Chalmers University of Technology
The formative phase of biomass gasification
Hans Hellsmark
Chalmers University of Technology
[email protected]
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Introduction
Gasification - conversion of any carbon based fuels to a gaseous product
with a usable heating value
1688 - discovered by Scottish reverend, John Clayton
1802 - first commercial application for lightning
1850 - migrated to heat, cooking, power and chemical industry
1880 - gas engine
1900- Gradually replaced by cheap oil and natural gas in all sectors except
chemical
Technology development due to demand in chemical industry for
producing ammonia, synthetic fuels during the WWII and in South
Africa during the apartheid regime
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Introduction
Today:
1. Biomass gasification constitute only a
fraction of current gasification capacity –
the rest is based on fossil fuels
2. Biomass gasification can produce
a) Renewable Transportation Fuels
b) Renewable Electricity & Heat
..with a high resource efficiency
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Purpose and Outline
1. What are some of the characteristics of the precommercial development of biomass gasification?
Commercial gasification systems vs biomass gasification
–
–
System design and technological thresholds
Feedstock, Applications and Diffusion
2. What is the “best” use, and economic drivers, of biomass
gasification – electricity vs. transportation fuels,
implications for policy?
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Basic Gasification System, Feedstocks and
Applications
Feedstocks:
Biomass
Advanced:
BIGCC
SNG
Fuel cell for CHP
Coal
Natural gas
Pre-treatment
High temp
gasification
Cleaning
Conditioning
Petcoke
Petroleum
Waste
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
ATM or Press
Low temp
Gasification
Cleaning
FT- Diesel
DME/Methanol
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Less Advanced:
Boiler/Kiln
Steam turbine or gas engine for CHP
Co-fire
Chalmers University of Technology
Technology specific thresholds – Large Scale
Biomass Gasification
Feedstocks:
1. Fast pyrolysis ->slurry
2. Torrefaction -> fine powder
Biomass
Advanced:
BIGCC
SNG
Fuel cell for CHP
Coal
Pre-treatment
Natural gas
High temp
gasification
Cleaning
Conditioning
Petcoke
Pressurizing
feedstock
Petroleum
Low temp
Gasification
Cleaning
Waste
BIGCC demo
- Värnamo, Sweden
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
- Tar cracking
- CxHy reforming
FT- Diesel
DME/Methanol
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Less Advanced:
Boiler/Kiln
Steam turbine or gas engine for CHP
Chalmers University of Technology
80000
Use of different feedstocks – Commercial
gasification
70000
60000
MWthOut
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Source: Gasif 2004
0
20
1
8
20
0
6
20
0
4
20
0
2
20
0
8
0
20
0
6
Coal
19
9
4
Gas
19
9
2
Biomass/Waste
19
8
19
9
9
7
19
8
5
19
8
3
Petcoke
19
9
Petroleum
19
8
0
19
8
4
1
8
6
8
19
7
19
7
19
7
19
6
19
6
4
19
6
19
6
1
8
19
5
19
5
2
0
Chalmers University of Technology
Feedstock - Application
25000
Sum of MWthOut
20000
15000
ProdCat
Power
Gaseous fuels
FT liquids
Chemicals
10000
5000
0
Active-Real
Planning
Biomass/Waste
Active-Real
Coal
Planning
Active-Real
Planning
Gas
FeedClass ProjReality
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Active-Real
Planning
Petcoke
Active-Real
Planning
Petroleum
Chalmers University of Technology
Accumulated capacity and installations of
biomass gasifiers (MW)
160
1800
1600
140
1400
120
1200
100
1000
80
800
60
600
40
400
20
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
2006
2005
2005
2004
2003
2003
2002
2002
2001
2001
2000
2000
1999
1999
1998
1997
1996
1996
1996
1996
1995
1995
1994
1994
1993
1991
1988
1987
1986
1986
1986
1986
1985
1985
1983
1982
0
1970
200
0
Chalmers University of Technology
The development of different
applications
Drop Page Fields Here
Sum of Estimate size (MW)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20 07
20 06
20 05
20 04
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Heat or Kiln
20 03
YrStart
Fuels
20 02
Co-fire
20 01
CHP
20 00
19 99
19 98
19 97
19 96
19 95
19 94
19 93
19 92
19 91
19 88
19 87
19 86
19 85
19 84
19 83
19 82
19 76
19 70
applic. Tax
Chalmers University of Technology
Biomass is a scarce resource
Biomass should be used to replace coal with highest
possible utilization of the resource
The conventional truth is hence that biomass should
be used to:
1. Replace coal in the heat sector
2. Replace coal in electricity sector
But..
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Electricity, fuel or both?
New
Conventional
Wind
Wave
Solar
Other DG
Electricity
Hydro
Biomass
Nuclear
Coal
CHP
Electricity
Electricity
“Clean-Coal”
CP
IG-CC-CCS
Petroleum
Transportation
Natural gas
Crude oil*
El for transport
(IG)CC
Refinary
Diesel
Petrol
*Oil sand, shells
and other low grade oils is considered as conventional
alternatives
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Biomass
IG-CHP
Biomass
Gasification
Natural gas
(G)-Steam ref.
FT-liquids, DME,
Methanol etc
Coal
Pyrolysis
Bio oil , Coal Oil
Digestion
Biogas
Fermentation
Ethanol
Extraction
Bio diesel
Chalmers University of Technology
Electricity, fuel or both?
- Resource utilization
Biomass to Electricity and Liquid
CHP
Gasif CHP w. gas engine
BIGCC(1)
Methanol/DME
FT-Diesel
Low
25%
25%
30%
60%
40%
High
34%
31%
40%
70%
Total eff.
34-113%
70-80%
70-80%
60-70%
40-50%
x
Energy Efficiency Drive Trains
Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine
Electric Drivetrain
Weel to Wheel Efficiency
Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine
Electric Drivetrain
Low
8%
9%
15%
(comp. 1st gen. (25%*20%) = 5%)!
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
High
28%
18%
30%
Low
20%
15%
60%
High
40%
25%
75%
Chalmers University of Technology
Electricity, fuel or both?
New
Conventional
Wind
Wave
Solar
Other DG
Electricity
Hydro
Biomass
Nuclear
Coal
CHP
Sector converting
technology
Electricity
Electricity
“Clean-Coal”
CP
IG-CC-CCS
Petroleum
Transportation
Natural gas
Crude oil*
El for transport
(IG)CC
Refinary
Diesel
Petrol
*Oil sand, shells
and other low grade oils is considered as conventional
alternatives
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Biomass
IG-CHP
Biomass
Gasification
Natural gas
(G)-Steam ref.
FT-liquids, DME,
Methanol etc
Coal
Pyrolysis
Bio oil , Coal Oil
Digestion
Biogas
Fermentation
Ethanol
Extraction
Bio diesel
Chalmers University of Technology
Electricity or fuels
1.
Produce 1 GJ electricity and get paid 28 EUR/GJ
(el – 10 eurocent/kWh)
Or
2. Produce 1 GJ Synthetic Diesel and get paid 79 EUR/GJ
(diesel – 1 EUR/l)
=>Almost 3 times better pay for Diesel compared to
electricity
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Conclusions
• Coal gasification is a strong trend. It is used to produce
chemicals, power and FT-liquids =>increased CO2
emissions
• Biomass gasification has the potential to reduce CO2
emissions in both the transportation and electricity sector
• It has been around since the first oil crises but is still in a
formative phase of development, need to demonstrate:
– advanced feeding for HT gasification
– commercially viable gas cleaning and pressurized LT gasification
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Conclusion
•
The resource efficiency will most likely be higher if using electricity as
transportation fuel, but methanol and DME in high efficient diesel
engines are good options
– However, plant owners get 3 times the pay for producing transportation
fuels compared to electricity
•
Biomass gasification opens for competition over resources, technology
and the end product in both sectors
•
It may bring the two sectors closer to each other: alter competition,
pose new challenges for incumbents, and policymakers but may also
bring new unforeseeable opportunities for entrepreneurs
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Planned research activities
Research interest:
– Knowledge formation and accumulation
– The emergence and build up of technology specific institutions, actors and
networks
– The role of policy and other drivers (barriers) in the diffusion and direction of
biomass gasification
Approach:
– Technological Innovation System (TIS) framework – used to analyze the diffusion
of new technologies
– compare TIS in Sweden, Finland, Germany and Austria
Ambition: contribute to the understanding of the emergence of the empirical field,
develop recommendations for policy and increase the theoretical
understanding of TIS
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Thank you!
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Chalmers University of Technology
Most interesting projects
Technology paths
Wood
Waste
Pöls/Lurgi - Austria
Rudersdorf/Lurgi - Germany
Varkus/Foster - Finland
Heat,
cement or
lime kiln
Co - fire
Black Liqour
Boiler
IGCC
CFB w. gas engine
CHP
fixed bed w. gas engine
Carbon-V w. steam turbine
Fuels
Syngas
SNG
IGCC
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Jakobstad/Ahlstrom -Finland
Ruien/Foster - Belgium, Lahti/Foster
-Finland Geertruidenberg/Lurgi Netherl.
Buggenum/Shell - Netherlands
Gussing/Repotec -Austria,
Heiligenkreuz/Repotec - Austria,
Skive/Carbona - Denmark
Frankfurt/Lurgi - Germany
Kokemäiki/Condense -Finland
Harbo¢re/Babcock - Denmark
Lapperanta/Ekogastek - Finland
Aachen/Choren - Germany
Freiberg/Choren - Germany
Piteå/Chemrec - Sweden Växjö/CHRISGAS - Sweden
Virginia/Thermochem - SVZ pump/different - Germany
USA
Gussing/Repotech - Germany
Freiberg/SVZ - Germany
Göteborg/GöteborgEnergi - Sweden
Devon/FERCO - UK
Arbre/TPS - UK
Mucuri/TPS
- Brazil
Hawaii/IGT-USA
Chalmers University of Technology
Basic gasification system
Applications**:
Boiler/Kiln
Feedstocks:
Biomass
Black Liquor
Petcoke
Gasification
Conditioning
Petroleum
Waste
Pre-treatment:
-Grinding
-Drying
Turbine or gas
engine for CHP
BIGCC
SNG
Fuel cell for CHP
Product gas
Gasification:
Gas cleaning:
Gas conditioning:
-Air, oxygen,
steam or mix
-“wet”, cold
-Reforming
-“dry”, hot
-Shift
-Atmospheric or
pressurized
Synthetic gas
FT- Diesel
DME/Methanol
Ammonia
Hydrogen
-CO2 removal
-Direct or indirect
- High or low
temperature
©Hans Hellsmark
[email protected]
5 October, 2007
Adopted freely from: Olofsson (2005), Marbe (2005), Boerrigter (2005)
*Advanced applications require a gas with very low contaminations
**The applications include cofire where the biomass is mixed with ie coal or the gas is
mixed with natural gas or other type of syngas from ie coal gasification.
Advanced Applications*
Coal
Cleaning
Less Advanced
Applications*
Raw gas