PROCEEDINGS of the XIHth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
of LINGUISTS, August 29-September 4, 1982, Tokyo
Published under the auspices of the CIPL (The Hague)
Editors:
Shirö H A T T O R I
Kazuko I N O U E
Associate Editors:
Tadao S H I M O M I Y A
Yoshio N A G A S H I M A
0
Actes du X I I I congres international des linguistes
Akten des X I I I . Internationalen Linguistenkongresses
Atti del X I I I . congresso internazionale dei linguisti
Dai ΧΙΙΙ-kai kokusai gengogakusha kaigi rombunshü
Edited and published by the Proceedings Publishing Committee:
Hiroya F L J I S A K I
Kinsuke H A S E G A U A
Shiro H A T T O R I
Jiro I K E G W T I
Yoshihiko I K E C A M I
Kazuko I N O U E
Kunihisa I Z U M I
Hajime KITAMURA
Tetsuya KUNIHIRO
Felix L O B O
Katsumi MATSUMOTO
Tamotsu MATSUNAMI
Tokyo 1983
Yoshio NAGASHIMA
Tsuyoshi NARA
Takao O O E
Tadao SHIMOMIYA
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
T i t l e Page
ι
Organization
n
Summary Table of Contents
in
History of the International Congress of Linguists (1928-1982)
m
Synopsis of the X H I t h International Congress of Linguists (Tokyo 1982)
iv
Preface
Shiro H a t t o r i
ν
List of Previous Proceedings (1930-1978)
vm
Detailed Table of Contents
χ
Comite International Permanent des Linguistes
xxn
Officially Represented Universities, Academies and Scientific Societies . .
xxv
List of Participants
xxviii
G R E E T I N G S A N D C L O S I N G ADDRESSES
Opening Session
Greetings by Shiro H a t t o r i , President of the Congress
Greetings by Shigeo Kawamoto, President of the Linguistic Society of
Japan
Greetings by Robert H . Robins, President of the Comite International
Permanent des Linguistes
T h e Address of His I m p e r i a l Highness the Crown Prince of Japan . . . .
Congratulatory Message by H e i j i Ogawa, Minister of Education, Science
and Culture
Congratulatory Message by K o j i Fushimi, President of the Science Coun­
cil of Japan
3
4
5
6
8
10
Closing Session
Closing Address by Shiro H a t t o r i .
Address at Closing Ceremony by R. H . Robins
Address at Closing Ceremony by Kazuko Inoue, Secretary-General
Congress
12
13
of the
16
P L E N A R Y SESSIONS
Plenary Session 1:
Syntax and Semantics
T a l m y Givon: Language, Function and Typology
Susumu Kuno: Principles of Discourse Deletion
Masayoshi Shibatani: T o w a r d an Understanding of the Typology and
Function of Case-Marking
Plenary Session 2:
Antoine Culioli:
19
30
42
Syntax
Role des representations metalinguistiques en syntaxe
χ
59
T a b l e of Contents
xi
Simon C. D i k : Some Basic Principles of Functional Grammar
Richard Hudson: W o r d Grammar
Thomas Wasow, Ivan A. Sag, Geoffrey Nunberg: Idiom: A n Interim
Report
Plenary Session 3:
74
89
102
Semantics
Olga Akhmanova: Semantics
Manfred Bierwisch: Formal and Lexical Semantics
Eugenio Coseriu: Pour et contre l'analyse s£mique
Roger Schank, Lawrence Birnbaum and Jacob Mey:
tics and Pragmatics
116
122
137
Integrating Seman149
Plenary Session 4: Morphology
M a r k Aronoff: Potential Words, Actual Words, Productivity and Frequency
Wolfgang U . Dressier: On W o r d Formation i n Natural Morphology
Judith N . Levi: Complex Nominals: New Discoveries, New Questions
A r n o l d M . Zwicky: A n Expanded View of Morphology i n the SyntaxPhonology Interface
Plenary Session 5:
Einar Haugen:
220
232
244
259
270
Psycholinguistics
W i l l e m J. M . Levelt: T h e Speaker's Organization of Discourse
Els Oksaar: Psycholinguistics: Historical Aspects, Methodological Problems and Selected Topics i n the Field of Language Acquisition and
Multilingualism
Tatiana Slama-Cazacu: Psycholinguistics and Linguistics: O l d Relationships and Promising Prospects
Plenary Session 8:
209
Historical Linguistics
Theodora Bynon: Syntactic Reconstruction: A Case Study
Antonio Tovar: Linguistic Similarity and its Significance: Comparative
Procedures
Calvert Watkins: New Directions i n Indo-European: Historical Comparative Linguistics and its Contribution to Typological Studies . . . .
Plenary Session 7:
198
Phonetics and Phonology
Eugenie J.-A. Henderson: Phonetics and Phonology i n the Eighties: Prospects and Problems . •
Use Lehiste: T h e Role of Prosody i n the Internal Structuring of a
Sentence
John J. Ohala: T h e Phonological End Justifies Any Means
Plenary Session 6:
163
172
183
278
291
305
Sociolinguistics
T h e Rationale of Language Choice
317
T a b l e of Contents
XII
Johann Knobloch: Soziolinguistische Probleme in der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland
W i l l i a m F. Mackey: Sociolinguistics: The Past Decade
329
335
Plenary Summaries:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A k i r a Ota: Syntax and Semantics
Alec Marantz: Condensed Summary of Comments on Givon's Paper
: Condensed Summary of Comments on Shibatani's
Paper
Ellen F. Prince: Discussion. Kuno's 'Principles of Discourse Deletion'
Henk van Riemsdijk: Syntax
F. R. Palmer: Semantics
Victoria A . Fromkin: Morphology
Herbert Penzl: Phonetics and Phonology
Thomas V. Gamkrelidze: Historical Linguistics
Walburga von Raffler-Engel: Psycholinguistics
W erner Winter: Sociolinguistics
r
351
358
360
362
366
368
373
376
378
380
384
SECTION MEETINGS
Section 1:
Syntax and Semantics
Annie Boone: U n probleme d'equivalence semantique: les nominalisations
D. Connor Ferris: T h e Semantic Value of Syntactic Relations
H a r i m u r t i Kridalaksana: O n Reciprocity
Kee-dong Lee: Nominalizations i n Korean
Kiyong Lee: A Montague Grammar for Case Languages
A l a i n Lemarechal: Semantics of Parts of Speech and Semantics of Relations (examples i n Tagälog)
Igor A . MePcuk: Meaning-Text Linguistic Models and the Role of the
Dictionary i n Linguistic Description
Shin Oshima: On a Possible Extension of the Scope Theory
Saburo Ohye: Some Peculiar Use of the Particle no i n Japanese
Dominique Willems: Syntax and Semantics: on the Search of Constants
in Verbal Polysemy
In-Seok Yang: T h e Interaction of Lifte-expressions and Negation
Ryszard Zuber: Semantic Restrictions on Certain Complementizers . . . .
Section 2:
389
394
398
402
405
408
412
417
420
425
430
434
Syntax
Joelle Bailard: T h e Role of W o r d Formation Rules in the Causative Constructions of Non-Configurational Languages
Beate Henn-Memmesheimer: The Choice of a Grammar for Standard
and Nonstandard German
437
442
T a b l e of Contents
Takashi I m a i : ECP and the Distribution of Empty Categories
Chungmin Lee: Conditional Constructions i n Korean
Kiyoko Masunaga: Bridging
Kazuto Matsumura: M a r i (Cheremis) "Pseudo-Relatives"
Shinsho Miyara: Reordering i n Japanese
Mario Montalbetti and Mamoru Saito: Tough Constructions and ^-Criterion
C. Y. N i n g : From Non-linear Realistic Grammar to Linear Formal
Grammar
Eunice Pontes: Anacoluthon and "Double Subject" Sentences
Eric J. Reuland: On M i x i n g Configurational and Nonconfigurational
Properties
Mario Saltarelli, M . Azkarate, D . Farwell, J. Ortiz de Urbina: On the
Syntax of Free W o r d Order Languages: Evidence from Basque . . . .
Stanley Starosta: Patient Centrality and English Verbal Derivation . . . .
Läszlo Szabo: Unmarked Values i n Languages: the Example of Malecite
Toshiyuki Tonoike and John A . Bisazza: Multiple Argument Noun
Phrases and Case i n Japanese and English
Kattigenahalli S. Yadurajan: T h e Open Path Condition
Section 3:
XIII
448
451
455
461
465
469
473
475
479
484
489
493
497
503
Semantics
Mohamed Sami Anwar: Intentional Semantic Adaptations
Irena Bellert: Lexical Features of Linguistic Quantifiers and W e l l
Formedness of Logical Forms
Jean-Claude Choul: Formal and Non-Formal Conditions on Semantic
Paraphrase
Niels Danielsen: A Disseminational Analysis of H u m a n Language Sentences. Prolegomena to a Constitutional Theory of Language
Jeffrey S. Gruber: Lexical and Conceptual Semantic Categories
Ik-Hwan Lee: Syntax and Semantics of Imperative Sentences
Liao Yazhang: Semantic Relationship between Subject and Object . . . .
Burghard B. Rieger: Generating Dependency Structures of Fuzzy W o r d
Meanings i n Semantic Space
Johannes Schröpfer: Comparative Onomasiology and Semantics
Jeffrey Chao-hui T u n g : Expansion and Identification of Reduced Nominals i n English
Dietmar Zaefferer: T h e Semantics of Sentence Mood i n Typologically
Differing Languages
507
512
517
523
528
534
539
543
549
550
553
Section 4: Morphology
Philippe E. Barbaud: About a Tendency to Feminize i n Canadian French
Alec Marantz: Restricting the Power of the Morphological Component:
Reduplication i n Southern Paiute
Ora (R.) Schwarzwald: Gender Distinction and Feminine Formation in
558
563
XIV
Table of Contents
Modern Hebrew
I a n R. Smith: Morphological Operations, Historical Evidence and English [rj]
Jaap van Marie: Some Notes on the Paradigmatic Dimension of Morphological Productivity
.. .
Ron van Zonneveld: Categorial Morphology
Dieter W u n d e r l i c h : O n the Compositionality of German Prefix Verbs
Section 5:
569
572
576
582
586
Phonetics and Phonology
George Bedell: Chukchi Vowel Harmony: abstractness versus complexity
U . B o r t o l i n i , G. P i n i , G. Z i l l i , F. E. Ferrero: Dimensions of Perception for
Italian Consonants: Multidimensional Analysis
Niels Davidsen-Nielsen: Phonological Neutralization
Tjeerd de Graaf: Vowel Duration and Vowel Quality
R. Prakash D i x i t : O n Defining Aspiration
Jadranka Gvozdanovic: Patterning of Distinctive Features i n Relation to
Variability
Yayoi H o m m a : T h e R h y t h m of Tanka, Short Japanese Poems
Muhammad H . I b r a h i m : On the Contrast between [ae] and [a] i n Modern
Arabic
Suksan K i m : Metrical Syllable Structure and Compensatory Lengthening
H u m i o Kusakabe: A n Explanation of the Japanese Accentuation by the
Dual-toneme Scheme
Byung-Gun Lee: T h e Contra-restructuring Constraint
H y u n Bok Lee: A Critical Appraisal of the I P A Cardinal Back Vowels
by the X-ray Microbeam System
Philippe M a r t i n : Phonetics and Phonology: the Example of Intonation
T o m o n o r i Matsushita: Stress and Quantity i n M i d d l e English Loanwords
from O l d French and Norman French
Yves-Charles M o r i n : L a (d^)nasalisation en f r a ^ a i s : phonologie ou morphologic?
Manjari Ohala: Acoustic and Perceptual Correlates of Stress i n H i n d i
Michael Sherard: Phonological Diversity and Sound Change i n Shanghai
Katsumasa Shimizu, Masatake Dantsuji: A Study on the Synthesis and
Perception of jrj and / l /
Zyn'ici Simada and Jan Gauffin: A n Examination of Area of TonguePalate Contact i n Swedish Dental Stop Production
Mary Regina Smith: A Complex Acoustic-phonetic Description of W o r d
Stress
Michiko Sudo, H i r o h i d e Yoshioka, Shigeru K i r i t a n i and Masayuki Sawashima: A n Electro-Palatographic Study of Japanese Intervocalic /rj
Yan Xue-qun: O n the Chu People, the Chu Dialet and the Chu
Phonemic System
587
591
598
602
606
611
618
625
629
634
639
640
644
648
651
655
658
663
667
670
673
677
T a b l e of Contents
Μ. P. R. van den Broecke and I . Stoop:
Speech
Section 6:
xv
Aposteriori Consonants i n Inner
Historical Linguistics
Bernard Η . Bichakjian: Paedomorphosis and Language Evolution . . . .
Giuliano Bonfante: T h e Tocharian Accent
Brent De Chene: Morphological η-Epenthesis i n Sanskrit
Isidore Dyen: Towards a History of the Sulawesi Languages
Charles E. W . Jenewari: Towards a Diachronie Theory of I j o Gender . .
S. J. Keyser and W . O'Neil: T h e reduction of optionality i n language
change
W i t o l d Manczak: Irregular Sound Change due to Frequency
Wolfgang Meid: T h e Indo-European Lexicon and its Usage as a Problem
i n Reconstruction
R u t h Neuberger-Donath: Die Funktion des Optativs i n a b h ä n g i g e n
Aussagesätzen
Keigou N ö d a : Ergativity i n the History of Persian
Mieko Ogura: W o r d Frequency and Lexical Diffusion i n M o d e r n English
Shortening
Herbert Penzl: Graphemischer Figuralismus und die Methoden der historischen Phonologie
Edgar C. Polome: T h e Dialectal Position of Germanic w i t h i n West-IndoEuropean
H a i i m Β. Rosen: Diachronie Syntax and the Revival of Hebrew
Bertil Sundby and Anne Kari Bj0rge: The Codification of Prescriptive
Grammar
Peter Meijes Tiersma: Rule Recession and Rule Loss
Section 7:
679
683
688
689
693
697
700
704
710
715
719
725
728
733
743
748
752
Psycholinguistics
Victoria A. Fromkin: On Models of Linguistic Performance
E. R. Gammon: English Quantifiers and the Perception of Risk
Deborah Günzburger: Quantification of Linguistic Expectancy by Means
of Frequency Estimation Tests
Kirsten Μ. Hummel: Bilingual Memory for Prose
A k i o Kamio and Kazuko I . Harada: A Repetition Experiment on Chil­
dren's Comprehension of Complex Sentences in Japanese
Joseph F. Kess and Ronald A . Hoppe: The Interaction of Bias and Con­
text i n Ambiguity Detection
Gary D . Prideaux: T h e Relative Accessibility of Cognitive Strategies . .
Petr Sgall: On the N o t i o n of the Meaning of the Sentence
Τ . M . Walsh and K. C. Diller: Neurolinguistic Feature Detection i n
Wernicke's Area
756
760
764
769
772
776
779
782
787
Table of Contents
XVI
Section: 8:
Sociolinguistics
I n g v i l d Broch and Ernst H ä k o n Jahr: Russenorsk: T h e Russo-Norwegian pidgin. New
findings
Adolfo Elizaincin: Variation/Variability w i t h i n a Linguistic Contact
Domain
Bates L . Hoffer: Cross-Cultural Sociolinguistic Profiles. Misreadings and
Misunderstandings
Sachiko Ide: T w o Functional Aspects of Politeness i n Women's Language
G. Leitner: Indian English—A Critique of Ethnographic Analysis . . . .
Paul Jen-Kuei L i : Linguistic Variations of Different Age Groups i n the
Atayalic Dialects
R. R. Mehrotra: Personal Names i n H i n d i
Susumu Nagara: Componential Analyses of the Lexical Structure of
Pidgin Languages and Socio-Linguistic Factors Affecting their Acquisition
Peter H . Neide: Three Issues on Languages i n Contact
M i w a Nishimura: On Intrasentential Code Switching i n Japanese/English
Jacob L . Ornstein-Galicia: Linguistic and Social Aspects of Pachuco Calo:
A Bilingual Variety of the United States-Mexico Border
Joyce Penfield: A Socio-Cultural View of Language Contact: Building
a Theory
Christel Stieblich: Accommodation i n Interpersonal Encounters
Section 9:
797
801
805
809
813
816
819
823
828
832
837
842
History of Linguistics
Werner Bahner: "Paradigm" or "Current" i n the History of Linguistics
Theo Bungarten: Historische Perspektiven und künftige Anforderungen
an die Fachsprachenforschung
Walter A . Cook, S. J.: Case Grammar Theory, 1982
Kennosuke Ezawa: Gabelentz und Sekiguchi
W . Terrence Gordon: Saussurean Structuralism and J. R. F i r t h
Roy Harris: T h e Speech-Communication Model i n 20th-century Linguistics and its Sources
John Hewson: Content and Expression from Saussure to the Present . .
Ivan Kalmar: T h e Phoenix of Evolution
E. F. Konrad Koerner: A Critique of Recent Histories of Linguistics . . . .
Kenneth L . Pike: The Future for Unit-in-Context: the Tagmeme . . . .
Jorgen Rischel: The Abstractness Paradox i n Hjelmslevian Linguistics
Valter T a u l i : T h e Future Paradigm of Linguistics
V . P. Vompersky: From the History of Russian Linguistics
Section 10:
792
847
850
854
857
860
864
870
874
877
881
884
888
892
W o r d Semantics
Armin Burkhärdt:
Ranjit Chatterjee:
The Principles of Pragmatic Word-Semantics
Chomsky and Wittgenstein on W o r d Meaning
896
901
T a b l e of Contents
L . Cseresnyesi, J. Hidasi: Some Problems of Homonymy
Minne Gerben De Boer: A Lexical Entry for Function Words: T h e Italian Preposition da
.
Hisao Kakehi: Onomatopoeic Expressions i n Japanese and English . . . .
Susumu Kubo: Lexical Semantics i n Montague Grammar
Wolfgang K ü h l w e i n : A Sociosemiotic Approach to Contrastive Lexicology. "Beauty" i n English and French
Leonhard L i p k a : A Multi-Level Approach to Word-Formation: Complex
Lexemes and W o r d Semantics
Aryeh Newman: Hebrew Verbs of Dress: Semantics and Collocation i n a
Contrastive Setting
Bo Ralph: Ordinary Language as Metalanguage i n W o r d Semantics . .
xvii
904
908
913
919
923
926
929
932
Section 11: Linguistic Universals and Typology
Claude Hagege: Linguistic Universals as General Tendencies
Kenneth J. Howell: Object I n i t i a l Languages and their Implications for
W o r d Order Universals
Gilbert Lazard: A Possible Universal: A Dichotomy of Actance Constructions according to Categories of the Object
Christian Lehmann: T h e Present State of Linguistic Typology
Yves-Charles M o r i n et Etienne Tiffou: Les tournures passives en bourouchaski
•..
Tsunoda Tasaku: A Re-definition of 'Ergative' and 'Accusative'
Jessica R. W i r t h : T o w a r d Universal Principles of W o r d Formation . . . .
Viktoria Ν . Yartseva: Typological Restrictions of Syntactic Ambiguity
936
941
946
950
957
962
967
972
Section 12: Dialectology, Linguistic Geography
Fumio Inoue: New Dialect and Linguistic Change — A n Age-Area Survey
near Tokyo —
Tsunao Ogino: Computer-aided Analysis of Field Survey Data—GLAPS
and its Application
Vichin Panupong: W o r d Geography i n Nakhon Ratchasima: A Pilot
Study
·
Boris A . Serebrennikov: On Areas of Meaning
T i n g Pang-Hsin: Some Aspects of T o n a l Development i n Chinese Dialects
Wolfgang Viereck: T h e Presentation and Interpretation of English Dia­
lects: Computer-aided Projects
975
981
986
990
993
997
Section 13: Textlinguistics (Discourse Analysis)
Erich Berendt: Strategies i n English and Japanese Dyadic Discourse . .
Betty L o u Dubois: T h e Function of Intonation Contours i n Biomedical
Speeches
Karel Fiala: Sentence Delimitation and Sentence Order i n Japanese . .
Udo Fries: Diachronie Textlinguistics
1001
1004
1008
1013
Table of Contents
XVIII
Gennady V . Kolshansky: Communicative Basis for Adequate Interpreta­
tion of T e x t Semantics
Maria Μ. Langleben: The Units of Dialogue
Robert Ε. Longacre: Spectrum, Profile and Constituency Structure in T e x t
Analysis
Senko Kumiya Maynard: Flow of Discourse and Linguistic Manipulation:
Functions and Constraints of the Japanese and English Relative Clause
in Discourse
Albrecht Neubert: Discourse Analysis of Translation
Pauli Saukkonen: What are the Semantic-Pragmatic Features of Stylistic
T e x t Types?
Roger G. van de Velde:
Coherence Relation in Texts and Inferential
Processing
Geirr Wiggen: Spontaneous Dramatization i n Semi-Formal Conversation
Terence H . W i l b u r : Grounding in Basque Sentence and Discourse Struc­
ture
Section 14:
1024
1028
1032
1036
1040
1045
1050
Pragmatics
David E. Cooper: Metaphor
Henk Haverkate: T h e Problem of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts: A
Referential Approach
T h . R. Hofmann: W h y There MUST be a Semantic Representation . . . .
Herman Parret: Shifting I n and Shifting Out: Remarks on Deictics . .
A k i k o Ueda: The Cooperative Principle, Maxims and Language Speci­
ficity
John W . M . Verhaar: T w o Aspects of Pragmatics: Topicality and
Iconicity
Section 15:
1016
1019
1055
1059
1064
1068
1072
1076
Language and Literature
Anne Beilen: Language in Modern Drama as Compared with Authentic
Spoken Discourse
1077
Masako K. Hiraga: Metaphor and Poetry: Problems in a Hermeneutic
Theory of Metaphor
1082
Johannes Söderlind: The Tone of a Text in Linguistic Terms
1086
Section 16:
W r i t i n g Systems
Hwang-cherng Gong: Chinese Elements i n the Tangut Script
Shelomo Morag: Motivation and Methodology in Reforming W r i t i n g
Systems: On the Emergence of the Vocalization Systems of Hebrew . .
Dieter Nerius: On the Linguistic Basis for the Use of Capital Letters . .
Yosio Yosimati: Proper Characters and Vowel Systems of the O l d Japanese
1090
1094
1098
1102
Table of Contents
Section 17:
Language Acquisition and Language Learning
Giovanni B. Flores d'Arcais: The Acquisition of Semantic Knowledge:
The Connectives
Giuseppe Francescato: Remarks on Children Bilingualism
Gilles Gagne: Learning the Standard Variety of a Mother Tongue in
School
David R. H a l l : T h e Developmental Theory of Language Learning: Evidence from What Learners Fail to Say
Jenn-Shann L i n and Lois Marckworth Stanford: Bilingual Children's
Acquisition of Five English Derivational Processes
B. Lust, Y.-C. Chien and L . Mangione: First Language Acquisition of
Mandarin Chinese: Constraints on Free and Bound N u l l Anaphora . .
Barbara Lust, Tatsuko Wakayama, Hikohito Hiraide, Wendy Snyder,
Margaret Bergman: Comparative Studies on the First Language
Acquisition of Japanese and English. Language Universal and Language-Specific Constraints
Shigeru Miyagawa and Galal Walker: Self-Sustaining Dialect: A Model
for Second Language T r a i n i n g
Kikuko Ohama: Development of Japanese Vocabulary in Bilingual
Children
Lev I . Soudek and Miluse Soudek: The Mental Lexicon in Second Language Learning
A r t h u r Szentgyörgyväri: Dual-Plane Strategies in Foreign Language
Learning
Götz Wienold: Linguistics-Based Revision of Foreign Language Teaching Materials: A n Experimental Study
Section 18:
XIX
1106
1110
1114
1118
1123
1127
1131
1136
1139
1143
1148
1153
Language Planning
Ayo Bamgbose: When is Language Planning not Planning?
7 756
Gerhard Nickel: Contrastive Linguistics, Error Analysis, lnterlanguage
and their Relevance for Language Planning
1160
Section 19:
Linguistics and the Computer
Istvän Bätori: The Process Based Model of Language
C. P. Browman, O. Fujimura and E. L . Ohira: Demisyllabic Synthesis
by Rule Using Lingua
Helmar Frank, Silvio Stoppolini and Yashovardhan:
Computer-based
Information Retrieval by Means of I L o Summaries
Yutaka Kusanagi: A Model of Automatic Analysis of Time-Related Expressions i n Japanese
Jouko Seppänen: Hierarchic Class Networks: A Diagrammatic Formalism for Natural Language Modelling
Otto Vollnhals: Utilization of a Commercial Linguistic Database System
1164
1168
1171
1176
1180
Table of Contents
XX
for Electronic Storage and Automated Production of Dictionaries
Section 20:
1190
Semiotics
Bernfried Schlerath: Sprache u n d Musik
J ü r g e n Pesot: L a genese du langage dans la perspective de la semiotique
peircienne
Fernando Poyatos: Forms, Functions and Applications of Paralanguage
as a New Multidisciplinary Area
Yasuko Tohyama: A Semiotic Analysis of Meeting and Parting Rituals
in Japanese and English
1193
1201
1206
1207
W O R K I N G GROUPS
W G 1: Ε. F. Konrad Koerner: History (and Philosophy) of Science and
Linguistics
W G 2: Fernando Poyatos: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives in L i n ­
guistics through Nonverbal Communication Studies
W G 3: Ch.-J. Ν . Bailey: Developmental Linguistics
W G 4: Florian Coulmas, H a r t m u t Haberland, Jacob L . Mey and Jef
Verschueren: Universals of Linguistic Action
W G 5: Yukio Otsu: Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition . . . .
W G 6: Victor Raskin: T h e Use of Script/Frame in Linguistic Seman­
tics
W G 7: Theo Bungarten: Fachsprachen und Kommunikationskonflikte
in der modernen Gesellschaft
W G 8: Frame Semantics and the Analysis of Discourse and Text (can­
celled)
W G 9: Simon C. D i k : Functional Grammar
W G 10: R. R. Mehrotra: Sociolinguistic Surveys in Asia
W G 11: Jacob Ornstein-Galicia: Synchronic Processes i n Language Con­
tact Situations W o r l d Wide: A Focus on Generalizations and Individ­
ualizations and Universals
W G 12 Sc 13: P. Sture Ureland: Language Contact i n Europe
W G : 14: Μ. Y. Liberman: A Survey of Non-Linear Phonology
W G 15: Osamu Fujimura and James H . Abbs: Speech Production . . . .
W G 16: Hiroya Fujisaki and Eva G ä r d i n g : Intonation
W G 17: Jeanette Κ. Gundel and John Hinds: Shared Knowledge i n
Language Use
W G 18: Christian Lehmann: T h e State of the A r t i n Language Ty­
pology
W G 19: Mantaro J. Hashimoto: Structural Transitions and Typologi­
cal Diversities i n Sino-Tibetan and their Neighboring Languages of
East and Southeast Asia
W G 20: Sumiko Sasanuma: Patterns of Language Impairment i n
Aphasia
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T a b i c of Contents
W G 21: M i n o r i t y Languages i n the W o r l d (cancelled)
W G 22: Claude Hagege: Morphosyntax or Semiosyntax?
W G 23: Kazuo Mabuchi: Origin of Japanese
W G 24: Frank R. Palmer: Modality
W G 25: Edgar C. Polome: T h e Present State of Proto-Indo-European
Studies
W G 26: Walburga von Raffler-Engel: Nonverbal Communication for
Linguists
W G 27: Henk van Riemsdijk: Generative Syntax
W G 28: Masatake M u r a k i : Characteristics of Japanese Expressions i n
News Reporting
XXI
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CONGRESS P I C T U R E S
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CONGRESS M A T E R I A L S (program and registration cards)
1399
PROCEEDINGS M A T E R I A L S (front pages of previous proceedings,
1930-1978)
1431
I N D E X OF A U T H O R S
1449
The Semantics of Sentence Mood in Typologically
Differing Languages
Dietmar Zaefferer
University of Munich
0.
Introduction
The following is a report on a work i n progress which aims at developing
a formal semantics for the structural as well as lexical means natural languages
dispose of i n order to indicate sentence moods and illocutionary forces (or, as
I shall say equivalently, illocution types). T h e line of research chosen, which
(a) compares several typologically quite different languages, (b) concentrates on
the structural indicators, and (c) proceeds from form-type to function-type, is
diametrically opposed to the strategy adopted by John Searle and Daniel
Vanderveken i n their "Foundations of Illocutionary Logic", which (a) starts
out from one language only (namely English), (b) concentrates on the lexical
means English has for labeling illocutionary forces (and not on the structural
means i t has for indicating them), and (c) proceeds from function (i.e. illocutionary force) to form (i.e. primarily illocutionary verbs).
Although the research strategies are quite different, the two approaches
share the common assumption that "illocutionary logic is part of a theory of
meaning" (Searle/Vanderveken[l]: 1-8), and their main goals are also the same,
viz. (i) to explicate the logical properties of and relationships between illocutionary acts, and (ii) to construct a formal semantics for the illocutionary force
indicators of natural languages and thereby to complete the 'Universal Grammar*
as conceived of e.g. by Richard Montague.
1.
An inventary of the sentence moods and their indicators in six typologically
differing languages
1.0 As a starting point, I take the notion of sentence mood as i t can be
found i n most grammars, i.e. undefined, but w i t h a fairly good inter-grammar
agreement i n the central cases (declarative, interrogative, imperative), and a
fairly bad one i n the more marginal cases (exclamatory, optative, exhortative
etc.).
Using this notion, the following overviews can be given:
1.1
Overview of sentence moods in the six sample
English
1.
Declarative
+
2.
Interrogative
+
3.
Jussive (Imperative)
+
German
+
+
+
553
languages
Guarani
Quechua
Chinese
+
+
+
+
+
4-
+
-I-
+
+
+
+
'
Korean
554
Section 3:
+
Exclamatory
5.
6.
Dubitative
+
-L
+
Optative
+
+
+
7.
8.
Propositive
Quotative
9.
10.
1.2
Rhetorical interrogative
Promissive
Overview of structural
+
+
-
+
+
+
-+
?
(+)
—
~
German
Guarani
1.
Intonation/Punctuation
2.
3.
Interrogative words
Indicators of Person
deictic categories
4.
Indicators of verbal
mood/Modal verbs
Word order
+
+
+
Affixes
Particles
—
—
—
(+ )
+
+
+
Ellipsis of subject
+
+
(+ )
r/o-prep.
(+ )
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exclamatory words
Special constructions
Towards an explication
+
—
-
+
+
—
+
—
—
-
-fT
+
-f
+
+
j-
sentence mood indicators in the sample la nguages
English
2.
?
4.
Semantic»
Quechua
Chinese
Korean
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
τ
+
-f
+
+
+
—
-?
ρ
+
+
+
-
?
+
+
—
+
?
+
+
?
—
X-not-Y
of 'sentence mood*: the notion of L-sentence type
I w i l l now try to spell out the idea behind the traditional notion of sentence
mood, namely a correspondence between syntactic structure and illocutionary
force. I presuppose that for any natural language L , there is a set of L-sentence
readings the elements of which are ordered pairs of an L-sentence and a
structural description of i t which is rich enough to exclude ambiguities; I
presuppose furthermore that (a) each L-sentence reading determines uniquely
the set of its syntactic features, and (b) each meaning of an L-sentence reading
determines uniquely the set of its illocution type features.
T h e definition is then as follows:
(1) X is an L-sentence type iff
(a) X is a non-empty set of syntactic features of L , and
(b) there is a non-empty set Y of illocution type features of L such that every
L-sentence reading w i t h X has an L-sentence meaning w i t h Y.
I f X is an L-sentence type, the Y which satisfies condition (b) w i l l be called
the common illocution type denominator of the L-sentence readings with X .
Applying ( D l ) we can hypothesize that there is probably no language L such
that the set of explicit performative L-sentence readings is definable as being
of type X for any L-sentence type X , since there is no purely structural common
denominator, the lexical meaning of the main verb being crucial.
I call the notion just defined sentence type and not sentence mood, because
i t is much finer grained than the latter. For instance the interrogative mood
corresponds to a whole group of L-sentence types for most languages L . (Guarani
D. Zaofferer
555
w i t h one uniform structural indicator, -pa, for a l l kinds of interrogatives, is
one of the exceptions.) Nevertheless, i t seems clear that 'L-sentence mood* can
be explicated i n terms of 'L-sentence type\
3.
The notion of L-structurally
indicated illocution
type
Using ( D l ) we are now i n a position to define as follows:
1
(D2) Y is an L-structurally
indicated sentential ^ illocution type iff there is an
L-sentence type X such that Y is the common illocution type denominator
of the L-sentence readings w i t h X .
This notion allows us to cut out two small finite subsets from the probably
infinite set of possible illocution types, viz. the two sets of sentential illocution
types which are L-structurally indicated (a) i n every, and (b) i n at least one, but
not every natural language L , respectively.
4.
Illocutionary
universals
hypothesized
Presupposing an explication of 'L-sentence mood' i n terms of 'L-sentence type',
i t is easy now to derive some hypotheses about illocutionary universals from
the findings presented above:
(UH1)
The following illocution types and only these are L-structurally indi­
cated i n all natural languages L (the corresponding sentence moods
are added i n parentheses):
1. Assertive
2. Erotetic
3. Directive
(UH2)
(Declarative)
(Interrogative)
(Jussive/Imperative)
The following illocution types are L-structurally indicated i n some,
but not all natural languages L :
6. W-Expressive
(Optative)
(Expressing wish)
7. We-Directive
(Propositive)
(UH3)
4. Subassertive (Dubitative)
5. Α-Expressive
(Exclamatory)
(Expressing amazement)
8. Reporting Assertive (Quotative)
9. Pseudoerotetic
(Rhetorical Interrogative)
10. Commissive (Promissive)
There is no natural language L such that the following illocution types
are L-structurally indicated:
11. Check-Erotetic
or Exam Question, i.e. eliciting an answer i n
order to check whether the addressee knows i t
12. Abraham-Directive,
i.e. eliciting a response i n order to check
obedience
1) I call sentential the type of illocutions performed in uttering sentences, as opposed to
other phrases ("Hurrah for Porky!") and interjections ("Wow!").
556
Section 3:
13.
Semantics
Declarative, i.e. making true a proposition ρ by happily performing
an illocutionary act w i t h the propositional content p.
5. The abstract predicates approach to illocutionary
Searlej Vanderveken approach
logic as opposed
to the
Searle/Vanderveken (henceforth S/V) claim that illocutionary forces can be
represented by septuples whose first coordinate is illocutionary point. There
are six basic illocutionary points which are taken as p r i m i t i v e notions: Assertive,
Commissive, Directive, Declarative, Expressing Belief and Expressing Desire.
Forces w i t h basic point where the other coordinates (mode of achievement,
different conditions and degrees of strength) are kept m i n i m a l are called p r i m i ­
tive. The set of illocutionary forces includes the p r i m i t i v e ones and is closed
under certain operations on the coordinates. These operations induce a partial
ordering i n the set of illocutionary forces and illocutionary entailment is defined
as subordination w i t h respect to this ordering.
My approach, which I call the abstract predicates approach > takes the
L-structurally indicated illocution types as primitives, represents them by abstract
predicates and characterizes the latter w i t h the help of meaning postulates,
introducing thus illocutionary entailment through another door.
Both approaches are axiomatic, but the p r i m i t i v e notions are different.
Nevertheless i t is possible that one day they t u r n out to be equivalent. Some
aspects, however, of S/V's proposal make me doubt that this w i l l be the case.
Let me conclude by commenting on two of them: O n the one hand, the defini­
tion of force is much too liberal, since i f the propositional content conditions
are unrestricted, they may admit of only one single proposition and thus
'illocutionary force' includes all elementary illocutionary acts. There w o u l d be
e.g. the force of asking where the next I C L w i l l take place. O n the other
hand, the definition seems to be too restrictive too: By separating illocutionary
point and degree of strength of its achievement, S/V r u n i n t o troubles when a
change i n the latter results i n a change of the former. Consider the Guarani
suffix -ndipo which is described as an interrogativo-dubitative affix and can be
translated w i t h either 'perhaps' or the question mark. Here, S/V's definition
forces one to classify the corresponding illocution either as low degree assertive
or as answer eliciting directive, the corresponding points being strictly separated.
2
So i n its present preliminary version, S/V's definition seems to be both too
loose and too restrictive to be really adequate for a formal semantics of sentence
mood and other force indicators i n natural languages.
References
[1]
[2]
Searle, John R . / D a n i e l Vanderveken, Foundations of Illocutionary Logic, M S 1 9 8 1 .
Zaefferer, Dietmar, O n a formal treatment of illocutionary force indicators' in: H . Parret
et al. (eds.) Possibilities and Limitations of Pragmatics, Amsterdam 1 9 8 2 .
f
2)
It is outlined in [ 2 ] , spelled out for a large fragment of German in [ 3 ] , which is com­
plemented in [4],
D. Zarffcrcr
[3]
j4j
557
, Frageausdrücke und Fragen im Deutschen. Zu ihrer Syntax, Semantik und
Pragmatik, M ü n c h e n 1983.
' T h e Semantics of Non-Declaratives: Investigating German Exclamatoiies' in:
R. Baucrle et al. (eds.), Meaning, Use, and Interpretation of Language Berlin 1983.
(