September 16, 2009 Prepared by Megan Hornbeek Cronin – AP550 Class structure– common reading and individual reading (ie: book reviews) Each week use multiple resources to answer weekly questions. Own investigation, group conversation and all groups share. TIMELINE: 3500 BCE – Sumeria (Clay Tablets/cuniform), Egypt (hieroglyphics/scrolls) 450‐350 BCE – Academy –Philosophy, historians, Drama Egypt – Medicine and Astrology and Theology Romans – Architecture, Law 400 – Book 700‐1400’s – Muslim (1492) 975 – Al Ashar/Al Karayounie 1088 – Bologna, Paris 1400 – Printing Press Oxford Cambridge 1636 ‐ Harvard Group Feedback/Discussion: „ Sumeria – development of cuneiform – write, work in the courts, hierarchy to the tablet schools, historians, record keepers, first to learn how to write things down on wet clay, bake the clay, and then keep it as a record. In the 1920‐40’s archeologists found thousands of these cuneiform tablets. „ The reason there wasn’t higher education is because there wasn’t enough money. It takes lots of money to fund higher education. „ Acadians – model system after cuneiform as well „ Greece – original free thinkers who removed gods from the equation when looking at education. Athenians – education was available for free men only. Sophists – if you could pay, they’d educate you (grammar, logic, rhetoric)…preparing young Greek men for life in politics. Thinking about the meaning of life, truth and justice. „ Liberal Arts: TRIVIUM – grammar, logic, rhetoric QUADRIVIUM – arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy. „ Romans: their roads allowed for communication to spread widely. Trained and educated men for life as a Roman soldier. The Roman legions had an impressing military. Strong Architecture (aqueducts) and strong in law. „ Academies and Universities – medieval guilds were teaching trades, but as more people moved to cities a more formal educational system arose. Fields of Study (2 minute student presentations) – „ Accounting: 1st system was in place in 3000BCE in ancient Mesopotamia. Tax systems in place. Accounting was related with agriculture. Extended into Far „
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East. Koran makes references. Luca Pacioli – credited with birth of modern accountancy. Astronomy – considered the oldest of the sciences. Used stars to help with the planting of crops…to be weary of floods. 3100‐2000 BCE – Stonehenge – used for summer solstice. Early astronomers learned from each other. Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo, etc. 1230 CE – talked about how the earth was shaped as a sphere. Early astronomy taught was much more mathematic (to calculate holy days, navigate at sea) than what we might think of today. History – “Inquiry and knowledge acquired by information.” Greeks, Chinese, cave painting? 5th century BCE. Greeks. Chinese. History was an art form. Late as 14th century – argued for a new science of history. Shift practice of history from humanities to a social science. Has become a wide facet. Early histories were of battles and regimes. Biology – Human beings competition with their environment. Needed to have learned knowledge of what is in the environment that can help me? Hurt me? Aristotle’s was trying to understand everything’s initial law. Thomas Aquinas – reconcile the teaching of Aristotle with the Catholic Church. Chemistry – originated around 3000 BCE (Egyptians). Egyptian king accredited with founding chemistry/alchemy. Why do different substances have different properties? Earth, wind, water, fire. How to turn things into gold? What is the elixir of life? Moved to Greeks. Plato came up with the concept of an “element.” Idea of the atom – Greeks. 800 CE – Arabs make scientific progress. 18th century – current nomenclature Physics – old science. Used to be part of natural sciences. Many fields contribute to physics (mechanics, optics, geometry, astronomy, etc). Strong mathematical skills. Relied on myths to explain events. Aristotle observed nature to help write laws. Arabic cultures translated Aristotle’s texts which led to their preservation. Galileo – moved to physics experimentation. Medicine – one of the oldest fields (Egypt, Greece, China, India). Shrilanka – ancient hospitals. Father of medicine – Hippocrates. Modern – Italy 1000‐
1200 CE. Dentistry – evidence as far back as 7000 BCE. Text describes a “tooth worm.” Focus on extraction, but there were no dentist so barbers would do it. Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry. Dental appliances as early as 700 BCE. First book – 1530. Dental textbook – 1685. Science of modern dentistry 1650. 1906 – first dental hygienist. Pharmacy – medical substances – Indian, 6th century BCE. Sumerian tablets recorded pharmacy. First pharmacy was Baghdad. Economics Engineering – operated and engine in the military. Pyramids, Parthenon, Aqueducts, Great Wall of Chine are examples of early engineering. Law – rule or system of rule enforced by penalties. Dates back to 3000 BCE. By 1760 BCE – Hammurabi’s code on a tall monument. Plato, Aristotle influenced early Roman law. England – Common law, King Henry – judges and courts. US law based on Common law. Contrast to Common law – civil „
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law – legislation. First law school in US – Harvard. Europe’s oldest – Bologna. Canon Law – religious law. Political Science – founded by Greeks. Changed over time from empirical to theory‐based science. Ancient – analysis of history, political systems (Plato and Aristotle). US ‐ Columbia taught it first in 1857. Sociology – Algebra – branch of math focused on rules and equations. Origin – Egypt and Babylonia. Geometric algebra – Euclid. Modern Geometry – 12‐16th century. Geometry – Mesopotamia – 300 BCE. Lengths, areas, angles, etc. Early text – 300 BCE – Euclid. Middle Ages – medieval Islam contributed to geometry. 17th century – creation of analytic geometry (Descartes), projective geometry. 19th century – non‐Euclidian geometry. Euclid – 300 BCE. Known for treatise, “Elements.” Perfected theorems. Explained and solved them. Father of geometry. Theology – scholarly people, teaching clergy people, imams, priests, etc passed along information to people. The church could sponsor Universities. Al Azhar – “flourish” or “shining.” Began in 975 CE. The second oldest Islamic theological school. Special attention to the Koran…science of Koran? Has a high reputation in Islamic world. Used to only teach one set of Islam, but became a Sunni school. Reputable school in the Muslim world. Used to have high power, legal rights to rule, was more important than the government. British came in and deemphasized its power. You must be a practicing Muslim to attend Al Azhar. Medicine, engineering, agriculture, Islamic women’s studies. Second (maybe first) biggest Islamic library in the world. Al Karayounine – 859 CE – oldest academic degree granting university. Built as a mosque and developed in place of educational discussion. University played a leading role in conversation between Muslims and Western Europe. Who can start a University? – a church, a state, a country, wealthy people (merchants, Vassar, Vanderbilt, Carnegie and Melon). In US only 5 national Universities (military, def school, Howard). Bologna – founded in 1088 – first University in the Western world. Strong in the humanities. 14th century – artist scholars began to collaborate with the School of Juris (?). Dante attended Bologna. 15th c. Greek and Hebrew studies were instituted to read old texts. One of the largest Universities is Europe today. Bologna Declaration – common definition of a bachelor’s degree. Padua – 1222 CE – first to have a large curricula. Theology and law, but quickly expanded. 1399 – Law school (civil law, canon law, theology) and Arts and Sciences School. 15‐18th century – research school. Contributed to scientific revolution. Copernicus graduated and Galileo taught there. Autopsies in 1595 CE. 2003 – still has 65.000 students. What are Universities supposed to do? o Teach o Research – the creation of knowledge „
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o Experiential learning/service learning/service to the community – take knowledge and apply it to the community Copernicus – Astronomer and Mathematician – no formal education in those two. Education was in law and medicine. Came up with theory that earth was not at the center of the Universe. Idea was formed from observation. View was objected by the Catholic Church. Started the modern day scientific revolution. Ptolemy Galileo – Italian physicist and mathematician. Father of modern observational astronomy. Contributions – uniformly accelerated objects, the laws of nature are mathematical, early telescope from “spy glass.” He observed sunspots, and lunar mountains and sunspots. Speed of light. Galileo was in trouble with the Church too/excommunicated. Sophists – wisdom. Group of teachers – philosophers and rhetoric. Claimed they could find out all the answers. Sophists were paid instructors – commanded high fees. Most sophists were not Athenian, but Athens was the center of their work. Socrates – Stonecutter. Gathered young people around him to engage in dialogue. Didn’t write anything down. He was a truth seeker. Encouraged young people to challenge authority. Later came to haunt him. He became seen as a troublemaker, sentenced to death, drank hemlock to die. Plato – classical Greek philosopher. Academy around 380 BCE. He was a student of Socrates. Plato wrote about politics. Plato wrote 35 dialogues and 13 letters. Dialogues were quoting Socrates. The academy operated until 529 CE, closed by Justinian. This school taught Aristotle. Aristotle – Rome ‐