NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-1, Energy Basics and Fossil Fuels
AP Environmental Science II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed.
North Central High School
Name: ______________________________ ID#: ____________________
NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL
NOTE & STUDY GUIDE
AP Environmental Science II
Unit 2-1: Energy Basics and Fossil Fuels
REQUIRED READING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SCINECE: EARTH AS A LIVING PLANET
(BOTKIN & KELLER):
CHAPTER 14, ENERGY: SOME BASICS (PG. 286-302)
CHAPTER 15, FOSSIL FUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (PG. 303-325)
Additional resources available at
www.mrdocsonlinelab.com
Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only)
Part
1
Description
LECTURE 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS
Grade
SG 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS
2
LECTURE 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SG 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY
3
LECTURE 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS
SG 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS
TOTAL
Out of
5
5
5
5
5
5
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NOTES 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS
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3
SG 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS
_____ 1. Which of the following terms refers to energy that is stored?
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) cogeneration
d) soft path energy
e) first-law efficiency
_____ 2. Which of the following terms refers to the capture and use of waste heat?
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) cogeneration
d) soft path energy
e) first-law efficiency
_____ 3. Which of the following are the three main energy sources used in the U.S?
a) petroleum, coal, and nuclear
b) wood, petroleum, and nuclear
c) hydroelectric, natural gas, and coal
d) coal, gasoline, and nuclear
e) petroleum, natural gas, and coal
_____ 4. Total worldwide energy use today is about 13.8 terawatts (trillions watts), and that figure is
increasing very rapidly. The two general trends that are leading to the rapid increase in
energy use are population growth and:
a) increasing urbanization
b) declining energy efficiency
c) changes from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources
d) rising standard of living
e) increasing demands for environmentally benign energy
_____ 5. A train carries 200 passengers from Washington, D.C. to New York. The locomotive uses
2800 liters of diesel fuel during the trip. Afterwards, all the energy that was in the diesel
changed to:
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) heat
d) high-quality energy
e) antimatter
_____ 6. Imagine riding your bike through hilly terrain. When would your bike have the greatest
potential energy?
a) when you were just starting up a hill
b) when you were sitting at the top of a hill
c) when you were coasting down a hill
d) when you had reached maximum speed at the bottom of the hill
e) when you had put the bike in the trunk of your car and started home
_____ 7. Imagine riding your bike through hilly terrain. When would your bike have the greatest
kinetic energy?
a) when you were just starting up a hill
b) when you were sitting at the top of a hill
c) when you were coasting down a hill
d) when you had reached maximum speed at the bottom of the hill
e) when you had put the bike in the trunk of your car and started home
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_____ 8. Imagine riding your bike through hilly terrain. When you pump the pedals and cause the
bike to move to the top of a hill, where does the energy come from that allows you to flex and
extend your muscles and move the bike up the hill?
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) chemical potential energy
d) momentum
e) heat
_____ 9. After riding your bike along a flat road, you come to a stop sign and apply the brakes to stop
the bike. When the bike has stopped, where does all of the energy that you expended in
moving the bike forward go?
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) chemical potential energy
d) momentum
e) heat
_____ 10. The majority of Earth’s energy input comes from:
a) geothermal heat from the Earth’s interior
b) the Earth’s albedo
c) sunlight
d) combustion of fossil fuels
e) photolysis of ozone in the stratosphere
_____ 11. _________ is an example of a fossil fuel; _________ is an example of an alternative
energy source; and _________ is an example of a renewable energy source:
a) coal; nuclear; solar
b) nuclear; solar; natural gas
c) nuclear; natural gas; hydroelectric
d) petroleum; solar; coal
e) hydroelectric; wind; solar
_____ 12. Which energy source supplies the majority of electrical power generation in the U.S.?
a) hydroelectric
b) solar
c) nuclear
d) coal
e) oil
_____ 13. Energy:
a) is the product of force times distance
b) can be destroyed
c) is always conserved
d) cannot be transformed
e) cannot be conserved
_____ 14. The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a) efficiency of energy conversion is always less than 100%
b) energy is never created, never destroyed, but always preserved
c) the present is the key to the past
d) energy is measured in joules, power in watts
e) energy can go from higher quality forms to lower, but not in the opposite direction
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_____ 15. Which energy transformation occurs as a book falls from the top of your book shelf towards
the floor?
a) the book’s potential energy and kinetic energy decreases
b) the book’s potential energy decreases and its kinetic energy increases
c) the book’s potential energy increases and its kinetic energy decreases
d) the book’s potential energy and kinetic energy increase
e) according to the first law of thermodynamics, both energies stay the same
_____ 16. The biosphere continuously receives ______ from the Sun and radiates ______ into
space.
a) high-grade heat, low-grade energy
b) low-grade energy, low-grade heat
c) high-grade heat, no energy
d) low-grade energy, high-grade heat
e) high-grade energy, low-grade energy
_____ 17. Water stored behind a dam is an example of:
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) efficient energy
d) inertial energy
e) momentum
_____ 18. Which of the following is the lowest quality energy form?
a) sunlight
b) electricity
c) water
d) heat
e) biomass
_____ 19. The concept of micropower:
a) is associated with distribution of power from large generating plants
b) is associated with using several small sources of energy
c) is a bad idea for developing countries
d) is a system first conceived in the past 20 years
e) is consistent with power distribution over the hard path
20.
For each of the units below, state whether the unit measures:
A) power
B) energy
C) the unit electricity commonly is sold in
Joule
_____
British Thermal Unit
_____
Watt
_____
Quad
_____
Kilowatt-hour
_____
Exajoule
_____
21.
Name three renewable energy resources.
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22.
Fundamental characteristics of energy are reflected in the first and second laws of
thermodynamics (energy laws). Define these two laws.
23.
Explain the merits of micropower.
24.
The two countries of Botkinlandia and Kellertopia share one single power plant with a
maximum capacity of 10 gigawatts (10 billion watts = 10,000,000 kW). Kellertopia is small and
prosperous, with a stable population of 500,000 and average energy use of 8 kW per capita.
Botkinlandia is larger (pop.=1,000,000), less developed (per capita energy use = 1 kW), and
growing fast (population and per capita energy use doubling every 20 years). Instead of
building additional power plants, propose population and energy-use goals for both countries
that will allow them to manage with the electricity they have.
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NOTES 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICENCY
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10
SG 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY
_____ 1. The ratio of the actual amount of energy delivered where it is needed to the amount of
energy supplied in order to meet that need is referred to as:
a) potential energy
b) kinetic energy
c) cogeneration
d) soft path energy
e) first-law efficiency
_____ 2. The second law of thermodynamics states that:
a) efficiency of energy conversion is always less than 100%
b) energy is never created, never destroyed, but always preserved
c) the present is the key to the past
d) energy is measured in joules, power in watts
e) energy can go from higher quality forms to lower, but not in the opposite direction
_____ 3. “Cogeneration” refers to the use of:
a) waste heat to improve overall efficiency
b) scrubbers to reduce sulfur emissions
c) steam turbines to produce electricity
d) alternative energy sources
e) pump-storage facilities
_____ 4. The two countries of Botkinlandia and Kellertopia share one single power plant with a 21.
________ are units of energy, and ________ are units of power:
I. Exajoules; kilowatt-hours
II. Joules; watts
III. BTUs; kilowatts
a) I only
b) II only
c) III only
d) II and III
e) I, II, and III
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_____ 5. If the world’s population continues to increase at an annual rate of 1.1%, the total population
will double in _________ years.
a) 14
b) 24
c) 44
d) 54
e) 64
6.
In ancient Rome, a law was established to protect a person's right to unobstructed sunlight.
On what need was this law based on?
7.
The Environmental Science text lists three general areas that should be targeted for greater
energy efficiency. List these three areas and identify one way in which efficiency could be
improved for each one.
8.
List four ways of modifying human behavior in order to conserve energy.
9.
Give an example of cogeneration.
10.
In ancient Rome and Greece energy problems were already well known. What was the
solution discussed in the Environmental Science text?
11.
Can a heat engine convert all of the energy input into work? Why or why not?
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NOTES 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS
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SG 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS
_____ 1. Which of the following terms refers to recovery of petroleum by simply pumping it from a
well, without steam, lubricants, or other elaborate steps necessary to mobilize the oil?
a) hydrocarbon
b) strip mining
c) allowance trading
d) primary production
e) oil shale
_____ 2. Which of the following is a method for reducing air pollution by mandating maximum
industrial emissions for an entire region or country, not for individual polluters?
a) hydrocarbon
b) strip mining
c) allowance trading
d) primary production
e) oil shale
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_____ 3. The Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has made headlines because:
a) it is the leading source of coal in North America
b) of proposals to explore for oil there
c) it is the proposed site for disposal of high-level nuclear waste
d) the Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred there
e) further oil migration there is blocked by a trap
_____ 4. Which of the following geological processes initiates the chemical transformation of the
sediment’s organic material into oil and gas?
a) deposition of organic-poor material
b) elevated temperatures and pressures
c) migration of oil into the source rock
d) secondary enrichment by escaping gases
e) migration out of the reservoir rock blocked by a trap
_____ 5. According to the Environmental Science text, the estimated peak oil production will be about
50 billion bbl per year and it will arrive sometime between 2020 and 2050. In 2004 the growth
rate for oil was 3.4%. What will happen when the peak production occurs and demand is not
met?
a) the price of oil will increase
b) disruption to society is likely to happen
c) a gap between demand and production will occur
d) all of the above
e) the predicted peak production will never take place because there are many unknown
reserves to be
_____ 6. All of the following correctly describe fossil fuels except:
a) it is a form of stored solar energy
b) it created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter
c) it comprises long-term energy reserves
d) it is a renewable energy resource
e) it is organic material, dead and buried
_____ 7. Oil production, refining, and transportation have been associated with all of the following
environmental problems except:
a) disturbance of the land surface
b) land subsidence
c) acid mine drainage
d) release of harmful gases
e) pollution of groundwater
_____ 8. All fossil fuels require a certain amount of energy input to get them out of the ground and
process them into useful forms. Which of the following energy sources generally requires the
most energy before it can be used as a fuel:
a) oil
b) low-sulfur coal
c) natural gas
d) oil shale
e) high-sulfur coal
_____ 9. Which of the following sets of adjectives describe the formation of oil, gas, and coal?
a) inorganic, subducted, not oxidized
b) organic, buried, not oxidized
c) inorganic, buried, oxidized
d) organic, eroded, reduced
e) acidic, subducted, oxidized
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_____ 10. One problem with petroleum as an energy source is that the resource is not distributed
evenly throughout the Earth. The largest proven reserves of oil are located in:
a) the North Sea
b) the Gulf of Mexico
c) South America
d) the Middle East
e) the Far East and Australia
_____ 11. Today, the most abundant economic fossil fuel resource is:
a) oil
b) gas
c) coal
d) oil shale
e) hydroelectric
_____ 12. Petroleum is usually found in which of the following situations?
a) a coarse and porous reservoir rock, overlain by an impermeable cap rock
b) an anticline or other trap overlain by porous reservoir rock
c) a fine-grained reservoir rock, overlain by an organic-rich cap rock
d) a porous reservoir rock, overlain by an organic-rich source rock
e) a dense organic-rich cap rock overlain by porous source rock
_____ 13. Oil is:
a) organic matter transformed into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons
b) inorganic matter transformed into liquid hydrocarbons
c) bituminous coals transformed into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons
d) a variety of natural gases compressed by pressure
e) organic particles in water
_____ 14. According to the Environmental Science text, coal is classified according to its:
a) energy and nitrogen content
b) energy and hydrogen content
c) energy and oxygen content
d) energy and sulfur content
e) energy content
15.
List three arguments that have been raised in favor of exploration and petroleum production in
the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
16.
List three arguments that have been raised against of exploration and petroleum production in
the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
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17.
List four proposals for reducing gasoline consumption in the U.S.
18.
Why are geothermal, nuclear, hydropower and solar energy sources considered alternative?
19.
List the three major fossil fuels we are presently dependent on in order of their proportion of
U.S. supply:
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