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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND
CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926
Optimization and Development in Anthropology
From Prospective Religious Tourism
Hossein Hossein Nezhad*
Department of Social Sciences and Psychology, Payamenoor University, pobox
193953697Theran, IR of IRAN
.
Abstract
This research is an introduction to tourism of anthropology. The concepts of optimization and
development in sciences with the name of conference are new, But there is one question and it is;
how is it possible to have the culture of optimization and development? In answering this
question needs the help of investigation namely; “the role of pilgrimage in introducing Iranian
culture; case study Mash had**.” Finally, this conference is an example of, culture's
optimization and development, but that it is much limited and needs a lot of work.
Keywords: optimization, development, culture, tourism of anthropology, cultural
relativism, ethnocentrism.
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1. Introduction
Optimization and development in sciences is the long process. This process is historical and this
process contains human sciences and inhuman sciences. Which one from human and inhuman
sciences is important? In developmental countries human sciences is importan but in developing
countries nonhuman sciences is important .
In this article with the namely “optimization and development in anthropology from perspective
religious tourism, firstly we will restricted to human sciences then in human sciences we will
restricted to anthropology .also we will explain, that; what are the concepts of Anthropology,
Culture, Tourism Anthropology, and finally we will answered to this quotation that; how is it
possible anthropology’s optimization and development ?
.2Optimization and development in anthropology from perspective religious tourism
In this article, optimization and development in sciences will be restricted to human sciences and
human sciences we will restricted to anthropology; in anthropology from perspective of religious
tourism. This research is actually an introduction to tourism of anthropology. But what is tourism
of anthropology? In answering to this question, firstly must be we known, what is anthropology?
Anthropology emerged as an independent science in the mid-19th century. Anthropology was
associated from the beginning with various other emergent sciences, notably, biology, geology,
linguistics, psychology, and archaeology. Anthropology is divided primarily into physical
anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses basically on the
problems of hum an evolution, including human paleontology and the study of race and of body
build or constitution. Cultural anthropology includes archaeology [1] ethnography [2] ethnology
[3] ethnography [4] social anthropology [5] and linguistics [6] the science of language. Applied
anthropology is the practical application of anthropological techniques to areas such as industrial
relations and minority-group problems [7] but what is tourism of anthropology? Anthropology
and tourism are dependent together recommended culture. The key of anthropology perception is
tourism. The themes of tourism of anthropology are: religious/ritual, social change,
symbolism/mythology, regional/globalization .and pioneer sociologists and anthropologists in
tourism of anthropology are: Dorkhim, Vangenep, Marks, Malinoski, Zimel, Mouse[8] then,
what is culture?Classification and analysis of humans and their society, descriptively, culturally,
historically and physically. Its unique contribution to studying the bonds of human social
relations has been the distinctive concept of culture. [9] The concept of 'culture' has changed
radically over time, broadening from a humanist idea to an anthropological concept.[10].
Development of culture and so
ciety from simple to complex forms. Also development of sciences from simple to complex
forms. This process called the science of accumulation’s trait. Also development of religious
tourism from simple to complex forms. From previous (camel age)[11] till now will uses to
performing pilgrimage from new communication technology and because the use from this
technology the functions of religious of tourism have several. Because the communication
between people not restricted to religious locals and the times of pilgrimage. Moreover
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communication will not cut because giving and getting, addresses, e-mail,g-mail,etc and this
communication have spreading. all of them communication services are from simple to complex
forms. for example .for doing this conference have performed very much of group intellectuals
affairs contain Program Committees ,Program Committee chairs and Publication Committee, the
time paper outers and the time of presentation totality together about 10000 hours. Then this
conference is culture of optimization and development but that is small work in culture’s area.
Meanwhile cultural work need the hard work persons people; much of the time, much of the cost.
These cases didn’t available.
2. Discussion and Conclusion
Optimization and development in sciences isn’t new process. This process started from even
Prophet Mohammad age, about 1400 years’ ago. For example he has said; learn the knowledge if
it is in china, also learn the knowledge from birth till death… Also optimization and
development in anthropology started from since creation of human being. An optimization and
development of anthropology is culture of optimization and development. Culture is all of things.
The Culture of optimization and development is the longest process. This process has started first
since creation of human being. And this process has formed cultural identities [12] .the marks of
cultural identities are:
1.
Historical background 2. Scientists, Notables and Famousness 3. Historical traces
4.Spicial works 5.Natural landscape and perspectives 6.Folklore 7.Handicraft
The process of culture of optimization and development, have started from camel age. Camel age
continued till just now that maklohan globalization village altered to globalization hut. And this
age the life is with buttons contain computer, telephone, fax, telephone, etc….and all of the
communication services all of them representative of culture of optimization and development
.religious tourism that is from tourism anthropology, is the culture of optimization and
development in new age because from first travel till now has had very changes. In that time
travel was with camel now is with vehicle (airplane and another transportation system.)
Pilgrimage, usually seen within a strictly religious context, can be more usefully viewed as a
voyage motivated by emotion, a search for meaning and a craving to express one’s community of
belief at a special place [13]. Therefore, even today, pilgrimages have played important links
between religion tourism establishing. Some of scholars emphasized on the cultural, social, and
economic roles [14]. In this investigation, there is one question [15] about optimization consume
in Iranian culture. The above question was asked from 8 Arabian nationalities [16],
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Nationalities
Soudi Arabia
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
71
16.9
17.5
Iraq
66
15.7
16.3
33.8
Bahrain
60
14.3
14.8
48.6
Lobnan
37
8.8
9.1
57.7
Kowait
45
10.7
11.1
68.8
Qatar
40
9.5
9.9
78.7
Omman
33
7.9
8.1
86.8
Emarat
46
11.0
11.4
98.2
Others
7
1.6
1.7
100
Missing
15
3.6
Total
420
100
17.5
100.0
T
the answer was the way of Iranian consume was balance .meanwhile from Iranian perspective,
antonyms of cultural relativism.[17]
The way of Mashhadis concum
Frequency
Consume
Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
64
15.2
16.8
16.8
247
58.8
64.7
81.4
More
71
16.9
8.6
100.0
Missing
38
9.8
420
100
360
100.0
Little
balance
Total
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In comparison to other it whit other cultures we concluded that we are better than them. For
example Firdausi's poet [18] said that; the art is with the Iranian. [19]And another question [20]
was asked from 8 Arabian about parole about souvenir that they hadn't any proverb, it concludes
that we are better than Arabian nationalities, this is ethnocentrism. [21]
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References
A. L. Kroeber
1963, “Anthropology” in 2 Vol
Peter M. Burns 2006, “An introduction to tourism and anthropology” publication nashre
afkar translator(Persian) H. Housemandi p 113
A. L. Kroeber
1963, “Anthropology” in 2 Vol
John daly 2009 “A note on the history of the concept of culture in UNESCO p2
abolghaseme halat(Persian) 1990 “from camel age till motor age”
Mahmoude.Ruhholamini, 1989 “ Anthropology background” Aticle;Kerman of cultural
identity publication of Attar
Theeilen.h.A , .2002
Singh,Sagar,”
2003 “Religion,Heritage and travel:Case References from the Indian
Himalayas”centre for torism research & development
Saoudi Arabia 2.Eragh 3.Bahrain 4.Lobnan 5.Kowait 6.Qatar 7.Omman 8.Emarat
Boros koen 2002 “Introdtion to sociology” translator(Persian) , Salasi.Iranian heroic poet
Boros koen
2002 “Introdtion to sociology”
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translator(Persian) , Salasi
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