STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR NAMIBIA’S
NORTH-EAST PARKS
Republic of Namibia
Ministry of Environment and Tourism
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR
NAMIBIA’S NORTH-EAST PARKS
A development programme of the Republic of Namibia co-financed by the Federal Republic of Germany through KfW
KfW Project Grant Number: 2004.6501.3
Abbreviations
BMM
Bwabwata, Mudumu and Mamili National Parks
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
KAZA TFCA
Kavango-Zambezi Trans-frontier Conservation Area
MET
Ministry of Environment & Tourism
IUCN
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
PUBLISHED BY: the Ministry of Environment & Tourism,
Windhoek, Namibia
FIRST PUBLISHED : August 2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The compilation of this Strategic Management Plan was facilitated by Caprivi
Parks Consultants, a partnership of Namibian firms appointed to help implement the Bwabwata Mudumu and Mamili Project. Contributing authors
were: Richard Davies, David Grossman, Ed Humphrey, Ginger Mauney,
John Mendelsohn, Colin Nott and Theo Wassenaar. The following people
made special contributions during compilation of the Plan: Richard Aingura,
Ben Beytell, Peter Erb, Apollinaris Kannyinga, Simon Mayes, Coleen
Mannheimer, Chrispin Mulisa, Colgar Sikopo, Shadrick Siloka, Phil Steyn
and Helmuth Tjikurunda.
PHOTO CREDITS : Ginger Mauney (pages:), Simon Mayes (pages:
), Ed Humphrey (pages:)
M APS : Katharina Dierkes
COMPILATION AND EDITING : Research & Information Services of
Namibia
DESIGN : Martin Mendelsohn
Copyright in text and maps with Ministry of Environment & Tourism, in photographs with individual photographers
Contents
1
The North-East Parks In Context
2
Purpose Of The Plan
12
3
Visions And Objectives
13
4
Management Of Natural Resources
14
5.
Regional Conservation And Development Partnerships
23
6
Zonation
27
7
Tourism
30
8
Infrastructure
32
9
Administration And Management
36
Appendix 1: Biophysical Zoning Of The North-east Parks
Appendix 2: Species Of Special Concern In The North-east Parks 60
2
38
1.
THE NORTH-EAST PARKS IN CONTEXT
Shaped by water, woodlands, floods and fire, human history and ancient animal migration routes, the parks of Namibia’s north-eastern regions are rich in biodiversity and history. Effective management of the North-East Parks will ensure the conservation of important habitats,
safeguard corridors for regional wildlife migration; provide engines for economic growth in poor rural areas; and provide access to natural
areas for local, regional and international visitors.
Kw
an
do
z
be
m
Za
ZAMBIA
i
ANGOLA
Luiana
!
<
Katima
Mulilo
Kongola
Okavango
Omega
NAMIBIA
!
<
BWABWATA
Ngoma Bridge
MUDUMU
Divundu
!
<
!
<
Kw
an
do
Mohembo
i
nt
ya
Lin
MAMILI
o
ng
va
ka
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BOTSWANA
KHAUDUM
Southern Africa
Okavango Delta
!
<
0
25
50
Dobe
100 Kilometers
Namibia’s North-East Parks (Khaudum, Bwabwata, Mudumu and Mamili) lie close together in an area surrounded by Angola, Zambia,
Zimbabwe and Botswana, and transected by the Okavango, Kwando and Zambezi Rivers.
2
Bwabwata
Bwabwata National Park is the largest of the four protected areas which make up the North-East Parks. It consists of the former Caprivi
Game Park, Mahango Game Park, and the Kwando Triangle which, in the past, did not have explicit conservation status. Except for
Mahango, positioned on the western bank of the Kavango River, the park completely covers the section of the Caprivi Strip which extends
from the Okavango to the Kwando River. The boundary between the Caprivi and Kavango regions lies roughly in the middle of the Strip.
Bwabwata is bordered to the north, by Angola and to the south, by Botswana.
Luiana
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ndo
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Park Management Station
Bwabwata Park Boundary
Protected Area
0
5
10
20 Kilometers
Conservancy
Bwabwata National Park covers 6,274 square kilometres and extends across the old caprivi strip.
3
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The Mahango and Buffalo Core Areas in Bwabwata National Park
The latter boundary is fenced except for a 30-kilometre stretch which lies east of the Kwando River. Three community conservancies Kwando, Mayuni and Mashi are its neighbours to the east. The Okavango River forms part of the western border. Bwabwata consists of
three core areas designated for special protection and controlled tourism: Kwando, Buffalo, and Mahango, and a large area with multiple uses,
zoned for community-based tourism, trophy hunting, human settlement and development by the resident community. An outstanding fea-
4
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The Kwando core area in Bwabwata National Park lies to the West of The Kwando River.
ture of Bwabwata is its high number of large mammals that are both rare and of important economic value. The omurambas and their associated grasslands provide habitat for roan, sable and tsessebe, while Mahango is listed as an internationally important bird area – an avian
diversity hotspot that also supports globally threatened species.
5
Mudumu
Mudumu National Park is centred on the Mudumu Mulapo fossil river course, and has dense mopane woodlands at its core and the Kwando
River running along its western border. Mudumu is situated approximately 35 kilometres south of Kongola. The park is bordered by
Botswana to the west, Mashi Conservancy to the north, Sobbe to the east, and the Balyerwa, Wuparo, and the emerging Dzoti Conservancy
to the south. One of Mudumu’s main purposes is to serve as a core wildlife area, supplying individual animals to neighbouring conservancies
that can then sell trophy hunting rights to professional hunting outfits and develop tourism on their own land.
\
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I
Sobbe
Æ Camp Site
Q
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Mudumu Park Boundary
a
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Mashi
Community Forest
Conservancy
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Mudumu National Park covers 715 square kilometres and borders the kwando river.
6
Mamili
Mamili National Park is about 35 kilometres south of Mudumu. Most of the park consists of channels of reed beds, lagoons and islands,
Mamili is the largest wetland area with conservation status in Namibia. It is very like the famous Okavango Delta in its hydrological functioning and biological value. The Kwando River forms the park’s western boundary, and the Linyanti River its south-eastern border. To the
south lies Botswana, while two registered conservancies, Balyerwa and Wuparo, lie to the north. Cut lines were used to demarcate Mamili and
Mudumu after their proclamation as national parks in 1989. However, the cut lines did not follow the original gazetted positions because a
number of villages would have been incorporated into the parks. While most people accepted the misplaced cut lines as the park boundaries,
the borders of some neighbouring conservancies and community forests have been gazetted in relation to official, de jure limits of the parks
and not their de facto cut line borders.
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Mamili National Park covers 337 square kilometres. The Kwando River runs along its western border and then changes course to become
7
Khaudum
Khaudum National Park is bordered by Botswana to the east while communal land and conservancies surround it within Namibia. Only the
border with Botswana and a 55-kilometre section along the western border of the park are fenced, ensuring that wildlife can pursue ancient
migratory routes in and out of Khaudum, and to the Okavango Delta, 150 kilometres to the east of the park boundary. Khaudum is one of
the few refuges in which rare and endangered species such as roan antelope and African wild dog can roam freely. This emphasises the park’s
important conservation status. In addition, Khaudum is the only park in Namibia that protects large expanses of the Northern Kalahari
sandveld forest and woodland biome.
#
I
Q
Æ
Gcude
Park Management Station
George Mukoya
Muduva
Nyangana
Camp Site
Khaudum Park Boundary
Conservancy
Khau du
m
I
Q#
Æ
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#
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Drink
#
BOTSWANA
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a
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I Sikeretti
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Æ
Tsoana
Archeological
Site
N#a-Jaqna
Khaudum National Park in Kavango region extends over 3,842 square kilometres.
8
#Baikiea
Nyae Nyae
0
7.5
15 Kilometers
The Parks’ History
The history of these protected areas is complex, with various proclamations and policies affecting the parks and neighbouring communities. The Caprivi Strip between the Kavango and Kwando
rivers was first proclaimed as a Nature Park in 1963. The Caprivi
Nature Park had its conservation status elevated to that of Game
Park in 1968 following an ecological survey that clearly confirmed
the significant ecological value of the area. However, since its proclamation in 1968 up until the independence of Namibia in 1990,
the entire area was treated as a military zone by the South African
Defence Force, which meant that officials of the Department of
Agriculture & Nature Conservation were denied access to the area.
Only in 1990, when the military forces left Namibia, could conservation staff work in the Caprivi Game Park for the first time.
Prior to their proclamation, Mamili and Mudumu were settled and
used by the Mafwe and Mayeyi people. In 1945, following a tsetse
fly invasion, local residents were moved out of these areas; the land
was then designated as traditional hunting grounds. In 1989, the
Administrator General of South West Africa approved the declaration of Mudumu and Mamili as National Parks.
An agreement between the Administration for Kavango and the
Department of Agriculture & Nature Conservation to proclaim
Mahango, Khaudum and Popa Falls as state protected areas was
signed in December 1982. Mahango and Khaudum were eventually proclaimed as game parks in 1988 and 1989, respectively.
Following independence, the Ministry of Environment & Tourism
(MET) immediately started a socio-ecological survey that included the North-East Parks and surrounding areas. One outcome of
the survey led to the introduction of legislation in 1996 to enable
residents on communal land to form conservancies, thus granting them the same rights over wildlife and tourism as private land
owners. To date, there are fourteen conservancies and/or communal
forests registered in areas bordering the North-East Parks.
In 1998, also following recommendations of the socio-ecological survey, a vision for the North-East Parks was developed. This paper documented the vision shared by stakeholders for conservation, tourism development, equity and the creation of partnerships in the parks. Cabinet
approved this vision in 1999, and also decided to merge the Mahango,
Caprivi and Bwabwata Game Parks to form Bwabwata National Park,
thus creating its three core conservation areas and a multiple use zone.
Its eastern boundary was also extended to the middle of the Kwando
River, thus incorporating the “Kwando Triangle” into Bwabwata.
It was further decided to grant conditional tourism rights in these
parks to neighbouring communities (those living in Bwabwata, Mamili,
Mudumu and Khaudum); and the Khaudum Game Park was renamed
the Khaudum National Park. Recommendations were made regarding the management of cattle in Bwabwata and the proposal that a
lodge site in the Buffalo core area be put out to tender was accepted. Following Cabinet’s decision and a lengthy consultation process,
Bwabwata National Park was finally proclaimed in November 2007.
The legal protection that comes with recognized conservation status
is critical if the conservation of the unique biodiversity and ecological
processes found in Namibia’s North-East Parks is to be ensured. This
biodiversity, especially in the Bwabwata, Mamili and Mudumu complex, is unique within Namibia, primarily because of the Kavango,
Kwando and Linyanti rivers and their associated habitats.
High numbers of large mammals, game, other animals, birds and
plants are supported by the riparian forests and wetlands of these rivers, which include rapids, open water, swamps and pans. A number
of special features away from the rivers also deserve special management, particularly the drier woodlands and grasslands.
9
KAZA
Supporting large herds of elephant and buffalo, plus rare and endangered species such as roan and sable antelope, the North-East
Parks constitute important corridors for animal movement within the greater region in Namibia and surrounding countries. It
is in this context that the North-East Parks are the geographical
heart of the Kavango Zambezi Trans-frontier Conservation Area
(KAZA TFA). This massive area includes numerous proclaimed
national parks, game reserves, community conservation areas, forest reserves, and iconic tourism destinations such as the Victoria
Falls and Okavango Delta. KAZA aims to broaden the protected areas network, thus increasing biodiversity, expanding historical
game migration routes and drawing more tourists to the area. In a
place where local people often bear the costs of living with wildlife,
KAZA aims to make the protection of wildlife and wild places economically more attractive to rural communities.
With a strong history of community and conservancy involvement,
Namibia’s North-East Parks and neighbours are well-placed to take
advantage of KAZA. Namibia’s establishment of conservancies is
recognized as among the most successful efforts by developing nations to enhance natural resource management by increasing local
responsibility and ownership over wildlife. Rural residents benefit
financially from wildlife and tourism through a range of activities,
including harvesting quotas, trophy hunting, sale of live game, and
from tourism concessions.
Economic opportunities
Tourism is a major socio-economic asset of the North-East Parks.
It can offer income to local residents, jobs and business opportunities to communities and entrepreneurs, and economic benefits to
the region and Namibia as a whole. Three examples of communities
benefiting from the North-East Parks are: campsite concessions
granted to communities bordering Kwando core area in 2003; the
10
establishment of two tourism camps in Khaudum that will benefit the Gciriku Traditional Authority and the Muduva Nyangana
and George Mukoya conservancies; and the awarding and subsequent renewal of a trophy hunting concession to the residents in
Bwabwata.
With these economic opportunities, local residents have greater
incentives to protect wildlife and wild places. As a result, support from residents and neighbours made the incorporation and
proclamation of the Kwando Triangle in Bwabwata possible. The
Triangle is now one of the most important ecological resources in
Bwabwata, and is a critical component of KAZA.
The formally protected North-East Parks are too small to conserve all ecological processes and services adequately on their
own. The effectiveness of conservation also gains as it increases in
scale: the greater the area under conservation status and management, the larger the benefit. It is therefore in everyone’s interests
to promote conservation activities, compatible land-use practices,
and management and development initiatives, ultimately to benefit
all collaborating partners throughout the broader area around the
North-East Parks.
It is also important to develop synergies with cropping and livestock activities and mitigate conflicts between land uses. For example, the adoption of planned grazing and herding of livestock
can improve pastures, crop yields and decrease predator livestock
conflicts significantly. Local planning is also required to ensure
that grazing areas are secured for livestock and wildlife over the
long term.
As Chief Mayuni of the Mashi Traditional Authority said, “We
cannot invite tourists to come and see our maize fields, but we can invite them
to see the wildlife that is so close to us.”
Kavango-Zambezi
Transfrontier Conservation
Area (KAZA TFZA)
National Park
A N G O L A
Zambezi
!
(
Other conservation areas
Z A M B I A
Liuwa
Plain
Cuito Cuanavale
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Livingstone
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!
(
Makgadikgadi
Kilometers 0 25 50
100
The Kavango Zambezi Trans-frontier Conservation Area (KAZA), a five-country initiative, involving Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia
and Zimbabwe, encompasses an area of about 300,000 square kilometres.
11
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