Strategy for Nuclear Physics
• Scope and Range of Physics
• Current Projects
• Future Projects
• Other issues
Balance of Programme, Theory
Context:
Nuclear Structure Advisory Committee
(NSAC) Dec. 2007 [US]
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
(OECD) May 2008 [World]
NuPECC
2004 [EU]
Nuclear Structure Advisory Committee
(NSAC) Dec. 2007 [US]
Quantum Chromodynamics
• What are the phases of strongly interacting matter,
and what roles do they play in the cosmos?
• What is the internal landscape of the nucleons?
• What does QCD predict for the properties of
strongly interacting matter?
• What governs the transition of quarks and
gluons into pions and nucleons?
• What is the role of gluons and gluon self-interactions
in nucleons and nuclei?
• What determines the key features of QCD,
and what is their relation to the nature of gravity and spacetime?
Nuclei and Nuclear Astrophysics
• What is the nature of the nuclear force
that binds protons and neutrons into stable nuclei and rare
isotopes?
• What is the origin of simple patterns in complex nuclei?
• What is the nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter?
• What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos?
• What are the nuclear reactions that drive stars and stellar
explosions?
Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos
• What is the nature of the neutrinos, what are their
masses, and how have they shaped the evolution of the
universe?
• Why is there now more visible matter than antimatter
in the universe?
• What are the unseen forces that were present at the
dawn of the universe but disappeared from view as the
universe evolved?
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
(OECD) May 2008 [World]
Is QCD the complete theory of the strong
interaction?
What are the phases of nuclear matter?
What is the structure of nuclear matter?
What is the role of nuclei in shaping the evolution
of the universe?
What physics is there beyond the Standard
Model?
Nuclear Physics Forum:
How do the properties of atomic nuclei emerge from the forces between
the nucleons?
What is the origin of the chemical elements?
What is the nature of strongly interacting matter?
What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter?
• What are the limits of nuclear existence?
• How does the ordering of quantum states change in dilute or neutron-rich matter?
• Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely bound systems and beyond the
limits of stability?
• How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei?
• Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from stability?
• Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of the strong interaction?
• What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter?
Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction?
• What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction?
• What is the structure of the proton and neutron?
• How do the neutron and proton get their spin?
• What are the phases of strongly interacting matter?
• What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big Bang?
• How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons?
What is the Origin of the Elements?
• How are the elements and isotopes found in the Universe formed?
• Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis?
• What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron stars?
PPAN Perception Issues:
1) Nuclear (not nucleon) Physics is seen as incremental, study of trends, building
up systematics evolving theory. Not answering big questions. Not really
understood the questions we are asking.
2) Nucleon (not nuclear) Physics is seen as picking up old particle physics,
tackling issues which particle physics left behind as too complex or less
interesting.
3) Link between Facilities, Projects and Physics: Not easy for them to say
“at FAIR we will discover X” as “at ATLAS we will discover the Higgs”
4) Impact of a small group of scientists (~60) / criticality of field.
A Possible Strategy………………….
A Physics Programme Based on developing areas of present expertise
Not:
Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos
• What is the nature of the neutrinos, what are their masses, and how have they
shaped the evolution of the universe?
• Why is there now more visible matter than antimatter in the universe?
• What are the unseen forces that were present at the
dawn of the universe but disappeared from view as the universe evolved?
Rationale: In UK particle physics community have already stolen a march,
NP community limited numbers not realistic to lead such endeavours.
A Possible Strategy………………….
Building an understanding
of the nucleon: QCD
o nucleon spin and moments
o meson and baryon resonances
o Quark Gluon Plasma
o Temperature – density phase
diagram
o Freeze out of the QGP: from
“plasma” to baryons
Effective Field
Theory
A. Richter INPC 2004
A Possible Strategy………………….
A Possible Strategy………………….
A Possible Strategy: Nuclear Astrophysics
A Possible Strategy………………….
What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter?
Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction?
What is the Origin of the Elements?
What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter?
• What are the limits of nuclear existence?
• How does the ordering of quantum states change in dilute or neutron-rich matter?
• Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely bound systems and beyond the
limits of stability?
• How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei?
• Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from stability?
• Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of the strong interaction?
• What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter?
Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction?
What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction?
What is the structure of the proton and neutron?
How do the neutron and proton get their spin?
What are the phases of strongly interacting matter?
What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big Bang?
How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons?
What is the Origin of the Elements?
How are the elements and isotopes found in the Universe formed?
Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis?
What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron stars?
Connecting Physics, Facility and Projects
Theory
Key Questions
Current Facilities
Current STFC
Projects
Legnaro (Italy)
What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What are the limits of nuclear existence?
How does the ordering of quantum states change in
dilute or neutron-rich matter?
Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely
bound systems and beyond the limits of stability?
How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei?
Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from
stability?
Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of
the strong interaction?
What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter?
GSI (Germany)
AGATA
ANL (US)
NUSTAR
GANIL (France)
ISOLDE (CERN)
ANU (Australia)
Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction?
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction?
What is the structure of the proton and neutron?
How do the neutron and proton get their spin?
What are the phases of strongly interacting matter?
What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big
Bang?
How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons?
JYFL (Finland)
PANDA
Mainz (Germany)
JLAB (US)
ALICE (CERN)
What is the Origin of the Elements?
•
•
•
How are the elements and isotopes found in the
Universe formed?
Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis?
What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron
stars?
ORNL (US)
TRIUMF (Canada)
Connecting Physics, Facility and Projects
Theory
Key Questions
Current Facilities
Stable beam
Facilities
What is the Nature of Nuclear Matter?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What are the limits of nuclear existence?
How does the ordering of quantum states change in
dilute or neutron-rich matter?
Are there new forms of nuclear matter in very loosely
bound systems and beyond the limits of stability?
How do simple patterns arise in complex nuclei?
Are there new symmetries describing nuclei far from
stability?
Can nuclei be described in terms our understanding of
the strong interaction?
What is the equation-of-state of nuclear matter?
GSI (Germany)
Current STFC
Projects
Future Projects
AGATA
SPIRAL2
NUSTAR
GANIL (France)
HIE-ISOLDE
ISOLDE (CERN)
Is QCD the Complete Theory of the Strong Interaction?
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is the nature of the quark-quark interaction?
What is the structure of the proton and neutron?
How do the neutron and proton get their spin?
What are the phases of strongly interacting matter?
What was the nature of matter an instant after the Big
Bang?
How do quarks and gluons transform into baryons?
PANDA
JLAB Upgrade
JLAB (US)
What is the Origin of the Elements?
•
•
•
How are the elements and isotopes found in the
Universe formed?
Where is the site of the r-process of nuclear synthesis?
What is the nuclear equation-of-state for neutron
stars?
ELENA (Boulby)
Projects Timelines
~1/3 of Nuclear Physics funding is project based (NUSTAR, AGATA, PANDA)
3500
3000
2500
2000
k£
NUSTAR
PANDA
AGATA
1500
1000
500
0
2007-8
2008-9
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Financial Yaer
Financial
Year
Is profile right? Is balance of programme right? Are travel grants a good thing?
Other Strategic Issues
What can we do to support theory?
How to include Applied Nuclear Science in the Strategy?
What to input into the Review?
PDRA Destinations (58)
Student Destinations (124)
60
45
40
50
35
40
Percent
25
30
57
42
20
15
26
Nuclear Ind.
0
3
2
0
Other
5
0
Education
Civil Service
PDRA
0
Perminant
Permanent
Other
4
Medical
Industrial
Research
Finance
Education
4
3
Computing
4
Nuclear Ind.
2
Civil Service
0
0
9
Medical
7
10
5
Finance
21
10
Industrial Research
10
Computing
20
Academic
Percent
30
Unknown
Other
Atkins
BAE systems/Rolls
Royce
Magnox North
AMEC
British
Energy/EON/UKAEA
PhD
Serco
Frazer-Nash
AWE
Nuclear Technologies
Nuclear Ind.
Overseas
Birmingham Masters (PTNR) 2007-2008 (2 years)
[62 students]
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1956
R S Hall
1957
1958
Jim Hannaford
Karannagoda
Perera
Ken Serdula
Granville Camsey
John Hewitt
1959
1961
1961
1962
1963
1964
1964
1966
1967
John Rogers
Mohammed
Quaiyum
Roger Clarke
Ed Lorch
Rick Jones
John Birchall
1967
1969
1970
Colin Carlile
Jim Rippon
Peter Heffer
1973
1974
1974
1974
1976
1980
1989
1990
1992
A J Mitchell
Ian Anderson
L John Perkins
Neill Taylor
Martyn Swinhoe
John Patten
Robert Beadnell
Mark Kellett
Andrew Worrall
2003
Mike O’Brien
CEGB, Fast Reactors and then Health and Safety. Member of
ACSNI and MoD Reactor Safety Committee
HM Deputy Chief Inspector, NII, HSE
Sri Lanka, Senior Perm Sec in Energy Ministry, previously a V-C in
a university
Chalk River
CEGB SE Region Director
Professor University of Toronto and several advisory roles for
Canadian Government
Rolls Royce
Chairman Bangladesh At En Commission
Director NRPB
USA Manager for Amersham International
Reactor Physics Chalk River National Lab Canada
British Energy - Reactor Physics Heysham II power station, latterly
various senior roles in developing Safety Cases
Director ILL Grenoble. Now at ESS project Sweden
President of AMEC NCL, Canada
CEGB Berkeley Labs and also Secondment to the Department of
Energy
NII, HSE
Director, Neutron Scattering Science Division, SNS ORNL
Livermore National Lab, USA
ITER team Cadarache, France
Safeguards, Los Alamos National Lab, USA
European Commission, Luxembourg
Royal Navy, including the Nuclear Department, HMS Sultan
IAEA Nuclear Data Section
Technical Authority, Reactors and Fuels, Reactor and Fuel
Technology, National Nuclear Laboratory,
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, UK Parliament