University of Montana
ScholarWorks at University of Montana
Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers
Graduate School
1986
Evaluation and effect of a new isokinetic-like
exercise apparatus on upper body strength of adult
women
Susan M. Walters
The University of Montana
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd
Recommended Citation
Walters, Susan M., "Evaluation and effect of a new isokinetic-like exercise apparatus on upper body strength of adult women" (1986).
Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers. Paper 7280.
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more
information, please contact [email protected].
COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976
Th
s is t s
is
is
.
An y
an
u n p u b l is h e d
further
m a n u s c r ip t
r e p r in t in g
of
it s
in
w h ic h
contents
c o p y r ig h t
must
be
BY THE AUTHOR.
Ma n s f i e l d
L ib r a r y
Un i v e r s i t y
Da t e :
of
Mo n t a n a
1986
sub­
approved
EVALUATION AND EFFECT OF A NEW ISOKINETIC-LIKE
EXERCISE APPARATUS ON UPPER BODY STRENGTH
OF ADULT WOMEN
By
Susan M. Walters
B.S., Colorado State University, 1981
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Science
University of Montana
1986
Approved by
tairperson. Board of E
1xaminers
^
Deân, Graduate^chool
Date
ô-fiT. /.5; /fi'A
UMI Number: EP38081
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
UMT
Dit grtation Püblishéng
UMI EP38081
Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
All rights reserved. This work is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
Proj^esf
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346
Waiters/ Susan M . , M.S., October 1986
Physical Education
Evaluation and Effect of a New Isokinetic-like Exercise Apparatus
on Upper Body Strength of Adult Women (70 pp.)
Director:
Dr. Kathleen Miller
The purpose of this study was to evaluate an experimental
weight training device and to determine whether a five-week,
three-times weekly, fifteen
minutes
daily, isokinetic-like
exercise schedule was effective in producing significant strength
gains in the upper extremities of adult women.
’’The Mule” , an
upper body strength training apparatus, was the instrument
utilized for testing during this investigation.
Fifteen female volunteers, ranging in age from 21 to 42 years,
served as subjects. The subjects trained ten to fifteen minutes,
three days per week for five weeks.
The training program
consisted of one set of ten repetitions performed at 70% of one’s
repetition maximum utilizing the following exercises:
two arm
curl and return, bench press and return, military press and
return, right and left inside curl and return, upright row and
return, and flexing and extending the resistance bar in the pole
position.
After completion of the five-week training program,
subjects were tested for upper extremity strength improvement.
The instrument assessed strength gains by pounds per square inch
(PSI).
The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a
One-Way Analysis of Variance, and a one-tailed t-test for
dependent samples.
Group mean and percent strength gains increased for each
exercise and throughout the protocol.
Group mean percent
strength gains did not fall below 35%.
A one-way analysis of variance was computed to determine
differences among the cumulative maximum repetition scores of the
sample for each exercise. Group strength gains for each exercise
was significant.
A one-tailed t-test was used to compare the mean pre-test
maximum repetition scores for each exercise to the mean post test
maximum repetition scores for each exercise.
Significant
differences were found post training for each of the exercises in
the test battery.
The testing instrument and protocol were found to be a reliable
measure of upper extremity strength.
The results provide
evidence concerning isokinetic exercise concepts and optimal
training frequency for upper body strength improvement.
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
author
is
indebted
to
the
committee. Dr. Kathleen Miller, Dr. Thomas
Richard Smith,
for their
and
Mary
for
of
the
Whiddon, and Mr.
professional expertise throughout
the duration of this study.
Gordon
members
A special thank you
their
encouragement,
support provided during the investigation.
Ill
to friends
patience, and
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A b s t r a c t .................................................. il
Acknowledgements......................................... ill
List of T a b l e s ............................................ vi
CHAPTER 1.
.............................
1
The Statement of the P r o b l e m .........................
4
The Research Hypothesis
.............................
5
Level of S i g n i f i c a n c e ...............................
5
Importance of the S t u d y .............................
5
The Limitations
.....................................
6
The D e l i m i t a t i o n s ...................................
6
Basic A s s u m p t i o n s ...................................
7
Definitions of Terms .................................
7
CHAPTER 2.
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF THE L I T E R A T U R E ...................
9
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional (Free
Weights), Variable Resistance, and Isokinetic
Weight Training Systems .............................
12
Isokinetic Exercise versus Isometric and Isotonic
Exercise Methods and Modalities
.....................
15
Isokinetic Exercise for Rehabilitation ..............
18
Isokinetic Upper Body Exercise Equipment:
A R e v i e w .......................................
23
S u m m a r y ................................................ 25
CHAPTER 3.
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
Selection of Subjects
.......................
26
...............................
26
Testing E q u i p m e n t ...................................... 27
Pilot S t u d y ............................................ 29
Testing Procedures for Study .........................
iv
30
Treatment of the D a t a ..................................32
CHAPTER 4.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........
34
Analysis of R e s u l t s ................................. 3 4
Discussion.............................................. 49
Summary of R e s u l t s ......................................52
CHAPTER 5.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
...
53
C o n c l u s i o n s ............................................54
Recommendations
.....................................
57
Appendix A. Subjects Age, Weight, andWeekly
Exercise Schedule ...................................
59
Appendix B.
"The Mule" Protocol .....................
60
Appendix C.
Subject Data S h e e t ........................62
Appendix D.
Subject Training Record .................
63
Appendix E.
Major Muscle Groups Exercised ...........
64
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................
66
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. Means, Standard Deviations, and Percent
Gains Between Quadrants for Each E x e r c i s e ............ 34
TABLE 2. Group Mean and Range Percent Increases
for Each E x e r c i s e ......................................36
TABLE 3. Group Number of Sessions Between Quadrant
.................................
Repetition Maximums
TABLE 4. Analysis of Variance of the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of the Two-Arm Curl .
38
. . . 40
TABLE 5. Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum Repetitions Scores
of the Two-Arm C u r l ....................................40
TABLE 6. Analysis of Varianceof the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of theBench Press ........
41
TABLE 7. Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum Repetitions Scores
of the Bench P r e s s ......................................41
TABLE 8* Analysis of Variance of the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of the Military Press
. • . 42
TABLE 9, Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum Repetitions Scores
of the Military P r e s s ................................. 42
TABLE 10* Analysis of Variance of the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of
the RightInside Curl . .
43
TABLE 11. Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum Repetitions Scores
of the Right Inside C u r l ............................... 43
TABLE 12. Analysis of Variance of the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of the Left Inside Curl
. . 44
TABLE 13. Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum Repetitions Scores
of the Left Inside C u r l ............................... 44
TABLE 14. Analysis of Variance of the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of
the UprightR o w ........... 45
vi
TABLE 15. Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum Repetitions Scores
of the Upright R o w ..................................... 45
TABLE 16. Analysis of Variance of the Cumulative
Maximum Repetition Scores of the Resistance Bar
in the Pole P o s i t i o n ................................... 46
TABLE 17. Scheffé Method for Multiple Comparisons
of the Cumulative Maximum RepetitionsScores
of the Resistance Bar in the Pole P o s i t i o n ............. 46
TABLE 18. t-Test Comparing
Maximum Repetition Scores
in Quadrant I to the Mean
Repetition Scores for Each
the Mean Pre-test
for Each Exercise Taken
Post-Test Maximum
Exercise
..............
vii
47
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An increased awareness of one's personal fitness and
body image has highlighted the
trend
has
come
a
Muscular fitness
serious and/or
growing
is
no
1980s.
strength training
longer
synonymous
physical and
has to offer.
cosmetic value of a firmly
performance of
this fitness
interest in strength training.
competitive athlete.
ages are realizing the
With
with the
and women of all
psychological benefits
These benefits include the
muscled
various tasks
Men
only
body
and
in everyday
the enhanced
life (Hinson and
Rosentswieg, 1972).
The major modes of strength training
isotonic, and
isokinetic exercise.
has distinct differences and
Each
are isometric,
form of exercise
characteristics
which
are as
follows :
Isometric or
tance of a sufficient
Melton, 1981).
static contraction
magnitude prevents
occurs when resis­
motion (Smith and
This allows maximum loading, but only in one
point of the range of motion.
Isotonic
or
dynamic
contraction
results
exercise done through a range of joint motion with a set
from
2
resistance
(Smith
and
Melton,
1981).
contraction, the resistance has
muscles
at
the
extremes
of
In
its greatest
an
isotonic
effect on the
the range of motion (Chu and
Smith, 1971).
Isokinetic contraction is dynamic
performed at
a predetermined
that cannot be
exceeded
(Rosentswieg, Hinson,
the muscle
and controlled
regardless
of
Ridgway, 1975).
of exercise and varying
in nature
and is
rate of speed
the
force applied
By fixing the speed
the resistance,
it maximally loads
at every point in the range of motion (Smith and
Melton, 1981).
Isometric and isotonic
definite
disadvantages.
exercise
each have
exercise
is fast and
easy, but is believed to contribute to strength
only at the
specific angle
at which the exercise is performed, not over
the full range of
There is
any other
exercise
Isometric
methods
motion
no assurance
affected
and
Rosentswieg, 1972).
that any strength gain will occur at
angle (Hinson
is
(Hinson
and Rosentswieg,
by
inertia.
1972).
Isotonic
Once motion begins and
inertia is overcome, maximum resistance cannot be maintained
for the rest of the movement (Hinson and Rosentswieg, 1972).
Therefore,
loading
occurs
at
the
weakest
point
in the
system, while the rest of the system is working at less than
capacity (Smith and Melton, 1981).
Theoretically, isokinetic
exercise
has
a distinct
advantage over the two methods mentioned previously.
Due to
3
the nature
of isokinetic exercise, the resistance is accom­
modating, allowing the development
thus strength,
throughout the
and Wilmore, 1975).
directly related
full range
Since the
to the
of maximal
tension, and
of motion (Pipes
resistance to
the muscle is
speed of contraction, inertia will
not have an effect on the exercise (Hinson
and Rosentswieg,
1972).
Since 1967, when the isokinetic concept of resistive
exercise was introduced (Hilsop
research supported
over the isotonic
1967;
1975).
been
the advantages
and
Rosentswieg
and
Hinson,
inconclusive,
isokinetic training over
Perrine,
1967), early
of this mode of exercise
isometric
Recent research on the
largely
and
methods
1972;
(Thistle
et al,
Pipes
and Wilmore,
development of
strength has
indicating
isotonic
no
training
advantage
of
(Cotner, 1983;
Meadors, Crews, Adeyanju, 1983; Lander et al, 1985; Shields,
Beckwith, Kurland, 1985).
Additional
exercise
(Moffroid
throughout
increases
et
the
al,
suggests
the
a muscle can do more rapidly
work
1969),
range
complete a workout is
1974), and
research
of
resistance
motion,
reduced
that isokinetic
the
(Brown,
that
isokinetic
matches
time
1976;
the
it
force
takes to
Van Oteghan,
training does not induce muscle
soreness (Talag, 1973 ; Van Oteghan, 1974; Pipes and Wilmore,
1975; Byrnes, Clarkson, Katch, 1985; Thistle et al, 1967).
4
Isokinetic devices for strength training and assess­
ment are used primarily for
the
extremities,
Cybex
Mini-Gym
such
Leaper
as
the
(Mini-Gym,
development
of
the lower
II (Lumex, Inc.) and the
Inc.).
These
machines have
proven their effectiveness in muscular training and rehabil­
itation (Grimby et al,
Armstrong
1979).
et
al,
1983;
However, there
isokinetic
1980;
Sherman et
Glenn,
1981, 1983;
1976; Blattner and Noble,
are limited
equipment
al,
designed
research data regarding
to
enhance
upper
body
strength.
An isokinetic-like exercise apparatus
for the upper
extremities is in the research and development stages at the
University of Montana.
various muscle
A variety of exercises to strengthen
groups may be performed on thisdevice.
research and
development
invaluable for
of
such
a machine
The
could prove
use in athletics, rehabilitation, and by the
general population.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
the
experimental
device
and
to determine whether a five-
week, three-times weekly, fifteen minutes daily, isokineticlike exercise
schedule was
effective in producing signifi­
cant strength gains in the upper extremities.
The Statement of the Problem
This
three-times
research
weekly,
investigated
whether
a
five-week,
fifteen minutes daily, isokinetic-like
5
exercise
schedule
is
effective
in
producing significant
strength gains in the upper extremities.
The Research Hypothesis
There is
strength
upon
significant difference
completing
in upper extremity
a five-week, three-times weekly,
fifteen minutes daily, isokinetic-like exercise program.
Level of Significance
The level
of significance
to accept
or reject the
hypothesis was .05.
Importance of the Study
Since
utilized in
the
this
isokinetic-like
study
is
apparatus evaluated and
unique,
this
research should
provide the field of sport sciences, athletics, and rehabil­
itation with valuable information for comparing the types of
upper body weight training equipment on the market and their
overall
effectiveness.
importance in
terms of
Specifically,
this
study
is of
isokinetic exercise and the minimal
amount of workout time needed to effect upper
body muscular
strength gains.
This project
is significant
to the inventor of the
device, Mr. Ken Lutz, and the Health and
Department
at
cooperatively
the
with
University
the
Physical Education
of Montana, who are working
research
and
development
of the
6
apparatus.
Hopefully,
this
research
strengths and expose the weaknesses of
will
pinpoint the
the device
in order
to market a quality piece of equipment.
Finally,
of the
study will
the
untrained, volunteer, female subjects
benefit, not
strength improvement,
but also
concerning facts and fallacies
only in
terms of muscular
by the information provided
for
women,
weight training
and overall body image.
The Limitations
1.
There was
no control
of the subjects* present
level of fitness.
2.
Subjects were not randomly selected.
They were
volunteers who registered for physical education classes.
3.
The physical and recreational activities of the
subjects were not controlled, with the exception of no upper
body strengthening outside of the study.
4.
Nutrition
and
diets of the subjects were not
controlled.
5.
Individual motivation and the
physiological reactions
of each
psychological and
subject could
not be con­
trolled.
The Delimitations
1.
students enrolled
The
subjects
consisted
of
female
in Health and Physical Education classes,
colle
7
with
the
exception
of
weight training,
during the 1986
spring term at the University of Montana.
2.
Strength
developed specifically
gains
for the
were
measured
by
a protoc
experimental apparatus used
in this study.
Basic Assumptions
All subjects gave
their
maximum
effort throughout
the course of the study.
Definition of Terms
Eccentric contraction.
Muscle lengthens while con­
tracting.
Concentric contraction.
Muscle
shortens while con­
tracting.
Isokinetic exercise.
the muscle
shortens
A muscle contraction in which
allowing
the
development
of maximal
tension throughout the full joint range of motion (Pipes and
Wilmore, 1975).
Isometric exercise.
there
is
no
movement
developed, but there is
A
muscle contraction
(Thistle et al, 1967).
no
change
in
the
in which
Tension is
length
of the
muscle.
Isotonic exercise.
fixed weight
throughout
Wilmore, 1975).
the
A
muscle contraction against a
range
of
motion
(Pipes and
Resistance is constant and greatest at the
8
extremes
of
the
range
of motion (Rosentswieg and Hinson,
1972).
Accommodating resistance.
is equal
to the
force applied
(Isokinetics) resistance
by a muscle or muscle group
throughout the range of motion (Thistle et al, 1967).
Variable resistance.
Resistance
that varies
as it
is moved through the range of motion of an exercise (Cotner,
1983).
Repetition maximum (RM).
that can
fatiguing.
Maximum aunount
of weight
be moved over a given number of repetitions before
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The
nized as an
importance
effective
rehabilitation.
of
weight training has been recog­
method
Since
the
for
muscle
development and
implementation of progressive
resistance
exercise
(PRE)
by
educators,
physical
therapists,
DeLorme
(1945),
physical
coaches and athletes have
adopted its principles for enhancing muscular strength.
DeLorme (1945) originated a classic set
training
principles
which
tance and repetitions when
of strength
stress the importance of resis­
engaging in
a strength training
program:
1.
Strength is built into a muscle with the use of
high resistance and low repetition exercise.
2.
Endurance is built into a muscle with the use of
low resistance and high repetition exercise.
3.
One specific
kind of
exercise is incapable of
building the quality that is developed by the
other type of
exercise (DeLorme, 1945, p. 645).
Muscles
This
adaptation
adapt
occurs
to
the
stresses
through
placed upon them.
specific
physiological
10
changes which
enable the
muscle to handle more efficiently
the particular stress imposed.
DeLorme's first
tiated by
muscle
the many
adapts
training.
to
and second
principles are substan­
physiological changes that occur as the
the
stresses
imposed
during
strength
These changes include an increase in muscle mass
(Gonyea and Sale, 1982;
1971; MacDougall,
Counsilman,
1976;
Chu
and Smith,
Ward, Sale, Sutton, 1977), an increase in
muscle energy reserves (MacDougall et al, 1977), an increase
in the
number of
functional capillaries (Counsilman, 1976;
Chu and Smith, 1971), and an increase in the number of mito­
chondria (Counsilman, 1976; Chu and Smith, 1971; MacDougall,
Ward,
Sale,
Sutton,
1977 ;
Gollnick,
Armstrong,
Saltin,
Saubert, 1972).
DeLorme*s third
principle focuses on the concept of
"specificity of training".
"Adaptation by the neuromuscular
system to demands made on it are highly specific ; therefore,
it is important that strength training programs reproduce as
closely as possible the movements for which such training is
desired" (Gonyea and Sale, 1982, p. 235).
ation of
Therefore, evalu­
strength gains must be interpreted in terms of the
weight training concept selected
and the
type of equipment
used for testing (Shields et al, 1985).
The earliest attempt at organizing a workable resis­
tance training program was by DeLorme and Watkins (1948).
The original DeLorme weight training protocol
was developed
11
over thirty
years ago and consisted of moving three sets of
heavy resistance ten consecutive times.
Since that time, DeLorme*s principles and variations
of the
in
original protocol have been accepted and implemented
many
athletic
Research
has
and
rehabilitative
followed
supporting
training
DeLorme*s
programs.
contentions.
Many of the studies have focused on the establishment of the
optimum
components
that
should exist within a progressive
resistance training program.
number of
Numerous studies examining the
repetitions, interaction
and load resistance have
been
of sets and repetitions
provided
by
Berger (1962a,
1962b, 1962c).
The optimum
for
the
quickest
Berger (1962b).
number of repetitions in which to train
strength
His
improvements
was
assessed by
findings suggested the optimum number
of repetitions was between three and nine.
Another study by
Berger
weight
(1962a)
compared
nine
different
training
programs to determine which were more effective in improving
strength.
Results indicated three sets and six repetitions
per set were best for improving strength.
known
to
increase
when
a
Since strength is
muscle attains maximum or near
maximum contraction,
Berger
(1962c)
will
muscle
is stressed at or near the ten
occur
repetition
isotonic
if
the
maximum
programs
(66%
today
to
found
90%).
requires
One
the
weight two-thirds to three-quarters of his
strength gains
of
subject
the popular
to lift a
maximum capabil­
12
ity for
three sets
of six to eight repetitions (Hinson and
Rosentswieg, 1972).
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional
(Free Weights), Variable Resistance,
and Isokinetic Weight Training Systems
Before
training
1967 ^
were
the
isometric
two
main
methods
and isotonic.
of
strength
Isometric strength
training has resulted in significant strength gains (Berger,
1962; Murray
et al, 1980), but is believed to contribute to
strength only at the specific angle at which the exercise is
performed,
not
over
the
full range of motion (Hinson and
Rosentswieg, 1972).
Conventional weight training or free weights employs
isotonic
concepts
and
against a constant
either
shortens
resistance
training
freedom
to
select
correct joint
an
muscular
in
contraction
movement that
or lengthens (eccentric) the
Unlike
allows
a
resulting
(concentric)
muscle (Foran, 1985).
weight
involves
most
machine
multi-segment
exercise
that
systems, free
movements
will
the
encompass the
positions (Nosse, Hunter, 1985).
movement involves day to day accelerating
and
Since human
and decelerating,
acceleration is another important advantage of free weights.
Conventional strength
variable
does
not
resistance
involve
research indicates
training
hinders
offers
acceleration, while
acceleration
acceleration
(Foran,
and isokinetics
1985).
Finally,
that the eccentric component of muscular
13
contraction may
cause more
component, thus affecting
hypertrophy than the concentric
muscle
and
strength development
(Komi and Buskirk, 1972).
The
greatest
disadvantage
training is that maximum
of
conventional weight
muscle loading
occurs only during
the extremes of the range of motion (Rosentswieg and Hinson,
1972).
when
Safety is another factor which should
using
free
weights.
Conventional
be considered
weight training
requires a proper technique, a proper conditioning base, and
appropriate supervision (Foran, 1985).
Variable
resistance
is
a
weight
which utilizes isotonic contractions.
a resistance
that changes
to match
produce force throughout the range of
p. 24).
pulley.
in
a
This
training system
This system "provides
the joint’s ability to
motion" (Foran, 1985,
is accomplished by the use of an oval-shaped
The pulley attempts to
muscle's
strength
accommodate to
the changes
curve by changing and varying the
resistance (Cotner, 1983).
As stated
earlier,
resistance training
is the
a
main
these
systems
are
of variable
involvement of both the concen­
tric and eccentric contraction.
that
advantage
Other
noted advantages are
relatively safe and that strength
gains are easy to evaluate (Foran, 1985).
As in conventional weight
training,
the
main dis­
advantage of a variable resistance weight training system is
that one is limited to the maximum weight he or she can move
14
at his
or her weakest angle throughout the range of motion.
Limb
length,
velocity
of
the
point
the
of
movement
muscle
will
attachment,
and
the
affect the strength curve
(Foran, 1985).
Unlike an isotonic apparatus,
ser is
designed to keep limb motion at a constant predeter­
mined speed.
arm,
an isokinetic exerci­
the
As the
resistance
amount of force the
unique
individual
advantage
of
the
pushes
the lever
lever arm corresponds to the
individual
isokinetic
against
applies
exercise
against
has
it.
The
over isotonic,
isometric methods is the control of speed.
In a
study
of
isokinetic
exercise,
Moffroid and
colleagues (1969) suggested that:
1.
Isokinetic exercise increases the work a
muscle can do more rapidly than does isometric
exercise or isotonic exercise using pulleys.
2.
Muscular response to different loading
systems tend to be specific; a muscle which is
overloaded in a partial range of motion will
increase significantly more in this range than in
other, less exercised joint positions (Moffroid et
al, 1969, p. 746).
Recent
does
not
training
occur
which
research
indicates
following
utilizes
an
that
muscular soreness
initial session of strength
isokinetic
exercise
equipment
(Byrnes, Clarkson, Katch, 1985; Pipes and Wilmore, 1975; Van
Oteghan, 1974; Thistle et al, 1967).
The
lack of muscular
soreness with isokinetic exercise may be related to the type
of muscular contraction performed during the exercise.
forms
of
exercise
involve
eccentric
Most
muscle contraction.
15
whereas isokinetic
exercise involves only concentric muscle
contraction.
The main disadvantage of isokinetic exercise is that
it allows
for only
(Cotner, 1983).
anywhere
in
maximal effort
"The effort
between
can
because
and does not require it
be
minimal,
maximal, or
isokinetic machines can only
control the speed of the movement" (Foran, 1985, p. 24).
Isokinetic Exercise versus Isometric and
Isotonic Exercise Methods and Modalities
Several studies
isokinetic
exercise
modalities.
swieg and
have compared
versus
other
the effectiveness of
exercise
Early literature (Thistle et
Hinson, 1972;
methods
and
al, 1967; Rosent­
Pipes and Wilmore, 1975), with one
exception (DeLateur, 1972), found
isokinetics to
be a more
effective method of strength development.
Recent research
on the
development of strength has
largely been inconclusive, indicating
kinetic
training
over
isotonic
Adeyanju, 1983; Cotner, 1983;
no advantage
of iso­
training (Meadors, Crews,
Lander et
al, 1985; Shields,
Beckwith, Kurland, 1985), while one study (Smith and Melton,
1981)
favored
fast
isokinetic
exercise
over
isotonic
variable-resistance modes.
Thistle and
eight weeks using the
associates (1967)
three methods
trained subjects for
of exercise.
Results
suggested that isokinetic exercise is a more efficient means
of strengthening muscle.
16
Research indicates
training
were
compared
exercise elicited
Hinson, 1972).
tions of
when the three modes of strength
by
electromyography,
isokinetic
the most muscle activity (Rosentswieg and
Thirteen
women
performed
maximum contrac­
the biceps brachii in the isometric, isotonic, and
isokinetic methods.
Electromyographic data were recorded as
each contraction was made.
contractions elicited
Results revealed that isokinetic
significantly
greater
muscle action
potentials.
Research
suggests
dures may be superior
strength,
tasks.
changes
that
to
isotonic
procedures
relative to
anthropometric
measures
and
performance
Pipes and
in
Wilmore
strength,
(1975)
body
measurements and selected
groups
isokinetic training proce­
trained
motor
isotonically
motor
assessed
differences in
composition,
anthropometric
performance
tasks between
and isokinetically.
The iso­
kinetic training group demonstrated a clear superiority over
the isotonic training group, with the greatest overall gains
demonstrated by the isokinetic
Wilmore (1979)
has raised
high speed
group.
However,
doubts about the validity of the
findings after reanalyzing the data.
The findings of DeLateur
not support
and
isotonic
compared
and
these studies.
exercise
assessed.
in
and
associates
(1972) do
The effectiveness of isokinetic
quadriceps
Results
exercise were equally effective.
strengthening
was
showed the two types of
17
The
majority
of
the
literature
present does not support isokinetics as
method
to
other
strength
associates (1983)
the muscular
compared three
resistance
DeLorme,
Isokinetic,
Data analysis
(1983)
a superior exercise
modes.
Meadors and
conditioning protocols on
strength of sedentary college women.
gressive
isotonic
training
from 1980 to the
training
and
Isotonic
indicated a
programs
compared
over
the
programs
employed
The pro­
were the
Controlled Repetition.
definite superiority of the two
the
three
isokinetic
strength
program.
training
Cotner
methods to
determine if one method was superior to another in effecting
the strength and power of
men.
the
lower
extremities
in adult
The results indicated that constant accommodating and
variable resistance
exercises
may
be
of
equal
value in
effecting muscular strength and power.
Shields and
colleagues (1985) compared leg strength
training equipment to determine
whether variable resistance
(isotonic) or accommodating resistance (isokinetic) training
was superior in developing
and performance.
The
leg muscle
strength, endurance,
findings indicated there is no clear
superiority of one type of equipment over another when using
the
same
training
method.
compared two types of upper
free
weight
evaluated.
and
The
isokinetic
results
of
Lander and associates (1985)
body
strength
modalities.
A
bench press were compared and
the
study
suggest
that free
weights may affect muscles in a similar manner as isokinetic
18
devices with respect to force production patterns during the
oscillation phase.
Smith and
into
four
Melton (1981)
groups:
divided twelve individuals
(1) control^
resistance training, (3) low-speed
(4)
high-speed
isokinetic
showed good gains
in
strength
tested
for
motor
isotonic variable
isokinetic training, and
training.
when
isotonically and isokinetically.
pants were
(2)
All exercised groups
tested isometrically,
However, when the partici­
performance
(vertical jump,
standing broad jump, 40-yard dash), fast isokinetic exercise
was shown to increase
efficiently than
strength and
performance levels more
low-speed isokinetic
training or training
with isotonic variable-resistance modes.
These
results do
not support the present literature.
Isokinetic Exercise for Rehabilitation
As mentioned
to adapt
disuse.
to the
earlier, muscle possesses the capacity
stresses imposed
upon it
by training and
After joint surgery, joint injury, or joint related
trauma, muscle atrophy is likely to occur.
"The
purpose
equilateral strength"
of rehabilitation
(Sherman et
is
to
develop
al, 1981, p. 138).
"The
gain in the strength parameter appears to depend on the type
of trauma, the rehabilitation program, and the motivation of
the patient" (Parker,
surgery and
1981, p. 123).It has been shown that
the subsequent
clinical management can markedly
19
affect
recovery
time.
Research
indicates
the
type of
surgery, the length of immobilization, and the type of joint
motion allowed during immobilization influence the return of
the range
1983).
of motion
(Haagmark and
Generally, "the
Erikson, 1979; Sherman,
earlier active
motion is resumed,
the earlier full range of motion is recovered"
(Sherman, et
al, 1983, p. 122).
During
the
past
decade,
testing devices have assumed
screening,
devices
injury
have
rehabilitation,
an important
evaluation
prompted
a
isokinetic
and
renewed
especially
in
training and
role in athletic
rehabilitation.
interest
These
in individual
the areas of rehabilitative
success and safety.
Advantages of
isokinetic
training
from
a physio­
therapeutic standpoint include:
1.
"Safe" muscular contractions, since the
resistance is never greater than the produced
muscular tension (Sherman et al, 1982, p. 155).
2.
Reciprocal
exercise patterns (i.e.,
extension-flexion, abduction-adduction), (Sherman
et al, 1982, p. 155).
3.
Some isokinetic devices are equipped for
rehabilitation and
training
and
also injury
evaluation (Elliot, 1978, p. 2410).
4.
Can accommodate to various type of muscle
fibers, due to "specificity of training" (Elliot,
1978, p. 2410).
5.
Since the machines are accommodating, if
less force is applied to the lever than that at
which it is set, no resistance will be encountered;
therefore, injury is avoided, because no weight is
left to fall on the tested limb (Elliot, 1978, p.
2410) .
The major drawback to
that it
cannot test
the
isokinetic
technique is
the eccentric strength of the muscles.
20
During strenuous
activity, one
of the muscle *s major roles
is joint stabilization, which is often
accomplished through
eccentric contraction (Gleim et al, 1978).
The inability to
assess muscle resistance to
be an overlooked
stretch could
predictor of injury (Elliot, 1978; Gleim et al, 1978).
Isokinetic
exercise
for
rehabilitation
has
been
utilized and incorporated into many types of physiotherapeu­
tic programs.
and
in
Isokinetics has been successfully used alone,
conjunction
with,
strengthen skeletal
to safely
test
motion, and
isometrics
and
isotonics
to
muscle after injury and/or surgery, and
and
improve
gait pattern
muscular
strength,
range of
in patients debilitated by severe
injury or disease.
Aronen and
Regan (1984)
examined twenty midshipmen
at the United States Naval Academy who has sustained primary
anterior shoulder
dislocations.
identical treatment
regimen which
progressed from isometrics
tics.
participated
in an
included exercises which
isotonics
and isokine­
A success rate of 75% in a group followed an average
of 35.8 months suggests
program
through
All
can
improve
that
the
an
aggressive rehabilitation
likelihood
of
a full return to
activity without recurrent shoulder dislocation.
Research indicates
superior to
that isokinetic
weight training and self-training when increas­
ing muscular strength of the quadriceps
surgery
training may be
(Grimby
et
al,
1980).
after knee ligament
Grimby
and
colleagues
21
concluded that with isokinetic training, maximal torque can,
in contrast to
whole range
weight
training,
be
achieved
through the
of motion which may explain its larger training
effect.
Sherman and associates (1983) studied the
effect of
two isokinetic rehabilitation programs (IRP) on the recovery
of muscular strength after
from rehabilitation.
meniscectomy
after release
The findings indicated it is possible
to recover from meniscectomy in only
early activity
and
six weeks
if there is
and an appropriate IRP is used, and specifi­
city of speed should be considered
when isokinetic training
is used during rehabilitation.
A
previous
strength gains
arthrotomy.
study
during
speed before
Sherman
isokinetic
Sherman and
leg must achieve 100%
by
(1981) investigated
rehabilitation following
colleagues concluded the surgical
recovery at
each isokinetic training
advancing to the next phase of rehabilitation,
and to achieve full recovery during rehabilitation, athletes
must train at slow, medium, and fast contractile velocities.
Cooney
(1985)
assessed
the
effect
of isokinetic
training on cardiorespiratory fitness of spinal cord injured
individuals.
isokinetic
The
exercise
preliminary
is
a
safe
and
in
indicated
effective
improving
cardiovascular
subjects.
Armstrong and colleagues (1983)
to determine
fitness
results
spinal
that
method of
cord injured
designed a study
whether isokinetic dynamometry was appropriate
22
and
safe
for
ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis.
Findings indicated that isokinetic
reliable
form
of
objective
testing
is
neuromuscular
study by Davies (1982), he concluded
the use
a
safe and
testing.
In a
of isokinetic
testing of trunk musculature and establishing normative data
provide clinically
useful guidelines
industrial medicine
for sports screening,
screening, and objective parauneters for
discharging patients with trunk dysfunction.
In a case
study
by
wilder
and
Sykes
(1982), an
isokinetic exercise machine was employed to improve the gait
pattern in a hemiplegic patient.
with
the
component
of
They concluded
accommodating
effective in changing certain
resistance
a machine
can
be
neurological factors influen­
cing a gait pattern.
Finally,
the effect of a
for the
Greene
modified
training.
Strickler (1983) investigated
isokinetic
strengthening program
knee extensors and flexors in hemophiliac patients.
The data revealed that
muscles
and
can
be
significant
accomplished
strengthening
through
of these
modified isokinetic
In conclusion, Greene and Stickler stated that:
Isokinetic exercise may be beneficial because
it allows modulation of the muscle contraction
throughout the arc of motion.
Since contraction at
the knee produces compressive loads at the patellofemoral interface, irregularities in the patellar
surface, which are seen frequently with severe
hemophiliac arthropathy, may cause difficulty at
certain positions in the range of motion. With
isokinetic exercise,
the amount of muscle tension
can be altered in the arc(s) of motion which cause
difficulty and can be increased in the positions at
23
which the patellofemoral relationship is relatively
normal (Greene and Stickler, 1983, p. 193).
Isokinetic Upper Body Exercise Equipment:
A Review
With the fitness boom of the last several
come
a
proliferation
of
designed primarily for the
took
little
applying
types
exercise
lower extremities.
equipment
However, it
for
innovative
professionals
accommodating
resistance
principles
of
strength.
time
isokinetic
years has
devices
in
this study,
to
various
order to enhance upper body muscular
To carefully
extremity isokinetic
to begin
and objectively
evaluate the upper
exercise equipment utilized outside of
professionals in
the field
of sport sciences,
athletes, and rehabilitation should be reliably informed.
The next section of this study will discuss competi­
tive isokinetic upper
Apollo
Exerciser,
body
the
strengthening
Cybex
Upper
equipment.
The
Body Ergometer (UBE),
Hydra-Fitness Systems and Mini-Gym will be reviewed.
The Apollo Exerciser developed by Apollo Products of
Spokane, Washington,
which a trail rope
ranging from
is a small chromed metal shaft through
and
one ounce
handle
is
connected.
to six hundred pounds is applied to
the rope by turning the adjustment on the
shaft.
Resistance
lower end
of the
The major features of this apparatus are that it is
practical and inexpensive.
The
forerunner
in
isokinetic
electromechanical
24
devices is Cybex of Bay Shore, New York.
Cybex is currently
marketing the UBE which is
ergometer
upper body.
exercise
for the
Rhythmic, continuous movement and variable work
rates combine to benefit
wrists.
an
It provides
the
torso,
shoulders,
progressive ranging
arms, and
of exercise from
low work rates for cardiovascular and post-surgical rehabil­
itation
to
maximal
work
rates for strength and endurance
training.
The UBE consists of a seat and a steel frame
molded polystyrene
cover.
manner as pedals on
a
The handgrips
bicycle,
which
with a
move in the same
offer accommodating
resistance in both forward and reverse directions.
A built-
in timer monitors exercise duration.
Hydra-Fitness Systems of Belton,
many
different
pieces
of
exercise different muscle
Hydra-Fitness
provides
equipment
groups
of
omnikinetics
Texas, consists of
which
the
isolate
and
upper extremity.
which offers variable
and accommodating resistance at a variable and accommodating
speed of movement (Davies, 1984).
All the devices rely upon
hydraulics which accommodate the power output of the user.
Fitness
credited with
Systems
of
Independence,
Missouri,
is
developing Mini-Gym, a relatively inexpensive
apparatus which provides isokinetic
fioor exercises.
The
resistance for
wall or
Mini-Gym works on a centrifuge brake
arrangement which offers maximum
muscle
loading
through a
complete range of motion while holding speed constant.
Summary
Since
the
implementation of progressive resistance
exercise (DeLorme, 1945), weight
nized
as
Strength,
an
effective
endurance
training
method
and
for
has
muscle
neuromuscular
been recog­
development.
specificity
are
enhanced by resistance training.
The three
modes of strength training are isometric,
isotonic, and isokinetic.
Each exercise has distinct advan­
tages and
The literature indicates no clear
disadvantages.
superiority of one training mode over another.
With the fitness boom of the last several
come a
proliferation of
tional (free
ting
weight training
weights), variable
resistance
to
develop
strength
in
conven­
resistance, and accommoda­
(isokinetics).
resistance principles have been
systems:
years has
Recently,
applied to
accommodating
various devices
the upper extremities such as the
Apollo Exerciser, Cybex UBE, Hydra-Fitness Systems and MiniGym.
The
past
decade,
devices have assumed an
ing, injury
isokinetic
important role
training and testing
in athletic screen­
evaluation and rehabilitation.
been safely and successfully used alone,
Isokinetics has
and in conjunction
with, isometrics and isotonics to strengthen skeletal muscle
after injury, surgery and disease.
25
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a
five-week,
three-times
weekly,
fifteen
minutes
daily
isokinetic-like exercise schedule was effective in producing
significant strength gains
in
secondary purpose
development and
was the
appropriate protocol
needed
to
effect
that
upper
overall effectiveness
the
would
body
of
the
upper
reduce
extremities.
selection of an
the
strengths,
A
workout time
yet enhance the
experimental isokinetic-like
apparatus.
Selection of Subjects
The subjects of this study were fifteen female adult
volunteers, ranging in age
University of
the U of M
training
Montana.
from 21
Data
to
participate
with the
exception of weight
were collected during the Spring
quarter of the 1986 academic
selected
enrolled at the
Participants were recruited through
activity classes,
classes.
to 42,
in
year.
the
All
of
the subjects
program did agree not to
engage in any additional upper body strength weight training
26
27
during the
collection of
data,
All fifteen subjects were
used for statistical analysis.
Testing Equipment
The
developed
exercise
by
Ken
apparatus
Lutz
of
used
in
this
Hamilton, Montana.
study
was
"The Mule"
employs isokinetic concepts of resistance and muscle loading
and
cosmetically
weight bench press.
may
be
compared
By removing
to a universal or free
the bench
or changing the
position of the resistance bar, a wide variety of upper body
strength exercises are possible [See Figure 1].
Figure 1.
"The Mule"
28
The
upward
resistance
for
the machine is
controlled for
movement and for downward movement;
therefore, the
total range of motion is controlled throughout the exercise.
Gauges are attached to the machine in order
to assess force
production in pounds per square inch.
Reliability and
validity testing of
were performed in the spring
retest for
and summer
measurement accuracy
Test-
and .998
for the
Up-stroke variability and downstroke variabil­
ity of the device was tested using fixed
ten
1985.
of the machine indicated a
high reliability at .975 for the up phase
down phase.
of
the instrument
repetitions
at
each
of
four
weights to perform
different
resistance
settings.
The weights ranged from thirty to one hundred ten
pounds.
During
performance
downward range of motion of
Upstroke
variability
ranged
testing, the full upward and
the
from
seconds; downstroke vari- ability
to .110
seconds.
.037
bar
seconds
ranged from
was used.
to
.659
.023 seconds
Upstroke variability was slightly higher
because of the friction
generated
utilized
weights
to
resistance
move
the
from
during
the
single pulley
testing.
Actual
variability during exercise would be less than these results
indicate
because
the
resistance
bar
excursion
is
much
shorter during any exercise than the full excursion utilized
during testing.
PSI readings
for upstroke
were consistent for each
setting.
and downstroke excursion
For other
settings and
29
weights, the
readings never
varied more
than five PSI for
any trial.
Pilot Study
A pilot
Fall quarter
study was
of 1985.
designed and
implemented in the
Twelve male subjects and ten female
subjects from University of Montana activity
cipated
and
completed
the
upper
body
classes parti­
strength
according to the developmental
protocol, except
percent,
percent,
instead
of
repetition was used,
seventy
and
no
time
of
limit
testing
that fifty
one *s
was
maximum
imposed for
completion of the exercises.
After
from the
completion
research
through the
of
subjects
the pilot study, the feedback
and
the
information provided
testing procedure led to the following improve­
ments for implementation of the main study:
1.
Due to lack of strength, many subjects could not
apply enough
adequate
force to the resistance bar in order to get an
PSI
reading;
difficult to assess.
thus,
strength
changes
were more
This problem was remedied by implemen­
tation of new metering blocks which
provide less resistance
in the lower quadrant than the original metering blocks.
2.
The protocol was changed from ten repetitions at
fifty percent
percent of
of
maximum
maximum.
study did not show any
to
ten
repetitions
at seventy
Many of the participants of the pilot
improvement
for
weeks
because the
30
protocol was
not challenging enough to cause much change in
strength.
3.
A new pin was added to
the device
the bench during performance of the exercises.
which were used to
resistance bar
change
the
position
were redesigned
not only
to improve
improve the comfort and
The two pins
of
the machine’s
and adjusted
for an easier
transition from one exercise to another.
were made,
to stabil
These adjustments
the apparatus, but also to
workability
for
the
subjects who
used it.
Testing Procedures for Study
Each individual met at a specific time period, three
times weekly, for five
weeks.
Participants were requested
not to miss more than three sessions in order to ensure data
quality.
Each participant
complete the
cises:
was
allotted
and return,
resistance
instructed on
bar
in
military press
and return,
right and left inside arm curl and
return, two arm curl and return,
the
minutes to
following battery of upper body strength exer­
bench press and return,
upright row
fifteen
a
the correct
pole
and flexing
and extending
position.
Subjects were
performance of
each exercise in
terms of body position, breathing procedure, and appropriate
range of motion.
Subjects were
asked
to
complete
each
exercise a
31
total
of
ten
times
according
specifically for this study.
for the
to
the protocol developed
Since
the resistance pointer
experimental machine moves in a curvilinear fashion
from minimum resistance to maximum resistance
protractors were
added to
the gauges
the resistance factor into four
resistance pointer
equal
moved through
resistance and
in order to separate
quadrants.
As the
each quadrant (Quadrant I
being minimum resistance. Quadrant
tance), the
through 180®,
IV being
maximum resis­
workload increased accordingly.
Each quadrant was then separated into three sections labeled
A, B,
C in
order to
further define
increases in workload
(see Appendix B ).
Each participant was asked
tion
maximum
of
each
was then
the top
each subject’s
calculated and
one repeti­
of the described exercises with the
resistance pointer set at
percent of
to complete
of Quadrant
I.
Seventy
maximum effort for each exercise
recorded.
With this information,
the subjects were ready to begin the lifting protocol.
Each subject
began the protocol at Quadrant lA, the
minimum amount of resistance
the
Each
to complete ten repetitions of
subject
was
required
each exercise at seventy
apparatus
percent of
could produce.
her individual repeti­
tion maximum.
The number of completed repetitions (1 to 10)
was recorded.
During the session, after a participant could
achieve ten repetitions of at least seventy percent maximum,
the resistance pointer was moved to the next
section in the
32
quadrant (A,B,C)
for that given exercise.
unable to perform
maximum ^
the
ten
repetitions
resistance
would
at
If a subject was
seventy
percent of
stay the same for the next
session.
When participants could complete
ten repetitions at
seventy percent of maximum for a given exercise in all three
sections of a quadrant, a new
maximum repetition
at the
quadrant.
top of
the following
Seventy percent of
maximum was then calculated; the resistance
back to
was taken
pointer was set
the bottom of the new quadrant and the whole proce­
dure was repeated.
repetition
of
Subjects must
an
considered valid.
exercises.
exercise
in
This procedure
Therefore,
the
have completed
a single
five seconds or less to be
was
used
for
all seven
experimenter was able to keep
track of each individual, the exercise
being performed, and
the rates of progress accomplished for each item in the test
battery.
Treatment of the Data
There
performed
in
were
three
this
study.
separate
First,
statistical treatments
measures
of
central
tendency and variability were calculated to assess the mean,
range,
standard
deviation
and
percent
subject’s pre-treatment maximum repetition
post-treatment maximum
increases of each
(Quadrant I) and
repetition (Quadrants I, II, III and
33
IV).
Group improvement
for each
exercise was assessed by
examining the number of sessions between quadrants.
A second
statistical treatment,
a one-way analysis
of variance, was computed to determine differences among the
cumulative maximum repetition scores of the
exercise.
sample for each
Group improvement or regression in each quadrant
for each exercise was tested for significance.
Finally, a
one-tailed t-test
for dependent samples
was utilized to compare the mean pre-test maximum repetition
scores for
post-test
each exercise
maximum
taken in
repetition
Quadrant I
scores
for
each
These results were also tested for significance.
to the mean
exercise.
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Analysis of Results
Data from this study were analyzed using descriptive
statistics, a one-way analysis of variance, and a one-tailed
t-test for dependent samples.
a specified amount of
of
primary
concern
time will
to
percent PSI increases for
post the
Since any work performed over
this
investigation
each
five-week training
increase muscular fitness,
exercise
period.
was the group
pre,
during, and
Mean scores, standard
deviations, and percent increases between quadrants for each
exercise in the protocol are presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1
MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND PERCENT GAINS
BETWEEN QUADRANTS FOR EACH EXERCISE
Two-Arm Curl
Extend
Flex
Q
N
X
S.D.
I
II
III
IV
15
14
10
2
20.00
31.43
52.00
80.00
0
5.35
7.89
28.28
%
57%
65%
54%
34
X
39.33
59.29
79.00
100.00
S.D.
%
11.00
9.17
12.87
28.28
50%
33%
27%
35
TABLE 1 - Continued
Q
I
II
III
IV
N
X
15
15
15
8
Push
30,00
42.00
72.00
137.50
S.D.
%
Bench Press
7.56
6.76
15.21
36.15
40%
71%
91%
X
S.D.
%
53.33
82.00
110.00
130.00
Pull
17.18
10.82
11.34
56.34
54%
34%
18%
53.33
83.33
113.85
140.00
Pull
20.59
15.89
12.61
0.00
56%
37%
23%
30.67
56.67
81.33
93.33
Push
11.63
14.47
13.02
10.33
85%
44%
15%
33.33
56.67
82.86
100.00
Push
14.96
13.97
12.04
15.28
70%
46%
21%
52.67
82.00
112.00
141.43
Push
26.85
19.71
15.21
10.69
56%
37%
26%
Military Press
I
II
III
IV
15
15
13
1
Push
24.67
34.00
59.23
90.00
6.40
6.32
14.98
0.00
38%
74%
52%
Right Inside Curl
I
II
III
IV
15
15
15
6
Pull
14.00
24.67
36.00
53.33
5.07
8.34
8.28
12.11
76%
46%
48%
Left Inside Curl
I
II
III
IV
15
15
14
7
Pull
15.33
23.33
34.29
52.86
6.40
4.88
7.56
9.51
52%
47%
54%
Upright Row
I
II
III
IV
15
15
15
7
Pull
24.00
36.00
54.67
77.14
7.37
6.32
13.02
13.80
50%
52%
41%
Pole
I
II
III
IV
15
15
15
11
Flexion
5.07
16.00
6.55
30.00
9.15
44.67
64.55
12.14
86%
49%
45%
25.33
58.67
94.67
110.91
Extension
9.15
12.46
132%
9.90
61%
17%
21.90
36
Partial
evaluation
like apparatus and
plished by
the
of the experimental isokinetic-
developmental
protocol
was accom­
examining individual percent variability of each
exercise in the test battery.
approach the
data was
The most
informative way to
to consider the effect learning will
have on pre-test scores when utilizing unfamiliar equipment.
Subject PSI
scores improved immediately after the pre-test,
which could be attributed
to possible
learning experience.
AlsOf many subjects did not complete a repetition maximum in
the last quadrant of the protocol (Quadrant IV).
The
results could be misleading because of the few scores in the
last
quadrant.
Therefore,
learning effect and to
for data
to eliminate possible subject
obtain a
analysis. Table
more representative sample
2 displays the individual percent
range of each exercise in Quadrant 1 (pre-test)
IV, Quadrant
II to
to Quadrant
Quadrant IV and Quadrant II to Quadrant
III.
TABLE 2
GROUP MEAN AND RANGE PERCENT INCREASES
FOR EACH EXERCISE
Q
Two-Arm Curl:
I - IV
II - IV
II - III
Bench Press:
I - IV
II - IV
II - III
R
%
Flex
X
R
300%
250%
70%
0-400%
100%-400%
33%-100%
Extend
0-300%
300%
60%-200%
130%
14%-100%
37%
370%
216%
72%
Push
25%-567%
150%-400%
25%-125%
Pull
ll%-275%
175%
20%-100%
67%
11%- 71%
35%
37
TABLE 2 - Continued
X
Q
Military Press :
I - IV
350%
125%
II - IV
70%
II - III
R
X
Push
R
Pull
350%
125%
33%-125%
150%
75%
41%
150%
75%
0%-100%
Right Inside Curl:
I - IV
292%
136%
II - IV
53%
II - III
Pull
50%-500%
66%-200%
0%-100%
Push
250%
50%-400%
71%
25%-100%
51%
0%-100%
Left
I
II
II
Pull
50%-300%
100%-150%
0%"100%
Push
229%
50%-400%
77%
33%-125%
54%
0%-100%
237%
109%
54%
Pull
50%-400%
75%-133%
0%-125%
Push
234%
25%-650%
76%
50%-133%
41%
0%- 71%
332%
133%
53%
Flex
100%-600%
50%-200%
0%-100%
Extend
429%
125%-900%
96%
33%-150%
67%
25%-125%
Inside Curl:
- IV
193%
107%
- IV
46%
- III
Upright Row:
I - IV
II - IV
II - III
Pole :
I - IV
II - IV
II - III
Table 3 presents mean and range scores of the number
of
sessions
between
quadrant
repetition maximums.
scores were calculated to assess
of
exercise
subject's repetition
rapid
improvement
indicates that
rate
at
which group
The rate of improvement was dependent
improvement occurred
upon the type
the
These
the
in
maximum for
(3
to
the protocol
4
battery
test
that quadrant.
sessions)
may not
between
and the
Extremely
quadrants
have been challenging
enough in the lower quadrants or the subject did not perform
a
reliable
repetition
maximum
to
begin
the
quadrant.
38
Familiar exercises
such as
the bench press indicated rapid
improvement whereas unfamiliar exercises,
arm
curl,
resulted
in
such
as
the two
a longer rate of group improvement
between each quadrant.
TABLE 3
GROUP NUMBER OF SESSIONS BETWEEN QUADRANT
REPETITION MAXIMUMS
QI-II
Two-Arm Curl
N
X
Range (high,low)
Bench Press
N
35
Range (high,low)
Military Press
N
X
Range (high,low)
Right Inside Curl
N
X
Range (high,low)
Left Inside Curl
N
X
Range (high,low)
Upright Row
N
14
5.5
(9-3)
15
3
(3-3)
15
4
(7-3)
10
5.2
(8-3)
15
3
(4-3)
13
4
(6-3)
15
3.4
(5-3)
15
3.9
(8-3)
15
3.4
(5-3)
14
3.6
(7-3)
Range (high,low)
15
3
(5-3)
N
X
Range (nigh,low)
15
3
(3-3)
X
QII-III
15
3
(3-3)
QIII-IV
2
4
(4-4)
8
4
(6-3)
1
5
(5-5)
6
3.8
(4-3)
7
4
(5-3)
7
4.1
(6-3)
Pole
15
3.4
(6-3)
11
4
(6-3 )
39
Tables
analysis of
4-17
display
variance
cumulative maximum
exercise.
to
the
results
determine
of
the one-way
differences
among the
repetition scores of the sample for each
Group strength gains for each exercise were sig­
nificant at the .05 level.
A
Scheffé
multiple
ized to indicate where
among the
Group
significant
cises :
repetition group scores of the four
repetition
between
differences existed
all
maximum
quadrants
improvement
was
of the following exer­
two-arm curl (flexion only), right inside curl (pull
only), left
inside curl
push), and pole
interest
the significant
mean maximum
quadrants.
comparison technique was util­
to
(pull only), upright row (pull and
(flexion
this
study
and
Of particular
is that no differences were found
between Quadrants III and IV
sion), bench
extension).
press (pull),
of
the
two-arm
curl (exten­
military press (push and pull),
right inside curl (push), and left inside curl
deceleration of
(push).
The
group upper body strength gains between the
third and fourth quadrant may be explained by
combining the
limited
a
number
of
subjects
who
performed
repetition
maximum in the last quadrant (QIV) and the short duration of
the training
period.
Previous data analysis suggests that
the sample majority might
Quadrant IV
have
completed
a
repetition in
given a slight extension of one to two weeks in
the training period.
40
TABLE 4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE TWO-ARM CURL
Source
DF
SS
MS
F-ratio
Among
Within
3
37
10488.08
1731.43
3496
46.8
74.71*
Among
Within
3
37
13162.83
5076.19
4387.6
137.2
31.98*
Flexion
Extension
*F > 2.85 significant at the .05 level
TABLE 5
SCHEFFE METHOD FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE TWO-ARM CURL
(20.00)F
QI (39.33)E
Flexion
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
Extension
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
(52. 00)
QIII (79. 00)
( 80.00)
QIV (100.00)
.001*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.001*
.000*
.003*
.000*
.001*
.166
(31.43)
Oil (59.29)
41
TABLE 6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE BENCH PRESS
Source
DF
SS
Among
Within
3
49
68449.25
13830
22816.4
282.2
80 .84*
Among
Within
3
49
41524.8
32973.3
13841.6
672.9
20 .99*
MS
F-ratio
Push
Pull
T
2: 2. 79 significant at the .05 level
TABLE 7
SCHEFFE METHOD FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE BENCH PRESS
(30.00)PS
QI (53.33)PL
(42 .00)
QII (82 .00)
(72. 00)
QIII (110. 00)
(137. 50)
QIV (130. 00)
Push
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
.293
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
•034*
.000*
.040*
.000*
.001*
.343
Pull
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
42
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE MILITARY PRESS
Source
DF
SS
Among
Within
2
41
3265.27
11925.64
1632.6
290.9
5.61*
Among
Within
2
41
9214.28
30974.36
4607.1
755.5
6.10*
MS
F-ratio
Push
Pull
♦F > 3. 22 significant at the .05 level
TABLE 9
SCHEFFE METHOD :FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CXmULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE MILITARY PRESS
(24.67)PS
QI (53.33)PL
(34 .00)
QII (83 .33)
(59. 23)
QIII (113. 85)
( 90.00)
QIV (140.00)
Push
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
Pull
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
.532
.000*
.005*
.008*
.027*
.401
.042 *
.000*
.048*
.036*
.278
.841
43
TABLE 10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE RIGHT INSIDE CURL
Source
DF
SS
Among
Within
3
47
7914.51
3026.67
2638.2
64.4
40.97*
Among
Within
3
47
26549.02
7733.33
8849.7
164.5
53.78*
MS
F-ratio
Pull
Push
*F > 2.80 significant at the .05 level
TABLE 11
SCHEFFE METHOD FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE RIGHT INSIDE CURL
(14.00)PL
QI (30.67)PS
(24.67)
QII (56.67)
(36.00)
QIII (81.33)
(53.33)
QIV (93.33)
Pull
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
.008*
.000*
.005*
.000 *
.000 *
.001 *
Push
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
.000 *
.000*
.000 *
.000 *
.000 *
.302
44
TABLE 12
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE LEFT INSIDE CURL
Source
DF
SS
Among
Within
3
47
7611.54
2192.38
2537.2
46.7
54.39*
Among
Within
3
47
28906.44
9152.38
9635.5
194.7
49.48*
MS
F-ratio
Pull
Push
*F > 2. 80 significant at the .05 level
TABLE 13
SCHEFFE METHOD FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE LEFT INSIDE CURL
115.33)PL
QI (33.33)PS
(23.33)
QII (56.67)
(34. 29)
QIII (82. 86)
( 52.86)
QIV (100.00)
Pull
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
.024*
.000*
.002*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.001*
.000*
.000*
,000*
.000*
.083
Push
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
45
TABLE 14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE UPRIGHT ROW
Source
DF
SS
Among
Within
3
48
16340.73
4836.19
5446.9
100.8
54.06*
Among
Within
3
48
47639.03
19459.05
15879.7
405.4
39.17*
MS
F-ratio
Pull
Push
*F > 2. 80 significant at the .05 level
TABLE: 15
SCHEFFE METHOD FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE UPRIGHT ROW
(24.00)PL
QI (52.67)PS
(36.00)
QII (82.00)
(54. 67)
QIII (112. 00)
( 77.14)
QIV (141.43)
Pull
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
.020*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.003*
.000*
.003*
.000*
.000*
.025*
Push
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
46
TABLE 16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES OF THE RESISTANCE BAR
IN THE POLE POSITION
Source
DF
SS
Among
Within
3
52
16577.87
3606.06
5526
69.4
79.69*
Among
Within
3
52
59381.95
9210.91
19794
177.1
111.75*
MS
F-ratio
Flexion
Extension
*F > 2.78 significant at the .05 level
TABLE: 17
SCHEFFE METHOD FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE
CUMULATIVE MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES
OF THE RESISTANCE BAR IN THE POLE POSITION
(16 .00)F
QI (25 .33)E
Flexion
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
Extension
QI
QII
QIII
QIV
(30.00)
QII (58.67)
(44. 67)
QIII (94. 67)
( 64.55)
QIV (110.91)
.001 *
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000 *
.000*
.000*
.000*
.000*
.032*
47
A
comparison
of
mean maximum repetition scores of
the isokinetic-like exercise group was made
a significant
difference existed
improvement after the five-week
tailed t-test
the
mean
maximum
in Quadrant
repetition scores for each
ences in
among upper body strength
training
period.
A one-
for dependent samples was utilized to compare
pre-test
exercise taken
to determine if
repetition
scores
for
each
I to the mean post-test maximum
exercise.
strength improvement
Significant differ­
were found post-training for
each of the exercises in the test battery.
Table
18 shows
the results of the t-tests.
TABLE 18
t-TEST COMPARING THE MEAN PRE-TEST MAXIMUM
REPETITION SCORES FOR EACH EXERCISE
TAKEN IN QUADRANT I TO THE MEAN POST-TEST
MAXIMUM REPETITION SCORES FOR EACH EXERCISE
N
X (R.M.)
S.D.
Two-Arm Curl:
Pre-training
Post-training
Flexion
15
20
0
15
40
10
Extension
Pre-training
15
40
10.7
Post-training
15
70
14.1
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
Bench Press;
Pre-training
Post-training
Push
15
29.3
7
15
54.7
15.5
Pull
Pre-training
15
52.7
17.5
Post-training
15
86.7
18
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
t
7.75*
6.27*
6.96*
7.46*
48
TABLE 18 - Continued
N
X (R.M.)
Military Press;
Push
Pre-training
15
24
Post-training
15
42.7
Pull
Pre-training
15
54.7
Post-training
15
84
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
S.D.
6.3
13.4
7.90’*'
19.6
22.3
5.36*
Right Inside Curl; Pull
Pre-training
15
13.3
5.6
Post-training
15
34
10.6
Push
Pre-training
15
30
12
Post-training
15
64.7
24.2
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
Left Inside Curl;
Pre-training
Post-training
Pull
15
14.7
15
34.7
Push
Pre-training
15
32
Post-training
15
68.7
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
7.75*
6.73*
6.4
7.4
11.83*
15.1
22
7.14*
Upright Row;
Pre-training
Post-training
Pull
15
22.7
5.9
15
47.3
9.7
Push
Pre-training
15
53.3
26.4
Post-training
15
101.3
25.6
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
Pole:
Pre-training
Post-training
t
Flexion
15
16
5.1
15
42
12.1
Extension
Pre-training
15
24.7
9.2
Post-training
15
71.3
20.3
* t > 1.76 significant at .05
12.85*
6.39*
8.51*
9.26*
49
Discussion
Work over
a specified
muscular fitness•
training
is
The
amounr of time will increase
effectiveness
confirmed
by
all
battery for
group.
small subject
tance
in
population, the
terms
of
overload weight
the results of this study which
show significant gains in
the training
of
the
exercises
of
the test
Although this study had a
results should
be of impor­
isokinetic exercise principles and the
minimal amount of workout time needed
to affect
upper body
muscular strength.
Pure isokinetic exercise controls the resistance and
speed of exercise performance.
dating
resistance
velocity of
Therefore,
range of
the resistance
the
amount
motion if
maintain maximal
machine’s PSI
each of
training
"The
principles
bar with
of
may vary within the
is not
strong enough to
Also, it should be noted that the
readings will
the quadrants
by controlling the
a hydraulic cylinder.
resistance
the exerciser
effort.
Mule" employs accommo­
show a
slight acceleration in
without training.
When the velocity
of the resistance bar is increased, the flow
the hydraulic
ted.
of oil through
cylinder and metering blocks will be restric­
Therefore, the PSI readings will increase because more
force must
be exerted to move the oil through the hydraulic
cylinder and metering blocks.
Again, strength gains must be
interpreted in terms of the weight training concept selected
50
and the
type of
equipment used for testing (Shields et al,
1985)•
At
analysis
the
of
.05
level
variance
to
of
significance,
determine
was
significant.
one-way
differences aimong the
cumulative maximum repetition scores of the
exercise
the
sample for each
Further analysis utilizing the
Scheffé method for multiple comparisons and the group number
of
sessions
between
quadrant
that the
protocol may
training
period,
be improved
an
increase
repetitions in the lower
repetition
maximum
repetition maximums suggest
of
by an
the
number of exercise
quadrants, and
requiring that the
a
in
extension in the
new
quadrant
must
surpass the
repetition maximum of the previous quadrant.
The
increases
results
in
completion
of
of
group
a
the
upper
t-tests
reveal
extremity
five-week,
strength
three-times
Rozier and
exercise
Schafer (1981)
program
who found
following
weekly,
minutes daily isokinetic-like exercise schedule.
times weekly isokinetic
significant
is
fifteen
The threesupported by
little differences in
strength gains resulting from isokinetic exercising three or
five times
weekly.
test apparatus,
The combination of the isokinetic-like
the
training
protocol,
and
the exercise
battery appear to have lowered the amount of time and number
of repetitions needed in a specific exercise to
desired
training
effect.
Van
Oteghan
produce the
(197 4) and Brown
(1976) found that an isokinetic exercise program drastically
51
reduces the amount of workout time, yet significant strength
gains do occur.
It is important to
note that
none of
the subjects
experienced muscular soreness throughout the duration of the
study.
These
Clarkson
findings
and
Oteghan
Katch
(1974),
are
(1985),
and
similar
to
those
of Byrnes,
Pipes and Wilmore (1975), Van
Thistle
(1967),
who
indicate
that
muscular soreness does not occur following strength training
which utilizes isokinetic equipment.
’’The Mule" is a unique and
Positive features
and
exercise
marketing
include simplicity
versatility.
for
durable training device.
home
use.
Size
The
and
PSI
difficult to read during execution of
Another related
during the
cost
could
deter
gauges are small and
exercise repetitions.
disadvantage is the lack of visual feedback
exerciser’s performance
military press.
of operation, safety,
A
of the
motivational stimulus
bench press and
is provided when
one can see the amount being lifted.
Although the findings of
from
conclusive,
five-week,
the
three-times
research
weekly,
the present
study are far
hypothesis is retained.
fifteen-minutes
A
daily,
isokinetic-like exercise schedule was effective in producing
significant strength gains in the upper extremities.
52
Summary of Results
The results
of this investigation may be summarized
as follows:
1.
Group mean and percent
strength gains increased
for each exercise and throughout each quadrant (11^ III, IV)
of the protocol.
2.
Group mean and range
were assessed
between Quadrants
Quadrants II-III.
percent strength increases
I-IV, Quadrants II-IV, and
Group mean percent strength gains did not
fall below 35% for any exercise between these quadrants.
3.
Group number of sessions between quadrant repe­
tition maximums
were assessed.
Rate
of group improvement
was dependent on the exercise, quadrant and workload.
4.
There was
a significant difference found among
the cumulative maximum repetition
scores of
the sample for
each exercise.
5.
the
mean
There was
pre-test
exercise taken
a significant difference found among
maximum
in Quadrant
repetition
scores
for
each
I to the mean post-test maximum
repetition scores for each exercise.
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
Muscular strength is an important component of one's
overall fitness profile.
lessen
the
chance
of
Physically, muscular
developing low-back problems, deter
injury, and improve performance of daily
logically, muscular
self-concept.
effective mode
strength may
fitness may
Various
Psycho­
relieve stress and improve
studies
and method
routines.
have
examined
the
most
of training the muscular system.
Still, the most efficient type of exercise mode and the most
effective strength training apparatus is not known.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of an
experimental isokinetic-like
exercise
device
and develop­
mental training protocol on the upper body strength of adult
women.
Fifteen
University
of
Montana
female
students
completed an upper extremity training prograun.
Protocol and
test battery guidelines were
explained to
the subjects.
established
and
The subjects trained ten to fifteen minutes,
three days per week,
for five
isokinetic
device
exercise
weeks, utilizing
known
as
"The
a modified
Mule".
The
subjects were tested for strength improvement prior to their
training
program
and
at
the
53
conclusion of the five week
54
program.
Within the limitations of this study, a five-week,
three times weekly,
exercise
schedule
fifteen
was
minutes
effective
daily isokinetic-like
in producing significant
strength gains in the upper extremities.
Conclusions
Based on the results
combination
of
obtained from
accommodating
this study, the
resistance
principles
and
appropriate training protocol positively affect the develop­
ment of
upper extremity
indicated
significant
sequential
sessions,
the
exceptional
Given the
strength
concrete
concepts
and
helpful to
evidence
optimal
the
training
the
five-week
of
the daily
duration
weekly sessions, and the
increases,
this
training
sedentary and/or
subjects’
the
battery
the
workout
research
concerning isokinetic exercise
frequency
for
upper body
time-conscious individuals who
difficult to exercise on a daily basis.
test
and
This information should be especially
ity of the
because
of
Data analyses
post
during
short
percent
strength improvement.
gains
improvement
frequency
provides
find it
strength
strength
exercise progreum.
muscular strength.
self-reporting
physically
could
statements considered
demanding,
fit
The major­
easily
yet
into
convenient
their daily
schedule,
"The
Mule"
was
found
to
be
a reliable training
instrument with this particular study and sample.
Secondary
55
conclusions, based
and equipment,
on knowledge of weight training concepts
subject
observation,
and
subject feedback
will now be discussed.
"The Mule"
accommodates many
of the training areas
covered in traditional isotonic programs.
unique
advantages
of
the
device
is
Again, one of the
the wide variety of
exercises that may be performed utilizing
a single training
apparatus.
Boredom
contributes
exercise program.
tion
is
that
the
program.
stages
positive reinforcement
motivation
Even though
of
the
early success
subjects
to
strength
and
data collection was
provided, it appears
and protocol
needed
protocol
learning experience
to this investiga­
Even though
testing apparatus
extra
attrition rate in any
two of the original seventeen subjects
dropped out of the study.
that the
the
Of primary importance
only
supervised and
to
to
improvements
may
the
adhere
may have provided
be
the training
in
attributed
light
the early
to
resistance
possible
load, this
in the exercise program may have provided the
with
the
sense
of
accomplishment
needed
for
strength training adherence.
Often
joint
discomfort
isotonic exercise equipment.
occurs
when training with
Partial explanation may be the
erratic speed of movement necessary to pass the weaker joint
angles during muscle
joint discomfort
contraction.
Subjects
while training on "The Mule".
perceived no
Many of the
56
subjects
were
devices.
Consideration of
prevent
one
novices
from
to
strength
safety,
reaching
training
fatigue,
their
and
test
battery
without
pain can
true strength capacity.
"The Mule" may have enabled the exerciser to
the
methods and
inhibition.
concentrate on
The
exceptional
training effect of the exercise program may be linked to the
subjects’ level
of confidence
during the lifting protocol.
If the apparatus is used in a rehabilitative situation, this
contention could be of prime importance.
All the
exercises in
the training prograum produced
significant strength gains.
back indicated
that two
Subject observation
items of the test battery (two-arm
curl and pole extension/flexion)
perform
correctly.
groups
were
Therefore,
execution of these exercises
muscle
from
and feed­
slightly
body
may have
awkward to
instability
during
deterred appropriate
receiving the desired training effect.
Possible injury could result from incorrect
instruction and
performance of these exercises.
Strength
training
is
physical fitness.
Conventional
contribute
to
little
only
one component of total
weight training techniques
cardiovascular
improvement.
Due to
accommodating concepts, "The Mule" may have the potential to
improve
cardiovascular
endurance.
fifteen minute training program
in exercise
five
to
ten
repetitions would
minute
extension
Because
is continuous,
extend the
could
the
ten
to
an increase
workout time.
A
produce substantial
57
strength improvement
contours the
could
be
and an
upper body
invaluable
aerobic effect.
and contributes
among
body
Improvement of physical appearance
A device that
to weight control
conscious
was
the
individuals.
primary reason
the majority of subjects participated in the study.
Recommendations
Based on
the results
of this
study, the following
recommendations are suggested:
1.
Utilize
"The
Mule"
and
adopt
developmental
protocol for muscular strength enhancement.
2.
Use repetition
maximum scores
instead
of
compare
these
maximum
repetition
Strength
Quadrant
I
scores
of
to
the
the
scores
improvements
from Quadrant II
mean
for
due
protocol
and
post-test
each exercise.
to possible subject
learning experience may be eliminated.
The following recommendations for
further study are
suggested:
1.
Replication of this study with a larger sample.
2.
Replication of this study using highly-motivated
intercollegiate athletes.
3.
Replication
training
of
effect
this
of
study
"The
to
compare
the
Mule" to competitive
isokinetic-like upper body strength devices.
58
4.
Replication of
gate
the
this study
relationship
which would investi­
between isokinetic-like
exercise and cardiovascular improvement.
5.
The
Train and test men in addition to women.
following
recommendations
for improvement of
"The Mule" and protocol are suggested:
1.
A protocol
subject
to
change
begin
which
a
would
new
repetition maximum from
not
quadrant
the
last
allow the
until
his
quadrant has
been surpassed should be adopted.
2.
Enlarge "The
Mule's" PSI
exerciser with
visual
gauges to provide the
feedback during perfor­
mance of exercise repetitions.
59
APPENDIX A
SUBJECTS AGE, WEIGHT, AND WEEKLY EXERCISE SCHEDULE
Age
22
22
24
42
24
33
22
23
25
23
26
29
21
29
30
Weight
127
130
120
123
137
118
118
127
115
125
116
140
120
115
133
X = 26.3
X = 124.9
R = 21 to 42
R = 115 to 140
Weekly Exercise
twice weekly
four times weekly
six times weekly
twice weekly
four times weekly
twice weekly
daily
twice weekly
twice weekly
twice weekly
twice weekly
daily
daily
four times weekly
twice weekly
60
APPENDIX B
"THE MULE" PROTOCOL
an
A
1.
Determine 1 repetition maximum at IC.
2.
Calculate 70% of IRM at IC.
3.
Repeat 1 and 2 for all exercises
4.
Set "Mule" at lA for resistance
5.
Subject must complete 10 repetitions at 70% 1 RM
in both directions.
6.
When
10
repetitions
setting at lA, set resistance
at 70% IRM.
completed
at IB, repeat
at
resistance
10 repetitions
61
7.
setting IB,
When
10
repetitions completed
set resistance
at IC, repeat 10
at
resistance
repetitions at
70% IRM.
8.
setting 1C,
9.
When
10
repetitions completed
at
resistance
must seta new repetition maximum.
Determine IRM at IIC.
10.
Calculate 70% of IRM at IIC.
11.
Repeat
procedure for
every quadrant
(II, III,
IV) .
*If subject
does not
complete an
direction) within three to
exercise repetition (one
five seconds,
return resistance
to previous area (A,B,C) in quadrant, increase target to 75%
IRM and repeat A,B,C series.
62
APPENDIX C
SUBJECT DATA SHEET
NAME
AGE
M
SEX
WEIGHT
HEIGHT
Types of activities in which you participate during an
’’average” week ________________________________________
Previous weight training experience
Are you enrolled in an HPE activity class this quarter? Y
If Yesf what activity? _________________________________
N
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
MAX MAX
I
II
MAX MAX
III IV
MAX MAX
III IV
Triceps
Pull
Lat pull
Push
Push
Push
Extend
Biceps curl
Bench Press
Military Press
Right inside c .
Left inside c.
Upright row
Flex (pole)
I
II
70% 70%
Biceps curl
Bench Press
Military Press
Right inside c
Left inside c.
Upright row
Flex (pole)
MAX MAX
I
II
III
70%
I
II
70% 70%
IV
70%
Triceps
Pull
Lat pull
Push
Push
Push
Extend
III IV
70% 70%
63
APPENDIX D
SUBJECT TRAINING RECORD
EXERCISE
DATE/REP
Biceps
Triceps
Bench up
Lat down
Military up
Mi lit. down
Rt In C. up
Rt In C. dn
L. In C. up
L. In C. dn
Uprite R up
Uprite R dn
Flex pole
Extend pole
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Comments :
64
APPENDIX E
MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS EXERCISED
Exercises
♦Muscles
Two-Arm Curl
Flexion:
♦Biceps, ♦Brachialis, ♦Brachioradialis
Extension:
♦Triceps, ♦Anconeus, ♦Latissimus
dor si
Bench Press
Push:
♦Pectoralis, ♦Deltoids, ♦Triceps,
♦Serratus Anterior
Pull:
♦Teres Major, ♦Trapezius,
♦Rhomboids, ♦Latissimus dorsi
Military Press
Push:
♦Deltoids, ♦Triceps, ♦Trapezius
Pull:
♦Rhomboids, ♦Latissimus dorsi,
♦Pectoralis, ♦Biceps
Right, Left Inside Cur_l
Pull:
♦Trapezius, ♦Wrist flexors,
♦Deltoids, ♦Biceps, ♦Brachialis,
♦Brachioradialis
Push:
♦Triceps, ♦Anconeus, ♦Wrist
extensors, ♦Latissimus dorsi
Upright Row
Pull:
♦Deltoids, ♦Trapezius, ♦Biceps,
♦ Brachialis, ♦Brachioradialis
Push:
♦Triceps, ♦Latissimus dorsi
65
APPENDIX E - Continued
Pole
Flexion:
*Biceps^ *Anterior deltoid
Extension:
*Triceps, ^Latissimus dorsi,
*Rhomboids, Posterior deltoid
^Muscles classified as prime movers
Source:
Miller, K. E., Unpublished Mule Manuel,
Missoula, Montana, 1986
66
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, L. E., winant, D. M . , Swasey, P. R . , Seidle,
M, E. , Carter, A. L. and Gehlsen, G.
’’Using Isokine­
tic Dynamometry to Test
Ambulatory Patients with
Multiple Sclerosis," Physical Therapy, 63(8): 12741279, 1983.
Aronen, J. C. and Regan, K.
"Decreasing the Incidence of
Recurrence of First Time Anterior Shoulder Dislocations
with Rehabilitation," American
Journal
of Sports
Medicine, 12(4): 283-291, 1984.
Berger, R. A.
"Effect of Varied Weight Training Programs
on Strength," Research Quarterly,
33(2): 168-181,
1962a.
Berger, R. A.
"Optimum Repetitions for the Development of
Strength," Research Ouarterly, 33(3): 334-338, 1962b.
Berger, R. A.
"Comparison Load and Strength Improvement,"
Research Quarterly, 33(4): 637, 1962c.
Berger, R. A.
"Comparative Effects of Three Weight
Training Programs," Research Quarterly, 34(3): 396-399,
1963.
Blattner, S. C. and Noble, L.
"Relative Effects of
Isokinetic and Plyometric Training on Vertical Jumping
Performance," Research Quarterly, 50: 583-588, 1979.
Brown, B. S.
"Total Isokinetics," Recreational Management,
July: 20-22, 1976.
Byrnes, W. C. , Clarkson, P. M. and Katch, F. I.
"Muscle
Soreness Following Resistance Exercise with and without
Eccentric Contractions," Research Quarterly, 56(3):
283-285, 1985.
Chu, D. A.
"Isokinetic Exercise:
Controlled Speed and
Accommodating Resistance," The Journal of the National
Athletic Trainer’s Association, 6(1): 55-59, 1971.
67
Cooney, M. M.
''Preliminary Results: Hydraulic Resistance
Exercise Training in Subject with Spinal Cord Injury,"
Hydra-Fitness Industries, Belton, Texas, Fall 1985.
Cotner, T. W.
"Effects of Variable, Constant, and Accommo­
dating Resistance on Strength and Power of Adult Men,"
(Unpublished Masters Thesis), University of Montana,
1983.
Counsilman, J.
"Isokinetic Exercise:
A New Concept in
Strength Building," Swimming World, 1969.
Davies, G. J.
"Trunk Testing Using a Prototype Cybex II
Isokinetic Dynamoter Stabilization System," Journal of
Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 3(4): 164-170,
1982.
Davies, G. J.
A Compendium of Isokinetics
Usage, Lacrosse, Wisconsin, 1984.
in Clinical
DeLateur, B . , Lehmann, J. F . , Warren, C. G., Stonebridge,
J., Funita, G . , Cokelet, K. and Egbert, H.
"Compari­
son of
Effectiveness of
Isokinetic and Isotonic
Exercise in Quadriceps Strengthening," Archives of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 53: 60-64, 1972.
DeLorme, T. L.
"Restoration of Muscle Power by Heavy
Resistance Exercises," Journal of
Bone and Joint
Surgery, 27: 645-667, 1945.
DeLorme, T. L. and Watkins, A. L.
"Technics of Progressive
Resistance Exercise," Archives of Physical Medicine,
29: 263-273, 1948.
Elliot, J.
"Assessing Muscle Strength Isokinetically,"
Journal of the American Medical Association, 240(22):
"2408-2409, 1978.
Foran, B.
"Advantages and Disadvantages of Isokinetics,
Variable Resistance,
and
Free
Weights," National
Strength
and
Conditioning
Association
Journal,
February-March: 24-25, 1985.
Gleim, G. W . , Nicholas, J. A. and Webb, J. N.
"Isokinetic
Evaluation Following
Leg Injuries," Physician and
Sports Medicine, August: 75-82, 1978.
Glenn, G.
"Dryland Exercise
November: 28, 1976.
Program,"
Swimming World,
68
Gollnick, P. D.f Armstrong, R. B . , Saubert, C. W. and
Saltin, B.
"Enzyme Activity and Fiber Composition in
Skeletal Muscle of Untrained and Trained Men," Journal
of Applied Physiology, 32: 312-319, 1972.
Gonyea, W. J. and Sale, D.
"Physiology of Weight Lifting
Exercise," Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabili­
tation, 63: 235-237, 1982.
Greene, W. B . , Strickler, E. M.
"A Modified Isokinetic
Strengthening Program for Patients with Severe Hemo­
philia," Development and Medical Child Neurology, 25:
189-196, 1983.
Grimby, G . , Gustaffson, E . , Peterson, L. and Renstrom, P.
"Quadriceps Function and Training After Knee Ligament
Surgery," Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
12(1): 70-75, 1980.
Haagmark, T. and Eriksson, E.
"Hypertrophy of the Soleus
Muscle in Man after Achilles Tendon Rupture," American
Journal of Sports Medicine, 7: 121-126, 1979.
Hilsop, H. J. and Perrine, H. J.
"The Isokinetic Concept
of Exercise," Physical Therapy, 47: 114-117, 1967.
Hinson, M. and Rosentswieg, J .
"Comparing the Three Best
Ways of Developing Strength," Scholastic Coach* 41: 3443, 1972.
Komi, P. V. and Buskirk, E. R.
"Effect of Eccentric and
Concentric Muscle Conditioning on Tension and Electri­
cal Activity of Human Muscle," Ergonomics, 15: 417-4 34,
1972.
Lander, J. E . , Bates, B. T., Sawhill, J. A. and Hamill, J.
"A Comparison Between Free Weight and Isokinetic Bench
Pressing," Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
17(3): 344-353, 1985.
MacDougall, J. D. , Ward, G. R. , Sale, D. G. and Sutton,
J. R.
"Biochemical Adaptation of Human Skeletal
Muscle to Heavy Resistance Training and Immobiliza­
tion," Journal of Applied Physiology, 43: 700-703,
1977.
Meadors, W. J., Crews, T. R. and Adeyanju, K.
"A Compari­
son of Three Conditioning Protocols on the Muscular
Strength and Endurance of Sedentary College Women,"
Athletic Training. 18: 240-242, 1983.
69
Moffroid, M . , Whipple, R . , Hofkosh, J., Lowman, E. and
Thistle, H.
"A Study of Isokinetic Exercise,"
Physical Therapy, 49: 735-746, 1969.
Murray, M. P., Gardner, G. M . , Mollinger, L. A. and Sepic,
S. B.
"Strength of Isometric and Isokinetic Contrac­
tions," Physical Therapy, 60: 412-419, 1980.
Nosse, L. J. and Hunter, G.
R. "Free Weights:
A Review
Supporting Their Use in Training and Rehabilitation,"
Athletic Training, 20: 206-209, 1985.
Pipes, T. V. and Wilmore, J. H.
"Isokinetic
Strength Training in Adult Men," Medicine
in Sports, 7(4): 262-273, 1975.
vs. Isotonic
and Science
Pipes, T. V.
"Strength Training Modes:
What’s the
Difference?," Scholastic Coach, 46: 55, 1977.
Rosentswieg, J. and Hinson, M. M.
"Comparison of Isome­
tric,
Isotonic and Isokinetic Exercise
by Electro­
myography ,"
Archives
of
Physical
Medicine
and
Rehabilitation. 53: 249-252, 1972.
Rosentswieg, J.,
Hinson, M. and Ridgway, M.
"An Electro­
myographic Comparison of an Isokinetic Bench Press
Performed at Three Speeds," Research Ouarterly, 46(4):
471-475, 1975.
Rozier, C. K. and Schafer, D. S.
"Isokinetic Strength
Training:
Comparison of Daily and Three Times Weekly
Patterns," International
Journal of Rehabilitation
Research, 4(3): 345-351, 1981.
Sheilds, C. L., Beckwith, v. z. and Kurland, H. L. "Com­
parison of Leg Strength
Training Equipment," The
Physician and Sports Medicine, 13(2): 49-56, 1985.
Sherman, W. M. , Plyley, N. J., Vogelgesang, D . , Costill,
D. L. and Habansky, A. J.
"Isokinetic Strength During
Rehabilitation Following Arthrotomy:
Specificity of
Speed," Athletic Training, 16: 138-141, 1981.
Sherman, W. m ., Pearson, D. R . , Plyley, M. J., Costill,
D. L., Habansky, A. J. and Vogelgesang, D. A.
"Iso­
kinetic Rehabilitation After Surgery," American Journal
of Sports Medicine. 10(3): 155-161, 1982.
70
Sherman, W. M . , Plyley, M. J., Pearson, D. R . , Habansky,
A. J., Vogelgesang, D. A. and Costill, D. L.
"Iso­
kinetic Rehabilitation After Meniscectomy:
A Compari­
son of Two Methods of Training," The Physician and
Sports Medicine, 11(4): 121-133, 1983.
Smith, M. J. and Melton, P.
"Isokinetic versus Isotonic
Variable Resistance Training," American Journal of
Sports Medicine, 9(4): 275-279, 1981.
Talag, T. S.
"Residual Muscular Soreness as Influenced by
Concentric,
Eccentric,
and
Static Contractions,"
Research Quarterly, 44(4): 458-469, 1973.
Thistle, H. G . , Hilsop, H.J., Moffroid, M. and Lowman, E. W.
"Isokinetic Contraction:
A New Concept of Resistive
Exercise," Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabili­
tation, 48: 279-282, 1967.
Van
Oteghan, S.
"Isokinetic Conditioning for Women,"
Scholastic Coach, 44(2): 78-81, 1974.
Wilder, P. A. and Sykes, J.
"Using an Isokinetic Exercise
Machine to Improve the Gait Pattern in a Hemiplegic
Patient," Physical Therapy, 62(9): 1291-1295, 1982.
Wilmore, J., Letter to the Editor, Medicine and
Sport and Exercise, pp. 11, 1979.
Science in