Kingdom: Protista Outline: Kingdom Protista (Chapt 29) ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Characteristics of Protists Endosymbiosis Classifying Protists Six monophyletic clades & about 14 Phyla Diplomonads …and… Euglenozoa Protists without a clade Alveolata Amoebas & Radiolarians Stramenopila Foraminiferans Rhodophyt Choanoflagellida Slime Molds General Biology of Protists The first eukaryote? Cell Organization Eukaryotic, Unicells, Colonials and Multicellular Cell surface Plasma membrane – always Pelomyxa palustris – amoeba-like ancient protist Extracellular Material (“wall”)…chitin, cellulose, silica Locomotion Some don’t move Some move….pseudopodia, flagella, cilia Dormancy Nutrition Cyst formation …..Cell Metabolism shuts down ….. Protects Cell from adverse conditions Fairmead pond in Epping Forest Photoautotrophs Heterotrophs: phagotrophs & osmotrophs Mixotrophs Asexual….. mitosis and cytokinesis Reproduction ….. Binary fission (equal division of cytoplasm) ….. Budding (unequal division of cytoplasm) ….. Schizogony – many nuclear divisions… several cells Sexual ….. Meiosis & union of haploid gametes Eukaryotic Cell Origins 1. Internal membranes like eukaryotes 2. Nuclei 1- many 3. Nuclear mitosis …Nucleus pinches in two 4. NO mitochondria… but Æ Symbiotic bacteria live in cytoplasm 5. Resembles Archaebacteria fiEukaryotes evolved from Archaebacteria ?? Eukaryotic Cell Origins - Endosymbiosis Ancestral eukaryotic cell & internal membrane system The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arose from infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane Chloroplast Aerobic bacterium Photosynthetic Bacterium Hetrotrophic Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion Mitochondrion Photosynthetic organisms Eukaryotic cell with chloroplasts 1 Evolutionary Relationships Among Six Kingdoms Overview of Protist Classification Protista ia er h ct Arc a B ia er ct a ab ae ts an Pl gi n Fu im An s al Endosymbiosis Protists Eukaryotic cell organization Paraphyletic 200,000+ species 7 Major Monophyletic groups 15 major phyla Eukaryote Clade Ancestral Prokaryote Overview of Protist Classification Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Diplomonads & Parabasalids Diplomonads – Giardia intestinalis Choanoflagellates Intestinal parasites a ls l ag 300,000,000 per gram of feces No mitochondria Two nuclei Multiple flagella NO ER No golgi No lysosomes Overview of Protist Classification Clade? te s e lla l ag a ls Amoebas Forams Slime molds Green algae Ani m Live with cellulose digesting bacteria Alv eol at a Termite gut parasites Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Eug len ozo a Undulating membrane Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Choanoflagellates i Cho an o f Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Fun g Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Diplomonads Parabasalids 5 flagella No mitochondria Nuclei in trophozoite Rho d Ani m i Cho an o f Motile & cyst stages en o p ila Diplomonads & Parabasalids Parabasalids e lla te s Ancestral Eukaryote Fun g oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Clade? Rho d Stra m Amoebas Forams Slime molds Hiker’s diarrhea, nausea, vomiting Green algae Stra m Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae en o p ila Diplomonads Parabasalids Trichomonas vaginalis Causes STD Æ Vaginitis Ancestral Eukaryote 2 Lineage Euglenozoa: Euglenoids Euglenozoa: Euglenoids – 40 genera, single-celled, mostly freshwater – 1/3 photoautotrophic, 2/3 heterotrophic – Motile – Move by flagella EM views of pellicle Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastids Kinetoplastid Characteristics Genus: Trypanosoma Kinetoplastid (mitochondrion) Kinetoplastid = One mitochondrion per cell –Mitochondrion extends full length of cell –Mitochondrial genome = kinetoplast –Kinetoplast DNA Maxicircles 50 per cell 15 & 80 Kbp Minicircles 10,000 per cell 0.9 & 2.5 Kbp Function:Rapid glycolysis DNA editing by RNA Kinetoplast minicircles Kinetoplast in mitochondrion Diseases caused by Trypanosomes 1. Sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis & Chagas’ disease 2. > 4 million affected annually 3. Control difficult: 2000 variable cell membrane glycoprotein genes Kinetoplast Diseases caused by Trypanosomes – Leishmaniasis 1. tropical/subtropical: 88 countries 2. 2 million infections cutaneous visceral (internal organs) 3. Vector Æ sand fly Macrophage filled with leishmania trypanosomes Sand fly vector 3 Kissing bug Early infection Overview of Protist Classification Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes e lla l ag a ls Ani m i Cho an o f Fun g oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts te s Green algae Amoebas Forams Slime molds Clade? Choanoflagellates Rho d en o p ila Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Stra m Diplomonads Parabasalids Alv eol at a 1. Disease agent = Trypanosoma cruzi 2. Vector Æ Kissing bug & blood transfusions 3. 30 million people infected (Central & South America) 4. Symtoms: acute: swollen eye, fever, fatigue, organ involvement, brain swelling chronic: 10-20 yrs later weakened cardiac muscle megacolon Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Eug len ozo a Diseases caused by Trypanosomes – Chagas’ Disease Ancestral Eukaryote Infected muscle Alveolata: Dinoflagellates ¾Alveolus = vesicles below plasma membrane ¾Single-celled, 2 flagella in grooves 2100 species mostly marine ¾Cell Wall – sometimes present Cellulose plates, maybe some silica ¾Nutrition – about 50% autotrophic alveolus Chloroplasts with 3 membranes Chlorophyll a, c Carotenoids: fucoxanthin ¾Chromosomes No histones with DNA Attached to Nuclear Membrane Condensed throughout interphase ¾Importance (autotrophs) 40% global productivity Zooxanthellae Red tides Bioluminescence Bonaire coral Alveolata: Dinoflagellates Ceratium – A planktonic dinoflagellate Alveolata: Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellate blooms = red tides Pfiesteria bloom Noctiluca bloom Æ saxotoxin Na+ channel blocker Zooxanthellae symbiotic dinoflagellates Coral jellyfish Spotted jellyfish with zooxanthellae Bleached coral lacking zooxanthellae 4 Alveolata: Dinoflagellates Bioluminescent dinoflagellates Pfiesteria fish kill in Chesapeake Bay Noctiluca cells Menhaden with lesions Overview of Protist Classification Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes te s e lla l ag a ls Ani m Clade? Green algae i Cho an o f Amoebas Forams Slime molds Choanoflagellates oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Alv eol at a Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Eug len ozo a Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Fun g Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Rho d Diplomonads Parabasalids en o p ila Bioluminescence in Pyrodinium bahamense Stra m Alveolata: Dinoflagellates Ancestral Eukaryote Group: Alveolata Apicomplexans Example: Plasmodium • Api = apical • complexa = complex Group: Alveolata Apicomplexes Plasmodium & Malaria • Apical end of cell Æ complex mass of organelles… – Microtubules – Fibrils – Vacuoles • All parasites of animals • Unicells • Nonmotile Alveolar sac & apical complex 5 Group: Alveolata Apicomplexes Plasmodium & Malaria Group: Alveolata Apicomplexes Plasmodium Æ Malaria Occurrence: 500 million people infected globally 1 billion people at risk 2 million deaths annually Schizont – multinucleate stage CLINICAL PICTURE: Cyclical chills & Fever Incubation period: days to years Headache, enlarged spleen Adult respiratory distress syndrome Severe hemolysis Renal failure Incubation: Days to Years Trophozoite ring stage Merozoites released from red blood cells Gametocyte Group: Alveolata Ciliates Example:Paramecium Overview of Protist Classification Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes • • • • • • te s e lla a ls l ag 8000 species Heterotrophic…but… Unicellular Many Cilia Pellicle = flexible covering Gullet = cytostome Ani m i Cho an o f Clade? oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Amoebas Forams Slime molds Choanoflagellates Green algae Rho d en o p ila oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Fun g Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stra m Diplomonads Parabasalids Ancestral Eukaryote P. bursaria with endosymbiotic alga Group: Alveolata Ciliates Example:Paramecium Group: Alveolata Ciliates Example:Paramecium •Vacuoles – Two types Food Contractile •Nuclei – two Micronucleus Macronucleus Video of contractile vacuole 6 Group: Alveolata Ciliates Example:Paramecium Fig. 35.22a Group: Alveolata Ciliates Example: Paramecium Reproduction ¾ Asexual reproduction mitosis & cytokinesis Sexual reproduction 1. different mating types fuse 2. meiosis of micronuclei 3. 3 of 4 degenerate 4. remaining micronuclei divide mitotically 5. micronuclei exchange 6. fuse to form diploid micronuclei Trichocysts Apicomplexes Ciliates te s e lla l ag a ls Ani m Clade? i Cho an o f photosynthetic…plankton & endosymbionts heterotrophic…Plasmodium mixotrophs…Paramecium Amoebas Forams Slime molds Green algae Fun g mixotrophic Euglena heterotrophic Trypanosoma Choanoflagellates oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Rho d Alveolata Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Alv eol at a Euglenozoa Euglenoids Kinetoplastids heterotrophic parasites Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Eug len ozo a Diplomonads & Parabasalids Overview of Protist Classification Diplomonads Parabasalids Stramenopila Summary of Protists Examined Thus Far Ancestral Eukaryote Group Stramenopila – Brown Algae Group Stramenopila –Characteristics 1.Flagella: Fine hairs on flagella 1.Tinsel type has mastigonemes (fine hairs) 2.Whiplash – no hairs 2.Cell wall: cellulose 3.Nutrition: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs 1.Autotroph chloroplasts 1.chlorophyll a and c 2.carotenoid pigments = fucoxanthin 4.Three groups 1.Brown algae 2.Diatoms 3.Oomycetes = water molds Brown algae Live video feed Video Link Kelp 7 Group Stramenopila Group Stramenopila – Brown Algae Macrocystis Brown Algae Æ Kelp Stramenopila – Brown Algae Intertidal habitat Stramenopila Brown Algae Ecological Importance Stramenopila Brown Algae Sargasso sea – a Kelp-dominated ecosystem Brown algae Economic Importance Additives Food Stabilizers Binding agents Kombu Sargassum 8 Group Stramenopila Overview of Protist Classification te s e lla l ag a ls i Cho an o f Fun g Clade? Diatoms ¾Unicells, 11,000 species 50% marine ¾Double shells (Wall) Silica Green algae oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Amoebas Forams Slime molds Choanoflagellates Rho d oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Ani m Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopila Diplomonads Parabasalids ¾Autotrophic ¾Pigments Chlorophyll a, c Carotenoids Fucoxanthin ¾Food reserve Chrysolaminarin Oils ¾Importance 40% global productivity Abrasives & filter aids Ancestral Eukaryote Group Stramenopila Diatoms Silica shells & Symmetry Diatom Commercial Applications Dynamite Pennate Centric Filter Overview of Protist Classification te s e lla Ani m a ls l ag i Cho an o f Clade? Choanoflagellates oph yta Chlo roph yta Plan ts Amoebas Forams Slime molds Group Stramenopila - Oomycetes Water molds & downy mildews Green algae Rho d Alv eol at a oa eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Fun g Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopila Diplomonads Parabasalids 9Heterotrophic Protists 9Aquatic: Fresh or salt water 9Terrestrial: Soil 9Parasitic or saprotrophic 9Hypha & Hyphae 9Cellulosic walls Ancestral Eukaryote 9 Group Stramenopila Oomycetes Reproduction in Saprolegnia – a water mold Group Stramenopila Oomycetes Saprolegnia (water mold) Vegetative hyphae Oogonium with eggs Antheridium with sperm Zoosporangium with zoospores Group Stramenopila Oomycetes Plasmopara (downy mildew) on grapes Irish Potato Famine & Late Blight 1845-49 1 million deaths Late 1900’s 1.1 million emigrated Phytophthora Overview of Protist Classification te s e lla a ls Ani m i Cho an o f l ag yta Chlo roph Clade? Green algae Plan ts Amoebas Forams Slime molds Rhodophyta Red Algae ¾Distribution: 98% marine – 7000sp ¾Locomotion: None Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Rhodophyta oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids ¾Size: Microscopic to macrophytes Choanoflagellates Red Algae Fun g Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopila Diplomonads Parabasalids ¾Pigments: chlorophyll a Phycocyanin & phycoerythrin ¾Storage material: Floridean Starch and mannitol ¾Cell Wall: Cellulose & biocolloids ¾Importance: Producer organisms Marine Environments Ancestral Eukaryote 10 Rhodophyta Red algae Morphology Porphyridium Halosaccion Palmaria palmata (dulse) Antithamnion Porphyra (nori) Lithothamnion Rhodophyta Ecological Importance Himantothallus in Antarctica Phylum: Rhodophyta Economic Importance Agar in petri dish encrusting red alga Agars & carrageenans = sulfated polysaccharide Stiffening agent in media Slow-release drugs Stabilize emulsions cosmetics film shaving soap hand lotion Gelatin substitute cheese mayonnaise puddings jellies lamellate red alga ¾ Size and habit of growth Overview of Protist Classification Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Green algae Chlorophyta Green Algae ¾ Pigments: Chlorophyll a, b Carotenoids ¾ Storage material a ls Starch Ani m Fungi Plan ts Clade? Rhodophyta Amoebas Forams Slime molds Choanoflagellates Choanoflagellates Chlorophyta oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids 7000 species, mostly fresh water Enormous diversity Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Stramenopila Diplomonads Parabasalids ¾ Cell Wall Cellulose & pectins ¾ Locomotion: Many have flagellated stage Ancestral Eukaryote 11 Chlorophyta Morphology Unicells Filamentous Branched, filamentous Chlorophyta Freshwater Habitat Spirogyra Colonial Membranous Complex Chlorophyta – Spirogyra Vegetative filament Conjugating Zygotes filaments forming Cladophora in Bighorn River Zygospores Chlorophyta Snowfield Habitat Chlorophyta: Importance 1. Producer organisms 2. Food? Chlorella …a place in space 3. Sewage treatment Scenedesmus …accumulates nitrates & phosphates 4. Fuel? Plant Physiol, November 2001, Vol. 127, pp. 740-748 Chlamydomonas Autotrophic Protists – Green algae Hydrogen Production. Green Algae as a Source of Energy 12 Overview of Protist Classification a ls • • • • Colonial Heterotrophic protists Single emergent flagellum Collar – strains bacteria Closely related to sponges… and animals Ani m Fungi Choanoflagellates Chlorophyta Clade? Plan ts Amoebas Forams Slime molds Choanoflagellates Green algae Rhodophyta oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Choanoflagellida - Choanoflagellates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopila Diplomonads Parabasalids Collar of sponge Choanoflagellate collar Ancestral Eukaryote Protists – Rhizopoda – True Amoebas Other Protists • Amoebas, Radiolarians & Foraminiferans • Slime Molds • • • • • No permanent locomotor apparatus Amorphous Move by pseudopodia No cell walls No meiosis Entamoeba histolytica Protists – Actinopoda - Radiolarians Amoeboid Protists – Radiolarian Tests (shells) • Marine planktonic amoebas – few hundred species • Test - glassy silica exoskeletons • Planktonic – mostly warm, equatorial waters Actinoma Actinosphaerium 13 Amoeboid Protists - Radiolarians Axopodia Needle-like podia Extrude out of pores Protists – Foraminifera •Heterotrophic Marine protists •Planktonic or Bottom Dwellers Symbiotic Dinoflagellates •Pore-studded shell = test •Organic material + CaCO3 •Multichambered •Podia emerge from test •Swimming •Gathering •Feeding •Great Fossil Record Radiolarians Cretaceous extinction Fossil forams and mass extinction K/T boundary Post-impact tertiary forams. 1cm above K/T layer 65mya Pre-impact Cretaceous (fossil) forams. 2 cm below the K/T layer Foraminifera White Cliffs of Dover Protists: Slime Molds Example: Physarum •500 species •Heterotrophic Protists •plasmodium •Multinucleate •Amoeboid like streaming of cytoplasm Fossil forams Recent Forams 14 Slime mold sporangia Overview of Protist Classification a ls Ani m Fungi Chlorophyta Clade? Plan ts Amoebas Forams Slime molds Choanoflagellates Green algae Rhodophyta oa Alv eol at a eno z Eug l Dip lo Par mona ab a d s a li s ds Euglenoids Kinetoplastids Red Algae Brown algae Diatoms Oomycetes Choanoflagellates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopila Diplomonads Parabasalids END END Protists Multicellular Algae Ancestral Eukaryote 15
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