. The transfer
of knowledge between the American academic
circles and the Urban Planning Institute, where he
worked, unfolded in both directions in a process of
developing methodologies of spatial planning. In the
Cold War international arena conditions of planning
strategies were changing, different contexts called
for a rethinking of the architectural practice in which
the AYP furthered its influence to other European
countries via workshops and conferences. Mušič’s
dynamic planning method that he developed and
used to design neighbourhoods was based on
the idea of architecture as a non-fixed object and
thus allowed adjusting the design to different
conditions of planning while retaining the desired
aesthetic characteristics. The article analyses the
influences and conditions in which Mušič developed
his architectural approach to determine possible
starting points for historicizing his work in the postsocialist context.
KEYWORDS:
architecture, planning, socialism, ideology, America,
Yugoslavia
21
A TRANSATLANTIC CASE STUDY:
WALTER GROPIUS’S AND MARTIN
WAGNER’S CAMPAIGN FOR POSTWAR
PLANNING
Anna Vallye
Washington University in St.Louis
This talk presents a case study in the pitfalls of
transatlantic expertise transfer in modernist urban
planning, from the context of European social
democracy to that of the liberal welfare state
coming into being in America during the interwar
and war years. As eminent European émigrés to the
United States, Walter Gropius and Martin Wagner
bore the legacy of extensive experience working
with the managerial and political structures of the
nascent social democratic state in Weimar Republic
Germany. In their adoptive country they confronted
the evolving apparatus of the American welfare
state, emergent in the New Deal and consolidated
during war mobilization in part through adopting
and modifying Western European models. During
the 1940s, Gropius and Wagner collaboratively
produced a series of speculative publications, studio
projects, and similar ventures, which outlined an
approach to postwar state-sponsored rebuilding of
the nation’s urban fabric. Their proposals attempted
to translate the current technocratic discourse of
economic policy into terms amenable to architectural
intervention, expressing the balance between
economic freedom and state management that was
the central imperative of the American welfare state
as a relationship between (private) dwelling and
(public) land.
KEYWORDS:
governance, planning, expertise, transatlantic,
modernism, midcentury
22
FROM MEDICEAN FLORENCE TO
RUDOLPHINE PRAGUE: TWO ARTIFICIAL
GROTTOES AND THE TRANSFER OF
IDEAS AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE LATE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Lily Filson
Università Cà Foscari
A late sixteenth-century grotto in Prague may be
a variant of a type found among many examples
constructed for Francesco I de’ Medici at the Villa
Pratolino roughly a decade prior. The Bohemian
grotto and its Florentine corollary, called the Grotto
of Cupid, are roughly circular and housed under
domed vaults with central apertures; both have
been compared to tholos-style mounds. Although
many examples of Habsburg architecture in
Prague display Italian influence, this paper builds
upon the theory put forward by Guido Carrai that
Bernardo Buontalenti, who built grottoes on an
unprecedented scale at Pratolino as well as at the
Pitti Palace, influenced constructions in Prague by
proxy of the Florentine architect Giovanni Gargiolli,
to whom Rudolph II’s grotto is attributed. A third
and final consideration is an adjacent renovated
mill site which received stone-cutting and polishing
machines at the same time that documents attest
to a transfer of this technology from Florence,
enabling independent production of pietre dure
works and virtuosic handlings of hard-stone.
Although documentary evidence does not confirm
the connection between Rudolph II’s grotto and
Buontalenti’s Grotto of Cupid, the alignment of
formal similarities, evidence for other Buontalentian
influence in Prague, and the debt of the adjacent
mill to Medici technology supports a relationship
between the two Renaissance grottoes.
KEYWORDS:
Rudolph II, Francesco I, Habsburg, Medici,
Renaissance, Grotto, Prague, Florence, Transfer
23
TRACK 2
Session Chair: ALEKSANDRA STUPAR
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
BEYOND ‘THE AVANT-GARDE’ AND
‘TOTALITARIANISM’
Alla Vronskaya
ETH Zurich
My presentation critically examines the
historiography of Soviet Interwar art and
architecture to question the opposition of the
avant-garde and totalitarianism, which appeared
as its recurring theme from the 1960s on. I argue
that this opposition conflates aesthetic and
political discourses and is rooted in the Cold-War
ideology. As an example of its inability to adequately
represent the complexity of cultural development in
Interwar Russia, I assess the problems posed by the
architecture of the First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932).
Finally, I argue for an alternative analytic model – for
an approach that explains rather than judges, and
situates architecture within the context of political,
economic, and intellectual life, comparing, not
juxtaposing, Soviet modernism, including its Stalinist
versions, to its Western counterparts.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, art, historiography, Soviet, AvantGarde, Totalitarianism
25
TRANSNATIONAL ECOLOGIES OF DESIGN:
THE WALTER-GROPIUS-SEMINARS AT THE
BAUHAUS DESSAU, 1987–1991
Torsten Lange
ETH Zurich
In autumn 1987, the first Walter-Gropius-Seminar
on the theme of “building in the city” took place at
the Bauhaus Dessau, which had reopened the year
before as a centre for experimental research and
design in architecture, town planning, industrial and
environmental design in the GDR. The seminar brought
together practitioners from the Netherlands, Iceland,
Sweden, Finland, Luxemburg, West Berlin, Poland,
Czechoslovakia and Hungary with their East German
colleagues under the direction of the town planner
Rolf Kuhn and Jos Weber, appointed the Gropius Chair
at the Weimar school for architecture and construction
(HAB) and the only professor to lecture in both parts
of Germany. In interdisciplinary teams they developed
a model project for centre of Dessau, adapting the
widely used concrete panel systems so as to develop
a sustainable solution for urban housing. Until 1991,
three further seminars followed, whose focus gradually
expanded from the building to the city and the
surrounding territory.
This paper will trace the history of the Gropius seminars
as a place of international exchange and as a site for
the production of knowledge where architectural
and urban design became increasingly integrated
with questions of ecology and the environment,
situated within a wider context of attempts to reform
construction in East Germany. In addition to changes
in design practice, the paper will look at the role of
architectural historiography that accompanied the
seminars, and which sought to develop an alternative
Bauhaus tradition by foregrounding social and
ecological aspects in the former’s history.
KEYWORDS:
Transnational exchange, historiography, Bauhaus,
environmental design, East Germany
26
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUEZ
CANAL: A GEOPOLITICAL IMAGE
Peter Christensen
University of Rochester
This paper will examine the surveying, dredging
and construction of the Suez Canal as a key event in
the history, not only of the world, but global visual
culture as well. The creation of the Suez Canal,
completed in 1869, is typically considered through
the prism of its self-evident political and economic
aspects and not for the ways in which it impacted
the broader geopolitical understanding of an
interconnected world system through images, maps
and the canal’s architectural program. Lithographs,
photographs, postcards, and images reproduced in
newspapers and volumes in dozens of languages,
not only served as visual link between Europe and
the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean world,
but it also served to define and divide distinct
metageographic boundaries, most prominently that
between Asia and Africa, a boundary which remains
to this day. Drawing upon primary sources stemming
from the canal’s construction and through the
analysis of numerous buildings and visual materials,
this paper will make the provocative argument that it
was infrastructure, not world exhibitions, that could
most effectively catalyze an emergent “world image”
in the nineteenth century.
KEYWORDS:
Suez, infrastructure, Lesseps, geography, canal
27
ARCADES OF DETROIT
Claire Zimmerman
University of Michigan
Walter Benjamin’s comments on architectural
reception in “The Work of Art” essay offer a potent
epigraph to the work of Detroit architect Albert
Kahn (1869-1942), German émigré and best-known
architect of the American industrial complex. Kahn’s
work has been disregarded within architecture
culture over the seventy-three years since he died.
He was, according to Henry-Russell Hitchcock,
too “bureaucratic.” To other American critics and
architects, he provided inspiration for architectural
ideas, but not memorable buildings; his are generic,
banal, repetitive.
Benjamin’s reflections on nineteenth-century
architecture offer a lens through which to examine
Kahn’s work. Beginning with “The Work of Art”
essay, but continuing through the Passagenwerk,
Kahn’s buildings may represent, better than any,
the “awakening of the world from a dream about
itself.” They require a new way of perceiving based
on the old, and a different definition of architecture
from that which has prevailed since World War II.
This essay connects Walter Benjamin and Albert
Kahn through The Arcades Project, and a corpus
of seemingly authorless buildings. The metallic
architecture of industry, the cultivation of a genre
of image that was not distinguished by singularity,
but rather by ubiquity, and that stood in place of
words or signs as an indicator of general coherence
– all supply recognizable indicators of urban life to
be found within and around building in twentiethcentury Detroit.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, image, Detroit, Albert Kahn,
mass-production, industrialization
28
INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIMENTS:
COLLABORATION AND EXCHANGE
BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE GDR
Richard Anderson
University of Edinburgh
In 1975, the Moscow-based Central ScientificResearch Institute for the Design of Dwellings and
the East Berlin-based Institute for Urban Planning
and architecture formalized an agreement to
collaborate on the design of ‘experimental dwelling
complexes’ in the Soviet Union and the German
Democratic Republic. The primary outcome of
this collaboration was the construction of two
new residential districts: ‘Meshcherskoe ozero’
in Nizhniy Novgorod (Gorki) and Neu Olvenstedt
in Magdeburg. These sites were arenas for the
testing of new concepts in residential and urban
design, as well as in the application of new building
technologies. This paper seeks to understand the
collaboration between Soviet and East German
institutions that produced these residential districts.
A focus of this paper will be on the structure
and culture of the design institute – a significant
feature of architectural production within socialist
building economies that is not yet well understood.
Specifically, this paper addresses the ways that the
institutional form of the design institute inflected
the vectors of collaboration and exchange between
socialist architectural and building systems.
Ultimately, this paper seeks to understand the
multiple geographies of architectural production
within the former socialist block.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, urbanism, USSR, GDR
29
SESSION
POLITICIZED
CITY
TRACK 1
Session Chair: TORSTEN LANGE
ETH Zürich, Switzerland
PARIS ON PAPER:
ON THE MATERIALITY OF 19TH-CENTURY
URBANISATION
Min Kyung Lee
College of the Holy Cross
In nineteenth-century France, laws were passed
requiring a plan in order to build, and new visual
representations, such as surveyed maps, statistical
graphics, and photography, multiplied. Accordingly,
their mobility depended on a medium – paper –
that could carry the image, a material fact often
overlooked in histories of urban planning.
The introduction of graphic and synoptic
representations to regulate and control urban
development radically changed the ways in which
Paris was known. New modes of visualisation
and methods of printing were developed and
standardised, then integrated into and defined new
governance practices. Moreover, the materiality of
these representations – the production, circulation,
and organisation of the paperwork – represented as
much of an infrastructural project as the construction
of any road or water system, with offices created for
producing images and administrating their volume
and matter.
What were the material and institutional values
of these images that became the basis for urban
planning and governance in Paris? If paper was the
surface for building, how did this material and its
organisation define urban space? This presentation
seeks to analyse the materiality and legibility of the
graphic documents that constituted the emergent
administrative practices of urban planning in
nineteenth-century Paris.
KEYWORDS:
Paris, map, urbanism, materiality, 19th century,
bureaucracy
31
BRASILIA 1965-75:
THE STATE OF THE ART-CHITECTURE
Fernando Agrasar
University of A Coruña – Spain
When the new capital of Brazil was inaugurated
in 1965, the city became a laboratory of Modern
Architecture. The researchers were not only
Brazilians, like its main urban planner, Lucio Costa,
or its main design architect, Oscar Niemeyer. In
Brasilia from 1965 to 1975 was built an uncommon
collection of international buildings. Along a decade,
an exceptional group of diplomatic complexes were
settled on the so-called South and North Embassy
Sectors.
Designing a building to represent a country in a city
considered as an exhibition of modern architecture
was a challenge for the Departments of Foreign
Affairs all over the world.
Renowned architects as Hans Scharoun (West
Germany) or Pier Luigi Nervi (Italy) designed
masterpieces with other emerging architects, like
Guillermo Julián de la Fuente (France), Jørgen
Bo (Denmark) or Rafael Leoz (Spain), built great
examples of the newest architecture in that time.
The study of this singular group of buildings
constitutes an outstanding showing of the last
Modern Architecture, included the most discussed
alternatives to the spirit of modern orthodoxy.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, Brasilia, seventies, embassy
32
A CHRONICLE OF ARCHITECTURAL
TRANSFORMATION:
HATZOR HAGLILIT, ISRAEL, 1948-1953
Oryan Shachar
Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning,
Technion, Haifa
The town of Hatzor Haglilit was established in
northern Israel 1953 as part of a national settlement
plan. Its modern architecture is superimposed over
historical strata dating back to the Bible. The last
three represent the Palestinian village of Firi’m,
depopulated in 1948 and the Jewish “work-village”
of Peer-Am which was built in 1950, only to be
replaced by Hatzor.
This paper discusses the dramatic processes of
changing the format and essence of the place as
part of a broader process arising from conflicting
ideas and forces involved in the transition from
Mandatory Palestine to Israel. This period is
marked by displacement and immigration and by
large-scale settlement construction. During the
settlements’ development, the agencies in charge
were transformed from pre-state entities into
government agencies competing for control. Beyond
their historical and geographical significance, these
changes carry symbolic significance – political
and cultural – inherent in the act of uprooting the
village to create an abstract and anonymous urban
landscape.
The story of the transformation of Firi’m to PeerAm to Hatzor highlights the various planning and
architectural perspectives at play, the same way that
the complex process of establishing a local identity
inspired recent history and anchored in earlier
narratives.
KEYWORDS:
Modernism, nationalism, identity, policy, planning,
urbanism
33
POSTWAR SARAJEVO AND EXAMINATION
OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ARCHITECTURE, POLITICS, AND
ECONOMY
Maja Babic
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Post-1990s war reconstruction in the city of
Sarajevo – following the dissolution of Yugoslavia
– serves as a valuable example of the postcommunist architectural and urban developments
in a transitional country. Consequences of war
destruction and profound shifts in politics and
economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina may be
discussed through the ever-changing medium of
architecture. This paper will address the postwar
construction of shopping malls in Sarajevo, as well
as the significances of foreign investments on
local architecture, and the consequences of such
events for the city population and the city itself.
The focus of this paper is to identify occurrences
of foreign influences in commercial architecture,
and examine whether they are becoming a trend in
the Bosnian and Herzegovinian capital. The city of
Sarajevo had been at the intersection of Ottoman
and Austro-Hungarian empires, as well as a part of
the socialist Yugoslavia – consequently, architectural
developments in the city had been under influences
of political and economic shifts for centuries. This
paper will attempt to investigate whether the
current condition in Bosnian architecture falls under
such classification, and whether such classification is
even possible in this case.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, politics, Yugoslavia, post-communism,
Sarajevo, investments
34
TRACK 2
Session Chair: ANA NIKEZIĆ
University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
POLITICS OF THE REPLICA, REVİVAL
AND COPY
Zelal Zulfiye Rahmanali
Beril Sulamaci
Maltepe University
In the sense of producing a replica or a copy or
the act of revive something, the idea of rebuilding
Taksim Artillery Barracks at Taksim Gezi Park area
brings together the layers of a causality. The copy of
an original creates a time shift between present and
past. Is it a matter of reversal?
Barracks was built in 1806 as a military building, had
changed its function to during 1909-1939 and was
demolished in 1939 as part of Prost’s master city
plan in Taksim area.
In 2011, the assembly of the Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality decided to rebuild the structure not in
the former military function but as a shopping mall
or a cultural centre or anything else which transforms
the architectural object to a replica, revival or a copy
as an instrument of the politics.
At the intersections of architecture and politics,
research is seeking to see the causality of the real
and the copy in conversations of architecture,
planning, governance and politics through the actors
and the story of the building.
An excavation through images and texts in the
historical, economical and political layers of the site,
the story of Barracks reveals the politics of a Replica,
Revival, Copy.
KEYWORDS:
Copy, original, politics, governance, history,
reproduction
36
TRANSFORMATIVE DESTRUCTION IN
GAZA CITY: 1967-1982
Fatina Abreek-Zubiedat
Alona Nitzan-Shiftan
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
This paper discusses the vision of Gaza’s Mayor
Rashad al-Shawa to develop it as a port city between
the years 1975-1982, during the post-1967 Israeli
occupation. I show how architecture and urban
planning were perceived by al-Shawa as a way to
modernize the city and turn its subjects into citizens,
despite the political reality. Al-Shawa’s desire to
develop the city without the al-Shati Refugee Camp
that lies within it, clashed with Israel’s intention of
tearing down the camp and assimilating its residents
in the city itself, while freezing the development
of its port. These are articulated in the master plan
commissioned by the mayor. I demonstrate how
the master plan was formulated in the conflictridden city as a scientific document relying on twin
modernist conceptions: one which advocates place,
authenticity, vernacular culture and local history,
and one which champions modern development
as a tool of urban intervention and historical
reinterpretation. The tension embodied in the plan
indicates two different perceptions of space and
time that eventually not only prevented the city’s
development but also retained the refugees as a
bargaining chip between Palestinian nationalism and
the occupation.
KEYWORDS:
Gaza, modernism, development, destruction,
Palestinians, refugees
37
COLD WAR POLITICS AND ITALIAN
MODERNISM
Lucy M. Maulsby
Northeastern University
In the cultural climate of the Cold War Italy,
avant-garde modernism and totalitarianism were
understood to be fundamentally opposing forces,
despite the fascist regime’s well-documented
support of modernism. I argue that this perception
has prevented scholars from fully considering
modernist architects’ engagement with fascism
and from tracing the legacy of that experience
in the postwar period. Through an analysis and
discussion of the work of a number of architects
influenced by avant-garde modernism, involved in
the design of buildings for the Fascist Party, and
active in the postwar reconstruction of Italy, this
paper will explore some of the continuities between
architecture practice and culture in the inter and
postwar periods. Among the fundamental questions
this paper will address is how did the political and
cultural agenda of the Cold War shape the narratives
surrounding inter and postwar Italian architecture?
What are the consequences for the nation’s modern
architectural heritage?
KEYWORDS:
Cold war, modernism, Italy, fascism
38
A POPLAR TREE AND LINES:
THE JOINT SECURITY AREA IN THE
KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE, CA 1976
Hyun-Tae Jung
Lehigh University
The constant confrontations and uncertainties
between North and South Korea have been a symbol
of the Cold War. Risk of potential catastrophe in
the peninsula seems, even today, to be unchanged.
It is particularly clear in the Korean Demilitarized
Zone created as a result of the Korean Armistice
Agreement in 1953. The DMZ is a strip of land
crossing the whole Korean Peninsula dividing North
and South Korea. Despite its name, it is the most
heavily militarized border in the world.
Within the DMZ is the Joint Security Area where
all meetings between North Korea and the United
Nations Command or South Korea happen. It is about
800 meters wide and approximately circular in shape.
The history of the JSA reveals the frequent and
continuous conflicts and clashes around the DMZ.
Particularly important is the Axe Murder Incident of
18 August 1976, which permanently changed the
organizational and spatial settings of the two parties
in the JSA. Before the incident, the small area was a
neutral territory where members on either side had
free movement with military posts on both sides of
the Military Demarcation Line. After the death of
two U.S. officers and ensuing military confrontations,
the MDL in the JSA was re-established, permanently
separating physical contacts between two sides.
KEYWORDS:
Korea, war, JSA, DMZ, borderline
39
SESSION
IDEOLOGY
TRACK 1
Session Chair: BELGIN TURAN ÖZKAYA
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
TERRITORY, FORM AND THE
ARCHITECTURAL IMAGINARY
Antonio Petrov
University of Texas San Antonio
This paper turns to the early twentieth-century
self-proclaimed “Weltbauermeister” in an attempt
to recast our understanding of the relationships
between transnational geographies, form and
territory in which architecture contains territory,
and extends itself through it. The paper recovers
territories with geographically articulated designs
that advocated new world orders built upon the
rewriting of the surface of the earth. In contention
are questions of the restructuring of transnational
territories, and how architecture as an expanded
and geographically inspired idea structures, shapes
and produces new territories and transnational
systems. Through the lens of the critique of
ideological, geopolitical and technotopian orders,
this paper contextualizes Weltbauer Bruno Taut’s
Alpine Architecture and Hermann Sörgel’s Atlantropa
projects questioning central concepts and motives
of the twentieth-century that were forged by its
Weltanschauungen and seeking to illuminate the
relationships between territory, world-making, and
architectural form.
KEYWORDS:
Transnational, urbanism, geographies, territory,
form, architecture
41
CONFLICTING LANDSCAPES:
MODERNIZATION PROCESSES AND THEIR
IMPACT ON THE POST-WAR ATHENIAN
ENVIRONMENT
Georgia Daskalaki
University of Cyprus
During the process of Greece’s postwar
modernization in the early 1950s, political agendas
prioritized urban development. In the metropolitan
area of Athens, the reconstruction policies, partlyfinanced by the Marshall Plan, focused on important
urban renewal projects, which had a two-fold
goal: to construct Athens’s modern image, and to
reappropriate its ancient past and its natural beauty.
These aspirations were expressed by contradictory
approaches in the management of the Attic
landscape. On the one hand, the unprecedented
sprawl of the Greek typology apartment building
(the polykatoikia unit), or the covering of important
ancient streams in order to construct new
highways, reveal a tendency to depreciate its
existing physical background. On the other hand,
projects that focused on the restoration of the
Athenian topography, such as the unification of the
archaeological sites through landscape projects,
manifest a more “sustainable” approach. The above
mentioned reconstruction policies also caused
conflicting views among the theory and practice of
Greek architects of the era. The paper examines the
“entangled” interpretations of modernization that
shaped the early post-WWII Greek cityscape through
the lens of today’s current theme of sustainability
and contemplates how they still characterize recent
“grand” development projects such as those for the
Olympic Games of 2004.
KEYWORDS:
Landscape, modernization, Athens, postwar,
architecture, sustainability
42
THEATRE BUILDINGS – PROOF OF
CIVILIZATION: BUDA (1786-7), SIBIU
(1787-8), KOŠICE (1786-90)
Raluca Mureşan
Faculty of Art-History and Archaeology, ParisSorbonne University
This article focuses on the rhetoric of official
documents, press articles, and travel-journal
descriptions regarding the construction of three
theatres built in the Habsburg Monarchy’s Eastern
provinces from 1786-90: Ofen (Buda), Kaschau
(Košice) and Hermannstadt (Sibiu). Contemporary
sources present the newly-built theatres in Ofen
and Hermannstadt as symbolic proofs of the
assimilation of enlightened theatre and therefore,
of the existence of a civilized society. The interest
in the specific role assigned to theatre buildings of
this period, was neglected by previous scholarship.
However, it may suggest an interesting key to the
interpretation of their architectural expression. The
documents regarding the construction of the theatre
in Ofen indicate the contemporary emergence
of two conceptions on theatre architecture:
one from the theatre directors insisting on the
theatre’s educative role and another one from the
administration insisting on its “appropriateness”
for the status of the city. Nonetheless, the
sources concerning the theatres in Kaschau and
Hermannstadt suggest the distorted appropriation
of these conceptions in a peripheral context. The
incongruity between the architectural expression
and the reception of these theatres stemmed from
the configuration of a symbolic hierarchical map
associating German theatre, the Enlightenment, and
capital-city status of those urban centres possessing
a theatre.
KEYWORDS:
Theatre architecture, Habsburg Monarchy,
Enlightenment
43
RE-FRAMING THE EXHIBITION ‘SERBIAN
ARCHITECTURE 1900-1970’ – EXHIBITION
GENESIS BETWEEN PLANNED, DISPLAYED
AND IMAGINED
Mladen Pešić
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture
The main objective of this research is to explore
the alternative histories and possible readings of
the exhibition “Serbian architecture 1900 – 1970”
which was organized at the beginning of 1972, in
the Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade, in the
period of major political and socio-economic changes
in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
This exhibition is going to be analysed as an occasion
of circulating ideas and experiences, as well as
of promoting historical, political, socio-economic
and cultural particularities of a certain era and a
new spatial and visual culture within the dominant
architectural discourse in socialist Yugoslavia.
According to that, the primary aim of the analysis
will be to determine whether the social and cultural
changes that occurred in the early 1970s in the
world and in Yugoslavia had an impact on the
conceptualization of the “Serbian Architecture 19001970” exhibition, as well as to investigate whether
there was an influence on the architectural discourse
after the exhibition. Having in mind that the
exhibition was conceptualized within the complex
social and cultural context of socialist Yugoslavia, this
research will try to investigate if the exhibition was
a formal ending of ‘grand narrative’ of Yugoslavian
architecture and a starting point for rehabilitation
of the “Serbian national style“ in architecture, which
was later on used in the fabrication of identity after
the 1990s.
KEYWORDS:
Exhibition, narrative, architecture, Yugoslavia,
Serbian, national
44
“THE HITTITE SUN IS RISING TO
ANKARA ONCE AGAIN”: CONFLICTING
IMAGINATIONS OF ANKARA’S URBAN
IDENTITY
Kivanç Kilinç
Yaşar University
This article aims to cast light on the silent expedition
of the Hittite sun disk, a cult object from Early
Bronze Age, from the historical, narrative and
discursive boundaries of a public museum as the
display case of a national archaeology campaign to
the streets of contemporary Ankara. The first part
of this paper explores the role of the Museum of
Anatolian Civilizations in constructing meaning by
inventing new symbols as part of modern Turkish
national identity. In the second part, the paper
then probes into the role of social actors in (re)
appropriating official narratives, and the processes
in which the Hittite sun-disk increasingly grew into
a popular and yet controversial political symbol.
In doing so, it examines how a state-sanctioned
memory making project that was materialized in a
museum space heralded the ‘clash of imaginations’
in Turkey’s capital city: conservative and right-wing
versus secular and leftist (urban) identities, hence
conflicting visions of Ankara’s past and future.
KEYWORDS:
Ankara, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Hittite
sun disk, collective memory, national identity, spatial
politics
45
BELGRADE (DE)VOID OF IDENTITY:
POLITICS OF TIME, POLITICS OF
CONTROL, POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE
Nikolina Bobic
Plymouth University
The position of this paper is that thinking about
identity of a place, such as Belgrade, through
architecture is (de)void of alternative projections
precisely because the particularity of memory
invoked affects what is (re)built and how identity is
conceived. The stated framework will be examined
through Nikola Dobrovic’s Generalstab complex. The
necessity to think of Belgrade through this complex
is due to the canonical nature of this building which
used to help invoke or forget particular historical
time periods.
The Generalstab is located on a historically complex
and contested site, whilst the construction of the
building is entangled in conflict and dispute. Since
when in 1999 NATO targeted and hollowed-out
the complex, it has taken on a new role; initially as
a signifier of violence associated with NATO strikes
while more recently, demolishment of the complex
seems to be – ironically – guided by the necessity
of Serbia to co-operate with NATO. These more
recent invocations negate the association of the
complex with Henri Bergson’s ‘cone’ and the Sutjeska
Offensive. In other words, a structure that was once
a signifier of alternative national and architectural
practice(s) has now become a key tool to facilitate
strangulation of political, cultural and historical
rights.
KEYWORDS:
Belgrade, identity, (De)void, (Re)construction,
Generalstab, NATO
46
TRACK 2
Session Chair: CARMEN POPESCU
University Paris I-Sorbonne, France
ROME OR BABYLON?
THE GARE DU NORD IN COMPETING
NARRATIVES OF SECOND EMPIRE PARIS
Bradley Fratello
St. Louis Community College – Meramec
Jacques Hittorff’s Gare du Nord exemplifies the
triumph of architectural eclecticism during the
Second Empire. An all-encompassing framework for
constructing French identity, eclecticism became
Napoléon III’s rubric to justify the transformation
of Paris into a modern Rome: a cosmopolitan hub
embracing diverse peoples and cultural forms.
Combining Romanizing arches, Gothic-inspired
statuary, a stone façade and an iron rail shed, the
Gare du Nord would become one of Paris’ hubs of
travel, commerce and cultural exchange.
At the same time, an alternative narrative
described Paris as a modern Babylon and its newly
cosmopolitan complexion as weak – overrun by the
influx of foreign peoples and forms. As the city’s
gateways for commercial and cultural exchange,
Paris’ new train stations took the blame for this new,
chaotic state. Both in terms of form and function,
critics argued that the Gare du Nord brought
disorganization and incoherence to the French
capital. Rome and Babylon thus became opposed
models for either celebrating or denigrating Second
Empire Paris.
KEYWORDS:
Paris, Hittorff, Gare, modernization, Eclecticism
48
MISSION IN STYLE:
RUSSIAN ORTHODOXY AND CHURCHBUILDING IN ILLINOIS
Anatole Upart
The University of Chicago
The late nineteenth century was a period of an
increased church-building on the part of Russian
Orthodox Church, including overseas, in the areas
of compact Russian settlement beyond the borders
of the Empire. Most of the newly constructed
churches were designed in the Russian Revival style,
appropriating architectural heritage of medieval
Russia. Although European cities such as Paris and
Florence have more prominent examples of that
building campaign, Chicago and some communities
in Illinois also became home to structures whose
style was unmistakably “Russian.”
Parts of the dismantled Russian pavilion from
Chicago’s World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893,
were moved to a smaller town in Illinois, Streator,
forming the main part of a newly-constructed
Russian Orthodox church. Yet within a decade, the
building’s revivalist style started to be obliterated
through successive renovations. In 1960s remnants
of the Russian church were demolished and replaced
by a modernist building.
This paper examines immigrant Orthodox churches
in the American Midwest in the context of the
official imperial policies of Russification alongside
Orthodoxy’s missionary activity. More specifically,
the paper considers revivalist style as a means
of constructing not only actual ecclesiastical
architecture, but also an “authentically Russian”
identity of the Orthodox immigrants to America.
KEYWORDS:
Orthodoxy, architecture, Chicago, church,
immigrants, style
49
FROM IMPERIAL TO NATIONAL:
RE-PURPOSING HABSBURG
INFRASTRUCTURE IN AN INTERWAR
POLISH CITY
John Fahey
Purdue University
As Austria-Hungary’s premier fortress town,
Przemyśl, Galicia’s growth was shaped by military
construction in the decades before World War
I. Though the city’s fortifications and other
imperial infrastructure were severely damaged
during the war, they lingered on as key parts of
urban infrastructure, shaping Przemyśl’s postwar
shape and function. While re-purposing Habsburg
infrastructure is hardly unique to Przemyśl, the city’s
military character makes its transition into interwar
Poland unusual. Changes to Habsburg buildings
went well beyond simply removing old Habsburg
iconography to fundamentally changing their
purpose. Przemyśl’s pre-war military infrastructure
continued on in Polish garb, but with the new
mission of supporting and defending the Polish
state, and eventually as heritage and tourism sites.
The changing political nature of the Polish state has
greatly altered the architectural purposes and uses
of Przemyśl’s buildings creating a militarized heritage
in a no longer militarized city.
KEYWORDS:
Austria-Hungary, World War I, Poland, Galicia,
Heritage
50
FASCISM MAKES HISTORY.
IT DOES NOT WRITE IT.
ITALY’S PARTICIPATION IN THE CHICAGO
WORLD EXHIBITION, 1933.
Flavia Marcello
Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne
Italian architecture during the Fascist period is an
intense locus of inter-weavings between past and
present. It both served and represented politics
by reconceptualising and renegotiating the past
through an immanent conception of history that
was made, not written. This is evidenced through
the inter-relationship between architecture,
spectacle and antiquity that was Italy’s official state
participation at the Chicago Century of Progress
Exhibition of 1933. The pavilion merged Roman
symbolism with technological triumph to represent
Italy, as a nation of cutting edge modernity and
acted as harbinger of the future. Italo Balbo and
his armada brought past, present and future
together when they landed in Chicago after a
record-breaking Transatlantic cruise. This enterprise
of cutting edge technology was memorialised
by an ancient Corinthian column shipped over
from Ostia, exemplifying Fascism’s anomalous
relationship to modernity. Italy’s three-fold
participation in the Chicago Fair of 1933 juxtaposed
the eternal tradition of the Classical with a futurepresent where history was made. Architecture
and spectacle reconceptualised and renegotiated
history where the signum rememorativum (past), the
signum demonstrativum (present) and the signum
prognostikon (future) became one and the same.
KEYWORDS:
Fascism, Italy, architectural design, spectacle,
Chicago, International Expositions, politics
51
BLURRED LINES:
IDEOLOGICAL AMBIVALENCE IN SPANISH
ARCHITECTURE OF THE 1930s AND 1940s
Brett Tippey
Kent State University
The political reforms of the Second Spanish
Republic created an environment favorable to the
implementation in Spain of modern ideas. Leftist
ideology is evident in the works of GATEPAC
architects such as Sert, García Mercadal and Torres
Clavé; therefore, historiographical accounts often
align Spain’s Modern architecture of the 1930s with
the progressive policies of the Second Republic.
Likewise, it is widely alleged that the historicism of
1940s Spain resulted directly from Franco’s rightwing conservatism.
However, to link the Second Republic with
the architectural avant-garde, as well as to tie
Franco’s conservative dictatorship to nostalgic
historicism, ignores the deep political complexities
that accompanied Modern architecture’s arrival
in Spain. Secondino Zuazo experimented with
Classicism on buildings he designed in the 1930s
for the Republican government. Rodrigo Medina
Benjumea followed a Rationalist aesthetic in his
1940s design for the Labor University in Seville,
which was one of Franco’s pet projects. José Manuel
Aizpurúa, a member of GATEPAC and architect of the
progressive 1929 Nautical Club in San Sebastián, died
fighting for Franco’s Nationalist cause.
This paper challenges the oversimplification that
characterizes existing historiographic accounts of the
period and portrays the relationship between politics
and architecture in mid-century Spain as complex
and ambivalent.
KEYWORDS:
Ideology, Second Spanish Republic, Franco, GATEPAC,
Historicism, modernity
52
ARCHITECTURE IN EXHIBITION:
DICTATORSHIP’S SPANISH PAVILIONS
Luz Paz Agras
University of A Coruña – Spain
This communication explores the relationship
between architecture and politics in the period of
Franco’s Dictatorship in Spain. Through the study of
different examples of Spanish exhibition pavilions,
we could establish a wide field of analysis that
involves concepts like the pretended image of the
state, the official architecture, etc.
Despite Franco’s administration had expressed their
opposition to Modern Architecture accusing it of
“republican” and promoted strongly repressions
against modern architects, most of the international
exhibition pavilions proved they liked to show a
picture of a very advanced country.
From the Bruxelles Pavilion of Corrales & Molezún
in 1958, architectural competitions to represent the
country abroad were common practice and they
reflect the areas of interest of the most important
teams. At the same time, some pavilions showed
the influence of the international architecture
inside Spanish frontiers, taking references from
international architectural and artistic projects.
The final aim of this communication is to trace an
overview on exhibition architecture in relationship
with political power.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, exhibition, Spain, Dictatorship, politics,
propaganda
53
SESSION
COMMUNITIES’
ROOTS:
PLANTING AND
UPROOTING
TRACK 1
Session Chair: MILICA MILOJEVIĆ
University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
A SEARCH FOR ARAB MODERNISM IN
PALESTINE IN THE FIFTIES AND SIXTIES
Case study 4 Urban Villas
Mira Saba Deeb
Technion – Israel Istitute of Technoligy
The 1950s and the 1960s were studied during the
Israeli nation-building years, when the centralized
state built numerous cities and neighborhoods for
Jewish immigrants. Although extensive literature has
recently been allocated to the architecture of this
national project, almost no literature has covered the
concurrent Palestinian phenomena. This lacuna begs
the questions: can we identify parallel “local Arab
modernism,” what are its characteristics, and what
is the regional context in which it was developed?
This study surveys the emergence of architectural
modernism in Palestine by studying four modern
villas that were constructed in the Galilee and in
the West Bank during the 1950s and the 1960s.
The study follows young architects who studied
in Europe and in the Arab countries and created a
network of Middle Eastern knowledge that crossed
the borders between Israel, the Jordanian West
Bank, and the centers in Beirut, Amman and Cairo.
The architectural analysis of the villas covers the
formal language, functional schemes, construction
methods, materials and the efficacy of this network.
The study explores the establishment of the
architectural profession in Palestine against the
development of modern architecture in the Middle
East. Based on this background, it examines four
villas through field trips, interviews and literature.
KEYWORDS:
Arab, modernism, Palestinian space, Middle East,
villa, bourgeoisie
55
HISTORIC TURN IN HOUSING ESTATES
DESIGN: THE CASE OF LATE SOCIALIST
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Maroš Krivý
Estonian Academy of Arts
This paper charts the influence of postmodernism
on late socialist design of housing estates in
Czechoslovakia. During the 1970s-80s we can
observe a turn away from zeilenbau urbanism
towards historic typologies. Three projects are
analysed: Barrandov and Jihozápadní Město in
Prague and Dlhé Diely in Bratislava. Barrandov
was structured along a pedestrian promenade,
drawing on the belief that this traditional urban
type generates urbanity. In Jihozápadní Město the
architect revived the proto-modernist superblock
and aimed to the environmental context of the
site. In Dlhé Diely, streets, squares and blocks were
adapted to a hilly terrain while the employment of
experimental construction system allowed architects
to make historicist allusions on facades. It is argued
that in the late socialist Czechoslovakia historicistpostmodernist design sensibility converged with
the critique of industrialized architecture of housing
estates.
KEYWORDS:
Late socialism, housing estates, Czechoslovakia,
postmodernism, historical turn
56
SPACE PRODUCTION BY A NONDOMINANT SOCIETY:
ROMA (GYPSY) SPATIAL PRACTICES
Andreea Cojocaru
International University of Sarajevo
Isil Ekin Calak
International University of Sarajevo
Istanbul Kemerburgaz University
To make a place is to make a domain that helps
people know where they are, and by extension,
know who they are. Charles Moore
All subjects are situated in a space in which
they must either recognize themselves or lose
themselves. Henri Lefebvre
Roma or gypsy is a phenomenon that emerged over
the past two decades thanks to the unique historical
circumstance of Eastern Europe’s transition from
communism to democracy and capitalism. For the
first time in their centuries-long presence in Eastern
Europe, the Roma, an ethnic minority, are engaging
with unbelievable economical and imaginative force
in the production of space and of architecture.
With a sudden and intuitive understanding of space
and architecture’s role in defining relationships,
negotiating history and asserting conflicting
identities, the Roma are creating urban conditions,
building mansions in never before seen styles
and inhabiting them in ways unique to their
society. Roma architecture and spatial practices
offer the opportunity to analyze the emergence of a
parallel space within the space of a dominant society.
This paper will use the socio-spatial framework
developed by Henry Lefebvre to explore the Roma
spatial practices and their relationship to the host
society.
KEYWORDS:
Space production, Roma architecture, Henry
Lefebvre, transitional economies, Eastern Europe
57
ARCHITECTURAL DISCOURSE WITHIN
SELF-MANAGEMENT: CONFERENCE
‘LOCAL COMMUNITY’ IN BELGRADE, 1978
Marija Martinović
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture
The conception of new policy in Yugoslavia after
1948 was found in self-managing socialism which
initiated development of new cultural practice.
Self-management was based on concepts such as
democracy, humanism and participation, forming
a specific value system. Since it was based on new
social relations, self-management also demanded
changes in daily life of local communities and a
search for a new spatial organization of the city.
The self-governing community was theoretically
conceptualized through the idea of commune and
territorially it was defined through the notion of local
community. This paper investigates mutual influences
between value system of self-management and
architectural discourse about the socialist city
through the analysis of local community. In that
context, architecture is understood as a social
practice that participates in the construction of the
identity of self-management. Described processes
and influences will be presented through the analysis
of scientific papers submitted for the academic
conference ‘Local community’, held in Belgrade in
1978. The goal of this paper is to analyze if there
was a coherent idea about the socialist city brought
about by architects, and how this idea was consistent
with the broader discourse of self-management.
KEYWORDS:
City, local-community, community-center, selfmanagement, conference, Yugoslavia
58
TRACK 2
Session Chairs:
LJILJANA BLAGOJEVIĆ
University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
MICHELA ROSSO
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
(UN)DEFINED FOR SOCIALISM:
SLOVENIAN DISLOCATION FROM THE
TEMPORALLY DEFINED PAST
Veronica E. Aplenc
University of Pennsylvania
The architecture of the everyday built environment
provides an excellent view into the on-the-ground
negotiation of socialist modernity, both physically
as well as conceptually. Vernacular architecture,
however, continues to remain poorly represented
in studies of the socialist period for East Central
Europe. Insisting on moving beyond the national
in vernacular architectural styles, this paper
interrogates the discursive construction of a primary
site of socialist modernity by two key professional
groups, architects and ethnologists, examines the
negotiated reality, and considers the implications of
an (un)defined vernacular architecture.
In the late twentieth century, Slovenian architects
and ethnologists largely understood vernacular
architecture as a historical statement on the past
lifeways of a former national “folk.” This temporal
dislocation of vernacular architecture from the
contemporary period did not parallel an erasure
and replacement of the existing built environment,
however. On the contrary, vernacular architecture
persisted as new structures built by non-academically
trained individuals proliferated with few references
to “national” style or traditional structures. As
these new constructions burgeoned, a clear
clash emerged between expert definitions, local
negotiation of modernity, and the physical reality in
urban environments. Unresolved, these competing
conceptions introduced complications into local
understandings of socialist modernity and its
construction.
KEYWORDS:
Vernacular architecture, state socialism, Yugoslavia,
Slovenia
60
TRACING UNVOICED HISTORIES
IN RURAL SPACE / PERIPHERY OF
IZMIR: KÜÇÜKBAHÇE, HİSARKÖY AND
İNCECİKLER
Tonguç Akış
İzmir Institute of Technology
Conventional classifications of the built environment
– into urban and rural categories, reflected in
legislation, planning regulations and capital-oriented
mechanisms of space production, render rural areas
more and more invisible and powerless in terms of
governmental policy and political debates. Besides, in
the majority of the scholarship, the grand narratives
on spatial transformations mostly focus on the issues
of the constructing urban built environment and have
ignored the voice of ‘peripheral’ spatial experiences and
micro-history on the historical remains. This paper is
an attempt to trace and verbalize the voices of people
inhabiting rural settlements with complex historical
layers, which have shaped their development and daily
experience. The window through which this issue will be
explored is three case studies in the prefecture of İzmir:
Küçükbahçe, Hisarköy and İncecikler.
Küçükbahçe, a coastal village near the Aegean Sea,
has been both spatially and demographically defined
by the Greco-Turkish population exchange, hence
presenting a unique layering of memories as well as
abandoned ruinous houses. Hisarköy, located within a
castle - archaeological site, demonstrates an example
of contemporary inhabitation spatially integrated in the
demolished physicality. İncecikler, having a connection
with the ancient Acropolis of Pergamon, is a typical
example of rural settlement adjacent to the natural park
in Kozak Region. These peripheral settlements present
an opportunity to examine contemporary socio-spatial
experience in its interaction with historical remains. How
do their inhabitants interpret the tangible past that
shapes their surroundings, and does this interpretation
contradict ‘central’ or official versions of history?
KEYWORDS:
Rural space, rural settlements, unvoiced history, İzmir
61
PRINCIPALITY TOWNS IN WESTERN
ANATOLIA UNDER TURKISH-ISLAMIC RULE
(14TH-15TH CENTURIES):
RUPTURE OR CONTINUITY?
Çağla Caner Yüksel
Başkent University – Department of Architecture
In this paper, I question whether the emergence
of Principality towns in Western Anatolia can
be regarded as rupture or continuity taking into
account the development of the urban form. For
this purpose, I reveal the spatial characteristics
of these towns with a particular backdrop drawn
to shed light to possible interactions of ruling
authorities and/or influential factors such as social,
economic, religious and administrative styles
changing as these authorities alternated. In doing
so, I consider the preceding history of urban form
in the region (Ancient and subsequently Byzantine
settlements) and the concurrent urban and
architectural developments in the neighbouring
territories (Byzantine and post Seljuk settlements)
and those of other encountering political authorities
(architecture of the Italian city states). As such, I
attempt to point to a scarcely studied facet of a
particular geographical region and also address to
the discussions on the issue of ‘urban continuity’ in
general context of urban historiography.
KEYWORDS:
Towns, Medieval, Anatolia, Architecture
62
THE DISCOVERY OF PAST FORMS OF
DWELLING AND THE INVENTION OF THE
NEO-VERNACULAR
Georgios Karatzas
Hellenic Ministry of Culture – Ephorate of
Antiquities of Messinia
Vernacular architecture was articulated in the early
20th century as the representation of a uniform
tradition, shared by all Greeks and reflecting national
values. Its popularisation helped solidify the idea of
the tripartite schema of national descent (ancient,
byzantine and modern Hellenism) by establishing
examples of the third phase of Hellenism.
Publications diffused its key concepts and main
characteristics, identifying typical forms in several
regions of the country. After WW2, official ideology
embraced findings of interwar research, as they
referred to a safe imagined past, above class or
political divisions. Naturalisation of its significance in
the cultural identity of the nation, led in the 1950s to
statutory protection and promotion of its examples
to the status of historic monuments. The assimilation
of elements of the articulated traditional culture
led to the emergence of a certain neo-vernacular
architectural style that combined elements of the
identified vernacular with the functionality and
building methods of contemporary architecture.
The paper examines the discovery of vernacular
architecture as a result of early 20th century rise of
folkloristics and its gradual adoption by dominant
ideology. It also addresses its interwar and early
post-war diffusion to the cultural collective and the
emergence of a neo- vernacular style.
KEYWORDS:
Vernacular architecture, Greece, nation- building,
representation of history, cultural appropriation.
63
BETWEEN AFRICAN TRADITION AND
MODERNITY – THE LEGACY OF NORMAN
EATON (1902-1966)
Marguerite Pienaar
University of Pretoria
The architectural oeuvre of South African architect
Norman Eaton (1902-1966), expresses a rare
encounter between the Modern Movement and
Africa. His work – he being based in Pretoria, South
Africa – draws strongly on the African monumental
past, while denoting both regional and universal
consciousness. Local influences are drawn from
diverse sources: Cape Dutch architecture, Great
Zimbabwe, Eastern Africa and the unselfconscious
architectural endeavours of the Ndebele. Eaton
used both local craftsmanship and materials in
unconventional ways and had bricks and glazed
tiles custom-made to deliberately evoke his
interpretations of African textural surfaces –
purposefully metaphorizing African patterns of
grass, weaving, and surface reliefs. Imbued with
qualities of resistance and response, sublimination
and invention and set within increasingly important
values of place, tradition, Modernity and identity,
his work is seminal – not only in the South African
context, but also in the broader African and
international context.
This paper follows the lead of Edward Said’s
Orientalism and subsequently, Hilde Heynen’s postcolonial interpretation of the work of Loos, Le
Corbusier and Rudofsky, by placing Eaton’s work
centrally to that debate. His endeavours will be
contextualized against the backdrop of apartheid,
leftist political sympathies and his criticism of
apartheid planning.
KEYWORDS:
Africa, tradition, Modern Movement, place, identity
64
SESSION
HISTORIOGRAPHY
TRACK 1
Session Chair: CHRISTIAN PARRENO
The Oslo School of Architecture and Design, Norway
RECONCILING MULTIPLICITY THROUGH
STORIES, CARAMUEL AND THE FIRST
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF ARCHITECTURE
Maria Elisa Navarro Morales
Universidad de Los Andes
Juan Caramuel de Lobkowitz’s 1678 Architectura
Civil Recta y Obliqua is the first architectural treatise
where the intention of compiling a history of
architecture appears. The distinction between
antiquity and their own time was not made in
the Renaissance; therefore authors writing on
architectural theory were not concerned with
finding continuity between the past and the present.
Caramuel’s interest, on the contrary, is precisely
in showing the continuity between the buildings
erected by the first men and those of his own time.
The continuity Caramuel seeks in his account is a
construct and his arguments for connecting two
separate moments are sometimes forced. In order
to maintain the continuity his account requires,
Caramuel’s history of architecture is sometimes
inaccurate, and by our contemporary standards, even
wrong. Yet for Caramuel for whom absolute truth is
otherworldly, in a world ruled by contingency there
is the possibility of having several stories or histories,
where the articulation of events from the past is held
above the truthfulness of the accounts. This paper
shows how Caramuel’s proto-history of architecture
is an attempt to unify different manifestations of the
art in different places and times in order to ground
the architect’s praxis.
KEYWORDS:
Architectre, history, Modernity, Europe, treatises,
Caramuel
66
THE PARADIGMS IN THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURAL
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Ceren Katipoglu
Cankaya University
Narratives of Ottoman architectural historiography
have been constructed on a well-established
scholarly tradition of a great canon. Such narratives
have generally been based on the periodization of
the empire’s historical progression – namely the
periods of rise, growth, stagnation and decline – or
the stylistic evaluation of ‘great masters’ and their
‘masterpieces’. The periodization of historical events
brings with it another paradigm in architectural
historiography; the issue of ‘style’.
Particularly for 19th century Ottoman architecture,
the great canon’s reliance on paradigms of ‘style’,
‘westernization’ and ‘decline’ has become a dominant
tendency, used to identifying the changes in
architectural practice. Both change and ‘decline’
have, in Western historiographical traditions, been
discussed with respect to notions of modernization
and westernization. Another pattern has been added
to the discussion, namely the nationalist approaches
in the construction of Ottoman historiography
by Turkish authors. How the Ottoman past was
treated by Turkish historians is a significant subject
for the evaluation of the 19th century Ottoman
historiography. The aim of this paper is to discuss
architectural historiography on 19th century Ottoman
architecture questioning the existing paradigms of
decline, style and westernization.
KEYWORDS:
Historiography, ottoman, architecture, mosque.
67
CLASSICAL TRADITION IN
JOSEF FRANK’S WRITINGS
Caterina Cardamone
Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve
This paper examines the particular reception of
Renaissance and antique tradition in the work of
Josef Frank and in that of his milieu, discussing the
common and diverging meanings that the ‘rebirth’
of classical tradition – to use Frank’s term – had at
the same moment in the Viennese context. Even
though a reflection on classical tradition is a common
aspect of the teachings of the Viennese Technische
Hochschule at the beginning of the century, the
originality of Frank’s position will emerge through a
comparison with the writings and work of his closest
colleagues educated in the same context – Oskar
Strnad, Oskar Wlach, Walter Sobotka and Viktor
Lurje.
In Frank’s writings, the classical principles of varietas,
mediocritas and utilitas / Annehmlichkeit constitute
the core of an uninterrupted and geographically
well-defined classical tradition and a vivid alternative
to the aesthetical principles of German Neues Bauen.
His classically based anthropocentrism, focusing on
man as an ‘imperfect intention of nature’, moreover,
constitutes Frank’s most original contribution to
the reception of classical tradition before WWII.
This aspect stands in striking contrast to the
contemporary reception of classical repertoire as a
source of immutable anthropometric ratios and as a
model for eternal and univocal order.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, History, Theory, Vienna, Modernism
68
RE-ASSESSING SOCIALIST HERITAGE.
THE STATUS OF SOVIET ARCHITECTURE
IN MINSK, BELARUS
Nelly Bekus
University of Exeter
The paper discusses how the concept of “heritage”
has been employed in interpretations of the Soviet
architectural legacy in the Belarusian capital Minsk,
producing competing geopolitical narratives of
Belarusian national development. The logic of
Soviet cultural heritage-making in Belarus has
been underpinned by the overlapping aims and
intentions of different actors. The paper explores
the correlation between professional architectural
discourses on the status of the Soviet architectural
legacy and strategies for the appropriation of the
Soviet past in the official politics of Belarus. In
the post-independence period, the professional
architectural discourse re-assessing the Soviet
architectural legacy of Minsk concentrated on the
aesthetic value of Soviet architecture in Minsk, but
it relied implicitly upon the perception that the
post-war reconstruction period in Belarus had been
a “golden age” for Belarusians. There have been
recent attempts of re-framing the cultural artefacts
representing socialist realism in terms of “heritage”
in countries of Eastern and Central Europe. In marked
contrast to the case of Belarus, however, none of
these countries sought to combine this international
symbolic capital of the socialist legacy with the status
of “national heritage”.
KEYWORDS:
Soviet architecture, heritage, socialism, Belarus
69
THE ENLIGHTENMENT REVISITED:
HISTORIES AND THEORIES OF
ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY 1955-1965
Michela Rosso
Edoardo Piccoli
Politecnico di Torino
The intense dialogue between twentieth-century
architectural theory in Italy and the age of
Enlightenment appears as a fascinating and largely
unexplored terrain of investigation. Between the
1950s and the 1970s with a series of short articles
and more ambitious essays, Aldo Rossi and Manfredo
Tafuri produce some of the most unorthodox
and original interpretations of the architecture
of the Enlightenment. Two are the main strands
of thought developed by their texts across their
critical itineraries. The first one derives from Emil
Kaufmann’s theory of architectural autonomy as
exemplified by his Three Revolutionary Architects
(1952) and Architecture in the Age of Reason (1955),
the other stems from Horkheimer and Adorno’s
Dialectic of Enlightenment, a text of 1944 translated
into Italian in 1966.
The encounter between architectural theory
and the history of the eighteenth century opens
up a series of questions related to the legacy
of the Enlightenment within Italian post-war
culture, politics and society. The aim of this paper
is to question the reasons and sources of this
exchange and investigate the modes in which
the Enlightenment has been appropriated (and
distorted) by Italian architectural culture.
KEYWORDS:
Enlightenment, eighteenth century, architectural
historiography, architectural theory
70
SESSION
IDENTITY
TRACK 1
Session Chair: MARIJA MILINKOVIĆ
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, Serbia
MULTIPLE IDENTITIES, CONFLICTING
IDEOLOGIES IN OTTOMAN ISTANBUL
AND REPUBLICAN TURKEY:
THE CASE OF ALEXANDRE VALLAURY
Nilay Özlü
Boğaziçi University
This paper discusses the conflicting identities and
works of Alexandre Vallaury (1850-1921) – an
Ottoman Levantine with Italian roots, a well-known
architect with Ecole des Beaux Arts education, a
French citizen born and lived in Istanbul – will be
evaluated through different lenses. This study
examines several accounts on Vallaury’s background
and architecture, which started in the Ottoman
Istanbul; continued in Paris; and came to an end
in the Republican Turkey. As the founder of the
first architecture school in Turkey and designer of
numerous significant buildings that were famous
for their historicist and eclectic agenda, Vallaury is
a prominent figure in the late Ottoman cultural and
architectural realms.
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the
foundation of the Turkish Republic empowered
the nationalist and anti-cosmopolitan agendas, and
tools for self-representation and national identity
were redefined. With an urge to “re-discover”
Turkish architecture and its pure forms, exclusion
of “foreign” items became an instrument for nation
building strategy. A historiographical survey of the
Republican era confirms that many architects and
scholars of the young Turkish Republic rejected the
architecture of the nineteenth century and labeled it
as a period of “decline” and “corruption”, marked by
the works of foreign and non-Muslim architects, such
as that of Vallaury’s.
KEYWORDS:
Identity, Levantine, Nationalism, Istanbul, Ottoman
Empire, Turkey
72
MODERNISM, HISTORICAL PATRIMONY,
AND IDENTITY IN EARLY REPUBLICAN
ISTANBUL (1923-1950)
Ümit Fırat Açıkgöz
Rice University
Throughout the early republican period (1923-1950),
proposals to transform Istanbul into a modern city
faced the challenge of a dense and multilayered
architectural patrimony. Any intervention in the
urban fabric entailed destruction of monuments
and memories. Both extremes, namely “leaving
the old city in all its dust and dirt,” as Le Corbusier
proposed to Turkish authorities, and razing down
the entire fabric to build a modern city from scratch
were out of question. The transformation of Istanbul
generated heated debates and negotiations over
which monuments could be preserved or sacrificed.
Not only did these debates speak to the politics of
identity on the part of the nascent nation-state,
but also diverse and conflicting notions of heritage,
modern urbanism, identity, and historicity were
publicly played out and negotiated through the
dilemma between architectural preservation and
urban modernization. Drawing on archival sources
and contemporary newspapers and periodicals,
this paper explores how these notions jostled for
recognition and influence in the architectural and
urban transformation of early republican Istanbul.
It portrays the issues of architectural heritage
and urban modernization as dynamic platforms
whereby the past, present, and future of the built
environment were negotiated across the society.
KEYWORDS:
Preservation, modernism, Istanbul, architecture,
urbanism, interwar
73
PICTURESQUE MODERNITIES IN
EURASIAN CONTACT ZONES:
NEGOTIATING ARCHITECTURAL
REGIONALISMS IN UNIVERSAL/COLONIAL
EXHIBITIONS (PARIS 1931 AND 1937)
Michael Falser
Heidelberg University
The research project Picturesque Modernities. A
Transcultural Enquiry into the Formation of Regionalist
Styles in Architecture between Europe and Asia (19001950) is embedded in the Cluster of Excellence ‘Asia
and Europe in a Global Context. The Dynamics of
Transculturality’ of Heidelberg University. It is aimed
at overcoming the territorial determinants of nationstates and to evolve a multi-polar concept of space
in global architectural history. By investigating the
Euro-Asian colonial arena between 1900 and 1950,
with a focus on French Indochina, British India and
the Dutch East Indies, it recognises colonies not as
mere containers for European-style imports, but
as highly innovative laboratories for architectural
neo-styles that themselves were constitutive for
regionalist styles in European metropoles. As a
special case, this paper focuses on two ephemeral
exchange/test platforms – we call them contact zones
– where both colonial and regionalist styles were
negotiated in one locale: the Universal and Colonial
Exhibitions of Paris 1931 and 1937.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, Global Art History, Regionalism,
Transculturality, Universal Exhibition, Colonialism
74
JEZERSKI VRH IN LOVĆEN AS A
HISTORICAL STAGE FROM THE MIDDLE OF
THE 19TH CENTURY TO MODERN TIMES
Marta Vukotić Lazar
University of Priština – Faculty of Philosophy
with temporary Head Office in Kosovska Mitrovica
The Mount Lovćen, as distinctively dominant in
natural surroundings, with the two highest peaks,
Štirovnik and Jezerski vrh, is situated in southwest
Montenegro and is visible from Boka Kotorska, as
well as from Skadar lake, from North Albania and
when the weather is fine from Italy as well. Often
compared to Mount Olympus, Lovćen has become
the place of „history naturalization“, gathering of
myths and legends, recollections and memories, as
complementary aspects of one entity and different
models of appearance, also a geographic, temporally
oriented metaphor of national awakening and
Montenegro spirit of freedom. The goal of this work
is to research remembrance materialized in building
undertakings on Jezerski vrh in Lovćen, in the place
chosen by Petar II Petrović Njegoš, bishop, poet and
ruler of Montenegro in the second half of the 19th
century, for his final resting place. The space was
several times the object of various re-interpretations,
and the two building enterprises in this „memorial
place“: Njegoš Chapel and Mausoleum in Lovćen
are subject matter of this research as well. The
work is dealing with the relation towards nature,
cultural phenomena related to the characteristics
of this space in historic time, as well as with
multidimensional concept of Lovćen in South Slavic
discourse, key to understanding of confronted
ideologies and identities in this part of Balkans,
materialized in its architecture.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, heritage, Lovćen, Njegoš, archival
sources
75
BUILDING ON THE PAST IN MESOAMERICA:
PRECOLUMBIAN MYTH, HISTORY,
POLITICS, AND ARCHITECTURAL
LANDSCAPES
Kathryn Marie Hudson
University at Buffalo
John S. Henderson
Cornell University
Mesoamerican historical landscapes were made
manifest through architecture that conflated the
physical and metaphysical realities of particular
polities. In ancient Mesoamerican thought, time
and space were inseparably intertwined, providing
a unified conceptual structure for contemplating
supernatural forces and for symbolic mapping
of political realities and of historical events and
processes. This paper explores how precolumbian
built environments mobilized myth and history to
create identities and to legitimize power. At the
Maya city of Copán, repeated rebuilding of two
temples in the royal palace precinct constructed a
historical landscape that legitimized the power of
its rulers. Successive kings of Copán enlarged and
elaborated structures built by the founder of the
royal dynasty, memorializing him and positioning
themselves as his successors. The architectural
landscapes they commissioned and inhabited created
individual and courtly identities defined in terms
of continuation of a political order instituted by a
founder figure in the increasingly distant past. The
Templo Mayor, at the heart of the Aztec capital, was
simultaneously a microcosm of mythic geography
and a representation of the special history of
the dominant Mexica ethnicity. It embodied the
historically constructed group identity of the Mexica
by evoking episodes of myth and history that
underwrote the legitimacy of Mexica domination.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, history, identity, Maya, Copán, Aztec
76
SESSION
CONTESTED
HERITAGE
TRACK 1
Session Chair: SUSAN KLAIBER
Independant scholar, Switzerland
POLITICAL USE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND
ARCHITECTURE IN THE IMPERIAL FORA
IN ROME
Francesca Pajno
IMT – Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca
In the centre of Rome (Italy) an archaeological area
has survived urban developments, changing and
modelling its shape over centuries. Here, from the
Roman period until the present time, “architecture”,
both as creation and destruction, has been employed
to express social and political ideas, moving the
connotation of the area from public to private
several times. Construction of buildings to express
emperors’ power during the Roman era, creation of
a new district to provide better conditions of life in
the sixteenth century, archaeological excavations
to reinforce the idea of national identity in the
nineteenth century, “disembowelling” to give the
city a new light in the twentieth century: these are
some of the uses of “architecture” in this area. The
result today is an over-stratified area where ancient
and modern, constructions and destructions weave
together modelling the present shape of this space.
Recalling the different stages of the urbanistic
evolution in the area, the proposed paper wants
to investigate the use of the excavation process,
reading it as a cultural expression of architecture,
as a means that shaped spatial entities and sociocultural ideas.
KEYWORDS:
Rome, archaeology, excavation, nationalism,
fascism
78
ENTANGLED GEOGRAPHIES CONTESTED
NARRATIVES: THE AFTERLIFE OF THE
MAUSOLEUM OF HALICARNASSUS
Belgin Turan Özkaya
Middle East Technical University
Who are the rightful heirs of extinct ancient cultures?
While the question itself is obviously ideologically
motivated, the blatantly conflicting narratives
constructed around it in different cultural contexts
reveal fascinating cross-cultural tensions. This
paper traces the afterlife of the fourth century
B.C.E. tomb of the King Mausolus, located on the
Aegean coast of Turkey and considered one of the
Seven Wonders of the World in antiquity, parts of
which had been incorporated into the walls of the
castle of the Hospitaller Knights of St. John in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. My focus is on the
nineteenth-century material practices and narratives
by not only the British, but also the little-studied
Ottoman bureaucrats and museum authorities who
cultivated multilayered, conflicting and contradictory
discourses particularly about the bas-reliefs of
the mausoleum’s Amazonomachy frieze, now
displayed in the British Museum. A close look at
the determination of the British, particularly of the
British ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Stratford
Canning, and Charles Newton, Keeper of the British
Museum, for collecting the pieces of the Amazon
frieze over decades in defiance to Ahmed Fethi Paşa
of Rhodes, the Ottoman ambassador to Vienna and
Paris, reveals an intriguing story of culture wars,
diplomacy and archaeology.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, frieze, archaeology, museum,
mausoleum, Halicarnassus
79
ON THE TRAIL OF BALTAZAR CASTRO,
A PORTUGUESE RESTORER IN INDIA
Joaquim Rodrigues dos Santos
ARTIS | Institute of History of Art – Faculty of
Letters of the University of Lisbon*
In 1950 the architect Baltazar Castro arrived to
the Portuguese Estado da Índia, commissioned
to co-ordinate restorations to its monuments.
Baltazar Castro was the former director of the
Service of National Monuments from the DGEMN
(the Portuguese state entity responsible for
public works). The Portuguese dictatorial regime
of that period used the ‘great national Past’ as
a propagandistic instrument and, therefore, the
architectural monuments, to be easily recognized and
identified, had to recover their ‘original pure shape’
by reintegrating and removing from them ‘spurious
additions’ obstructing or deforming their perception.
This kind of patrimonial intervention began to be
criticized, especially from the end of the 1940s
onwards, coinciding with Baltazar Castro’s retirement
from the DGEMN and his commission into the Estado
da Índia. This article focuses on Baltazar Castro’s
interventions in India, reflecting his previous practice
in Portugal: in some works, an idealized image was
intended to be recreated for the monuments, causing
their adulteration by acquiring an image that they
never had before. His action had a huge impact on the
architectural heritage of Old Goa, some of it classified
today as World Heritage by UNESCO.
KEYWORDS:
India, Portugal, restoration, monuments
* This study was developed as part of the post-doctoral
investigation “Safeguarding of the Architectural Heritage of
Portuguese Influence in India: Contextualization and Criticism”,
funded by the research grant with the reference SFRH/
BPD/96087/2013 from the Foundation for the Science and the
Technology (FCT) of Portugal. Besides the FCT, I also wish to
thank the Oriente Foundation of Portugal, and specifically the
foundation’s delegate in Panjim, Dr Eduardo Kol de Carvalho, for
hosting me during my research in Goa.
80
EDIRNE’S GREAT SYNAGOGUE REVISITED:
ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATION AND THE
POLITICS OF MEMORY
Roysi Ojalvo
İpek Akpınar
Istanbul Technical University
The abandoned and ruined Great Synagogue
of Edirne -a former Ottoman capital in Turkeywas renovated and re-inaugurated in 2015. The
restoration was led by governmental bodies to
monumentalize Edirne’s Jewish past, and to enhance
memory tourism in the city. It was widely considered
a compensation for the anti-Semitic incidents in
the history of Edirne, and the synagogue. However,
during the restoration, a declaration by Edirne’s
governor, that was widely seen anti-Semitic, cast
doubt on this consideration. The declaration carried
the synagogue to the center of polyphonic debates,
questioning the exclusive mentalities surrounding
Turkey’s ethnic groups. The synagogue’s opening
ceremony was a powerful political performance,
and it was loaded with symbolic meanings
related to multiculturalism. Our study gives a
historical reflection of the bulding starting from
its construction in 1906 as the representation of
a modernized Jewish identity, and its becoming a
target to anti-Semitism following the 1930s. Then,
it critically investigates discourses surrounding
the restoration and its opening ceremony in 2015.
Overall it discusses the relationship between
memory, power and cultural difference; and
how architecture might be a stage for their
representation or rearticulation.
KEYWORDS:
Edirne, synagogue, restoration, memory, power,
multiculturalism
81
REBORDERING BERLIN:
TRANSFORMING URBAN SPACE AND
NEGOTIATING HISTORY IN THE FORMER
BORDERLAND
Mirjana Ristic
The University of Melbourne
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the borderland
between the former East and West Berlin stood as
a wound in the cityscape of the re-united Berlin.
This strip of urban space, also known as ‘the death
strip’, embodied urban remnants invested with
painful history of division, oppression, and violence
during the Cold War. After the Wall was removed,
the questions that opened up are: What to do with
this place and how to deal with its painful history
without impeding Berlin’s post-Wall unification?
The paper sets out to understand these questions
by investigating urban transformation of a series
of historic sites, relics, and traces in the former
Cold War borderland in the central Berlin since
1989. It firstly discusses the variations in the official
discourses of the Cold War history that were
inscribed in these places. It then elaborates on
the manners in which people who visit these sites
experience and receive their official discourses.
The aim of the paper is to understand the role that
multiple interpretations of the Cold War history and
memory that co-exist in these sites have played in
constructing Berlin’s urban identity since 1989.
KEYWORDS:
Reconstruction, commemoration, borderland,
history, place, practices
82
SESSION
CONSTRUCTED
TRADITIONS
TRACK 1
Session Chair: ŁUKASZ STANEK
University of Manchester, School of Environment,
Education and Development, UK
CONTINUITY OF THOUGHT IN THE
DISCONTINUITY OF HISTORY: ARCHITECT
ZLATIBOR LUKŠIĆ AND SOME ASPECTS OF
MODERNISM IN SPLIT (1930-1965)
Sanja Matijević Barčot
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Architecture and Geodesy
Based upon an insight into the parts of the oeuvre
of Split architect Zlatibor Lukšić, this paper aimes
at presenting some key aspects of modernism in
Split (Croatia). The work of Lukšić, who studied
architecture in Belgrade, spent time in Paris and
worked in Split, is analysed in order to examine two
key questions. The first question tackles the ways
in which a specific architectural thought stemming
from another and different geographical context
was implemented into, and developed within, the
local context of a city with a rich architectural and
urban history, but with all the characteristics of
a ‘periphery’. The second question concerns the
strategies and specific design tools that enabled
the development and survival of the inherited
thought in spite of the change of political and value
systems that directly affected it. By examining
various architectural strategies in their interaction
with different political and social circumstances, this
paper focuses on the potential that autonomous,
deeply specific design tools and strategies have to
enable architecture to construct social and cultural
meaning, as well as local identity.
KEYWORDS:
Modernism, architecture, Split, Lukšić, Socialism
84
TECHNICAL SCHOOLS FOR INTERCOMMUNAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN
MID 20TH CENTURY CYPRUS
Michalis Sioulas
Neapolis University, Pafos
Panayiota Pyla
University of Cyprus
Reformist architectural interventions in mid-20th
century Cyprus were intricately tied to a turbulent
political landscape shaped by tensions between
the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot communities
of the Island, which were in turn exacerbated by
external influences by Greece, Turkey, Britain, and
larger Cold War politics. In this intense climate, new
educational institutions for technical training began
to be established, and these were charged with
nurturing ethnic reconciliation as much as they were
expected to provide the foundations for the Island’s
socioeconomic reform.
This paper focuses on the first technical schools on
the Island, which were built during the transition
from British colonialism to independence, and
examines the complex entanglement of architecture
and education with socioeconomic reform and ethnic
conflict. Three schools were built in the 1950s by the
British, and one was designed in 1968, soon after
Cyprus’s independence: but all were established as
‘bi-communal schools,’ in stark contrast to previous
‘communal’ schools, whose students were divided
along ethnic lines, and with a clear task to cultivate
a sense of national identity. The paper examines the
design, and subsequent reception of these schools to
highlight the role of educational institutions in larger
anti-colonial struggles, decolonization processes,
geopolitical conflicts and nation-building.
KEYWORDS:
Modernism, politics, education, Cyprus, architecture,
colonialism
85
NEOCLASSICISM IN COLONIAL TUNIS:
EXPLORING THE DEPLOYMENT OF A
MYTHOLOGIZED TRADITION
Daniel E. Coslett
University of Washington, Seattle
Classical antiquity served as a powerful reference for
European colonizers in North Africa who sought to
control and cultivate an identity largely through urban
interventions. Neoclassicism of the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries represents a particularly
tangible manifestation of this phenomenon on a
large and visible scale. While scholars have studied
the deployment of ancient history as aesthetic
model, socio-cultural inspiration, and colonialist
political instrument, consideration of these practices
within the context of early French colonization of
the Mediterranean basin has largely been limited
to Algeria. The architectural products of these
perspectives, when acknowledged, have typically
been treated as relatively minor precursors to more
explicitly orientalist and then modern architectures. It
appears that associations with contemporary European
models and earlier more theoretical understandings
of neoclassicism only partially explain the popularity
of retrospective architectures throughout the region.
The self-aggrandizing nostalgic mythology that
motivated French authorities and inspired Tunis’
architects took on a particular potency when set amidst
omnipresent vestiges of the region’s distant past. This
essay introduces the case of Protectorate-era Tunis
(1881–1956) through focused presentation of several
early architectural and urban projects. Exploring the
regionally specific potency of an appropriated classical
heritage fundamental to colonialist identities, it
acknowledges and engages the complex correlation
between antiquity and its imagery, and modern
neoclassical aesthetics.
KEYWORDS:
Architecture, colonialism, antiquity, neoclassicism,
Maghreb, Tunis
86
PORTUGUESE PLAIN ARCHITECTURE:
WHEN HISTORY CREATES A MYTH
Eliana Sousa Santos
CES Universidade de Coimbra
This paper will focus on the slight metamorphoses
of architectural discourse accompanying Portuguese
political and social context in the last four decades,
and how the concept of Plain Architecture, as
defined by the American art historian George Kubler
plays a role in this progression.
Kubler traveled and lived in Portugal between,
during the country First Republic dictatorship, during
the mid 1950s and the late 1960s, doing research
for what came to be the book Portuguese Plain
Architecture: between spices and diamonds 15211706 (1972). The premise of the book is the analysis
of the architectural production during a moment of
political and economical crisis.
The timing of Kubler’s book publication in the early
1970s — on the brink of the 1974 revolution —
accompanied a radicalization of the Portuguese
architectural discourse. Kubler’s ideas were
recovered in the 1990s in Portugal, not long after the
tardy publication of the Portuguese translation of
Kubler’s book in 1989, and became ubiquitous. More
recently, in the aftermath of the global economic
crisis of 2008, reemerged the attractiveness towards
the small, the peripheral, and the radical. Eduardo
Souto de Moura described his own work within the
Portuguese Plain tradition. Portuguese Plain became
a myth of origin.
KEYWORDS:
Historiography, Portuguese Architecture, George
Kubler
87
THE ‘OHRID SCHOOL’ - CRITICAL
REGIONALISM IN SOCIALIST MACEDONIA?
Mirjana Lozanovska
Deakin University, Australia
Domenika Boskova
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
The Ohrid School is a tentative category proposed
in the 1980s to capture the architecture built in
regional Macedonia in the 1970s. The Letnica
Restaurant (1972) by the Hadzieva sisters makes
a distinct break by referring to Ohrid’s notable
architectural heritage. Traditional Urban Architecture
in Ohrid (1982) by the late Prof. Čipan and Prof.
Grabrijan’s The Macedonian House (1955/86) had
built a case for the region. Complicated by the
‘mediterranean language’ of the Yugoslavian socialist
hotel architecture extending along the coastline
of Lake Ohrid, this points to the multiplicities of
modernism and their entangled histories with critical
regionalism.
Popovski’s design for the Pensioners Centre in Ohrid
(1973), articulated a different canonical question:
at what point can shifts in architecture be identified
collectively? The Ohrid School is signified through the
cultural geography of Ohrid, but it does not signify
the Ohrid region specifically. Popovski became an
educational activist leading a rediscovery of pre- and
modern rural/town/village architecture. By coining
the term, he challenged the discipline/practice at the
time to learn to read neglected sites and forgotten
references.
KEYWORDS:
Critical regionalism, Ohrid School, Macedonia, Živko
Popovski
88
PARTICIPANTS
A
Umit Firat Acikgoz (USA) 73
Fatina Abreek-Zubiedat (Israel) 37
Fernando Agrasar (Spain) 32
Tonguç Akis (Turkey) 61
Ipek Akpinar (Turkey) 79
Richard Anderson (UK) 29
Veronica Aplenc (USA) 60
Tulay Atak (USA) 19
B
Maja Babic (USA) 34
Nelly Bekus (UK) 69
Nikolina Bobic (UK) 46
Domenika Boskova (Macedonia) 88
C
Isil Ekin Calak (BiH) 57
Cagla Caner Yuksel (Turkey) 62
Caterina Cardamone (Belgium) 68
Peter Christensen (USA) 27
Andreea Cojocaru (BiH) 57
Daniel E. Coslett (USA) 86
D
Georgia Daskalaki (Cyprus) 42
Mira Saba Deeb (Israel) 55
F
John Fahey (USA) 50
Michael Falser (Germany) 74
Lily Filson (Italy) 23
Bradley Fratello (USA) 48
G
H
Nika Grabar (Slovenia) 21
J
K
Hyun-Tae Jung (USA) 39
L
Torsten Lange (Switzerland) 26
Min Kyung Lee (USA) 31
John Henderson (USA) 76
Kathryn M. Hudson (USA) 76
Georgios Karatzas (Greece) 63
Ceren Katipoğlu (Turkey) 67
Kıvanç Kılınç (Turkey) 45
Maroš Krivý (Estonia) 56
Ayala Levin (USA) 20
Mirjana Lozanovska (Australia) 88
M
Flavia Marcello (Australia) 51
Marija Martinović (Serbia) 58
Sanja Matijevic Barčot (Croatia) 84
Lucy Maulsby (USA) 38
Raluca Muresan (France) 43
N
Maria Elisa Navarro (Colombia) 66
Alona Nitzan-Shiftan (Israel) 37
O
Roysi Ojalvo (Turkey) 81
Nilay Özlü (Turkey) 72
P
Francesca Pajno (Italy) 78
Luz Paz Agras (Spain) 53
Antonio Petrov (USA) 41
Mladen Pešić (Serbia) 44
Edoardo Piccoli (Italy) 70
Marguerite Pienaar (South Africa) 64
Panayiota Pyla (Cyprus) 85
R
Zelal Zulfiye Rahmanali (Turkey) 36
Mirjana Ristic (Australia) 82
Joaquim Rodrigues dos Santos (Portugal) 80
Michela Rosso (Italy) 70
S
Oryan Shachar (Israel) 33
Michalis Sioulas (Greece) 85
Eliana Sousa Santos (Portugal) 87
Beril Sulamaci (Turkey) 36
T
Brett Tippey (USA) 52
Belgin Turan Özkaya (Turkey) 79
U
V
Anatole Upart (USA) 49
Z
Claire Zimmerman (USA) 28
Anna Vallye (USA) 22
Alla Vronskaya (Switzerland) 25
Marta Vukotić Lazar (Serbia) 75
PROGRAM
Hrs.
WEDNESDAY
14 October
10.00
TRANSFER 1
Renata Jadrešin Milić
POLITICIZED
CITY 1
Torsten Lange
Tulay Atak
Ayala Levin
Nika Grabar
Anna Vallye
Lily Filson
11.00
12.00
THURSDAY
15 October
Min Kyung Lee
Fernando Agrasar
Maja Babic
Oryan Shachar
Pre-conference
Ph.D. WORKSHOPS
IDEOLOGY 1
Belgin Turan Özkaya
Antonio Petrov
Georgia Daskalaki
Muresan Raluca
Mladen Pešić
Kıvanç Kılınç
Nikolina Bobic
13.00
14.00
TRANSFER 2
15.00
Alla Vronskaya
Torsten Lange
Peter Christensen
Claire Zimmerman
Richard Anderson
Aleksandra Stupar
16.00
POLITICIZED
CITY 2
IDEOLOGY 2
Ana Nikezić
Zelal Zulfiye Rahmanali,
Beril Sulamaci
Fatina Abreek-Zubiedat,
Alona Nitzan-Shiftan
Lucy Maulsby
Hyun-Tae Jung
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
CONFERENCE OPENING
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Branko Mitrović
Welcome Cocktail
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Eeva Liisa Pelkonen
Carmen Popescu
Bradley Fratello
Anatole Upart
John Fahey
Flavia Marcello
Brett Tippey
Luz Paz Agras
FRIDAY
16 October
COMMUNITIES’
ROOTS 1
HISTORIO
GRAPHY
Milica Milojević
Christian Parreno
Mira Saba Deeb
Maroš Krivý
Andreea Cojocaru, Isil
Ekin Calak
Marija Martinović
Maria Elisa Navarro
Ceren Katipoğlu
Caterina Cardamone
Nelly Bekus
Michela Rosso,
Edoardo Piccoli
SATURDAY
17 October
IDENTITY
Marija Milinković
Nilay Özlü
Umit Firat Acikgoz
Michael Falser
Marta Vukotić Lazar
Kathryn M. Hudson,
John Henderson
SUNDAY
18 October
ROUND TABLE
Chair: Ana Miljački
(Kula Nebojša,
Bulevar Vojvode Bojovića,
Belgrade)
STUDY TOUR
COMMUNITIES’
ROOTS 2
Ljiljana Blagojević,
Michela Rosso
Veronica Aplenc
Tonguç Akis
Cagla Caner Yuksel
Georgios Karatzas
Marguerite Pienaar
CONTESTED
HERITAGE
Susan Klaiber
CONSTRUCTED
TRADITIONS
Łukasz Stane
Sanja Matijevic Barčot
Francesca Pajno
Michalis Sioulas,
Belgin Turan Özkaya
Panayiota Pyla
J. Rodrigues dos Santos
Daniel E. Coslett
Roysi Ojalvo, Ipek
Mirjana Lozanovska,
Akpinar
Domenika Boskova
Mirjana Ristic
Eliana Sousa Santos
KEYNOTE LECTURE
ALeksandar Kadijević
CONFERENCE DINNER
BELGRADE
WALKING
TOUR
ELECTIVE
PROGRAMME
Study tours
Editors:
Vladan Djokić
Ljiljana Blagojević
Ana Raković
Published by:
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture
For publisher:
Prof. Dr. Vladan Djokić, Dean
Proofreading:
Biznis akademija, Niš
Layout and prepress:
Ana Raković
Printed by:
Donat Graf, Belgrade
Print run:
120
ISBN 978-86-7924-162-7
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
72.01(048)
711.4.01(048)
316.74/.75:71/72(048)
EUROPEAN Architectural History Network (2015; Belgrade)
Entangled Histories, Multiple Geographies : book of abstracts :
[international scientific thematic conference], European Architectural
History Network [EAHN 2015, Belgrade, Serbia, October 14-17, 2015] /
[editors Vladan Djokić, Ljiljana Blagojević, Ana Raković]. - Belgrade :
University, Faculty of Architecture, 2015 (Belgrade : Donat Graf). - 88
str. ; 21 cm
Tiraž 120.
ISBN 978-86-7924-162-7
1. Đokić, Vladan [уредник], 1963a) Културни идентитет - Архитектура - Апстракти b) Урбанистичко
планирање - Мултидисциплинарни приступ - Апстракти
COBISS.SR-ID 218027276