CHAPTER 2
PAKISTAN'S NUCLEAR PROGRAMMf,: THE
FORMATIVE PHASE
r'!lis$h
bccame an ovcn nuclcar pow€r
in 1998 whcn ir caricd oul six nuclqrlcslsdl
chughi Md Khdan, Rur lhc jouhc, rowards Lhis 8oal beBan with lhe esrablishncnl
ol
$cPakl$anAromicEnergycommhsion(l,AIiC)inl956,whichmarks$ebetinningol
irsnrclcarqucsl
l hc initiallocus
ol(he nascnl nuclcar poCr.mne wd
Cedted
loqd'ds
thc cstabLishmenr of a smail. bur vibMr civililn nuclear inlrdructure, The iniriarives
dd mk*d durin8
lhc$ lomarive yca6. would cvenoally dNidc rhc naruc dd *ope ot Pdk.3lan!
nucldr prog6mm€. In lals yca6, fiis pte ele po@d lo be fundam.ntal to.
acqlnin! thc bsic nrcl@ lrowledsc and $tling !p linkaAcs witn v.rious W6lem
rakcn,
$e pla.s conceivcd.
nuclcar cstlblishmcns
and rhc
choic6 and opponu.iries arailed
md aaciliries. Undq dc auspics or d€ United St t.s led Alons
lor Pqcc PogBmmq Nonh
m$icon aid Euoped .ocl@ laciliries aho olfcred
op.niigs tbr lruinine Pakistlni scicntisls
cncrlt,
a
cngineE in $e pcrcclul oes otalomlc
lhcsc opponunnies enabled thc dcvclopmonr ollhelechnislbasc, which mcdc
ir posslblc
llowcvcr,
o
rc-oricnr $e
$k phN emc
cilililn prolsmnq in
1972 lor makins nuclcar wcapois,
to b. stnbolizcd by rclucrdir dechion'makine. bueauoftrlc
$lugglcs lmons dillercnl inslilulions and individutls, borh *nhin thc PAEC.
end
hj$ccn $c PAEC and thc civil bue.ucr.cy. 1he turf ba|ll€s dietly afsted lh.
cvolurio. ot Prtk$. s nlclee pogmmc durin8 lh* lomariv. yed.
]-hcchrc, this chapter exploes thc rgious achi€vemenE
dd failuE
\thich
tca6 ol ns nuclmr pmSrammc. h de
onalyrs lhe lole played by PAUC in cs$lhhing $c civilian nuclsr inlr6lruclue
durinB this p.riod inipitc oflhc buresucrolic odds. The chtptt k dividcd inb lhrcc
l,akiskn cxpcricnced duins ihc
fid fin*n
main scclions, namely: Covc mcnl CollcSc. l,ahorg Nucleus of Nucle& Pski$ani
lhc Nuclor Option Fu.l Cvclc D.b.tcs $d
aureauctulic parht, followcd by dconclusion. Thus, $e following pagescxploefiee
rhrcc pc ods, which conslnulc lhe lornsrivc ph& ol Pakh$n s nuclen progBnhe
C@tion oa P EC: lhe Usnani rim
dd
fic Elcv!fl lhmEtical aPPMch6.
widde [email protected] i. lhc ch.preL
The concludins paBsrcths di$uss
modek in thc liglr oarnecmpnical
t.
2.
Covc.n o€nl Coll(ltc, l,ahorc:
Nuclcar
N
u.leu! ot Nucle..
D6itdiSms
od
l'ckithn
!,!kht'n lound ils @tt in $e Ph$ics Depann.nt ol cotsnmcnt
LahoE. whcn Dr. Rafi Mlhsmmad chaudhriniSmt€d to Pakisbn
fon
College.
India in 1948.
tle was a ltofc$or ol I'hysics at thc Muslim UniteNiry of Aligarh (lomcr Drilish
India). now i.India. wholeughl6r Alisarh Universit, fton l92l lo l929.nd Pdeeded
b Canbtidec in
1929 on a
$hoh6hiP fo! his
Ph
D lle wortcd
unde. Prclcssr Edest
Rulhcrford, u Nobcl Lsorcorc who had di$ovced th€ tromic nuclcus
Subscquenrly- D!, Ch.udhri Rrurned |lom
Cdbrid8e in
l9ll ..d joined lhe
Alignd Univccity in l9l8 whce hc wodcd until 1948 wh.n rhe Covhn.nr 6f
Prkkkn invircd hin ro.ioii lhe Colenncil Collegc, lihoE Hc was subscqu.nllv
appointed asa Professor and hcod
oithc llop.nmenl ofPhvsicsst Colernmqnl College,
lollowinghis migration ro P*isran. Dr. Chaldhri'sdivalin ldhore was madc possiblc
shcn Sn Msrl Oliphsnl wdlc lo $e lounds of P.tht& lnd $c fiul OovcmorccrcElQuaid-i-Azon. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. who @mDcndcd
collcgc.In 19t2. Dr. chsudhriisbelieved lo
a
1.2
collcgcatul
-Nucras or.
4d
to join Covcmmcni
singlc-hddcdlt planncd dnd insrall€d
*d sr up in lhe
Rcsdh l-.bodory (Hll,) fo! lromic Es*h in lhe
million volr hishrcnsion Suemtor at $c Collese lhe machine
Hieh lcnsion.nd Nuclcsr
I
hdve
hin
was thc
rldfl
fiN oicoliLs
Poxr"
rttt
'dmurxi.H\\
.i Po,
.hu;;n d lhr P,rtrtrr'r t{
kind in So!$ Asia:
7i'si 0:hotuI r-ury
12- 200c
r@incd OiBlorof lhc lligh Tension 4d N@lqr Rcsrch
r
l.boElory ar Co*nmenr Collcec. r,rno4, tmh 1948.lgot Tnmughout Lhe l9t0t dd
1960r a ldCe nmbcr oa tudmls ss hincd in nlclot eiqe 4d t*hnologJ undet
his superyision. ]lley mnducled evcEl cxpctimcnk !.d gol firsl-hand expericF of
Dr. R. M. Chrldhri
cssilill
nuclear
ol
tshniqu6
Gdiario. derecrion and
sls
fabncad.g nuclca.
cluipmenr. Thh eqlipmen includcd nuclcdBdisrion detdo6, lnd sudents conducled
rcscarch on rhe larest
dd curenl nuclee
lopics olthe rimc.4
l.
addition, Dr. Chaudhri s
clas blowi.g and in $c
mcchanicol and eleclanic workshops, ljolowiig lhc cohplelion ol advanced nuclear
sludics abrcld, mostly Ph.Ds and wo in8 for $frc ycs6 al hone, Dr. Chludhri\
sludcnts weE Biven practical tmining in vacuum lcchnology,
.ludens_pld)edd
edrnsrclcinm.lingP.khknonu.larounrrj.'
Mr. Munt Ahmad Khrn. ^ D., lshtaq Ahmad. Dr. samr
l). Alam. l)r. llvd Auhld Mi?a Mr. PaRcz aut. Chiudhry
Muhamnad Yunus. .mong olh.6,' l. rhir @ga.d. Dr Srnar
Nall D.. Chldhri $ rh. |oe l her of Pltisun! n(lar
.cl.mor orlhe
rift,nd NblhLr
\udM sdsc $d
r.rhnotoB/
' 'ort or,hc tdq5
or
ii
e6e.
d rhir niilurioi in Ll|lor ed
thc
b.i ii
I
chldi
rEh rdsion hhr:6d6
sc Piysts D!?rnmo'oim.Plljrb
Plij,b !rr.6ity h.d , €rr h4rrir
^rr.
soo
ldroi ! mod0i ichm
N.M Brr. _Nrh,i Redifiion Ldusrim rnd
I *drd ny
tu f.'r'
'h.
|lc
nild.d
lo
P|rjlm
6,on A|ig]h
'
ehysi.s md
fufi M!}mmd
'hc
i$
iis
rB
Dr
lr}n nBli do vr
Uiiv6il' !d
my
lioiofphric.ls$'4[
!ni!.air, t]'c |md.r.nmo6 ii ri. cov.nm.m coll!*.
.ohFriio tinFodlc.drr€Dorrh
s.mii Mrblikmiid, sn.trE o
^
od rh.
'lheeforc, $c csrablishmcnl ol
t
Physics Depsnmc.! in
Covcmmc Coll.Se.
t,ahorc. povidcd lhc inlcll.crual and acadcmic louidalions lor producinS thc 116l
scncariDn oanuclca.
olesarch
*ienrist.fld cngine6
and cnucarion in
in l'akislr..
h.lso b@anc lhe localPoi
phtticslnd rcl.kd disiplincslhtl ullimatlv
introduced
$c
alc olaLomic cnerg! in l'akislan. lhus, il proved to be $e brcedin8 Sround of a core
snd qould Eom lo
8rcup of toung Pakisknh who would lalo bc tmined dbrcad
Pakisrd ro huch aid delclop 3 nuclcor poeamme
l
hc
fomario. ol3n
19. 1954.
tomic tinersJ Reerrch Orydi/3lion wG snnounccd on O.tober
b) $c rh.n Minisler ot l.d!$!les. Khtn Abdul Qlyvum
Khan
t flc disclosed
$is duing his Prcsidenli.l add6s |o $e P.kisltt Colncil ofsciorific .nd tndu$rial
Rcsrch iPCSIR), which coincided lirh s mding bd\Nq lhe lhcn P.ine Minislcrot
Pathtan
hd
I'rcsidcnl Ei$nhowe! olthe Unned SlalesIo HoMv$. this a.nounccmenl
had ns backsmund in rhc eslablishmenr of a Dnecblate ofScicnlific and Induslrial
Rcsqdch. soon alicr indcpcndcn€c
in
194?
Ihis organiarion. in tu.n. lct to
lhe
fomarionor. Palislo Councilof Scicmific4d IndustialRe*dh or rcSlR. in 1951.
hcaded bt D!. Salinuzzhln Siddiqli. Subsequenllt, s Planning Commilree wd scl up
undcr the aegh
of l'CslR,
hcaded by
!
physicht, Dr' Nozir
hnad, ro
snv
oul
leasibiliry ror thc csbblishment ol nedcd laboalodcs
-.Alons
for Peae_
h $c meanlime. l'6idcnt Eisnhower h.d nad. his fmous
spceh. lle dNladji - thc Unilcd slaGs knows lhar peetul Po*r tbm olonrc dcrgv
is.o dRam of lhc furoE. Ihal catabili(y. d@dv povcd. is herc. now. lodav "
Pdkistani
sienlnN, howovcr. wcre quick b capilaliz on this spNh ln Janu.lv 19t4.
[l.Enksci.rc.sei.ly'c..lEi'
'
i "u,^. r,.e", n'^
* t,""\L tEta'etqq 4M'! Pd'bp4l
oumild l didi rdiru. olschl
|:Dwighi|i$hdd'.^lmfolPoc
Hisrory'
200tt
iI
4,
Unis6ilv addErcd lhc
qhilc
scicncc confesncc in KaEchi. ln his sFcch he rcn'rlcd thot
D., Ru iuddin Siddiqui, die
6'h P{kisten
fic.
Vice Chanetlor of PcahtMr
'sicnce and cduoalion werc ! defence ag|inn i€nodncc t'd eon*qucn Povent 4nd
di*!*. u $cy ollcEn lhe pbnisc oa 6odcd def€ncc lor ! @u'try like Pakisran '
Morcovcr. Pakirkn had lls sLaRcd rlking *riols inlc{sl in lhe Aloms for Pcte'
plan. 'lhe
fiN
si8n ol dis camc in Seflcmbc 1954, whcn lhe U
Assiarion (NPA)
announc4d
thfi n
econonic and poticy rclalcd ksucs
S NalionalPldnnin8
snv oll ! *.i€s of {odics
cdgSing tion alomic enerSt in
s
.ounrries. The list aho includcd Pa(hbn
lo
on vatious
deYcloping
r' A few wecks laler, thc thcn Minhtd for
Kh4 fomallv expesad ns interc$ for
wss hcld on
hlmcssins a$mic cie.Cy ar lhc send meling ol lhc PcslR *hich
Irdusrnes of Pakine. Kh.n Abdul Qavvum
Funh.rmorc. Dt. salinu/lman Siddiqui. the hcad of PCS|R cxplained lhal
commitlcc was bcing rel up to prePe
tlc clabod€d thot thc lint
Bk
'
d.lailcd. Phasd Alonic Enc€v PbeBmne
dd lss th' colnlrv\
'" Howevcr, he enphdi4d lhlt lhe succe$ ot 3nv
in dis diGrion
rcsourccs in mdioactive minerals
such plan det.ndcd
a
a
'w
lo surev
on a l6r8c nucleer sci.nce codmu.itv.
which would rcquiE
ending )oune dcntisls,nd c.8ireE abo.d lor spccitlazcd lEining when th' Rtrv
M.tcriah Sub-Commd* of the U.S. Conglcss Joinl Commitle on Alonic ltnc'eJ
lisncd Pakisran in $e lall of 1954, n notcd $al Pakho.is wee e.thusiaslicallt looking
foNlrd
!o
Nislo@
in
rh. ficld of abnic cmrgv
"
Alons for Pcrcc eihibirion w6 held in Sdhawalpur in January l9t5
energv This
shcru $e Ptlisrdi public gol ils fid e4sorc lo lhc mrld of
'tomic
'lmvcline exhibilion wos org.nized bv 6c United Slales tnfom*ion Agcncv and
A U.
s
spanncd sn
as
o13000 squae feel,l Piclures, films and nodch wete ued to show the
cvolutioi lnd potentillolnslqrenergy
Ms eponed
16 b€
a !m.sh
hit s
!o lhe Pd(ist
d
peopl. vbhiie lhe exhibilion.ll
moe thd 2500 teople visircd ir duriig $c li6t
rm
dr,3." When$ecxhibilion
cndcd, 6..sdna$d t0,000 people hed visitcd it.'Ih€ exhibition thcn cane lo b.joinrl,
orBanizxd by lhc Paki$an Atomic Energy Comnitee dd fte U. S. Embssy and movcd
lo kmchi. rjhorc and llshaw. lr wa vieBed by !s dony !s 100.000 pople in
Kmchi !lon..x lllcefoE, in order b capitsli- on lh. potcnrill bcnelits ol$c Alons
houB ofns oFning and !tuther 6000 vhning ir thc nexr lwo
for Pcrcc PBgmmmq
tq
covenmenl of Prthr.n in Janulry 1955 d.cid€d
an lnsriluc of Alonic l,ncEy.
lime,l
cndblish
u wa simed hame$in8 rbnic energy lor
spplietions &d led to thc fomdion
of lndustris. headed by Dr.
b
Nzn
of! connine
Ahmad eno
ws
various
of twclte sienrisls. in $c Mini.try
ncadinS
$c TlriA Commision
{
$c
lllecommntcc i$elfwasdablhhcd onJanuary6, l9t5.lhrou8h rhe Minisrry s
No.20 (19) S&D-ll/54.,, lt w.s mand.ted ro prcpor€ a Roeorch and
Dclelopmcnl or R&D pogmmc lor & ln3litole of Alohic ltnsrSy, in addiion lo bcgin
Re$olution
Gtoitmc ed hini.g of ndpowr
r@hnolo8y.'2r lr was aunhct
(l)'lo
i.
voa@s lields
lsiBn.d $c lollo*ing
of
nucl€d
$icne !.d
t,.sks:
rcglla$ thc preurcmenr, suppl!, monufaclurc.nd disposat of mdi@crile
subsllnccs md cary out suRcy fo, Bdiolcliw marnah.
(2)
lo
6ss
rbc @unlry s
aromic cheBy and ro l4kc
(l) ]b pbn dd
rcqrieoos
in rcsp€r
ofrhc
us
a.d opptic.tions
of
dilneccstry stcls forrheir fulfillncnl.
esublish
Abnic
Encrgy ond
Nuclar RcsEh Inslilules
!1
':,bd.p.?
.'
r||
Qrr$i. _Rsrrdror! nln fi.
kty
Diye
onh! pAEc,.. n" rvr/.s, vol.
42.
NG
r-2 o0o5),
(4) To preparo cstirdtes
ot
rccciPh and expcndilure lor 6ppov.l
of
the
Cov(nmctrr aid incurcxptrdnueon m, ircm wi$in thc appmrcd budgcr'
(t)'tocMleposs od nake appoinhcnts ofalllehniol!.d non'ehnical $an
riceJ
(6)To catiy oul negoli.lio.s wilh Alodic
llodies olo$ercountriB on all
matrcB rcldring roatomic en.r8y.
{7) ro perlom
such olher luncliohs
dclclotmcnl in l,aknun
I
hc
6 mly
be
in co.nKtion wnh donlc
'ncrgv
dcsired by $e Cov€mmeit.
Comniucc compi*d thc lollowihs memb€6J'
Chaime rarilTCommision
2
D. Srleem.urlamrn
SitlLliqui
Dircdoi scicnlific & Induslisl Rcserch.
OovedtMr of Prkist.tr Km.hr
vrce
chtnellor. Un,veRi') oI Psh,lrr
Udtor,
Ltbonbn6 lohoE
PCSIR Rec'oml
DiEdo., s.ienlilic and Ind$rl.l
DiKorChml olHahh
tl..d.
Dcp.nmcnr of
R*ah
S.nicB. covmmcd
Phri6.
llii6it'
Vinisrry of AsricuhuF. Govrmt.nr
Dr.
tali
Muhanmad Chaudhn
Prurkw
or PhFrs.
It
^$kb
ofttn
Covdmc collqr'
Nhhrer Medkal Coll.E.,
Principd. Agi cuhD€
of
Lahor.
Mul0r
collcg.
l,val
Pmf*or ol PhFidlo3:/.
lplr
vd.
nlrY
t3
Thercforc. o.
of
P.li$d
Octoberll. I9t5. this commi|le donmcndqd lo $e Govemmcnt
io csllblith cn aulo.onous Aromic EmrgJ Comnission
"
As
'
6uh olfiis
vide Re$lulion
rceonnendaion. on ljqbrua.y 29, 19J6. thc Covcmmd o' Plkistan
No.l'.22 (4,1) AIr5t, q$oblhhed aCounciloiAlomic Energv lhisCouncilcompiscda
(;ovcrning Body and thc Atooic Energy Commissioh'6 The Coveming Aodv in luri
of
codprased $e Mini$cB of Indlsns .nd ljoaign AlIaiB, Scttldjs of Minisrry
a(l
lndusris
'l
Financc, ond $e Cnaiman of PAEC." h. PAEC
nslf conprisd four
powcr, fi.oic€ aid admininm(on. and $@ pan'
lull'linc membcs. c.ch fo! resedch.
r mc membcn who wc( hcaded bylhe Chsnnan ln addilion lhcrc wcrc two
scienlhts
onc qeh fron tast ond Wcsl Paiksn. to bc appointd b! lhe Cov'mnent. as
pd_line
McmbcF)'Thc Advierr
Cmmift.
mcmbc6 was al$ coniilurcd
hodcd bv $e Mini$cr for lnduslries
b advislhc Aromic Energt
Morovcr, thc A(omic Energ! Coorcil
16
dd $inv
Council on voriols dallcB
rc8ktcrcn und$ lhc Socielics Acl
i-solchme.t dep.dm€nt wi$ cllcct from Sepembq
ll. 1958.' rhc Ptkistan todic F,e4t Council. [s Covcming l]odv lnd th. Aromic
lincrgt comnission wce lMninued. i.c. il onsisl€d ol abnic [ne's* council. a
XXlof1860dd
t
h
is bqclmc
!
sem
Covcming Body ond lhc Atomic Energy
nalus
old
Conmision'ln
1965 lhc PAEC
s$turory body rhrough an Acr ol legislau€ and ollaiied eme
scqund $e
ncs(c oi
lo lulfiil irs slrlulory obliEations in rcsFct of intemal administration and
inrcmaioml cmpdatioo,r' lxc obj<riv6 dd functions 6 sllLd undq $e l96t
auronomy
Ordinane were
(l) 'lhe
s undtrl'
lunction ol
$c l'akistln Alomic
rhi.!s, including rcsc!rch work.
line!8,y Conmission shall be lo do
necessary
lbr $c promotio. ol rhe peaceful
tll
.cls,
usca
o'
atomicenersy in lhc liclds oaagricuhurc. mcdicinc and indusrry.nd lor the ex4urion ol
49
dcvclopncm prcFds involliig nlclc& powcr stlliois lnd
$c
Scncdlion
ol el*(ric
(1) rhc Comnisrio.- may. on beh.taof or wilh $c appbvtl otth' CenlEl Covenne't'
rel ingiothc
or on b.halloionr lovincial Covemocnr. pertod such oher luoclions
pcacclul0scsofslomie cncrgy.nd on such lclmsdnd condilionsas met be aStced upon
b.rwn
dc Conoission
sd
In uddnion, thc PAF-C
.xcmpring
th.
Covemoc
3uch
Act
1965
ws anefllcd in
Commission liom the aPplicaion
1968
dd lgiin in l9T4lhedbt
of Indx*idl
Relalions O'dinoncc
tho cheged in vie* offic chdgcd
polirical conditbn olfic counlry. Dr' Nuit Ahnad $s lpDointcd 6 thc fiN Chaimtn
oi PAEC. uho assumcd chaBe on Apil ll. 1956. P EC renained d tnached
d.p.nmcntolrhc Minislry of lndusries and MinemlRcell6 uptil 1964 aner which il
l969.j lhc prcvhion rc8g(ling Frsr Pakisrd
was
fitsl llincd Ndions lntemdlional Aloms lor PcNce
conleencc ws held in Cencv.. which was ancndcd b, . Pathl.ni delcgoLion lcd b) l)r'
Ntir Ahmad. I lcrc. rhe Unncd St.lcs offetn a glt of Us I 350'000 to hclp co!nri'3
b.camc eutonomous.
psnicipdlinS in
p(relul
uscs
fie
of
In
1955. the
conlercnce
rc initialc reeorch prcjeds 8d lo8lammes In
onic cnergY'
'lhcrcforc. in M.Eh 1956.
Patisran. U.s. alomic encrSy
scning
!p
a
lnc
Fscarch reeror
co6ullsB
t4ilily
fic Covcnmcnt ot
fic counlry tocsrvo 6efe$ibilnvol
i. $c w*e ot a cqu€sl
visiled
bv
rt CoNcqu€nrlv. on Mdv 21, | 956. Dr' Nozn
Ahn'd'
Chuidan of PAliC. inlom.{ lhe Coveming Bodv ol PAEC about thc Unilcd St6tcs'
oltcr ot prcviding linsncial asisancc to mcd rhc co$ of$e tselor 0'd briefed the
x
S lonic EneBv Consulllnls In 1957 plans aB
iomulatd io s| up erpcnmcnl'l l4ilitie3lo hin mnpowr' A small laboBtorv *'lh
limitd tacililicswds scl upallh. wosl Whdrl Karachi in 1957.'
mccrin8 lboul thc
rhil
oa
fic
U
50
6c Coveming Bodv poposed lo acqurrc 0
slheCP_t. D|DOorS*inning Pol ttT' tqrch
Following etlqnsive delibcnlions,
mcdion sizcd rcsarch
octor
srch
rcscrorand lo scck lunds lor ns purchase fsm the U S lnledalionalCoopcBlion Agcncv
r
Mo@vcr. in numco6 comdunicarions D' Nazi
plerdcd wiih Ihc Minkrics ofFino.cc and lorci8! ffai6 to obbii an tllocal$n
^hmad
of!.s. $ I million ora lo.. ftom UsExlMrtThisw.s intended loracP_5 rcdlor' hke
or orher sid or donor agcncics
fic o.e rt fic Argonnc Nalional l,abontorv. lllinois. USA In o.c such lcllq Dr' Nui
Ahmad wsrc lhar rhe CP-5 offced greaM .dvdhges lor r.$arch eompded rc lhe
swidnine pel eactor. owins lo lhc lttrs's tu.ninglhc 6skolbccomi'8 obeoletc in du'
!$
ln spirc oaP liC s @onmcndstions rhc nano ms rhclrcd snd no arion
|0kcn. lnslcad ncSorialiois wilh (:anada wcrc initiotcd lor thc purchasc ofan NRxrvPe
rcaclor ar a pmhihnivc cosl of U.S t 7 nillio. Howcvcr' dc Pldning Connision of
Pakh$n did
iol
approvc lhG inili.live,
I)am pojecl.4'Moieotci the
rlrlcr
rcdclor was kqrl pendinB for
lhe
dlmosphere in
ihis
r6br. _
I
s
il soughl lo
o
penaining
more
sP€nd
thc supplt
ycd upiil March
lhc moncv o' lhe waMk
ofa swimming-pool lrp€
9, 1959 whcn in o rcnF
PAIjC lloard mcclinS, Dr' Nazn Ahm.d annou.ccd thc ins|.allation or
llemc. in 1959.lhc Gov€mn.nl of Patisrsn daided to
swimminC liool type rcacor. which clmc
RcocroFl (|,ARR-l) al aco( of
!S
b
be known
ffd
up
t
5 MWe
P.kistan Abmic Rcscdrch
$ 6lN].000.'l
A.ommiltee comprisinS lhc Chaiman
Usnani. (Mcmbe). PA|C.
6
*t
ofP
liC. Dr' Nazir Ahmdd Dr'
Df. Ab<tus Sllam Olnrane Medbe.. PAIIC).
I
H
*l4lcd
a
sui$bb snc for $e rcaclor.ll sas lo bc sciupal Nilos villagc on th€ Lchld Road on
lhc ourskids of lslamab.d.c Th.cloe shilc $e Got.nodl olP.khtan wls quick lo
make
$e bes of lhe Aroms lor
P@ce
Fo86mnq il did nol Pdlide $e autoiomv,
'"sr'"i;."R'h.*. h,r r,,/ b.14*r, krm'bld
(
Pnd wkc Pubrisrio(
re)
|p
22
2l
di$dion lnd
such ofUoial suppon qas
lan ns
iapri
of$c PAEC B@il ot th. Chaimln of
n$ssry ior P DC lo nate d4isions, which *ould
imponancc to lhc opinion
PAEC
have a
groMh ofrhc iuclcsrprcgEmmc
o r lhe iLrurc
'lhus- upril rhc bcginning
otlhe
1960s. PAEC
and financial sutonony rcqliRd ro obbin the
l.ctcd lhc.dminishlivc fn dom
n*srt
inlBltucluts
supPon and
lhh intastruclue ws supposd Lo bocome $e basisofnuclear
$ience rnd lcchnolosr in Pekish. Ncvcnh.l6s, PARR_I $6 lo bccomc fie
emelpiec for es€th lnd kinins in sromic cn€re/ lor tc n.xl thc dc.d.s mund
facililics from abmad
"hich
thc PINSIECH compkx would dcvelop into thc
!rmi$
nuclcdr rcsarch
esrablirhmcnr in Pakisbn.
2,3,
lh. Usn.ni r:rr
lllsin
Dr lsh.d
{1.
tl.) Usmani
!s
lhc
[email protected] Chaimd of
PAEC snd
enai.cd in
ollccfrcml960-1972.'lislclminoilicewi$e$edthee$ablishm€nlolPlNSlEClland
fic tumchi Nuclear Powq Pl.nl o! KANUPP. which launched $e civilian nuclea!
pogrammc in Paki$an. Morc impotuily howcvcr, hh
tmincd hundE{s oa
siorists
nuch lorBcr pcacctul md
discusing
L
$e*
and engineF who
nucl*
w
er
is EmembeEn for having
larcr cnplov€d in
weeFns pogmme. lhcrcloE,lhis
d*loPin8
slion,
aspe.$, diseusscslhe raining programmc launchcd bv Dr.
lt. lhnani origin.lly joined lhc ntsnl
Reedrch." lle belonged lo
I
rcapecled
a
besides
thmniand
PAEC on Mly 21. 1959 as (Membeo
Musiin f.mily ofDelhiand AliSarh llc ohain€d
hisB.S.(ltonou6)d€srecfrcmlheAligalhMuslimUnivcrsilrinl936lndsub*quc.rlv
rn M.Sc (Phtsics) dcgN frod Bomb{y tJnire6ny'tn 1917. h. pceded lo rhc
lmperial collcse. Unileisily ol London. b.any oul reseaeh in.tomic phvsica underlh€
S Bl4kclr l lis Ph D ihesis €nttuled. "A
Cry$sh by !:l4tDn DifTdcrion uas @dplercd in
sup€dision of lhe Nobel l..uRals. Pml', P.M
sfud!_
oflhe Crowlh ol compound
l9r9." As lhe..
was no physicajob a!6ilcblc in Btirish India. Usmani bok
Civilseniceexam
lhe Indian Ciril
beaorc indcpeidencc, Upon
$e lndian
hisrctum loBilish lndia, Usndijoin€d
Scrie in 1942 and dl fic tine of indcpendence, he oPled lo eo lo
lakislan, whcrc hc eded as chictconirollcr, lmpons.nd expons'r
In 1958, Prcsidenl Ayub Khan 4slsd
I)r
bdus Salan. thc lhcn Chief Sciemific
Advisortorhe PRsidcnr of Pakisun, lohclPlhh lhccrcdlionolrhe PAF,C Momver, n
w6salam who
ifle when he was aboul io be
Arub Khdn lo makc him Chanman of PAEC '" Pol Salam
salvaBed
dismissd and dsked
Usndifrcm lhc cirilsnice
al a
Ecalled $a( wh€n hc fi6r .ame lcsss Dr. U3mani bv chance in 3 ailwav c.ria8e In
$c latrer had ecemly ban lppoinlcd $ hcod olPakisu\ Ceologic.lsuwev tle
qrlier etucd as DnEtorceneral of lhc Cuioms D.plnmd and Sdfl claioed to
1957.
had
havc
succstull'
assumc
fic
chargc
peuuadcd Usn.ni to
Kepl Ptsidcnl
Ayub Khd s invit tion ro
ofchaiman oaPAlic.'
One oa rhc
fid
stcps lakcn
b,
Dr.
UsMi ans
osuning ome
m
rhc
]1c$ i.dudcd lwo Atonic Encrgv ccnl6
in 196l and 1962 rcspelivcly. onc €ch Nr l-lhot.nd Dec. Th6e cerrcs had lhe b€sl
r.search facililics in Pakhlm lhc llnc tnd includcd a 14 MeV Neuuon Cenemtorand a
van_dccmff linea.
sub-crirical 6scmblt ol maBnox-cltd ndudl umniun rods
accclcmror ond an IDM 1620 compurcr scrc scl-up s( $c Dacca Cenft.: Moicovcr.
eslablishnem ofR&D ond tEininB facihics
among rhe
fi6r
sreps
iinhred by $c Arodio l:neBy Cenrrc, l,ahore, aho knovn
as the
Aromic Lncr8! MincralCe.ft or l,ahorc Ccnlrc, was thc oxploration ofur.nium Thh
aclivitycontinucdimnl960-l96landuraniumdcpositsweeloundinDcmChaziKhan
DhLricr. in sourhcm Punjab provincc, Mining
ol ud.iun
be8an the same vear and a
PAIjC Ssologisl. Khalid slom, was 8ircn lhe fid_wer n,ri.nal civil tw.rd ror
discolcrins deposns of uraniuh.'"
Ihcefore.lhea$ocialionofPrcf.
poi
Salam and
rrr. usmdipoled lo bc lhc s.ning
for thc grou1h of nucleu *icn€c .nd rcchnoloBy in
rogcthcr to
tep
Plkislrt l
hcy
ale
workcd
polnid lqdc6hip appi*d of lhc imponde ol dcvcloping sicne
ge.@l and armic ocrgy in p€nicule. Mo@vq, thc adrcnl of Dr
lhc
dd GhnolocJ in
thnuni as chaimu or
PAEC @uld
hold in a ncw m ii
Pakistan\ nucl4r
prognDne. esp€cirllt wnh eelrd |o rhc rmininS of $ifllisrs a.d
iniliurivc. which bcson during Dr. Nazn Ahmld s lcnud
6
ogi.4B
This
of PAI]C, is
Chairman
discuscd at lcnBth in the aollowin8pangmphs
2.J,1,
lhclr.iniryPmgrrmhc
'Ihc U.S. lcd Aloms for Pqcc PD8t.mmc opened de gatcs oa !.S. .uclcar
$abli.hmcn|l ro young eie.|isrs and onsinffi oflhc lhid World lor rhc fiEt limc.'l1c
gEd!.tes o' rhee insiru$ons would 80 on to b€ome lade6 of n ion.l nuclsr
P@gFmmcs in Oen home cdntiG in sbs.qumt ye6. Sone of fi.m muld al$
bcconc pio.eu lor |he newly cre.tcd InEm.tion.l tonic Enerej/ Age.cy (IAEA),
I'rcmin.nr emonB gndlares of Aroms fo! Peec nuclcafeiene lnd engincring r4ining
villics
who plalcd such oles w€E wynand de
and
MuirAhmad
Khan who
*dcn
rs
chsirmcn olthcSouth Africdand Paki$anAtomic Energy Comnbsions respccrivoly,'"
Momvcr. eveial Indian. hmcli.
fton
such
hinins
and
dusrio.al
recilincan snd B@ilion scien ns bcnclltrcd
pogr6mmcs. TheefoE. by the eod of lhc 1970s.
$vcEl rhousnd loreiCn nucled sicnri$t lnd cngineG reE tBined ond pruduccd bt
thc llnit.n si.res including
enc
1.100
ca$blishncnls. which ofcrcd atonic
l8lims." Th€ rw nos
d$Bt
pmnin.
DArit t'rrnd, skpp'ry 6e Vrtod al Nubat
N$ Yo,rr RorrrdF. @).e46
ild
w..?r^: rh. tdt
o"d th.
.lclear
Od Ridgc
lllinohr!Thc
tFining dd edo€lio.. *erc $e
Nalional l-ahoEtory, Teon6se, .nd lhc Argonne Narional Laboratory.
'
U.S.
Ptxpeh (anttan
Argonne National Labolalory wos the fflsl instilulion in 1954 !o
Sch@l
of
Nuclear Scicnce
a.d Enginering
*t!blish
d
(ISNSE). Nhich larcr
InG,nsrionol
bsmc
thc
l.rcn{io.al hddcof NlclffSci$cc lnd [nginding (llNSE).Ihc UnivcNirt ol Chiseo originally 6t blish.d $is l.bomtory in 1946 6 th.
tJnilcd galcs Depanmcnt of En€rg! l,aboEtorios, which was ffandded to @nducl
atonic cncrsy Esdrch.
'ltc reon.c NalioMl
,dvd.d nuclqr ltgEh
LaboElory onsthuted the
W*fs
slablhhmcnr. wid suFEonplr.r lehnolo8} and a
dosr
wting
accclcr.lor whe€ aronic p.nicles wcrc bohbrded againsr.a.h orh€r in order to sludt
fi$ionr/CdduaGs al ISNSC rcrc cxposed
b
a one-ycar rmining couNc in Nuole
Rcaclor l:nginerine shcE fiRecn PALC cn8ineu wcre
'lhc
fid
Pcnnsylvania
scmsro
lo*
$nt lorrr.ining.!
sr rhc Norrh Caolinr Slarc Unilcsirt hd
Shr Univcrsirt, lollowcd bt rhe rgonnc N.rional l-sbo.*ory,-thc thid
pla@
lSNSl, barch includcd Muhonmad Yusuf (luluE Menber Powcr, PAEC) and Munir
Ahmad Khan (fulure Ch{imdn ol P IjC). When the ISNSE bcgan its fi61 *ssio. on
McEh 14.1955-P6idc
$.
liihhorerlddeFd
fony $ud.n$ f@n
re
rcountic!r
opcnin8 s6sion.llc lold lhen: _Yo! rcpFsnt ! positivc rccomplishnd
wonds efforts lo mobilize its alomic rcso!rcB lor pe@flt
In 19t7.
a
uscs and
i.
rhc
IEe
$c bc.e|r of
rcscmh Mclor,lhe Argonlur. was Fr up al |SNSE6a
t.y
rnining
facility lor aoEign sfudcnls. the Algonad
(
lr.lnint)
nrclear thysics aid cnginering labomrory
was bu lt lo rcach eactor
crpgihcnrs.
$ory,
rgonne Nuclc{r Assembty tor Univc6ilt
lly
19t9, ISNSL had produced 420 smdurrcs in nuctear sciencc and
c.ginerine fbm lony-otu counri6.. Motuls. the O.k Ridge Na{onat tibombry
de
scl up rh€ Oak Ridgc Schml of
'',1d
n
Ley & crihsiic s.d
Rsdor 'r€chnology (ORSORT), which offcrcd
cl'L &c.rrioi
roki'tM. the united st46 ahd tlE 6khal
hbrw*jnr cors.hie ud Teinot&vrbd^,annrres Fm&d.dnhirhht(rcd.d
lm
kaining cou6es,
PAF-C
ic.
Reodor Operalions or Rsctor lluards E!slu.rion.6' Out of ten
lnines sMr ro oRsOR'|.
nine oprcd lor
rle Roclor OF6lions.' ORNL only
allowcd limited lEinine an.chmen[ ro PAEC uainccs in
olclqr
enCinecing
od
allowcd them accc$ ro de X-10 sne. whcrc rher€ was liule nuclcar enginadig, whilc
fie hboEbry
s Y. l 2 site
'lhcrcforc.
enginccnng
il
Emlincd ch$illed.
!
ol bounds lor PAIjC peNonncl. Hencc, a nuctear
rcam lor PAEC @uld not h. $r up ar Oe ORNL.S 'llE U.S. lnrcdalioml
rcmainsd out
C@pcElion Adminht€lion. lsrer known
!s
Unired Slales Agcnct lor Inreha$onst
Delclopmcnr (USAID), provided funds lor PAEC
addnion.
6
pan
ftin6
al $csc inslitulions.rstn
of ihc P ltCs rnbnious t!!i.in8 Fognhme e4h yce frnt
in phtsics, chcmislry, gcotogy etc, and B.Sc
enginccrihs eerc slccted on hcrn tom univesili€s eGs paki3lli. t.h€y
ouGrandins M.Sc sudenls
rnoan
s Oftcc
couuc ar rhc
on Sp€{ial I mining or OSTS
alonic linercl(:cnrrc,
sr
dd mE
studcnrs in
camc
b
be
8ivcn a nuclar oricnkrion
t,ahorc.6.
u.ivc6ni6 ed rcsrch instnurG in Elop€ lnd
Nonh Andica, which iocludin8 $e Unired Kjngdon Alomic Ene€, Aurnoriry
Subs.qucnrry. rh.y wcE
(UK li^)
esbblishmenb.
lhc*
ro
focilities
reE
the UKAEA,S HatuoI aid Winfrith,
ch6lt Rivcr Nuclcar ljbomrory. C:o.ad...nd $e Uniw6iti6 of Sydner. Bimingham.
Manchcster.-loronlo.SianlordandRoch$rer..'TheUnireNityotNonhcarotinawasrhc
fi61 inslilution in $e world lo scl up a
nuclq enginering poCtumme in l9jl. along
wnh thc UniveEiri$ of Michieln, pa.sytrdid Slrlc dd Mechusn tnsriM. oa
Whilc forcisn {udc.$
ww
rnin.d in nocl@ $icnce &d hhnolosy
undcrth.Atomslo.l,eaePrcgrEhmc. P.kbran*6ahoebtetosecuEodnissio.rofie
being
ncwlt cRdcd lAIiA. h wls c$ablashcd in 195?
Pru8ramme. and Pakislan
suploned
s
pan of |he Abms for
w,s als cldsd lo fie Agency's Board of Covemou,
by rhc Unild Stltes. liroughoul $e lodalive
pmEnmmc, Paki$m depe.ded on the Unit.d Siar6
phe of ils nuclear
dd o$r westcn
countrjes. both in
rcrns ofacquhilion of hardwerc and technologt and mining of ma.po*er in
scicncc and Echnology.
sclcftl bilalctll agEments bctwn
of es$ntiol lechnic.l $afT ftal would pl.y ften pan in
primarilt looted
Thtrs. Pakislo
ro rhc Uniled
nu.lsr
the U.S. National Nuclqr
l-abodlo.ies, such as Olk RidSc B@thavcn and Argdnc. snd Prlisbn
tmining
P*e
ME
signcd lor
various IAEC
Sral6, csFcillly in rhe b&kdop
ol
ihc Atons for I'cacc Pogrommc, lor assisunce inrhe nucled field.In thh rcgard. Munir
hmad Khan. onc
undfi
olrhc liBr Palis|.nis rnined ar tc ABonne NaljoMt
roms for Peace
pai$d rhcpl!. which usnecd
in {n
t_abor.rory
c6 ol rcchnotoeicst gowh
ln le$ deveLopql udtrnrrics.'o
Conscqucnrly. on Augusr
ycaf agleenent
ro
ol Coopenioi
obt in tunding lor
a
ll.
1955, thc Unitcd
Sur6
dd Prlisbn siBncd
a fiyc-
in Civil thes ofAtomic E.ergy,, This enabted pakisr.n
smallreeeh re&lor od t{nniqllitedlua
on nuct@ eicnce
cnSinqi.g, llry 1961, PAUC had t44 $adrisrs lnd cngins who had cnher
completed or wcre undergoing loEign hining in nuctc$ sciencc and technoto8y.?,
and
Momver, during 1960-67, PAEC enr .bour 600 scieni$s lnd c.gineer .bm.d for
sp..ialiatio. dd highe.sludi6,odofwhich 106 rttuhcd wnh ph,Ds.,, Cons.qucndr.
*
shir
rdn.Kturi.1r,s u.i!/s./42r
n
" _whd*r
prolid€d
Prn'gu
rh.
Mi"6
, hry. Nnbq
b.hiid ric
ot
E$ligi
qh.t
rtx,
ir
w
tk
Eyoluirn
rioErndr oI.nsii.ffi
!
s
d
!d d.nri*
in i8
vrned
o*i tab.6rei6
md
* rc s dcw oDinc
m,ocr rr'ct onercd hi
aroms for P.c p|lrmm *6
ft nd .fi€r ofth.
s4rd,cd iln,i6 *"
'h. 'a
-*;
b.n.fib.
ru
rtqr hr'hr& r?/4,,,8r, (N.*
*iri&r d.!h i lriqc
E
rd hs-rcn! pordhl simic
- srd,id{rRrtnu. ocir. r.r9.
por|t,r:
&, *
$e nleenl nuclsr proSommc
'rrondnr
and cxpand
2.3.2,
whilc
lo be stmg$c.cd with nuclsr know_how beiog
ol$e Unircd Sl,lcs lnd Elop€ This *ts
!oltibdion sl''cl' qould prct'de rh{ cnri'al na:\ re\'stcr}
.cquidd frcm lhe
no{
bc€an
besr insrirutions
l'akisen
s
Usmmi s
ro suslain
nuclcd piogBmmc
PlNSTllCll
$vml
PAEC
roines @rc obtnining 3p€ci!li7.d tmining in nuclcc $ierce c'd
rcchnoloSy in wcsem cshblhhncnts, o
ned was fell lo sel up
an aPpopnsre nucEa'
lNorch cenft to pnYidc thcm wnh adequ.k esaEh l*iliLics The Msw'r w6 thc
?r
PalislM ln$iure oiNuclcd Scicncc and lNhnologv or PtNS'lllCH 1he PlNSllicll
snc w.s *lercd by Di. Abdus Silsn. $.lhc. ChiefScaotiffc Advier to th€ Pdident
ofl'okiian, ad
Dt.I ll. Usa.i.
Machine foundry
PINS l LCl
(AMf)
Chtimrn
Aromics.
oa
PALC. ln 196l PAEC skcd Ancrice
USA. to
prcPaE a
n.sle! pld for
buildinS
l. I lowcvet lhis prcposlws not appmved.6 ir did not @nplt wnn PADCI
rcchiical and ocsthelio rcquiEmcn$
7r
'rhcruforc. Dr. l\mani co.ldcGd thc wond fsmols
prct.rc a plan
o
'(hnar
build PlNsT[icllrt 1he foundation none
April 20. 1961. by lulfitar Ali llhufto. fic tlen Minisld
76
PAIIC eled $e 5
Rceurces (includine Alomic Lncrgy)
rcacrcr in placc of CP-5
dd Dlrro
ldo6.
'l
f:dwa'd Slonc lo
PINs'lticll
ol
was lad on
Indu$rics tnd Mi'cml
M We
swimmins pool_tvpe
lor innallsrion in PINSTECI| lhis
Mclo'
sas d6iBned lo usc highlt entichcd u6niun fuel, shich w,s supplied b, thc Urilcd
AMF_
Srrtcs lhough rhe l^ll,\ and wd insbllcd in a dom. shtpql building bv
oP.m(o!l bv rhe scic'liis cnd cnginccE of
^lomics.?t
PINSlEcrl. On Decemb$ 21. 1965. ar 1905 h6. thc llct crilictliiv was achielcd i'c '
sslf.slsbining fision chin @cror 6 i.iriatd in $s @lor' This was c lsndndd in
h wosommhsioncd and mdc
'llkrorv. lrrh:i/ww
df'
lov ou'ind(h/hlroN lim
Goscd
53
rhc hislo.y
ot Pakislan dd ws heElded Pdkho. in lhe "Atonic Agc " Th. @.lor irsclf
arlaincd full
posr of 5 M wc on lue
22. l966.tl
l,Alala-l k lhe main expcrim.n$l rcscarch facilitv
uscd for rcsolrch
in
.t PINS'IUCll h hss bcen
nucle& $earch dnd t@hnologv, lraining
of
manpowcr and
prcnudionofradioisolop.s. rhcfiElbethofndioidopeswasFoduced!lPlNS'lF]CH
in 1967 lhc R&D pDgamnc pickcd noncntum once $e PINSTECII l.borutoies
Nce cooplclcd atuj non of thc mnPo@ w sliicd tom Atodic llntr8v Cc.tE
t.ahorc 1o
bt I9?4.
PlNslLcH in l9?2. PlNsTECll. hos{g, would beomc fullv opc6lionll
In
$h rc8ad. s fomer Chtim.n of PAliC
wle i.
1995:
lij
M!h01" X htd
llowcvcr. much hdrc *os nedcd lo mckc PlNSltlCH morclhanq
dnd lruined
supponinC
infiGlrucrurc
bc couiDncd *irh lobomroic:. libmry'
}hen
PINSIUCII
building
h{nrors.'lhi! did nol nd in rdmc$ !n1il lc72
mo$ly cmpry and laisely i'compllk A 3E.r dal of ro* has be.n done in rhe la$
rwcrry'lllr yc.*rd maLc ir d livirurcnft of RGdhand D.velopmcnl lodrv ir hth.
ho$ .dv.n.cd R & D cenrE in rhc Muslim *o d lnd among rhe top four or fiv.
ccntru ol ils kind in rhe lhird World (6ntin8 lnc BARC in Indir rnd rlE r!.jon
Scicncc Ciry in sauth KoE).re
o
PINSllicll sonen with only
!s
aour
Divisions in 1966.
ed
bY 1992. it cipdndcd lo
ni.c Divirions in oddnion to four R&D suppon Divisions and rhN Speidl l,abr lnd
Ccnrd. ma.ncd b! ovcr 2000 scicnlisls. cngine6 and l4hnicians''r ln 1966,
IrlNSlliCll compised lhe folLowing Division!rrnamelt, Nuclcar I'hysics Divisioni
Radio lsnopc Poducrion Divisioni Re&tor Opelation Divisioni lleallh Physics
Divisioni Rcscror DcsiSn Cbupi and thc Rcacbr School. However. by 1992. the
cxpsndcd PINS|ECH compds€d rhc rollowing
Dilisio.i
R&D $ppon Dati3ioN 8nd
l.lbgcorc nd Resrch work @ inucd in lh€m, Mlyi: Nlcler
Noclear MrErials: Nuclw Chcninry: Nucled Eneioeringi llcalth
sp€cial
Radioierop. Applicalions: Applicd Physics:
'!r.ll AlBhi"Dovcl+mc orPhFid scnn$
d
Phlsics:
Phlsics:
ppli.d Chedhtryi Raditrion l'htsics.lhe
l'lNsllcli."
rrEt./.
R&D Suppon Divisions included. nbclrcnics; Conpurdr Cenml Scryicesl Scienrific
Intormslion. In oddition, fie Special l-aby CemB
Studi6:
M
icc*isic
onsktd ofthe
Ccntrc lor Nuclear
lnd de Optics/Ljrr L.homlori6.
Studics:
Nclmn Sorrc Reador {MNSR). known as
I,ARR-2 wcs insbllcd.r PlNSlF.Cll" in 1989 dd by 1991,lhe PARR-I eclor w6
upghded foo t MWlo lO Mw.F ll ws rl$ @.Eflci lo run oi 20 % l-ow Enriched
(nanium (l-liu) lu.l inncad olthc llDU fucl. Thh wes.chieved by indigenous etTons
Morcovor, a 27 Kw l\4iniatuE
of PlNSl LCll nrnpower snd included $c complere olcfidul atui E-dcsigning ol $c
cacror.ti The PINSaECH Cmpl€& os ir rumcd o ro bc in lhc rrB an€r h@onin8
opcrario.al jn 1974, becamc a symbol oi nuclc& ffirch !.d rshnolog in Pakhrln h
3ho providcd lhc lcadeNhip lor oll pmjcc|s, bod on $c
nrclorpogamtu
s!
-
Whib n
cilil
6Eingbuilr il erEi
il. which E0<ted $c pmmi*
i
and
clasified
sides
otthc
th. a@hd6 of wcryoN sho
hcld lonh lor lhc lutuE of nlctedr $i€nce lnd
lholc sentimenr can be gaugd fom rhc comhents jn
visnors book. lllc 3rchner l,duord Sronc wbc in P|NSI ECH s visibls b@k:
rcchnoloS/ in liolkt.n,
thc
u$!ni i3ked ne ro $n *ort on lhis lroied. I no! s@
dome and
ro*er .omptcr.d. and I m etared. r qn now ss rhc
onlrucron and I bclicvc il is tikety rh{rhk m be my gsr6r
tdn proud fi.r ir
lmks lilc ir bcrdBs in rhk @unrry wnh 3uch a .h
hdihse I m Cd.aut
fo. ilE inspiEd guidrnc. of Dr, Usm.ni dd for rh. mA of rhc
ruroA rnd
rhousrnds olPalinrnis *ho have mrdc ir posible.r,
It is four tca6 no* slrce Dr.
$e rcador
ir
ehifut
wo
o
ltcr rhe Eador wcm crilic{1, PrcsideflAlub Khd qrotc
sn
b harc
$. comDtdion of rhis @tor ald m4nifienr auchcd
buildings. Bur rbovc all I m dapty encdmged by rh. quti! oath. si.mkG rhd woir
heN.-lhcy m kM md onthusia$i. cnd km ro @lirc ihd lhcy lrc qngagcd itr a hoty
cluedc in Bening rhis elion b cnrs $h dle ofsci.n.c an,l rehnotosy rnd hctp ro
| .m d.liehrn
"
^jju
Kuin
rd shd.td Pwe- "Rdqdim sd
upsnd.rior o, p^{i.
I
".:5Y4B0'P|Ns|EcH:s]!e'Jlbl41einh|lR.pon.l965.|990."Sci.
P/\Lc. pNs nd] L Nitod Lt.n|6|d. r99r, p r67
60
Golvelhe giSanric Fobldm ftdr pcoph !E ftced wilh l vkhthem dlsNces inlhh
Dr. Abdus Sdlam wDtc on Augusl 9, 1968. $al PINSTLCH would be 'an
in$irurion fie narion qiLl b€ pruuij ol# Dr' clenn T S*bofg (l\robel Lou@re) ed
chonman, U.S, Aromic Dn$gy Commhsion
lhil.d
PINSTDCH on lonuary 12. 1967
lle wotc:"14m vcry nuch imprc$cd with $c fi.e facililb lor nuclc.r esearch which
you halc undeNby hcrc and I am surc lhd $is *ill bc the b.sis for I grclin8 nucrear
wnh the advcnl of ltr. L
ll. t^nlni in
1960
s chlim.n
of PAEC.
adibilil,
sludies
tor intrducin8 nucl@r porcr in P.kis6n wcrc initiatd, In thi. rc8!d. lwo Aneiaqn
$c h|crNuclqr Conpdy *.rc 6kcd 1o pep6E ! joinr
sludy.'!r Thc, submtucd $cn mpon, i. Mly 1961. c. led: Sludy of eEdomic
I'cdibi|ny ofNuclq. Poscr in P.kbld._": llth rcpon @ft |o be known os fi. Cibbs
ud llill Epon. *bich belnc $c "srud.rd rclcde" on nucl@ pow€r in Pak'san.'!r
fimi
Cibbs lnd
llill
and
k P,tritta.
sueee$dj $at tlrc gowinS cn98, rcquircmc.ts oa Ka@hi could 6i!t b. mel by
nucl.ar power inscad of nrruml grs.q Dr. l, lt, Usmani vi8oously caEicn o $e
makedng of nuclctr powcr po3pcols i. P*istd, thus inviti.g e auenion of
int€national .uclcar lowd ph supplicu, Thcrcforc. in 1962, PAEC b€gan
MoNvci. rhc f962 lALA rcpott. ?rcsprh o! Nuclear Pow.r
ncgoriarions wirh c.nada forrhcsupply
ofanuclcarpow.rpldnt tobeset up in Ke6.hi.
rollouiog thc submhsion of a p.oposal
i.
1964.
!n tscnen|
*a
Pakistan and CanNda whceby Canado plcdgcd ro 8ivc Plkistan a
3ign.d b.rween
eft loo of I 2l
nillion dd crcditofdn additionllS 24 million"r This
cxchang. cons ol$e popced nuclqr powcr pEm
!s
idt€ndol lo nccl fte toGiSn
Momvcr. Canadt muld aho min Pdkisonis forcomnisioning od opcnti'8 thc
planl. On Itnuary s, 1964. rhe l-rxRulive Conmile ofthe Nt{ionll Econonic Council
(llCNLc) glvc appov.l lor $e con$dcrion of a 137 Mwe nucler power pl'nt
Krdch'.* ln Mty
1965. cdada
wilh PAEC lo build lhc
Prkisr,n
rls
ll7
se.r ady-six
opcrdring KANIJPP.'x which
opcnron in l9?2
!'q
Go€El F:letic companv {CCll) siSrcd a @
al
rac1
MWc Karachi Nuclor Powe. Plont on a tumkcv basis"
l6i.es to clntda lo
enl
bc tmircd
clitlcal on AuSusl
i.
commisioning
dd
l, ls?l dnd sBr{cd commseiar
ll rcmained lhc "oagshiPof lbe€ndrc nuclesr prcsrommCns lor thc
ncxl t@ ds.dcs. I lo$cwr, ir wls comnissioncd in 1972 wnh grcat dimcuhv whcn half
rhc lcchnicalmanpowcr hdd len PAIIC in
Th.rciorc.
ftc wate ofthc sepsalion ol Edl l'akistan
wifi lhc lEining prcgnnme
launchcd
bv l)r'
r0l
Usmoni and thc
.sr.blishdcnr of P|NSl llCH and KANUPI'. Paki$an's civil ouclqar infdslruclue wa
pojdls along wi$ thc &quisnim of ldhnicar
cdcd on stdng romdctions.
lh*
know-how $rcueh loreisn ftinin8s ofhundrcds ofsoienti$s and cngine6 became lhc
buclboncofnuclo.scicnceand rehooloSy in PaldsEn This appli€d lo both thccivilidn
nuclar pmgmmme and $s nuclcs weapois pDgrummc in aulure vean 6s well llesc
pur Pokisun's nuclcar Fo8€mme on an nwcBible palh, shich no
lutuR sovdnmcnr could slop. lr@4 or abudon This 8o.Btd its om !*htoloSiql
iniliarives
lle
momcnrum.whichinrurnpmpellcdlh€polIoallndtechnicaldecision_mdkcstolnnhcr
cxplnd $c
'r
nslor pogrmmc
as and whcn rcquircd
lch6hh,Ph,_tu (KrchD, Ausun 3. rel'
(tchi."RNrldidsrrcnrhct
rr
rD",otrlElAEc- otcir.p rl
d rhr o|sii M.d'l A*rd c6mv. Pt!tu Nldd
2.4, Thc Nuclc.. Option Missd Opponuniri6: r!.1 Ct.lc Crp.biliry Deb{le .nd
Civil-Milir.ry BuE ucr.ii. Aparhy
lbis
*tion di*usss
thc various mksad opponunnic $at w€E o.cc ovoilablc lo
I' lic lbr acquirins lhe kno,-how and rhq nuclcar fuql ctclq facililics, llad lhesc bcen
Nailcdon rimc lhcy*ould havc enabl€d Pakislan !o acquirc lhc tehnological @prbilit,
to
Howcr. st6l such opporlunitics wE miss.d.
due lo burcdlcBlic aparhy, indiffe!€i@ o! delibs.re
dclelop nuclqr wspons ifneded.
wsted or dclibcdtely ignorcd
ln&nl on lhe p6n ofa lcw indiriduals. lhis setion panicuhrly relares ro lhe inili!rive!
l*cn
by
f&ilnies.
dc$rib€d
P IC
and
dc fidd oliucl.r poer and nucl@ fuel crctc
rh. rcsonsduclo which rhcy did norn.rcri.lie. Thisslarcotallis *as
dunng thc 1960s in
bt lqbs
Akhund. o lomer Pakisltri diptomal
s
Oe dsutl oflhe perc.ived
shonsighrcd.css of thc counrry s pohicala.d cavit,buauamric tea&6hit.'0,
thh aunudc rcmaiicd dominant in decision-m.king on lhc
oou.rlt nlclcdr PloSnnmc. which h cvidcnr in $o fo[owing scclions. The€forc.
Consequcmly,
cvcn rhorgh rhc
P
EC $ancd fu.clioninS by rhc larc r95os, no @Rtut tjtaoninS wos
don. at rhe hishcsl deision-haking tevclsloacquiE nuctcarcapabitiry. On rhc issuc oa
salcsusrds lor KANUPP, P.khon s
nb.$ador to Coad. in t96j. Suttan Muhammad
Xhan claimcd dar deision-makcB in Paki$e nashlndtcd rhc whotc issu.. whitc
rrc|mcrcd ncgoliario.s had bccn gojns on rc8ardin8 lhc suppty KANtJpp by Can.da,
I'a[hlan\ l]orciln Otficc
pl.nt
d
India. llo*ever.
opincd $at l,alislln shoutd dcmand simit.r rcms tor lhis
fic
conrcnrious i$uc dunng ncSoti.rions
ru(,||
qud'm qs rhi .f d. r;ft sle
dr).a.oonr hdisq.
F4 lrtF'€rlnd
[c:ir!d.
ur
r(tor.F,r.
wc
lhe Canadisn
hcut|rc'gl'',1,
rh.ord(
!Bi\'.;i
ridn
d(Bionf,lr6 h dF.r,ly sL!. w iurred b, d,nidfiE _d di
pspd biqdLf. lqbd Afhwd. Mfia's
t
a tjr\1aftLt t(,rscni oitod univcBiry
p6.
2000.
pp
demud of $.ingdr insp4rions lor rhe slc of rh. plant ro
Pltirrn, unlitc lndir, The
ascncd fiar slnce Paki$an wss obraininS lhe nuclc$ power plait thrcugh
Canadians
Conadian
!id. whilc Indi! hld findced ir hcrell 0B only wly P.khkn could
pl.nr on
lms
simile ro India s
6
ro
plr
for ir.
MoNvci
Pakiskn
@
hNve
fie
rold rhar
funher dcplay in nakin8 a dccisio. might lc.d ro a lapsc of funds b.in8 crntcnded by
'l hcrctoE, the
AnbNdor rrdc lo Pcsidcnt Ayub Kh3n dd voicd his opinion
fisl sincs rhe pld ws meonr forcivilian !s..d w.s b.i.g ilpplied o. esy cr.nir.
periodic insp*rions could hc considcrcd as sn oplion.llc added rhal
ifPa[hkn sould
Ner dccidcd ro suspcnd inspecrions lor rcens ofnalionll ecurily. then $e counq
sould.c.d to find indcpcnde soucs aor Foviding fucl fo.lhc @cror and teping
runnin8. I l..laincd rhar Mr saeed tlasn.lhc Dcputy Chcim.n. PldningComnision.'t
wls$nt to Otla*a by Prcsidenr Ayub Khan to siSn thcagKmenr. who aiiivcd.nd $tr
abruplly lefl lor New
Yo
. while givinS d vdSuc lime-ftlme for his reum lo sign thc
Mal di@ivc fod
asGncnl- k rooh
a
betorc hc rctumd
b llmlly
pe
$e PGidcnr ot P.tisr.n lo Slccd
siSn rhe
agBnenr for lhe slpply oathe po*er &ctor.G
b
ecurc a arvoumblc aileguads agrccm.ir with
Iherclorc. r,lkistan was unsble
canadd lor KANIJPP. whioh olhcMisc, could hale providcd Pakisan wilh
acqun!
fic iuclq.
oprion
U'ss
{r
ff ont
I
mcans ro
d.tc. like Indi.. Ho@ver, this wss nol
b
be,
pqhaps due to the buft{ucnlic ap.thy or sone nisplscd pcrc.ption of thc naion.l
inleresl hqld
b, $e deoision-n.keB of
rhc counrry.
hhou8h PAI'C shned funclioninS as
etrl,
s
aeinc or P$idem Atub Khm. no *rioB €fiorr
opion.
-lhc
E
c.rly prn ofrhe
made ro acquiE rhc nuctor
Prcsident was lpparenll, nol.onvinced about rhe rcte ofaromic cnclgy in
th. lu|urc of
Pakislan and hc followcd
shoaib.lhc lhen l;imncc
Miniic(
$c ddvice he got ifom hk MinhrcN tikc Mr
wnhool l@line inro lhc @nsequcnces. tlc tcll atl th€
dchions concenins aromic u.ergy
opposc
1956. durins lhe
ro lhc
ir.ln Ocrob.r 196t. durinc his visit
ql|al vr\mrad KTlqudFd
n
s1s
buMlcmc olhis Egin€ who continucd
ro vienna, Mr,
b
Btunodi$used wi$ Munn
u
Ahnad Khan,
d
Horcl Inpgial. the stcps nscse.y fo. ac{uning tn€ nuclear oplion.ln
$is rcgard, Irhulio aho
DeccDbq I l.
1965 al
Morcvcr Dr
armnged bis nccring
$c
qith
Prcsidcnr Ayub. which look placc on
Rochester llorcl. l-ondon.lDs
Abdus
srlao dd Monn Ahnud Khs
.le
pEp3rcd
!
papd.
qhlchw6sprescnrcdbyDrSalsmroPEsidcnrAyubKhaninJul!-Au8usll96?,1!iThk
ako rcjccrcd on Mnomlc gmunds -lhis propoel sllcd lb! the
esbblishmc oldc lollowiis f.cilni6. which could dcvclop the plulonium bul€ in
prcposal was
-
afiningplant forumniun
fucl aabricarion plant
.
A Eaclor fo! p'lducing plutonium
pluroniumscpaqrionplanl.
Momvcr n nighl have ben thal . sioild popost to Ft up a pturoniun
scpamtion pldr could nor be appovsd in 1966. This propo$l w6 pur aoRard by lhe
lorcisn Minisrcr, Zulfikar Ali Bhuuo, ln rhjs Egard, in his lasr ddys in ofijc€ rs
Foreign Minh$. in 1s66, he aked thc Foreign Ofile |o calt a mcting of Elevanl
onicials ro consider $c nuclqr qu6rion and Mmmend a desy b th€ Bovcnmol i.
rhen
l(tad
con*qucnll, a workihg roup came inro bcin8, conprhing sonc s.nior
amy and inlelligencc ollcsK. she
Office omci.ls. and D!. Usmani, The
working geup. afr$ dcliboarin8 on'rotuign
$c mat&r, undnimousty reconncndsd lhe
thrs
acquisnion oa a
pluloium sparadoi (r?M6sin9
plol ud $e FEnch Abnic
E.ergy Conmision had givcn an oller of sdrin8 up such
Allhough
! pllnt loi U,S. $ 25 nittion.
lhis w6$ bc unds elcguards.lhcs werc not $ suiol al the limc, nor woutd
idro
Hin4." rr. r.H (dMrhd), Nov.nhr
21. 1996.
Pakinan he prcrc.tcd lmm dNclopins plutonium
whe. thc* potcah wce Mdy lo
Prcaidcnas tlousc cancellcd lhc
be
neeins itllcd
bnrcbev
indiSc.oudv outsidc
subdired lo Bhum .n order fton fte
for lhe
pllPoe. ln tddition. whe' Bhlllo
|cn ftc C.binet, lhe naltet was shclved indcl]nilely .nd thc workin! Soup disbdndcd
l$
rccommddsrions ran in|o a
*all ol
skcFicism.
reliene dd c'Hu@v o'
coundorono$*lmmalno$all|h.loppolicv'nt*cu'! l1crhen
one
financeSccrclary'
chulam hhaq Khan, opparcnlly bcliclcd lhal lh€ plulonium prcjecl was a waslelul
endclvour and $c €ounrry *ould find itself in . spi6l ol.xFnditue on Es@Eh rhcn
nissilcs. '6No!could Ptli$d kcePuPrilh suchd msEe wnh l'di!
lhc |oreisn ssrorary s. M Yusuf and cvcn lhe Delcnce seclarv rui*d slmilar
objcdiom. The latcr sid rhdr l'.kk n @uld mt sford to d.velop a nlcler capabilitv
bombs,
and
$q
Indiaeolldnol!$n
ls.rwcaponslSainslPariskndueloworldopinion
rro
Therefos, in the blicfprcPaL{ for Pesidenr Atub Kh.n on thc cve olhis visit lo
nol
|ancc- rhe DeLncc SrcErary cmphaic.lly nded thd. rhc Pakishi PGid'nr
'€d
raisc fie issu. ol acquning o plulonium sprdion or Rpocessi'8 Pla wnh Gcncdl
I
d. Caullc.r onc sqnior diplomal again took thc mallc! up wilh Pr$idcnl Avub Khan'
I spokc on rhc subjecr ro l'rcridcm
lcsrnq
r' ! o \-F,*ado'
Alub Khm whcn I plid a farc*cllclllon him bclorc
(ord leo3 antl ried ro l'^uade him of rhe
'o
rmpo;*";dmee() orhr,ns'pDcrRnchon$orrplubn'umrcDrcFlnBpler
lk lkkdo'l intn v rndtst ofhis cx.i@mr ar a Bponcd uEniuo find in the nonh l
subnincd rhlt ms.*nit *c qould inp.n y.llo* crkc (unprdcascd !ffium) rhtr
wtr avbllrbl. in rhe mdkcl, Bur.othing lunher sens $ havc b'ti don' 1n rhc n'rcr
$il llhutrorctumedbthcsei.ln l9?2'
'lhus.duc lo the apathv ollhc civiland
nilibtv
buGlucrals. and $c indifTcencc
olPr.sident Ayub a.d Yahyo Khd Ptkhran consi$cnllv
missed valuableopponunilica
6 tc
for aquninS lscilili.s, such
rcproc6sine
pld
The* ilccisions, ho*ter.
couplsd wirh rhc hdre wnh which lhc KANUPP slcguads aetcencnl wds sisned.
shors rhAl developing the nuclcar optioi wi$
!
vi.w lo tdsfom lhk into hilitlrt
cqpabilirt was hol adequalelt realized o! {pprccided
malinS. lhinss
*ce
len
b conniltes
!l $e highsl
and lhe neSrdlive
hvcls ofdcoision_
ole ployen by $e omcitls ol
dc Mini{iyoflioance dd Ploning Commission mlde $ings nore ditiicllt tor PAEC.
2.5. Co..loding conre
lmn $c
abovc disussio.- n h evidcnt
s$.r.gic nc.ssny pcr sei bdt
as a rcsuh
$
lakasld b.8!n
of$c
ns nuclear qucsl. nol ds a
rcchnological pnnise. which
toms for
lo ofle. to devcloping ounries. lhc P.kh$ni
burcaucrucy opprcciaGd this and evcnl porilivc innialives laken during lhc lbrmilile
lcors ol PAllC, which paid dividends in subs.quem d€cad€s. llod $c mining
l'cocc and abmic energt *emcd
opponuniics fo. scientis$
dd engine6
nor b.en han6sed by Paki3ld $eu8h the
il *ould h{vc ben vinually imposiblc to dcvclop lhc
L{hnolosical basc and lnor.how ncdcd to s op €ven . small civilid nocls.
prc8Fmms. Pllisb. was ale able ro crpitlli4 on tu pBdql @.ducitc intcmaionrl
Atoms for Pcocc ProSFmme
climarc for coopeBtion in civilian and pcacctul ues of ltomi€ cnsgy by 4quni.B a
rcscarch
lnd powcr
backbonc
reacror
ol l'akisun\
Pokkt.n s nucledr
dd
building P|NS
ltjcll.
piogmne w6
th.r could havc prcvided il wilh
w*
uscful
ii
la|cr
ptur
lo bc rhc
not dore
a
of
nany *sys. it was rko u time whcn thc
oeesy
lnow-how and t4hnologt
nuclqroption.
b€d$
mong dilleEnr
of lons-rem srErcgic pl$ning.
oa inrcns bu@ucmtic rivalri.s
Sovcnhcnt d.Pdnenc and PAEC lnd b...usc of
both
Muld
nuclear know-how. llowever, while the formalivc phusc
counuycould harc malch€d lndir in acquiin8$e
'lhis
which
i. l,Al'C snd at lhe polilical l*cl,
lst
Morover, in spne ofhaving
be, Mm.d dd
inlomed of lndia's growing nuclelr harch toMrds nuclar weapons caFdbilny. $c
dccisior hakcrs in Pakklan. plinariL, ou$ide PAEC, chose |o look
'l
hcrcfoe. whcn PakisLn could
h!!c
acquired !11 rhe
ftc o$s wa!.
oMsery inta$ructurc
ond
focililics whlch India did du.ins the 1960s, il missed lhc hoar altogethcr. rlowcv.r, this
$ould nol hc lhc
eF
for lons,
6 will bc sn
in th.
.ei
ch.prer.
'[email protected] speking. fom lhc sbovc dhcussion, it h aho cvidenl lhal $e
''lahnolosicol pull dd lascinorion ollhc ncwly aound onic en€re/ and lhc pomi*
ol
Atoms for P€&e ptovcd to bc rh.
fi61ot
lcd ro rhc c{ablishmed of PAEC. which al
impqdirc. Prior
b
s Fr
lhis.
lysl in Pokishn s nucl@ Pogdnme.lt
$c beginning only semed 6
lhc nuclcs h)4h-dskins nod€|.
!
a
ldhnological
ral.nl€d
dd
wcll.
plMd phFicisr. Dr. Rafi M. Chludhri succ.tdcd in layiD! lhc foundalions ofa nucldr
Pllism ar Cov€mmfll College. Lahoc, Mo@vcr. during the fom ivc yc6,
sl.lcmcnts nldc by Dr. Reiuddin Siddiqui. on. ofthe tou.ding membeu olPAEC, and
Kho pointcd bwords $e polenrial of hdnesinB *iencc lnd
-fhis includcd fic prcspccr
lcchnology.
of ucquning nuclear kchnology ibr sociocconomic dcvclopmcnl. and as Dr. Siddiquimcntioncd. for$e delenc.oflhc.ounq.s
Khon Abdul Qotlum
lhd
had
olDr.
the adve.l
sol6m and Dr, Usmdni in the dsision-nakinS prccc$
lhc mon signifiqm inpocl on thc futuE ollhc nuclw pmSnmme. Dr.
S.l!n ws
T*hnoloSy lo lhc PBid.nt ol Palisn , ed Dr Usmdi.
Ch.imln of PAEC. Anote. a$ider in $c pffi 6 Munir Ah@d Khd al dc
advier on Sciene
lAlt
.
-l
dd
hcy fom.n o lno
filt
sh.Ed samila virys lbou
te gro*n ofabmic
l,akistan and lhcFlorc had formcd an innucnlial corhion wnhin lhc
dccision-making pbccss. Alrhough they.
c.crgy in
ovcall nuclc.r
.lons wirh Bhuuo. died ro jBlity
thc
acquhition olnuclsar oprion by invokinS 3n erisling Md grcwing nlclcar thrcal frcn
India, thcnallirncc
onl,
had a dirccr impacl on
ftc gruwrh of$e neenr civilhn nuolcar
lrltusllucturc duing lhc 1960s. lloqcvg, ftcir relative posilions
i.
the govcmmcnlal
slrucluG, and lhe inUuence Munn Ahm.d Kh.n hod on nucler d€ision-making at this
Howevcr. Usmani.
Sdd dd Ahuft
olon8 wilh Munn Khln mn
bc rcrmcd as thc nocled mllhmokss
of thc fomrlivc
y6
sage emai.ed
@k.
of alodic
enerSy in
lheir ellons eDaiocd panially succcslul duc lo lhe civil b!rc.ucEct s
conlinucd rcsisloe to lhc implcme ation of d€ nldd plds. This bu6luo.tic
tussling had inhi.llt begu fDn ihe days ofDi Nen Ahmad and conlinued thrcughour
lhc cm ofDr Usmani. Howcvcr, according to lhe blEaucdtic-polirics 6odel. rhc civil
53
burcaucds silling al imronani positions in thc crilical Cov.mnenul decision_making
chdnncls did nol sharc the vicws of ihc lcchnical cxpefts rcgardinS the futurc of lhc
coonrry! nlclcar pog6mms h scens $.1 the dcchion-nakets silting at ihPon.nl
Afoiu had dircrScnl
pceptios lboul what ws in Pskand s nrional surity inrer6ls !h!l lhe nucledr
c.sgy csbblishmcns, mr did thcy p.rccivc dt n!cl4 dMr 6om lndia.t lh.linc,
'thcFfore. thet werc on$ni.ed by ten own sganizalioMl and pcenal
inrc.p.clrrions. Th.y werc nor pullcd rlo.g *ilh lhe lure of stomic €neey and l.ctcd thc
lision nccd.d ro rccoenize Pakisln s long-rcm surity inl*srs.
posnions in Pokisran s MinhriesofPlsnning. Findcc.nd FoEigh
'lhcy conlinued
vicws
olrhh
b
misguidc Prcsidcnl Ayub Khen on nuclear mane6 and thc
sroup of individu&ls lsrgcly prcv{iled ove! thst ofrhe technicdl expcnr,
Sincc dcchion-makin8 was bking placc 3s
cochions ofaclo6. i
e
PAI-:C and
civil burcaucEcy,lhc loner gBUp larBclt prcvlilcd
ovc. $e lomcr and succedd in forgi.B
implcmcnrarion
ol$tdl
! €slll ol conpromise bclwccn lwo
itl
lscodcncy ovs lhe fornc.. thos, thc
inniativcs!.d prcjsls tor
th€ dcv€lopm€nr
ora
hrc
nuclo,
cap.bility ws
.fsrively $u!llcd- Mo@*( $o$ opposed ro ,E &quisidon ol nuclar
caplbility compn$d the naional elilc that smcd to haw its om wsrcd intcrcfl in
orctti.g fahc impEssionsand Scnc6ing dislcrdinS b.lieasand inlerprcrdions aboul $e
nccd rc d.velop the country
snudearpogmmc.
'lhcrcfore, n swceeded in diserodiiing lhe
argumen$ ol the opposing csmp, led
by PADC .nd Bhuto and bolh Prcsidc Atob and Yahra €ftained oblivious ro
I'akislan\ n.lio.al wu.ity requiremcn$ in rcsFct ol i$ nuclear prograhhc. lhus,
som. ol thc blsic sumplions
ot$c
domenic
dd
buE ucEIic
ad
domestic polilics
$c nuclqr nylh-mking modcls.lhc lcchnolosicsl de@minisl !rc didc.dy appc.,
lo hNc bc{n validatd in rhe abov. disussion. Ncwnhclcs,lhc Mndcncy of$c pD.
and
bomb lobby or
cdlitio.
in lhe l97G $al.me.ged dutans the pd€ding dec.dc would
ctcntually.hrnse de shape od *opc ofP*hran's nucldp@c'mne fo. rh. futlrc.
'lhis h dhcuscd in d.kilin $c lollowingch.ptq.