Ferran Borrell Tena, Mònica Bouso García, Anna Gómez Bach,
Carles Tornero Dacasa & Oriol Vicente Campos (eds.)
Broadening Horizons 3. Conference of
Young Researchers Working in the
Ancient Near East
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Servei de Publicacions
Bellaterra, 2012
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Broadening Horizons 3 : Conference of Young Researchers Working in the Ancient Near East / Ferran Borrell Tena,
... [et al.] (eds.) — Bellaterra (Barcelona) : Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions, 2012. —
(Congressos de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 8)
ISBN 9788449028861
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Broadening Horizons 3
F. Borrell, M. Bouso, A. Gómez, C. Tornero & O. Vicente (eds.)
Summary
Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Josep Manuel Rueda Torres
11
Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manel López-Béjar
13
Introduction to the Broadening Horizons 3 Conference Proceedings . . . . . . . . Ferran Borrell, Mònica Bouso, Anna Gómez, Carles Tornero, Oriol Vicente
15
The Italian Prehistoric Survey in the Jazr (Idlib District-North West Syria). Preliminary Investigation of human occupation from Paleolithic .
to Chalcolithic times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudia de Gregorio, Massimiliano Pepe, Daniele Aureli
Les derniers chasseurs-cueileurs et les premiers agriculteurs dans le Leja .
(Syrie du Sud): nouvelles donnees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joana Boix, Khaled Abdo
Taphonomic agents in the formation of mortuary deposits: excavation .
methods and treatment of human bones at the pre-pottery neolithic .
sites of Bal’as and Tell Halula (Syria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anabel Ortiz, Bérénice Chamel
19
33
47
Quantitative analysis of use-wear patterns: a functional approach to the .
study of grinding stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maria Bofill
63
Sourcing the flint raw materials found at the Neolithic complex of Mamarrul .
Nasr (Douara Basin, Syria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferran Borrell, Oriol Vicente
85
Les foyers de Tell Aswad et leurs modes de cuisson possibles. Essai de .
reconstitution des pratiques domestiques et sociales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Diaa Eddin Albukaai
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Summary
Tell al-Baharia: an important site in the Damascus basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Ghada Sulaiman
A northeast African ‘Preformal’ perception of ‘Formal’ space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Martin Uildriks
Burial practices in the middle Euphrates area during the early Bronze Age: .
The contribution of the hypogeum of Tell Ahmar (North Syria) . . . . . . . . 137
Cristina Baccarin
Urbanism, social organization and economic dynamics in third millennium .
BC Northern Palestine and Transjordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Elisabetta Gallo, Valentina Tumolo
Fortification and burial grounds in Tell Afis (Syria) between middle .
Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Angelo di Michele, Maria Elena Pedrosi
Satellites, surveys and site destruction: using satellite imagery to monitor .
damage to archaeological sites in Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Emma Cunliffe
Did the assyrians occupy the Euphrates-elbow in the Middle Assyrian .
period (Late Bronze Age)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Jaume Llop-Raduà
Géographie sacrée dans l’Égypte Ancienne: méthodologie et perspectives .
à partir de l’étude du territoire des deux sceptres-w#s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Núria Torras Benezet
The Neo-Assyrian and Post-Assyrian Settlement in the Leilan Region .
(North-Eastern Syria). The evidence from the pottery from the Tell .
Leilan regional survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Katia Gavagnin
Recent finds in the Beqa Valley (Lebanon): The last columns of the Brisa .
inscription in Old-Babylonian Script (WBA) of Nebuchadnezzar II .
(605-562 BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Rocío Da Riva
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Broadening Horizons 3
F. Borrell, M. Bouso, A. Gómez, C. Tornero & O. Vicente (eds.)
Architects and engineers in Babylonia in the mid First Millennium B.C.: .
some considerations on the form, development and function of the .
“salle à quatre saillants” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Riccardo la Farina
Discontinuous developments in settlement patterns and socio-economic/ .
political relations on the Malatya Plain in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC . . . 289
Marcella Frangipane, Gian Maria di Nocera
Rhythms of the past: Time and memory at late Neolithic Domuztepe . . . . . . 305
Stuart Campbell
Neolithic Middle East: notes on the neolithic process in the middle Euphrates .
valley and the contribution made by the Tell Halula (Syria) project . . . . . . 325
Miquel Molist
Quo Vadis young researcher? Archaeological research in the Near East from
a young researcher’s perspective and trajectory of the Broadening Horizons
Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Ferran Borrell, Mònica Bouso, Anna Gómez, Carles Tornero, Oriol Vicente
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F. Borrell, M. Bouso, A. Gómez, C. Tornero & O. Vicente (eds.), Broadening Horizons 3. Conference of Young Researchers
Working in the Ancient Near East. Congressos 8. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions. Bellaterra (2012).
Quo Vadis young researcher? Archaeological
research in the Near East from a young
researcher’s perspective and trajectory of the
Broadening Horizons Conferences
Ferran Borrell, Anna Gómez, Carles Tornero and Oriol Vicente
SAPPO. Departament de Prehistòria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Mònica Bouso
Institut Interuniversitari d’Estudis del Pròxim Orient Antic. Facultat de Filologia
de la Universitat de Barcelona
1. Introduction
The third congress held on Broadening Horizons. Conference of Young Researchers
Working in the Ancient Near East (Barcelona 19-21, July 2010) once again brought
together an important group of young researchers sharing the same training and scientific interests in the field of the Near East and adjoining areas. Apart from the satisfactory scientific results obtained, the congress provided a fresh opportunity to share
ideas about the difficult situation and constraints on research carried out that is encountered by young researchers in a large number of countries in the Near East and
neighbouring areas.
2. Research in the Near East
Scientific work carried out by young researchers in this region of the planet are
plagued by a series of constraints due to different factors, which although not exclusive to the profession, nor to this region, greatly hinder career prospects and scientific
recognition, thereby causing a high dropout rate in the profession.
The Near East is made up of a complex, heterogeneous structure in geographical,
economic and geopolitical terms, which conditions archaeological research. This
complexity is evident in the very name itself, Near East, which is often referred to by
alternative names such as “south-west Asia” (see Watkins 1992; 2010), and by the territorial boundaries of the states it comprises. In this regard, the huge social, ethnic and
national variations to be found in many of the current states are obvious and are com-
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Figure 1: The opening session on the first day of the conference.
pounded by the great geographic diversity of such a vast region, which includes the
Taurus and Zagros mountain ranges to the north and northeast respectively, the
desert of the Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea to the south, the East Levantine coast to
the west and the Persian Gulf to the east (van Zeist, Bottema 1982; Cauvin et al. 1998; Sanlaville 1998).
The second point to bear in mind is that scientific work carried out from the se­
cond half of the 20th century to the present day has been influenced to varying degrees
by the political situation in the region prior to the creation of the modern states. Therefore the colonial past of the modern states, and subsequent geopolitical dyna­
mics, have for many years had a bearing on the presence of teams of different nationalities in certain countries, thus leading to a compartmentalization of research by territory and by nationality. Although not harmful in itself, the effect of this was to
provide little stimulation for scientific debate due to the lack of alternative approa­
ches, oversimplifying it to a large extent and thereby limiting it to small academic
circles from few countries. In spite of having gone unnoticed for the past 20 years, this
inheritance can still be observed in the fact that although research teams are highly
interdisciplinary in nature, they still tend to be made up of foreign members of a single nationality. Furthermore, the presence of researchers or students who are native to
the countries where projects are carried out is still negligible, and is often limited to
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the area of administration or linguistic aid for what are still, unfortunately, known as
archaeological “missions”.
Moreover, although pioneering research work in this region was greatly marked
by political issues, the latest research has also been influenced by other non-scientific
issues, for instance the construction of major infrastructures. The best example is represented by state built reservoirs, such as the Tichrine Dam in the region of Djera­
blous in Syria (Del Olmo-Montero 1999) or the Atatürk Dam (Turkey) (Tuna et al. 1999; 2001; 2004), The Karakaya Dam (Turkey) from the late 70s, the Taqba Dam,
in the Middle Euphrates in the 70s (Freedman 1979) and in some of its main tributaries such as the Khabur in the early 80s, both in Syria. Most of these infrastructures
were built at the same time that there was an international call to safeguard archaeological heritage. This phenomenon has sparked off the presence of several international research teams in the regions mentioned, which have enabled important scientific breakthroughs. The downside to this situation is that an “antinatural” build up
of research teams in the region has artificially been brought about. Their work is not
normally governed by scientific-based priorities, but has had to adapt to the tempo
and circumstances marked by the job and the government in power, in the country. On the other hand, scientific interest in the area has triggered off a positive imbalance
in research work, to the detriment of others, which has greatly increased archaeological interest in some regions for decades. At the same time, this has created archaeological voids making it difficult to carry out research work in areas that lie outside the
micro region affected by the infrastructure. Finally, archaeological interest fades considerably once work is finished; scientific projects are interrupted and the research
teams move on to new areas.
Lastly, we come to the other big unsettling factor that any researcher working in
the Near East has to cope with. Sadly, this region has suffered a long list of armed
conflicts varying in nature and duration (the Arab-Israeli conflict, the two Gulf Wars,
the Lebanese Wars, etc), the revolutions know as the Arab Spring, or the current and
delicate diplomatic situation in Iran. The first outcome of this situation, apart from
the obvious humanitarian drama, is that the movement of people in these countries
— whether trying to enter or leave — becomes dependent on the Machiavellian logic
of international politics. This could lead to a standstill in all archaeological activity,
mainly of international teams, which would have a great impact on the continuity of
research projects, as well as on the careers of researchers themselves, in particular the
weakest link of this profession: the researcher who is undergoing training. To give an
example, the impossibility of moving to a region, even for just a short period of time
(one or two years), could mean the end of a doctoral thesis or a postdoctoral project
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3. From a young researcher’s perspective
In addition to the previously mentioned difficulties, or perhaps we could call them
peculiarities, of carrying out research work in the Near East, there is also the complex
scenario that young researchers have to face throughout their careers.
Whilst still at university, most young researchers start out in a laboratory, or join a
research team or research centre or the university that carried, or is carrying out, field
work in the Near East. If lucky, they will live off a pre-doctoral grant whilst personally
undergoing a process of “domestication” which, in return for a precarious and meagre
salary, means complete dedication and “fidelity” to the team, giving lectures, or even
being the tea wallah. In the worst-case scenario, a researcher without a scholarship
ends up swelling the mass ranks of “Easy Riders”, a group who strangely insist on doing something that does not provide them a normal source of income.
In any case, the team that the young researcher joins tends to suffer from a number
of conditions that are rather particular to each country and institution, but which
could be grouped into three main areas: economic, organizational and social.
Firstly, we have to accept that what is usually understood as a team is not how it has
been conceived here and as such does not behave in the same way as a “normal” team. In
this regard, we would define team as a variable group of persons (grant workers, students, Easy Riders, part time civil servants, retired people, adventurers, etc) whose academic and economic situations vary greatly and are changeable (mainly in a state of
permanent job insecurity) and whose work revolves around the central figure of the
Senior Researcher, an acknowledged and well placed academic. The senior researcher,
who is completely overwhelmed by the administrative and/or teaching workloads, draws
up a work plan in their mind that usually corresponds with personal interests, yet is inscrutable for the rest of the research group who revolve around the plan. This leads researchers to accept a high degree of job insecurity along with little autonomy or capacity
for managing their own work (given that little depends solely on the young researcher).
On the other hand, the Senior Researcher’s capacity for work is reduced due to .
the huge administrative workload - for which there has been no preparation nor any
forewarning - that is involved in managing a project of such dimensions (permits, reports, meetings, receipts, trips, etc). The Senior Researcher also has to gauge very well
the type of results obtained, not only the real ones, but also the apparent ones for the
people who assess the demands (academics and/or politicians), if a project is to be successful in future calls (every two or three years). In this respect, the Senior Researcher
who is working within a non-professional structure has to cope with a supposedly
professional and rigorous assessment system — of a short term nature — which
should give rise to a specific number of high-impact publications, speeches, congresses, etc. In other words, a 3D movie is required using an 8mm camera. Finally, if all goes well and the grant worker and the Easy Rider complete their
theses successfully and want to pursue their archaeological vocation, they will have to
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face new obstacles, which could roughly be described as two. The first is economic: it
is essential to obtain another grant, post-doctoral contract, stays abroad, etc, or to
remain bound to the field of archaeology as though we were talking about someone
who collaborated in an NGO and who had other sources of incomes. The second difficulty lies in the researcher growing inside the team they belong to in order to acquire the qualities that are so valued in European calls (achievements): leadership
qualities, independence, project management, human resources management, etc. How will this be achieved based on economic precariousness and the absolute dependence of the young post doctoral researcher on their relationship with the Senior
Researcher (in whose name the projects are signed)? How can projects be managed if
in order to apply for them it is necessary to have full time contracts, or, at least 3-5
years in full time occupation? How can a Senior Researcher, whose work situation
became stable during their early thirties, understand the needs of a 40 year old who
wants to grow, who is thoroughly trained to do so, and yet who cannot? It is like a
clash between two worlds; two very different ways of conceptualising archaeology
and leadership itself, both of which reflect two diametrically opposite, social and economic realities that each has had to live. This situation is even more apparent when
talking about the Near East. Archaeological sites are often excavated for a lifetime
(either that of the Senior Researcher or that of the site) by the same person (accompanied by hundreds of “migratory birds”) whom develops into a keen sense of being the
owner of the site (personal or national). Fortunately, this sense of ownership is gra­
dually dying out in the majority of countries where the actual researchers come from. In this region however, due to circumstances related to the excavation, this feeling is
still very much alive and gives the impression of stepping into a warzone. In this
complex social and economic framework, where projects, research lines and archaeological sites are “for life”, the concepts of “generational change” or “scientific independence” are difficult to fit in, as they are contradictory to the very essence of the
working system.
4. Young researchers broadening horizons
4.1. The Broadening Horizons Conferences
After this general outline of the characteristics and difficulties of carrying out research
in the Near East, in particular those affecting the young researcher, we must point out
that we still maintain a positive stance. An obvious vocation for this work enables us
to look forward to the years ahead with sufficient eagerness and enthusiasm, knowing
that in our own way we have to do our bit to break down the main hurdles impeding
the professional careers of young researchers. This was the reason why we participated
in the second edition of Broadening Horizons and we are now keen to organise the
third edition in Barcelona.
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Figure 2: Conference attendants during a coffee break.
As we understand it, the format of the congress allows some of the pressing needs
faced by young researchers to be dealt with, regardless of where they are up to in their
studies (PhD student, Postdoc, post-Postdoc). The most important point is that this is a
congress organised by young researchers for young researchers. This is not a congress
organised by recognised academics through their young researchers, but rather the backing of renowned academics is achieved through the Scientific Committee and the reviewers of the publication. Therefore, there is scientific freedom for organising a congress, which enables researchers to learn about organising events and provides an
opportunity for building bridges with the scientific committee and the participants. The youngest researchers find themselves in a setting that is academic yet friendly and
youthful, where they can present their first works and become involved in the ever more
common practise of publishing their results, following a review by external referees.
Secondly, these meetings are not only intended as a showroom for new research
work in this area, but also to encourage and provide a voice for young researchers so
that they can contact with other researchers of differing nationalities without the need
for academic intermediaries. Unmediated interaction, on equal terms between researchers during the first steps of their career should serve as a base for future collaborations, thus enabling the creation of transnational teams where both local and fo­
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The third highlight of the Broadening Horizons (BH) congresses lies in its interdisciplinarity, as well as its broad geographic and chronological scope. This combination
of disciplines has grown along with the editions. The BH congress has its origins in
the growing interest on the study of ancient landscapes from an archaeological pers­
pective. The first edition held in Ghent (Belgium) on the 27th and 28th of February,
2006 managed to bring together young researchers from the fields of archaeology,
geography, geomorphology and history who are interested in recovering natural and
cultural landscapes. The second conference took place in Lyon on the 18th, 19th and
20th of June, 2007, under the same conditions. The third edition was hosted in the
Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona within the
WOCMES (World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies) framework. Thematic areas dealt with in the first two editions were substantially widened, for instance, by
opening the congress up to work carried out from a philological perspective rather
than an archaeological one, which are two disciplines that hardly cross paths despite
dealing with identical historical issues.
4.2. Barcelona Meeting Point: Broadening Horizons 3 (19-21 July 2010)
The presentations were structured around five sessions focusing on the cultural and
natural reconstruction of ancient landscapes, whilst also opening up possibilities for
future themes which do not only focus on landscape studies:
1.The exploitation of the natural environment and subsistence strategies
2.The impact of human dynamics on landscape evolution
3.The socio-economic reconstruction of ancient societies based on archaeological, historical or environmental records
4.The settlement patterns and exchange networks
5.The application of new technologies in archaeological research
In the first four sessions there was a guest speaker from among members of the
scientific committee:
1.“Rhythms of life: Time and continuity in settlement structure at late Neolithic
Domuztepe”. By Dr. S. Campbell (University of Manchester, United Kingdom).
2.“Climate and environmental reconstructions in Anatolia and their relationships
to societies, from the 5th to 1st mill. BC”. By Dr. C. Kuzucuoglu (CNRS, France).
3.“The SAPPO Project: two decades working on the Near East”. By Dr. M. Molist (SAPPO-UAB, Spain).
4.“A discontinuous development in settlement systems and socio-economic/poli­
tical relations in the Malatya plain in the course of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC”. By Dr. M. Frangipane (Università “La Sapienza” di Roma, Italy).
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Figure 3: The closing session on the last day of the conference.
There was a total number of 59 registered participants. Statistics on participation
by country showed there was a strong presence of Italians (12), Spaniards (10), French
(9) and Syrians (7). There were fewer English (2), Swiss (2), American (1), German
(1), Dutch (1) and Israelis (1). The variety of universities and research centres at the
congress was also noteworthy: University of Manchester (UK), Durham University
(UK), Rice University (USA), Università di Pisa (Italy), Università di Siena (Italy),
Università di Torino (Italy), Università di Bologna (Italy), Università La Sapienza
(Italy), Cà Foscari, University of Venice (Italy), Università di Napoli, L’Orientale
(Italy), Basel University (Switzerland), Université Paris X (France), CNRS (France),
IFPO, Lyon II, Archéorient (France), Université Paris Denis Diderot (France), Universitat Pompeu Fabra- IUHJVV (Spain), IMF-CSIC (Spain), Universitat de Barcelona (Spain), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-SAPPO (Spain), Institute of Geo­
graphy-Nüremberg (Germany), Université Lumière Lyon 2 (France), Maison de
l’Orient et de la Méditerrannée (France), Institut of Archaeology-Damascus (Syria),
University of Damascus (Syria), University of Aleppo (Syria), Leiden University
(Netherlands) and Institut of Galilean Archaeology/ Kinneret College (Israel).
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5. Conclusions
Ultimately, the high turnout went to show that the conferences have become a firm
hub for young people carrying out research in the Near East from a wide variety of
angles. It is also worth pointing out that bringing together seasoned experts and
young research workers proved to be a great stimulus for both alike.
Likewise, the manuscripts compiled in this volume of the third edition of Broadening Horizons show that the event continues to broaden horizons in more than one
way. On the one hand due to the broad chronological and geographic diversity of
work presented, and on the other to the wide variety of disciplines exhibited at the
conference.
Obviously, a conference of this nature would make no sense if it did not lie within
the framework of a number of other initiatives that different research workers have
carried out in recent times, which enable easy and fast access to information and communication among research centres, researchers and students. Therefore, portals such
as academia.edu, mailing lists such as Agade and access to literature online such as
those provided by the Oriental Institute Chicago are transforming how information is
accessed and transmitted. These changes may contribute to creating a more agile, dynamic and open scientific environment. In conclusion, although there is still much
left to do, the way ahead for scientific research looks more promising than it has ever
been.
In this sense, we have achieved our desire to help take a modest step forward — as
evidenced by the publication of this volume and through these lines — with a critical
review of the current state of research to overcome the difficulties mentioned and encourage others to participate in new, forward-looking debate forums among research
workers. The fourth edition of the BH conferences held in Torino in October, 2011
fulfil our aim to a certain extent whilst also showing that the reasons for holding these
meetings are still valid.
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