Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
Biology 118, Dec. 16, 2015 Final, Version C 1
Name _______________________________________ Mark your name, ID number, & test version (A, B, C, D...) on your answer sheet. Tear off the cover sheet to make it easy to compare graphs with the questions. You can keep this list of exam questions. You may write on it if you wish. Marking & keeping this test is the only way you will know the answers on your mark-­‐sense form. Each question has only 1 correct answer. Use a pencil to bubble in your choice on mark-­‐sense form. If you need clarification for a question, raise your hand & stay in your seat. If you are stumped by a question, place a mark by it, and return to it later. I hope this class has inspired you to think about, and improve your personal health. You have become a critical thinker who should expect scientific proof before you accept health claims. You should feel more comfortable analyzing quantitative and graphical data, especially on this test! Best wishes for your success on this final, as well as your future career! Use this space to draw pictures or flow charts to help answer questions. AFTER the test begins! Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
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Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Effect of maternal smoking & birth defects in cardiovascular (Above) & eye (below)
Chronic kidney disease free survival. MHNO, metabolically healthy nonobese; MHO, metabolically healthy obese MUNO, metabolically unhealthy nonobese MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese Jung CH, Lee MJ, Kang YM, et al. (2015) Kidney International 88:843–850. Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, & Boniface S. (2011) Human Reprod. Update 17(5):589–604. Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Relative hazard ratio (95 % CI) for women who had had gestational diabetes, to develop metabolic syndrome. Adjusted other risk factors & a 20-­‐year follow-­‐up. Gunderson EP. (2014) Curr Diab Rep. 14(2): 460. Risk of prostate cancer metastasis at age 70 yr by adult BMI. Case-­‐control study of 27,167 Swedish men, 1974 -­‐ 1996. Gerdtsson A, Poon JB, Thorek DL, et al. (2015) European Urology 68:1076-­‐1082. Fig. 5 (GDM = gestational diabetes) Amount of physical activity in pregnant women. Artal R. (2015) Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology 29:123-­‐132 Fig. 6 (male – dashed, female – solid lines) Hazard ratios for mortality based on urinary ACR (albumin-creatinine
ratio) were adjusted for age, race, smoking, etc. Nitsch D, Grams M, Sang Y, et al. (2013) BMJ 346:f324 Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
ADH = anti-diuretic hormone
ANP = atrial natrieutic peptide
FSH = follicle stim. hormone
GFR = glomerular filtration rate
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GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hor.
hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin
HP = hydrostatic pressure
IVF = in vitro fertilization
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LH = luteinizing hormone
NFP = net filtration pres.
OP = osmotic pressure
PCOS = polycystic ovarian syndrome
PID = pelvic inflammatory disease
SA/V = surface area/volume
Tmax = transport maximum
UTI = urinary tract infection
In both sexes, ____ directly stimulates the gonads to increase growth & development of gametes (eggs & sperm). a. GnRH b. LH c. FSH d. Leydig cell NFP = _______ mmHg, under these conditions: glomerular HP = 70 mmHg, glomerular OP = 35 mmHg, Bowman’s capsule HP = 25 mmHg and Bowman’s capsule OP = 5 mmHg. a. 10 b. 20 c. 35 d. 15 Just a few types of Human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause cancer in the _____. a. All of these b. Cervix c. Anus d. Mouth Which hormone has a negative feedback effect that targets only FSH? a. LH b. GnRH c. Testosterone d. Inhibin The ideal temperature to maximize production of normal sperm is approximately _______ than the body core. o
a. 10 C lower o
b. 2 C higher o
c. 2 C lower o
d. 20 C higher Which hormone declines with age in men? a. All of these b. Testosterone c. LH d. FSH Which of these is NOT a risk factor for an ectopic pregnancy? a. Aerobic exercise b. Smoking c. IVF d. PID Which condition is the primary cause of chronic renal failure in the U.S.? a. Emphysema b. UTIs c. Impotence d. Diabetes mellitus Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
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9. Which of these provides most of the propulsive force that moves sperm out of the male’s body during ejaculation? a. Vas (ductus) deferens b. Epididymis c. Scrotum d. Seminiferous tubules 10. The final editing of the composition of urine occurs in the _______. a. Loop of Henle b. Collecting duct c. Renal pelvis d. Urinary bladder 11. Which of these has a high SA/V ratio that helps maximize its efficiency? a. All of these b. Mammary gland alveoli c. Nephrons d. Seminiferous tubules 12. Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of _____. This is one of several steps to restore ______ balance in plasma. +
a. H – pH +
b. Na – pH +
c. Na – fluid + d. H – fluid 13. Accessory sex glands of males secrete an ____ fluid ___ in nutrients to improve sperm survival in a woman’s vagina. a. Alkaline – high b. Alkaline – low c. Acidic – low d. Acidic – high 14. Children with vesiculoureteral reflux are ____ likely to get ____ than other children. a. Less – kidney stones b. Less – UTIs c. More – UTIs d. More – kidney stones 15. Each developing egg (oocyte) in the ovary is ______ by ____ sustentacular (nurse) cell(s). a. Produced – many b. Protected – one c. Produced – one d. Protected – many 16. Figure 4 shows that the risk of prostate cancer metastasis in 70 year old males, ____ when BMI is above _____. a. Decreases – 30 b. Increases – 20 c. Increases – 25 d. Decreases – 25 17. Jezebel wants to find out how much glucose is “lost” in her urine if her plasma glucose is 300 mg/dl of plasma, given that the Tmax for glucose is 240 mg/dl of plasma. She is losing _____ mg/dl in urine & she may be _____. a. 60 – diabetic b. 240 – anemic c. 240 – diabetic d. 60 – anemic Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
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18. The _____ has a stratified squamous epithelium that provided protection with its highly ______ fluids. a. Uterus – alkaline b. Vagina – acidic c. Vagina – alkaline d. Uterus – acidic 19. The _____ segment of a nephron has the highest SA of microvilli & it reabsorbs ____ of the filtrate in the nephron. a. Distal tubule -­‐ > 50% b. Proximal tubule – only 10% c. Proximal tubule -­‐ > 50% d. Distal tubule – only 10% 20. During puberty, GnRH begins to _____ because the brain’s “gonadostat” regulation becomes ____ sensitive to negative feedback. a. Decrease – more b. Increase – less c. Decrease – less d. Increase – more 21. Fig. 1 shows that maternal smoking ____ the risk of cardiovascular birth defects & _____ the risk eye birth defects. a. Increases – decreases b. Decreases – also decreases c. Increases – also increases d. Decreases – increases 22. Figure 6 shows that men have a ____ risk of chronic renal failure than women ____ albumin to creatinine ratios. a. Higher – only at low b. Lower – at all c. Higher – at all d. Lower – only at high 23. Fertilization of an egg requires the _______ enzymes from ______ sperm. a. Lysosomal – hundreds of b. Acrosomal – millions of c. Lysosomal – millions of d. Acrosomal – hundreds of 24. When Oscar’s blood pressure is _____ normal, his body will release more _____ to restore his homeostasis. a. higher than – renin b. lower than – ANP c. higher than – ANP d. lower than – renin 25. Successful implantation of an embryo occurs when the ______ digests into a _______ endometrium in the uterus. a. Trophoblast – thick b. Inner cell mass – thin c. Trophoblast –thin d. Inner cell mass – thick 26. Fig. 5 shows that ____ in ____ physical activity is most effective at lowering a woman’s risk of gestational diabetes. a. 840 kcal/wk – vigorous b. 6700 kcal/wk – total c. 5000 kcal/wk – vigorous d. 1700 kcal/wk – total Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
27. Figure 3 shows that the longer a woman nurses a baby, she is _____ likely to develop _____ later in life. a. Less – menopause b. More – menopause c. Less – metabolic syndrome d. More – metabolic syndrome 28. Which female has optimal fertility, i.e. is the most likely to get pregnant in a few months of trying? a. 45 year old who exercises b. 25 year old who exercises c. 25 year old with endometriosis d. 45 year old with PCOS 29. In a healthy kidney, which variable is homeostatically regulated to keep it ~ constant? +
a. Amount of H per ml of urine b. Afferent arteriole diameter c. GFR d. Facultative reabsorption of water 30. Which cells in the mammary gland produce the milk? a. Connective tissue in the ducts b. Myoepithelium around the alveoli c. Smooth muscle in the ducts d. Alveoli epithelium 31. The _____ capillaries are the “leakiest” in the body because of their __________. a. Glomerular – fenestrated cells b. Alveolar – thick cell walls c. Brain’s – tight junctions d. Peritubular – small diameter 32. Varicocele formation of the testicular veins is more common in _____ males & can _____ sperm production. a. Old, normal body mass – decrease b. Young, obese – decrease c. Young, obese – increase d. Old, normal body mass – increase 33. The ureter moves urine to the bladder by _______. a. Contraction of the transitional epithelium b. Gravity & skeletal muscle peristalsis c. Diffusion & osmosis d. Gravity & smooth muscle peristalsis 34. At the start of a pregnancy, hCG from the embryo, stimulates the ______ so it keeps producing _________. a. Corpus luteum – LH b. Corpus luteum – estrogen & progesterone c. Hypothalamus – GnRH d. Hypothalamus – oxytocin 35. Chronic or repeated infections with Chlamydia can _____ the fertility of ______. a. Increase – males only b. Decrease – females only c. Increase – males & females d. Decrease – males & females 6
Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
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36. End-­‐stage chronic renal failure can cause _____ because of a lack of ______. a. Anemia -­‐ EPO b. Dehydration (hypo-­‐hydration) – ANP c. Osteoporosis – angiotensin d. Excessive urination – Vitamin D 37. Which event does NOT occur within the seminiferous tubules of the testes? a. Formation of acrosome on sperm b. Swimming of the sperm c. Mitosis of spermatogonia d. Meiosis of spermatocytes 38. Figure 2 shows that ______ adults who are ____ have the lowest risk of developing chronic kidney failure. a. Metabolically unhealthy – non-­‐obese b. Metabolically unhealthy – obese c. Metabolically healthy – obese d. Metabolically healthy – non-­‐obese 39. Meiosis I depends on the correct formation of ______ by the centrosome to move the _____ apart. a. Microfilaments – homologous chromosomes b. Microtubules – cell organelles c. Microtubules – homologous chromosomes d. Microfilaments – cell organelles 40. Susceptibility to kidney stones increases the most in individuals who drink lots of _____ and _______. a. Beer – Are deficient in Vitamin D b. Water – live in cool climates c. Water – take calcium supplements d. Beer – Eat lots of red meat 41. Theoretically, which sperm would be able to swim the fastest (mm/sec)? a. Smallest volume & short flagellum b. Largest volume & short flagellum c. Smallest volume & long flagellum d. Largest volume & long flagellum 42. The transitional epithelium in the _____ stretches well & these cells produce a(n) _____ as a protective covering. a. Urinary bladder – slightly alkaline mucous b. Mammary gland – highly acidic mucous c. Urinary bladder – highly acidic mucous d. Mammary gland – slightly alkaline mucous 43. Elmer has kidney stones that cause _____ when passed, but he is worried that the stones may also cause _______. a. Pain – GFR to increase b. Pain – blockage of a ureter c. Excess urination – calcium deficiencies d. Excess urination – a vitamin C overdose 44. Inhibition of the _____ will relax the ______. a. Somatic motor system – internal urethral sphincter b. Somatic motor system – ureter c. Parasympathetic system – urinary bladder’s muscle tissue d. Sympathetic system – external urethral sphincter Biology 118, Final, Version C, Autumn 2015
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45. If Adele suffered from dehydration, one symptom that would result from it is ______ & her singing would _____. a. An intoxicated feeling – improve b. A dry mouth – be impaired c. Excessive sweating – be impaired d. A full bladder – improve 46. The loop of Henle and its surrounding peritubular capillaries have fluids that are flowing in the _____ direction. This helps create the _______ environment in the renal medulla. a. Opposite – hyper-­‐osmotic b. Same – hypo-­‐osmotic c. Same – hyper-­‐osmotic d. Opposite – hypo-­‐osmotic 47. The _____ feedback by estrogen produces ______ the female sex hormones. a. Constant positive – cyclic changes in b. Alternation of negative & positive – constant levels of c. Alternation of negative & positive – cyclic changes in d. Constant negative – constant levels of 48. ________ can slow the growth of some types of breast cancer because it ______ testosterone into estrogen. a. Aromatase – blocks conversion of b. Aromatase – converts c. Aromatase inhibitor – converts d. Aromatase inhibitor – blocks conversion of 49. Maxine’s current water balance would be ______ given these values: metabolic water = 200 ml, respiration = 1000 ml, drinking = 2000 ml, urination = 1000 ml, food = 500 ml, feces = 200 ml, sweating/skin = 500 ml. a. Positive – she is overhydrated b. Even – she is in equilibrium c. Negative – she is dehydrated d. Negative – she is hyper-­‐osmotic 50. When the systemic blood pressure is normal, the afferent arteriole leading into Bowman’s capsule has a _____ diameter than the efferent arteriole that exits the capsule. This ensures that the glomerular HP is ________. a. Smaller – higher than other capillaries b. Larger – higher than other capillaries c. Larger – lower than other capillaries d. Smaller – lower than other capillaries