TheList
of China’sBannedReligiousGroups
• Iwouldliketospendthenext25minutesor
sodiscussingChina’sofficiallistsofbanned
religiousgroups.Theselistshavebeen
consolidatedandpublishederratically.
Howevertheyappeartobeanimportant
aspectofthecontemporaryreligiousscenein
China.Iwishtoinvestigatethesetwo
questions:
EdwardIrons
TheHongKongInstitute
CESNURKorea
• Whatistheirsignificance?
July2016
• Whatcanwelearnfromthem?
Preliminaryversion.Pleasedonotreproduceor
quotewithouttheconsentoftheauthor
Firstproscriptionpublishedin1983
ConsolidatedLists1995,2000,Mar.25,2014
AgenciesInvolved:
Overview
LetmestartbysayingIamfocusedonthepublished
documentsandwhattheyindicate.Iamnotgoing
toarguefororagainstthegovernment’sposition,or
whetherornotthisgrouporthatdeservestobe
singledout.Iamgoingtosuggestthatthematerial
inthelistsisofspecialinteresttoscholarsofnew
religions.
Thefirstgrouptobesingledoutwas
agroupsreferred toastheShouters,inacircularof
1982.Othergroupsweresingledoutovertheyears.
Consolidatedlistswerepublishedin1995,2000,and
againin2014.Thesethreearethe“lists”proper.
Theyconstituteimportantdocumentsreflecting
religiouspolicy.Iwilldiscussthecircularsaswellas
theconsolidatedlists,sincemanyofthemwere
publishedinlistform,andtheyprovidedcontent
subsequentlycompiledintolists.
Arangeofagenciesareinvolvedin
thesecirculars,butthemajorlistsarepublishedby
PublicSafety,theStateCouncil,bothgovernment
agencies,andtheGeneralOfficeoftheCentral
Committee,adepartmentoftheparty.
q VariousPublicSafetyBureaus 公安局
qGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncil国务院办公厅
qGeneralOfficeoftheCentralCommittee中共中央办公厅
Background:
ChineseGovernmentStructure
Source:ChinaBusinessReview
http://cesran.org/images/stories/CCP_government_structure.jpg
OrgansUndertheStateCouncil
国务院直属机构
PublicSecurity公安部： Ministry underState
Council
StateAdministrationofReligiousAffairs
（SARA）
国家宗教事务局
Organs Under theParty
中共中央办公厅
GeneralOffice
oftheCentralCommittee
oftheCommunistPartyofChina
BusinessInsider
http://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-communist-party-one-chart-2012-9
Background:
Historical Stages
(asimplified
view)
Intheinitial periodofCommunistrule
therewasaperiodofquietasthe
partyconsolidated powerand
preparedforchange.Manyreligious
groupscontinuedbusinessasusual.
Startingin1950thisbegantochange.
Religious institutionswerebrought
understatemanagementwithinthe
“fiveestablsiehd religions” rhetoric.In
1953aseries ofMovements,theFiveAntis,whichtargetedcpecific religious
groups,notableYiguandao,Jesus
Family,andLittle Flock/LocalChurches.
Consolida
tion
•19491966
Statecooption&
control+
• “Anti”
movemen
ts
Cultural
Revolutio
n
Reform
&
Liberaliza
tion
•1966• 1979-2016
1978
• Normaliza
•Eradicati
tion&
on &
tolerance
radical
ofsome
attackson
religious
religions+r
activity+gr
apid
owth of
growthin
unregister
ruralareas
ed
religions
ThePeriodof
Consolidation
1949-1966
Thisquotegivesonscholar's viewon
theconsolidationthattookplace in
the1950s.Itwasatime ofwrenching
changeforreligious practitioners,
manyofwhomhopedthenewregime
wouldallowthemtopractice their
religion asusual.
Inmyview,themostdevastatingblowtoallChristiansinthe
late1950swastheanti-rightistmovement,whichpunished
arbitrarilyhundredsofthousands,shutdowndissentoreven
dialoguewiththestate,andnearlycriminalizedreligious
beliefitself,despitethestateconstitution.
ThencametheGreatLeapForwardin1958,which
occasioned…theclosingofover90percentofthechurches
whichwerestillopen...
DanielBays
ANewHistoryofChristianityinChina,2012
TheCultural
Revolution
1966-1978
TheCulturalRevolutionisoften
depicted asacatastropheforreligion. Butrecent opinioniscomingaroundto
theviewthatwiththestatebodies
busywithpolitical struggle, itwasa
timeofhiatus.True,places ofworship
weredamaged.Butmuchreligious
activitysimplywentunderground.
”...religionsdisappearedonlyfromthepublicscene.Notonly
didmanypeoplemaintaintheirfaithinseret,butpersevering
believersalsogatheredforworshipathomeorinthe
wilderness.Religionsimplywentunderground.”
FenggangYang
ReligioninChina:SurvivalandRevivalUnderCommunistRule,
2012,p.73.
Documents
Issued:Types
Theformofthedocumentscanbe
PublicSecurity NotificationsorCentral
CommitteeNotifications.Theyare
usuallywritteninthisform:
“Notificationconcerning XX
Proscription.”Theyaregivenyearand
sequence numbers,suchas“1995-50.”
Province,cities and
countiesalsoissuenotifications.Some
ofthesemaketheir wayintothe
consolidatedlistsof1995,2000,and
2014.
ØIndividualPublicSecuritySectionPublic
Notifications:“PublicSecuritySectionPublic
Notification#39”2000.
ØStateBureauNotifications:“Notificationon
SituationandWorkingOpinionRegardingPublic
SecurityProscriptionofShoutersandotherEvil
CultOrganizations中央办公厅、国务院办公厅
下发《关于转发〈公安部关于查禁取缔"呼喊
派"等邪教组织的情况及工作意见〉的通知》
（厅字[1995]50号）
ØProvinceandCitiesmayissueothernotifications
Ø“ConsolidatedList”Notifications:1995-50,
2000-39.
1982 中共中央印發〔1982〕19号文件
關於我國社會主義時期宗教問題的基本觀點和基本政策
Settingthe
Stage:
Publications
Thepronouncementsdonotspring
fromavaccuum.Theyareoften
preceded byarticles orcommentaryin
thepress,officialpublications, or,
today,online commentary.One
importantexamplewasthe
publicationin1982ofanarticle
“Concerning thebasicperspective and
policytowardthereligious question
duringtheperiodofsocialism.” This
waspublication19in1982fromthe
CentralPublication Bureauofthe
CommunistParty.Thisarticle hinted
attheneedtocontrolunregistered
groupsclaiming tobereligious.
PartyCentralPublishingDocument1982-19:“RegardingBasic
ViewpointandFundamentalPoliciesTowardtheReligious
ProblemDuringthePeriodofSocialism”
TheConsolidatedLists
Ibeginwiththesecondlist.14groupsarelisted,included6copiedfromthepreceding,1995summary
document.Ausefuldefinitionofxiejiao isgiven.Thislistiswidelyavailableontheinternet.Notetheofficial
PublicSecuritychop,dated2000.
Axiejiao isdefinedasanyillegalorganizationsthat:
a.establishesanillegalorganizationinthenameof
religion,Qigong,etc;
b. deifiestheirleaders;[8]
c.
initiatesandspreadssuperstitionsandheterodox beliefs迷信邪說
d.
utilizesvariousmeanstofabricateandspreadsuperstitionsandheterodox[orcultic]beliefstoexcite
doubtsanddeceivethepeople,recruitandcontrolitsmembersbymeans.
e.
engagesindisturbingsocialorderinanorganizedmannerthatbringsinjurytothelivesandpropertiesof
thecitizens.危害公民生命財產安全等活動。
Thetermxiejiao ishereusedas“cult.” Infactthistermhasalonghistory.Itwasborrowedinthe1990sasaconvenient,well-knowntermfor
translatingaforeignwordthathaditsowncomplexbackground. ConsolidatedList2:2000-39
Notification on Situation and Working Opinion Regarding Public Security Proscription ofShouters and other EvilCult
Organizations中央办公厅、国务院办公厅下发《关于转发〈公安部关于查禁取缔" 呼喊派"等邪教组织的
情况及工作意见〉的通知》（厅字[1995]50号）
ØTotal14Groups
ØListedthesixproscribedgroupsinDocument1995-50andonemore(nodocument)verifiedas xiejiao bytheNationalCCP Central
CommitteeandtheStateCouncil
ØListedanadditional7certifiedasxiejiao邪教 inPublicSecurityannouncementsbetween1995and1999
ØDefinesanevilcult:
a.Illegalorganizationsestablishedinthenameof religion,qigong,etc.
b. that deifytheirleaders;
c. thatinitiateandspreadsuperstitionsandheterodox beliefs迷信邪說;
d.
thatutilizevariousmeanstofabricateandspreadsuperstitions
andheterodox[orcultic]beliefstoexcitedoubtsanddeceivethepeople,recruit
andcontrolitsmembersbymeans;
e.
thatengageindisturbingsocialorderinanorganizedmannerthatbringsinjury
tothelivesandpropertiesofthecitizens危害公民生命財產安全等活動。
ConsolidatedList
1: 1995-50
Andnow,thefirstchronological list,
from1995.Iplace thissecond
becauseofaproblemIhaveinthe
research: Icannotfindahardcopy.
KimChanandIhavelookedhard.For
somereasonthisdocumentnoteasily
available. Verydifferentfrom#200039.Butitexists--itscontentsmakeup
thecoreof#2000-39.
There are6groupsreferred toin
@1995-50.
Ø1995午11月，中央辦公廳、國務院辦公
廳下發了《關於轉發〈公安部關於查禁
取締「呼喊派」等邪教組織的情況及工
作意見〉的通知》﹙廳字[1995]50號﹚
ØCentralOffice,NationalCongressGeneralOffice
Circulated“RegardingtheCirculationofPublic
SecurityDepartmentNotificationonthe
CircumstancesandOpinionsRegardingthe
ProscriptionontheShoutersandotherCult
organizations”(1995-50)
ØTotalSixProscribedgroups
⁈
ConsolidatedList
3
Andnowtothethirdlist,fromMay,
2014.Youcanseethatthisoneisnot
issuedbyagovernmentagencyatall.
Itisawidely disseminatedlistfrom
theChinaAnti-CultAgency,published
June4,2014,inresponsetothe
McDonaldsEasternLightningincident.
Noneofthegroupsonthislist are
new--theyall appearedonlist#2.
Consolidated List3:May,2014;
AftertheMcDonaldsIncident…it’salldone
through themedia
20Groups…
NONENEW
Sidebar:ASuggestion
Eachpronouncementisthepublicface/expressionofanetworkofinterlacedfactors:public
securityactions,courtorders,opinionpieces,andcustomarypractises.
Public
Security
Actions
Court
orders
Pronounc
e-ment
公布
Opinion
pieces
Customary
practice
Party
policy
Public
pressure
TheIndividual
Groups
NowIturntoindividual
groups,batchedtogetherfor
convenience. Pre-1995 4
Groups
Fewcirculars wereissuedbefore1995.
The Shouters呼喊派／
TeachingsofChángshòu
常受教: recognizedin
Chineseofficialsources
asdescendingfromthe
LivingStream Ministry
foundedin1965byLǐ
Chángshòu 李常受in
theUS(1983)
FullScopeChurch全范
围教会: foundedin
Hénán in1984byXú
Yǒngzé 徐永泽 (1988)
The DiscipleSociety门
徒会: started byLǐ
Sānbǎo季三保 in
Shǎanxī 陕西 (1989)
The Lingling Sect灵灵
教: foundedin1986in
Jiāngsū 江苏byHúa
Xǔehé 华雪和 (1991)
19957Groups
Atonofgroupscameintoviewin
1995,asreflected in#1995-50
consolidatedlist#2.Clearly the
increased religious activity,especially
inthecountryside,hadcreated
concerninthegovernment.
Atthistime anewpolice agencywas
created:
Anointed
King被
立王
establish
ed1992
inĀnhùi
安徽by
Wú
Yángmín
g 吴杨明
(1995)
Church
of
Almighty
God全能
神教会
/Eastern
Lightning
东方闪
电／
TrueGod
实际神
／New
Master
ofPower
新能力
主:
founded
1989in
Henan
河南by
Zhào
Wéishān
赵维山
(1995)
Guanyin
Method
观音法
门,
founded
1988by
Ching
Hai青海
in
Taiwan
(1995)
Mainlan
dChina
Administ
rative
Deacon
Station
中华大
陆行政
执事站:
founded
1994in
Henan
byWáng
Yǒngmín
王永民
(1995)
Children
ofGod
天父的
儿女;
alternati
vely,The
Family
Internati
onal(家
庭国际:
founded
in1968
in
Californi
a by
David
Berg
(1995)
Dami
Mission
达米宣
教会:
founded
inthe
early
1990sin
South
Koreaby
LeeJang
Rim
(1995)
True
Buddha
School
灵仙真
佛:
founded
1979in
Taiwan
byLü
Shèngyá
n卢胜彦
(1995)
PublicSecurityAnti-Cult
公安部反邪教組
1999年6月10日
610辦公室
“610Office”
Theanti-cultdepartment
under PublicSecurity.
Theinsigniausedisthatofthepolice.
1995-1999 8
Groups
Thelate1990ssawmorecirculars. ConsolidatedList#2,2000-39,
included Falungong,whichhad
exploded onthescenein2000.(Many
qigonggroupsweredeclared illegal at
thesametime,butnotincluded on
thiscultlist.)
Anothernew
organizationaldevelopmentinthsi
period:
New
Testame
nt
Church
新约教
会:
founded
byKong
Duen
Yee(江
端仪
Jīang
Dūanyǐ)
inHong
Kongin
1963
(1995)
Bloody
Holy
Spirit血
水圣灵
(xǔeshǔi
shènglín
g):
founded
1988in
Taiwan
byZǔo
Kūn左坤
(deemed
partof
NTC)
(1995)
World
Elijah
Gospel
Mission
Society
世界以
利亚福
音宣教
会, also
known
asthe
World
Mission
Society:
started
inKorea
in1964
byAhn
Sahnghong
(1996)
the
Unific
ation
Churc
h统
一教:
found
ed
1954
by
Mun
Sonmyon
g in
South
Korea
(1997)
Lord
God
Sect
主神
教:
establi
shed
1993
byLíu
Jīagúo
刘家
国in
Húnán
(1998)
Yúandùnf
ǎmén
（Perfect
Three
and
Grade Fǎlúng
Sudden
sof
ōng法
Serva 轮功: Dharma
Gate)圆
nts三 found
顿法门:
班仆
edin
founded
1992
人派:
byXǔ
found inJilin
Chéngjīa
edin
byLǐ
ng许成
1988 Hóngz
江 in
in
hì 李
Hēilóngjī
Hénán 洪志
ang in
byXú (suppr
1998
Wénk essed
(suppres
ù徐
from
sedasa
文库 1999)
branchof
(1999)
ChingHai
from
1999)
ChinaAnti-CultAssociation(CACA)
中国反邪教协会
Est.Nov.2000
“voluntary,”non-profitorganization
Mediatreatsannouncesasofficialnotices:June4,2014FrontPage
Logo
TheChinaAnti-CultAssociation
wasestablished in2000.
Notethiswassetupasa
pseudo-NGO, notanagency
ofthepoliceortheParty.
Yetthemediatreated
itsannouncements as
officialcirculars.
Post-1999 4
Groups
Fourmoregroupsweredeclared illegal
inthe2000s.
Zhōnggōn
g中功:
establishe
dinthe
1987asa
qìgōng
groupby
Zhāng
Hóngbbǎo
张宏堡
(2000)
South
China
Church华
南教会:
founded
1990in
Húběi by
Gǒng
Shènglìang
龚圣亮
(2001)
PureLand
Learning
Associatio
n净宗学
会:
founded
by
Buddhist
Master
ChinKung
净空 in
Taiwanin
1984
（deemed
illegal
2011）
AlcorLife
Extension
Associatio
n生命研
究基金会:
anonprofitfirst
foundedin
California
byFred
andLinda
Chamberla
inin1972
（deemed
illegal
2011）
ConsolidatedList#3:Aquickreminder,the
listfrom2014,ConsolidateList#3,
contains20groups,noneofthemnew.
OnlyZhonggong,theqigonggroup,isnotlisted.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Falungong法轮功
ChurchofAlmightyGod全能神
Shouters呼唤派
DiscipleSociety门徒会
UnificationChurch统一教
GuanyinMethod观音法门
BloodyHolySpirit血水圣灵
FullScopeChurch全范围教会
ThreeGradesofServant三班仆人派
TrueBuddhaSchool灵仙真佛宗
MainlandChinaAdministrativeDeaconStation中华大陆行政执事
站
灵灵教
SouthChinaChurch华南教会
Annointed King被立王
LordGodSect主神教
WorldGospelMissionSociety世界以利亚福音宣教会
PerfectandSuddenDharmaGate圆顿法门
NewTestamentChurch新约教会
Dami Mission达米宣教会
ChildrenofGod天父的儿女
Andnow,ontoa consolidated list.
Notofficiallypublished.
TheConsolidatedList:23Groups
• TheShouters 呼喊派 (hūhǎnpài)／Teachings ofChángshòu常受教 (chángshoujìao): recognizedinChinese officialsources asdescending
fromtheLivingStreamMinistry founded in1965byLǐ Chángshòu 李常受intheUS(1983)
• FullScopeChurch 全范围教会 (qúanfànwěijìaohùi): founded inHénán in1984byXú Yǒngzé 徐永泽 (1988)
• TheDisciple Society门徒会 (méntúhùi): startedbyLǐ Sānbǎo季三保 inShǎanxī 陕西 (1989)
• TheLingling Sect灵灵教 (línglíngjìao): founded in1986inJiāngsū 江苏byHúa Xǔehé 华雪和 (1991)
• AnointedKing被立王 (bèiliwáng) established 1992inĀnhùi 安徽byWú Yángmíng 吴杨明 (1995)
• ChurchofAlmightyGod全能神教会 (qúannéngshén jìaohùi)/Eastern Lightning东方闪电 (dōngfāng shǎndìan)／True God实际神
(shíjìshén)／New MasterofPower新能力主 (xīnnénglìzhǔ): founded 1989inHenan河南byZhào Wéishān 赵维山 (1995)
• GuanyinMethod观音法门 (guānyīn fǎmén), founded 1988byChingHai青海 (qīnghǎi) inTaiwan(1995)
• MainlandChina AdministrativeDeaconStation中华大陆行政执事站 (zhōnghúadàlùxíngzhèngahíshìzhàn): founded 1994inHenanby
Wáng Yǒngmín 王永民 (1995)
• Children ofGod天父的儿女 (tiānfùde érnǔ); alternatively,TheFamily International(家庭国际 (jiātíng gúojì): founded in1968in
California byDavidBerg(1995)
• Dami Mission 达米宣教会 (dámǐ xūanjìaohùi): founded intheearly1990sinSouthKoreabyLeeJangRim(1995)
• TrueBuddhaSchool 灵仙真佛宗 (língxīan zhēnfózōng): founded 1979inTaiwanbyLü Shèngyán卢胜彦 (1995)
ConsolidatedList(cont.):23Groups
• NewTestamentChurch新约教会 (xīnyūejìaohùi): founded byKongDuen Yee(江端仪Jīang Dūanyǐ)inHongKongin1963(1995)
• World ElijahGospelMission Society世界以利亚福音宣教会 (shījìeyǐlìyǎ fúyīn xuānjìaohùi), alsoknownastheWorld Mission Society:
startedinKoreain1964byAhn Sahng-hong (1996)
• theUnification Church统一教 (tǒngyījìao): founded 1954byMun Son-myong inSouth Korea(1997)
• LordGodSect主神教 (zhǔshénjìao): established 1993byLíu Jīagúo 刘家国inHúnán (1998)
• ThreeGradesofServants三班仆人派 (sānbānpǔrénpài): founded in1988inHénán byXú Wénkù 徐文库 (1999)
• Zhōnggōng中功:established inthe1987asaqìgōng groupbyZhāng Hóngbbǎo张宏堡 (2000)
• Fǎlúngōng法轮功:founded in1992inJilin byLǐ Hóngzhì 李洪志 (suppressed from1999)
• Yúandùnfǎmén圆顿法门: founded byXǔ Chéngjīang许成江 inHēilóngjīang in1998(suppressed asabranchofChingHaifrom1999)
• Bloody HolySpirit血水圣灵 (xǔeshǔishènglíng): founded 1988inTaiwanbyZǔo Kūn左坤 (1995)
• SouthChina Church华南教会 (húanánjìaohùi): founded 1990inHúběi byGǒng Shènglìang 龚圣亮 (2001)
• PureLandLearningAssociation净空学会 (jìngzōng xúehùi): founded byBuddhist MasterChin Kung净空 (jìngkōng) inTaiwanin1984
（deemedillegal2011）
• AlcorLifeExtensionAssociation 生命研究基金会 (shēngmìng yánjìu jījīnhùi): anon-profit firstfounded inCalifornia byFredandLinda
Chamberlain in1972（deemedillegal2011）
Consolidated List:
Noting10Overseas Groups
Fully43%aresaidtohaveoverseas ties.
1.
TheShouters 呼喊派
1.
NewTestament新约教会
2.
FullScopeChurch 全范围教会
2.
World ElijahGospelMission Society世界以利亚福音宣教会
3.
TheDisciple Society门徒会
3.
theUnification Church统一教
4.
TheLingling Sect灵灵教
4.
LordGodSect主神教
5.
AnointedKing被立王
5.
ThreeGradesofServants三班仆人派
6.
ChurchofAlmightyGod全能神教会
6.
Zhōnggōng中功
7.
GuanyinMethod观音法门
7.
Fǎlúngōng法轮功
8.
MainlandChina AdministrativeDeaconStation中华大陆行政
执事站
8.
Yúandùnfǎmén圆顿法门
9.
Children ofGod天父的儿女
9.
Bloody HolySpirit血水圣灵
10.
Dami Mission 达米宣教会
10.
SouthChina Church华南教会
11.
TrueBuddhaSchool 灵仙真佛宗
11.
PureLandLearningAssociation净宗学会
12.
AlcorLifeExtensionAssociation 生命研究基金会
Consolidated List:
Noting16Christian-inspired Groups
70%areChristian-inspired
1.
TheShouters 呼喊派
1.
NewTestament新约教会
2.
FullScopeChurch 全范围教会
2.
World ElijahGospelMission Society世界以利亚福音宣教会
3.
TheDisciple Society门徒会
3.
theUnification Church统一教
4.
TheLingling Sect灵灵教
4.
LordGodSect主神教
5.
AnointedKing被立王
5.
ThreeGradesofServants三班仆人派
6.
ChurchofAlmightyGod全能神教会
6.
Zhōnggōng中功
7.
GuanyinMethod观音法门
7.
Fǎlúngōng法轮功
8.
MainlandChina AdministrativeDeaconStation中华大陆行政
执事站
8.
Yúandùnfǎmén圆顿法门
9.
Children ofGod天父的儿女
9.
Bloody HolySpirit血水圣灵
10.
Dami Mission 达米宣教会
10.
SouthChina Church华南教会
11.
TrueBuddhaSchool 灵仙真佛宗
11.
PureLandLearningAssociation净宗学会
12.
AlcorLifeExtensionAssociation 生命研究基金会
Consolidated List:
Noting7Syncretic andBuddhist-inspired
Groups(30%)
1.
TheShouters 呼喊派
1.
NewTestamentxīnyūejìaohùi)
2.
FullScopeChurch 全范围教会
2.
World ElijahGospelMission Society世界以利亚福音宣教会
3.
TheDisciple Society门徒会
3.
theUnification Church统一教
4.
TheLingling Sect灵灵教
4.
LordGodSect主神教
5.
AnointedKing被立王
5.
ThreeGradesofServants三班仆人派
6.
ChurchofAlmightyGod全能神教会
6.
Zhōnggōng中功
7.
GuanyinMethod观音法门
7.
Fǎlúngōng法轮功
8.
MainlandChina AdministrativeDeaconStation中华大陆行政
执事站
8.
Yúandùnfǎmén圆顿法门
9.
Children ofGod天父的儿女
9.
Bloody HolySpirit血水圣灵
10.
Dami Mission 达米宣教会
10.
SouthChina Church华南教会
11.
TrueBuddhaSchool 灵仙真佛宗
11.
PureLandLearningAssociation净宗学会
12.
AlcorLifeExtensionAssociation 生命研究基金会
ØKindnessSect恩惠教
ØDeclaredhereticalNov.1999incircularfromUrumuqi Public
Security
ØFounded1997byPanWei潘卫
MinorGroups
Thisconsolidatedliststill leavesoff
manyminororlocal groups.Some
examples...
Ø30house-churchgroupsinXinjiang
ØChinaGospelFellowship中华福音团切
ØTanghe County,Henan
Duihua ResearchJuly10,2014
www.duihuaresearch.org/search/label/Religion
TheLatest
Additions: 2011
A
Finally, letmefocusonthelasttwo
additions. Iinclude theseforareason.
ThePureLandLearningAssociation was
growingveryquickly insouthern China
throughoutthe2000s.Ipersonally saw
manytraditionaltemplesinGaungzhou
wereactuallyused asworkshops topack
CDsandhandouts ofMasterChinKung.
Heseemeduterly conventional.Sowhen
thisgroupwasmadeillegalitsurprised
me.Onepossibility isthatitbecametoo
popular.
PureLandLearningAssociation净宗学会:
founded byBuddhistMasterChin Kung
净空
inTaiwanin1984（deemedillegal2011）
TheLatest
Additions: 2011
B
Thesecondgroup,AlcorLifeExtension,is
notareligiousgroupatall.It'sincluded
herebecause itwasincludedinthesame
circularasthePureLandLearning
Association.Itsuggests alevelofconcern.
Andforus,anewdirectionofresearch.
PerhapsinthiscasethePartyisaheadof
us???
AlcorLifeExtensionAssociation生命研究基
金会:
anon-profitfirstfoundedinCalifornia
byFredandLindaChamberlainin1972
（deemed illegal2011）
“Theworld’sleadingcryonicsorganization.”
Conclusion
•Officialpronouncementscontinuetobeconsideredusefulforsocialcontrol
•Thepronouncementspartiallyreflectstatepolicyandconcerns,plusambiguities
•Pronouncementsmaybedated--notreflectingcurrentthinking
•Inclusiononthelist--illegalstatus--isamajorbarriertodialogandactivity
•TheListdoesreflectsonlyaportionofactivityontheground
•Thelistisneverthelessusefultoscholars
•A majordistinctionexistsbetweencults邪教 andreligions宗教 (neworestablished)
•Post-2000thegovernmentswitchedtoindirectmeansbesidesPublicSecurityCirculars…reflects
theinfluenceoftheinternetandamorenuancedmediapolicy?
Thankyou!
Conferencecyberproceedings
arepublishedfordocumentarypurposes.
Theviewexpressedaretheauthor's
anddonotnecessarilyrepresentCESNUR'sopinions.