Which Suburbs Work?
A comparison between traditionally planned suburbs
and conventional suburban development
Malcolm Mackay — Senior Urban Designer
Urban Design &Major Places
Making Suburbs Better
What Is the Study For?
The design of our suburbs expands or limits our choices in the way we live our
daily lives. This study looks at a range of traditional and conventional suburbs
with similar sized centres to measure and compare how they perform in
providing choice.
The design of a place affects how people live by:
•The way in which the streets are connected.
•How well it is integrated with other places.
•How understandable the layout is.
•How safe it feels to be in.
•How much choice there is in the type and cost of housing.
•The variety of locally available services and jobs.
•How easy it is to get to those services, jobs and other places of need.
need.
Making Suburbs Better
What Is the Study For?
In addition to affecting how we live, the design of our suburbs affects how
successive generations may live. Places that are more sustainable in terms
of community, the economy and the environment are more likely to endure
for the benefit of future generations and accommodate their needs.
Key aspects of sustainability include:
•Enabling changes in the way we live that can reduce private car travel
and the attendant energy consumption and emissions.
•Providing the conditions required to viably support employmentgenerating activities.
•Engendering integration between people of different ages, incomes, and
backgrounds in the community.
•Ensuring that the siting and orientation of buildings maximises the
energy benefits of passive solar design.
•Retaining and re-using existing components of our towns and cities –
such as finding new uses for old buildings.
Making Suburbs Better
The Criteria
What did we measure in order to compare different places?
How
How we
we live
live
Sustainability
Sustainability
Economy
Economy
Equity
Equity
Environment
Environment
The
The Built
Built Environment
Environment
A set of measurable criteria
has been established by
considering the way in which
the built environment affects
the way in which we live,
and the three components of
sustainability.
Criteria
Connectivity
Permeability
Accessibility
Street Safety
Efficiency of Land Use
Diversity of Land Use
Provision of Parkland
Access to Parkland
Number of Residents
Residential Density
Number of Workers
Worker Density
Employment Self-Sufficiency
Diversity of Lot size
Built Form Robustness
Solar Orientation
Energy Use and Emissions
Making Suburbs Better
The Study Areas - Which suburbs did we look at?
Kallaroo
Hillarys
Subiaco
Ballajura
Mount Lawley
Shenton Park
Nedlands
Willetton
Making Suburbs Better
400 m
The Study Areas - What is the reason for the circles?
The circles represent a notional five-minute walk (400 metres)
to the smaller neighbourhood centres, and a ten-minute walk
(800 metres) to the larger district and regional centres (places
where people are prepared to walk further).
50 hectares
Shenton Park — an example of
a neighbourhood centre
The circles:
800
800 m
m
•Form the basis of the ped-sheds (the
measure of accessibility);
•Avoid subjectivity about what is
included within the study area; and
200 hectares
•Are known and constant areas that
allow calculations to be easily made.
Mount Lawley — an example of a district centre
Connectivity
Making Suburbs Better
Connectivity, or permeability provides an indication of how well each part of a place
is connected to the other parts. In other words, how much choice there is for people to
get from A to B.
Connectivity is measured by the number of intersections per square kilometre.
B
B
1 four-way junction
=
+
A
A well connected
network allows many
different ways to get
from A to B.
A
A poorly connected
network provides limited
choice in how to get from A
to B.
2 T junctions
In calculating the
number of intersections,
a four-way is equal to 2
T s.
Connectivity
Making Suburbs Better
Ballajura — Connectivity map
Ballajura
(Conventional)
Nedlands
(Traditional)
28 intersections/km
78 intersections/km
Nedlands — Connectivity map
The traditional street pattern of Nedlands
offers a greater choice of reasonably direct
routes from one part to another. This is
the result of more intersections and
smaller street blocks.
Making Suburbs Better
Permeability
Permeability provides an indication of how integrated and understandable a street
network is. In other words, how easy it is for people to find their way from A to B.
Permeability is measured by a permeability index - an interpretation of connectivity
where the number of intersections per square kilometre are weighted according to the
ability to keep moving forwards.
People are less likely to get lost if
they can keep moving forwards
towards their destination.
Destination
The numerical value of a four-way
intersection is increased to reflect the
ability to keep moving forward.
The more turns people make, or the
bigger the turns, the more likely they
are to get lost.
+1 point
-1 point
A negative value is assigned to a
dead-end to reflect the need to turn
around and go back again.
Making Suburbs Better
Permeability
Ballajura — Permeability map
Ballajura
(Conventional)
Nedlands
(Traditional)
8 intersections/km
(weighted)
100 intersections/km
(weighted)
Nedlands — Permeability map
A traditional grid street pattern with a high
proportion of four-way intersections, such
as Nedlands, is significantly more
permeable. As a result, people are more
likely to find their way around.
Accessibility
Making Suburbs Better
Accessibility provides an indication of how easy it is to safely walk to a place from the
surrounding area. Walking is used as the benchmark because, unlike car-use, it is
restricted in terms of the time and distance that people are prepared to travel.
Accessibility is measured by a ped-shed – a mapping tool that compares how much
developed land within a 400-metre (5-minute walk) or an 800-metre (10-minute walk)
radius circle is actually within a 5 or 10-minute walking distance after the pedestrian
routes are taken into consideration.
800 metres
800 metres
direct
400 metres
direct
400 metres
The ped-shed only considers safe pedestrian routes and, therefore, does not take into
account shortcuts across parks or poorly-surveilled walkways (Public Access Ways).
Accessibility
Making Suburbs Better
800 metres
800 metres
400 metres
400 metres
Willetton — Ped-shed accessibility map
Willetton
(Conventional)
400m circle: 10%
800m circle: 14.5%
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
400m circle: 72%
800m circle: 61%
Mount Lawley — Ped-shed accessibility map
The traditional grid street pattern of Mount
Lawley provides considerably better and
more equitable access to the shops for local
residents. Being a more ‘walkable’ place,
car ownership is less of a necessity for
living there.
Making Suburbs Better
Safety
People are more likely to use a public place such as a street or park if they perceive that
is a safe place to be. Perception of Safety is closely related to whether there is passive
surveillance or eyes upon the street .
An indication of the perception of Safety can be gained by measuring the percentage of
of blind development frontage. In other words, how much of the built form turns its
back on public areas.
Windows facing onto the public domain,
allow the opportunity to have eyes upon
the street .
Blind frontage with no opportunity for
passive surveillance of the adjacent public
space.
Making Suburbs Better
Kallaroo — Unsurveilledfrontage map
Kallaroo
(Conventional)
Shenton Park
(Traditional)
Blind frontage: 28%
Blind frontage: 14.9%
Safety
Shenton Park — Unsurveilledfrontage map
A traditionally planned area such
Shenton Park has much less ‘blind’
frontage than a conventionally planned
suburb. As a result, the streets and parks
are more likely to feel safer.
Making Suburbs Better
Efficiency of Land Use
Efficiency of Land Use can be gauged by how much of a place is not within the
public realm. In other words, how much land is being utilised by buildings or other
private purposes.
In measuring Efficiency of Land Use, areas that are in private ownership but are
readily accessible to the public at all times (such as as shopping centre car parks) are
considered to be in the public realm.
Efficiency of Land Use is expressed as a percentage of the study area.
Although not fenced off, the garden of
this house is clearly in the private
realm.
The car park of this shopping centre is
available at all times for public use and,
therefore, is in the public realm.
Efficiency of Land Use
Making Suburbs Better
Shops
Willetton — Public realm / efficiency map
Willetton
(Conventional)
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
Net efficiency: 48%
Net efficiency: 64%
Mount Lawley — Public realm / efficiency map
A traditional area such as Mount Lawley is
more efficient in the use of it’s land, where
land uses are close to each other and form a
continuous edge to the streets. Note how the
shops in Willetton are surrounded by a moat
of unbuilt space (shown as white).
Making Suburbs Better
Diversity of Land Use
Diversity of Land Use is a vital ingredient in a place if it is to be more liveable. A greater
diversity of land use means that there is more for people to do within their local area,
thereby reducing the need to travel to other places for day to day activities.
Diversity of Land Use is illustrated in the form of a pie chart, with land uses categorised
under the following 9 headings.
Land Use Categories
1.
Single residential
2.
Medium/higher density
residential
3.
Home-based business
4.
Pedestrian-based retail
5.
Commercial
6.
Bulky goods retail
7.
Light industry
8.
Community purposes
9.
Parks
A place with a wide range
of uses and home types
beside, above, behind and
below each other.
A place that offers little to
do, and few alternatives to
the standard family home.
Making Suburbs Better
Hillarys — Land use map
Single Res
M.D. Res
H.B.B.
Retail
Commercial
Bulky Goods
Light Ind.
Community
Parks
Diversity of Land Use
The greater Diversity of
Land Use in a traditional
area like Subiaco provides
more housing, lifestyle
and employment choices
for local residents whilst
reducing the need to travel
further for their needs.
Subiaco — Land use map
Single Res
M.D. Res
H.B.B.
Retail
Commercial
Bulky Goods
Light Ind.
Community
Parks
Making Suburbs Better
Provision of Parkland
Parks are a popular component of the urban environment. The Provision of Parkland
measures how much parkland there is in a place. However, the amount of parkland needs to
be considered alongside the quality and function of the parkland, and how easy it is to get
to.
The Provision of Parkland is expressed as a percentage of the study area.
A high quality park in a traditionally
planned area - easily accessed, and with
passive surveillance from adjacent homes.
An un-loved park of a similar size in a
conventional suburb —poorly maintained
and with minimal surveillance from adjacent
properties.
Making Suburbs Better
Provision of Parkland
From the table, it can be seen that the
conventional suburban areas generally have
more parkland. However, the parkland is
generally:
•Poorly overlooked;
•Less accessible;
•Of a lower quality; and
•Poorly located.
The conventional practice of locating large
areas of parkland next to a shopping centre
undermines the viability of that centre
because it:
•Reduces the number of potential customers
who can live close-by; and
•Makes it more difficult for local residents to
walk to their local centre. As a result they
may use their car to drive to a competing
centre.
Provision of Parkland
(% of the study area)
Willetton
(Conventional)
Ballajura
(Conventional)
Kallaroo
(Conventional)
Shenton Park
(Traditional)
Hillarys
(Conventional)
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
Subiaco
(Traditional)
Nedlands
(Traditional)
14.5%
12.5%
11.5%
11%
10%
6.5%
4.5%
0.5%
Having enough
Having
enough parkland
parkland is
is
not
not good
good enough
enough
Access to Parkland
Making Suburbs Better
Access to Parkland is every bit as important as the amount of parkland. After all:
If you can t get to it, you can t use it
Access to Parkland is measured using the ped-shed technique,which evaluates how
much developed land within the study area is actually within 200 metres (a 2_-minute
walk) of parkland after the safe pedestrian routes are taken into consideration.
200 metres is a distance that a toddler can be reasonably expected to walk.
Accessible land per ha of parkland
Nedlands (traditional)
38 ha
Subiaco (traditional)
8 ha
Mount Lawley (traditional)
5.5 ha
Shenton Park (traditional)
3.2 ha
Hillarys (conventional)
3.1 ha
Willetton (conventional)
2.7 ha
Kallaroo (conventional)
2 ha
Ballajura (conventional)
1.72 ha
For each hectare of parkland,
the traditional suburbs all
have more land within a 200metre walk of a park than the
conventional suburbs.
This is despite the fact that the
conventional suburbs generally
have more parkland.
Access to Parkland
Making Suburbs Better
Each park has a
distinct catchment
Catchments overlap
14.5% parkland
Willetton — Parkland access map
Willetton
(Conventional)
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
Land within 200m of parkland:
2.7 x area of parkland
(34.5% of the study area)
Land within 200m of parkland:
5.5 x area of parkland
(33% of the study area)
6.5% parkland
Mount Lawley — Parkland access map
Mount Lawley achieves a similar level of
access as Willetton but with less than half
the amount of parkland.
Better access to parkland is dependant on
having a permeable (well-connected) street
network and a well-spaced distribution of
smaller parks.
Residential Densities
Making Suburbs Better
From the Number of Residents and the Number of Dwellings in each study area, the
following set of numerical indicators can be calculated:
• The number of residents per hectare;
• The number of dwellings per hectare;
• The average residential density; and
• The average number of residents per dwelling.
No of
residents
No of
dwellings
Average residential density
(R-code equivalent)
Residents/
dwelling
Willetton
(Conventional)
3847
1413
12.9/ha
(R12.5 -R15)
2.7
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
6071
2900
27.6/ha
(R25-R30)
2.1
In all cases, the traditional suburbs have a higher residential density than their
conventional counterparts. Traditional centres are more likely to support a broader range
of activities because they have more people nearby, and with better access. This, in turn,
reduces the need for local residents to travel further for services.
Making Suburbs Better
Residential Densities
What do higher residential densities mean in terms of the built form?
A typical low density suburban family
house.
Different types of higher density living — (clockwise
from top left) cottages, town houses, apartments and
grouped housing.
Worker Densities
Making Suburbs Better
From the Number of Workers, the following set of numerical indicators can be calculated:
• The number of workers per hectare of employment generating land
(Net worker density);
• The resident and worker population per hectare; and
• The number of jobs per household (Employment self-sufficiency).
Hillarys
(Conventional)
Subiaco
(Traditional)
No of
workers
Net worker
density
Resident and
worker
population/ha
(Employment
self-sufficiency)
1986
49.7/ha
25.8/ha
1.78
5482
81.8/ha
48.7/ha
2.48
In all cases, the traditional suburbs have a higher worker density than their
conventional counterparts. Traditional suburbs generally attract uses (such as offices)
that need a credible business address (that is, a degree of prestige) that provides better
exposure to customers and business partners, and offers more amenity for employees.
A high resident and worker population is more likely to sustain a broader range of
activities – and at more times of the day.
Making Suburbs Better
Worker Densities
What do higher worker densities mean in terms of the built form?
Employment in the traditional suburbs is
often in 2-3 storey buildings that face
directly onto the street. The efficiency of land
use is increased by relying upon on-street
parking for visitors, with staff parking at the
rear. Uses such as offices generate a higher
number of employees for a given area of
floorspace.
A typical source of employment in the
conventional suburbs — drive to or drive
thru single storey buildings separated by
large car parks that have no distinction
between staff and visitor parking. Uses such
as bulk retailing generates relatively few
workers for the amount of floorspace.
Employment Self-Sufficiency
Making Suburbs Better
The potential for Employment SelfSufficiency is measured by the
number of locally available jobs per
household. It doesn’t mean that the
workers who work there live there
too, but that they could live there.
Jobs/
household
Subiaco (traditional)
2.48*
Hillarys (conventional)
1.78
Nedlands (traditional)
0.87*
Willetton (conventional)
0.71
Mount Lawley (traditional)
0.53
Ballajura (conventional)
0.51
Recent research has indicated that, on average,
each household now needs 1.5 jobs to support
it.
From the table, the degree of Employment SelfSufficiency generally increases as the size of the
centre increases, but only the two regional
centres have more than 1.5 jobs per household.
In reality, the centres both support a catchment
greater than the 800-metre circle, although the
catchment for Hillarys is much larger.
Notional trade catchments
Study areas
Kallaroo (conventional)
0.1
Subiaco
Shenton Park (traditional)
0.14
* Significantly better than the conventional
counterpart
Hillarys
A comparison between
the 800-metre study
areas and the notional
trade catchments for
Subiaco and Hillarys.
The notional trade
catchments are larger
than the 800-metre
radius study areas.
Making Suburbs Better
Employment Self-Sufficiency
Not only is the notional catchment for Hillarys much
larger, there is also a greater proportion of the area
(shaded red) that is disenfranchised with no proximity
to any centre at all.
This area is highly dependant on the Hillarys regional
centre. In other words, the employment opportunities
in the centre have to be shared between more people.
Because the catchment that is reliant on Subiaco as a
centre is smaller, Subiaco is more likely to come
closer to achieving the potential for Employment
Self-Sufficiency.
Study
Area
Part of area around Subiaco
Study
Area
Part of area around Hillarys
Making Suburbs Better
Diversity of Lot Sizes
Diversity of Lot Size is an indication of how much variety can be accommodated in a
place. Because not all activities require the same area of land, a range of lot sizes is more
likely to attract a broader diversity of land uses.
Diversity of Lot Size also allows people with differing lifestyles and incomes to live in
the same place, providing a richer mix of people in the local community.
A typical small
business on its
own small lot.
A family house
on a small lowmaintenance lot.
A group of
relatively
affordable
townhouses on
a large lot.
A family house
with a large
garden on a
large lot.
Making Suburbs Better
Willetton — Lot diversity map
<250
250-500
500-750
750-1000
>1000
undeveloped
Diversity of Lot Sizes
Traditional areas such as
Mount Lawley have a
consistently greater diversity
of lot sizes – allowing a
greater diversity of land uses
and residential lifestyles.
Mount Lawley — Lot diversity map
<250
250-500
500-750
750-1000
>1000
undeveloped
Making Suburbs Better
Robustness of the Built Form
As the way in which we live and work changes over time, so our buildings should be able
to be accommodate that change. A building that can easily adapt to different uses is said
to be robust.
Robustness of the Built Form indicates how well the buildings in a place could
accommodate a change of use. Each study area has been rated according to a number of
Robustness Criteria.
Robustness
Robustness Criteria
Criteria
A
A building
building is
is more
more likely
likely to
to accommodate
accommodate aa change
change of
of use
use if
if::
•It
•It is
is old
old enough
enough to
to be
be unencumbered
unencumbered by
by debt,
debt, and
and to
to warrant
warrant refurbishment.
refurbishment.
•It
•It has
has aa direct
direct address
address to
to aa busy
busy street.
street.
•It
•It has
has large
large and
and regular
regular shaped
shaped rooms
rooms with
with aa central
central corridor.
corridor.
•Heritage
•Heritage considerations
considerations prevent
prevent demolition
demolition and
and redevelopment.
redevelopment.
•It
•It has
has vehicular
vehicular access
access to
to aa rear
rear lane.
lane.
•On-street
•On-street parking
parking is
is permitted.
permitted.
Making Suburbs Better
Robustness of the Built Form
What do robust buildings look like?
Originally a family house, this building is
now used as a professional office.
Although currently used as a school, these
buildings were designed to be robust enough
to be converted to shops in the future.
Making Suburbs Better
Solar Orientation
If buildings have the appropriate Solar Orientation, they can be designed to keep out
direct sunshine in the summer whilst letting it in during the winter – to provide greater
comfort and energy-savings. However, the orientation of a building is usually determined
by the orientation of the lot it is on.
The total area of lots with good Solar Orientation is expressed as a percentage of the
study area.
✔
✘
✘
✔
Ideally, lots should be orientated as close to
the cardinal compass points as possible.
However, a deviation of up to 20 or 30
degrees is acceptable.
Good and poor solar orientation
Making Suburbs Better
Solar Orientation
Ballajura — Solar orientation map
Ballajura
(Conventional)
Nedlands
(Traditional)
Good solar
orientation: 27%
Good solar
orientation: 74%
Nedlands — Solar orientation map
A traditional grid network of streets provides
consistent lot orientation. When this falls within the
‘good’ parameters, as in Shenton Park, the
traditional areas provide significantly more
potential for passive solar design than the
conventional areas, which are handicapped by their
curvilinear street network.
Making Suburbs Better
Energy Use and Emissions
The layout of our urban areas has a significant impact on our energy use and the resultant
greenhouse gas emissions – particularly as a result of the way we travel from one place
to another.
Because the private motor car is a very inefficient way of moving people around, suburbs
that can reduce the use of, and the distance traveled, by cars will contribute effectively to
our overall reduction of Energy Use and Emissions.
A traditional suburb with a mix of uses
and higher worker and residential
densities, that is well connected and close
to other places. Here, a car is not essential
for many daily needs.
The layout, the lack of local jobs and the
distance from other places makes residents of
the conventional suburbs dependant on their
cars. Massive road infrastructure projects are
then required to convey them.
Making Suburbs Better
Energy Use and Emissions
The energy use and greenhouse gas
emissions were calculated for each study
area by a research team led by Prof.
Peter Newman of Murdoch University.
Suburb
Energy
Use
(MJ/cap)
Rating
Ranking
Subiaco
(Traditional)
45.40
Low
1
Shenton Park
(Traditional)
47.30
Low
2
The energy use and corresponding
greenhouse gas emissions were
noticeably lower in the traditional areas.
Nedlands
(Traditional)
57.02
Med/low
3
The better performance of the traditional
suburbs can be largely attributed to their:
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
59.74
Med/low
4
•Higher resident and worker densities;
Willetton
(Conventional)
67.73
Med/high
5
Ballajura
(Conventional)
71.79
Med/high
6
Hillarys
(Conventional)
82.14
High
7
Kallaroo
(Conventional)
84.76
High
8
•Higher levels of connectivity; and
•Proximity to other places (effectively,
their proximity to the centre of the
overall urban area).
These factors both reduce the need to
travel and make alternatives such as
public transportation more viable.
Conclusions
Making Suburbs Better
Suburb
Subiaco
(Traditional)
Mount Lawley
(Traditional)
Shenton Park
(Traditional)
Nedlands
(Traditional)
Willetton
(Conventional)
Hillarys
(Conventional)
Kallaroo
(Conventional)
Ballajura
(Conventional)
Rating
Ranking
+30
1
+25
2
+23
3
+22
4
-8
5
-15
6
-29
7
-30
8
Having rated the performance of the study areas
against each of the measurement criteria, a ranking
can be achieved. The table opposite shows that the
traditional suburbs areas significantly out-perform
the conventional suburban areas.
Because the criteria are derived directly from the
key components of Sustainability (Economy,
Community and Environment), it can be said that:
Traditional suburban development is more
able to deliver relatively self-sufficient
redevelopment than conventional suburban
development. Traditionally designed
suburbs are therefore likely to contribute to
the most sustainable form of development
for Perth in terms of Agenda 21
considerations of social equity, equality of
opportunity, economic security and
protection of the environment .
Making Suburbs Better
Conclusions
From the study, it can be concluded that the attributes of a more sustainable and liveable
place (that is, one that provides greater choice) include:
•An
•An interconnected
interconnected street
street network
network that
that defines
defines smaller
smaller street
street blocks.
blocks.
•A
•A higher
higher number
number of
of four-way
four-way intersections
intersections to
to allow
allow continual
continual forward
forward movement.
movement.
•The
•The location
location of
of low-intensity
low-intensity land-uses,
land-uses, such
such as
as large
large parks,
parks, away
away from
from commercial
commercial centres.
centres.
•Passive
•Passive surveillance
surveillance of
of streets
streets and
and parks
parks from
from adjacent
adjacent buildings.
buildings.
•A
•A greater
greater efficiency
efficiency in
in the
the use
use use
use of
of land.
land.
•Development
•Development forms
forms that
that make
make efficient
efficient use
use of
of their
their individual
individual site.
site.
•A
•A wider
wider diversity
diversity of
of land
land uses,
uses, and
and housing
housing types.
types.
•Well
•Well distributed
distributed and
and easily
easily accessible
accessible parkland.
parkland.
•Higher
•Higher residential
residential densities
densities that
that help
help to
to support
support the
the provision
provision of
of more
more local
local services.
services.
•The
•The location
location of
of employment-generating
employment-generating businesses
businesses on
on streets
streets that
that can
can sustain
sustain them
them with
with aa
credible
business
address.
credible business address.
•A
•A higher
higher proportion
proportion of
of locally
locally available
available jobs.
jobs.
•Buildings
•Buildings that
that are
are robust
robust enough
enough to
to be
be used
used for
for aa different
different purpose
purpose without
without extensive
extensive
modification.
modification.
•A
•A higher
higher proportion
proportion of
of lots
lots whose
whose orientation
orientation is
is close
close to
to East,
East, South,
South, West
West or
or North.
North.
•A
•A lower
lower dependence
dependence on
on the
the motor
motor car
car for
for everyday
everyday trips.
trips.
•Better
•Better proximity
proximity and
and stronger
stronger connections
connections to
to other
other places.
places.
Making Suburbs Better
The Next Step
Armed with an understanding what makes a place more likely to be liveable and
sustainable, the Next Step is to identify and study existing places to determine their
capacity for change. In other words, can the principles identified in this study be applied
retrospectively to places?
The Next Step has begun by looking at Armadale, Claremont, and Mirrabooka through the
Enquiry-by-Design process.
Making Suburbs Better
The Next Step - Armadale
Before
The Enquiry-by-Design workshop
outcomes have been combined onto one
drawing to enable comparative
measurements to be made between the
‘before’ and ‘after’ conditions.
After
Armadale — Has urban design made a difference?
Making Suburbs Better
100
100
<250
90
90
250-500
80
80
500-750
750-1000
70
70
>1000
undeveloped
60
60
50
50
97
Before
40
40
59 60 57 61
30
30
20
20
38
10
10
57
27 21
<250
38
250-500
15
500-750
750-1000
00
yy
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n
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fi
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uff
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l
OO
ssee
arr enntt
olla
e
SSo yymm s
o
errs
pllo
mp rkke
EEm Woor s
f W ntts
n
e
oof
e
oo
siidd
ndd
NN
ees
laan
f RR arrkkl
oof
PPa
oo
NN
ttoo
ss
cees
ccc
AA nnccyy
e
ciie
ffiic
EEf
mm
000
y
880
etty
tyy
affe
SSa biilliit
0mm
siib
000
cees tyy 44
ccc
AA biilliit
siib
y
cees
ccc iilliitty
AA
b
eaab
me iittyy
v
errm
PPe eccttiiv
e
nnn
oon
CC
%
% improvement
improvement
>1000
undeveloped
After
Lot diversity
Significant improvements have been recorded in all but one of the categories. There is a
slight reduction in the amount of parkland, however, accessibility to the remaining parkland
has been increased.