Pit viper team
Nikki Dyanne Realubit
Willem van de Ven
Joni Acay
Jenn Acay
Fleur Panga
Jessica Baroga
Normandy Barbecho
With thanks to
Protected Area Management Board - Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape
Provincial Environment and Natural Resource Office (PENRO)-Batanes
George R. Reyes, CESO V, PENRO
Sammy Telan, Chief, PAWCZMS
Lilia Inez Homigop, Ecosystems Management Specialist
Ariel Agabin, Park Maintenance Foreman
Zafra Hazel Baldovino, Admin Aide VI
Provincial Tourism Office (DOT)-Batanes
Hegel Ruiz Valones, PTO designate
Mr. Roger Sweeney, Assistant Director – Virginia Zoo
Phoenix Zoo – Arizona Centre for Nature Conservation
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Contents
1
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1
Background .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.2
Rationale.................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3
Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 4
3
Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1
Ocular trip ................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2
Equipment testing .................................................................................................................... 5
3.3
Field survey in Batanes ............................................................................................................. 5
4
Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.1
Pit viper morphometrics and color morphs .............................................................................. 9
4.2
Population distribution, density and size ................................................................................ 10
4.3
Habitat analysis ...................................................................................................................... 11
4.4
Camera trapping .................................................................................................................... 13
4.5
Trade and persecution of snakes ............................................................................................ 13
4.6
Species delimitation ............................................................................................................... 14
4.7
Other wildlife species ............................................................................................................. 15
5
What was learned .......................................................................................................................... 22
6
Follow up research and conservation activities .............................................................................. 23
6.1
Pit viper activity, diet, range and distribution ......................................................................... 23
6.2
Pit viper species delimitation.................................................................................................. 23
6.3
Apply for IUCN red list assessment ......................................................................................... 23
6.4
Interview regarding pit viper trade ......................................................................................... 23
6.5
Insect diversity survey ............................................................................................................ 23
6.6
Snake awareness and conservation ........................................................................................ 23
7
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 25
8
References..................................................................................................................................... 26
9
Financial report ............................................................................................................................. 27
10 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 28
10.1 PAMB resolution .................................................................................................................... 28
10.2 Habitat assessment data sheet ............................................................................................... 29
10.3 Itemized expense report ........................................................................................................ 30
10.4 The Ivatan .............................................................................................................................. 32
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1
Abstract
The McGregor’s pit viper Trimeresurus mcgregori is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN red list, as very
little information is published about the species. The Philippine Red List Committee considers the
species to be Endangered, based on reports from local experts visiting the islands and doing
herpetological surveys. This study aimed to determine the population size on the only two known
islands where this species exists; Batan and Sabtang islands of the Batanes group of islands, Philippines.
Visual encounter surveys were employed to find snakes, between 19:00 and 23:00 hours each night for
a total of 10 nights, covering 9.5 km. Upon spotting a pit viper, the individual was captured and snoutto-vent length as well as tail length was measured. Selected individuals, which were perched in
convenient locations, were not captured but instead a camera trap was trained on them to determine
up to what hour the snakes would be active, and possibly capture other behaviors.
A total of 23 pit vipers were encountered, of which 21 were captured, either straight away or upon
rediscovering the snake upon recovering the camera trap. Average encounter rate was 2.4 / km though
heavily dependent on the weather of the day preceding the survey. Color morphs, for which this snake is
particularly known, were found ranging from white to dark brown.
Anecdotal information and personal observations lead us to believe that international, illegal, wildlife
trade in the species is still ongoing and affecting the
McGregor’s pit viper population size is still difficult to estimate as not enough individuals were
encountered for analysis with specific software. Although found to be locally common, it was
encountered only in specific habitats (along creeks), which will need to be further delineated and
measured. We suspect a small population, which, combined with a suspected population size reduction
due to hunting, as well as a loss of habitat over the past 30 years, would lead us to guess the species to
fall at least under the Endangered category.
We recommend follow up research specifically into home ranges to further determine population size,
as well as studies into the illegal pet trade to determine threats to the species existence.
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2
Introduction
2.1 Background
Pit vipers belong to the family Viperidae, one of the two families of dangerously venomous snakes
represented in Philippine herpetofauna. They are terrestrial species favoring arboreal habitats, can swim
and are typically found around sources of water like rivers and streams (Leviton et al., 2014). Pit vipers,
like all snakes, play diverse roles in terrestrial ecosystems, not in the least as predators, influencing
structure, function, and evolution of ecological communities (Greene, 1997). Despite this, snakes in the
Philippines are still being indiscriminately persecuted because of fear.
The McGregor’s Pit Viper (Trimeresurus mcgregori) is one species that should be paid particular
attention to because it is only found on the islands of Batan and Sabtang, both part of the Batanes
Protected Land and Seascape, found in the northernmost part of the Philippine archipelago. Individuals
have been observed in different habitats on the islands, ranging from tropical forests to agricultural
areas. The species is an important one based on which conservation priority areas in the Batanes islands
can be designated (Gonzalez et al., 2008). However, no systematic studies on its population distribution
have been done, and thus the current population trend is unknown. Unfortunately, the species is well
known in the international pet trade because of its unique color morphs (yellow, white) compared to
the common Philippine pit viper species (green). Although wildlife trade in this species is illegal, the
species is widely found outside the country and it breeds well in captivity, making it hard to track down
the origin of the animals (Sy et al., 2009).
2.2 Rationale
With the extremely small range of this species and its pet trade status, it is imperative to shed light on
its unknown population in the wild. This study aims to determine baseline ecological information on the
species to be used for species conservation assessment following the IUCN Red List of Threatened
species criteria (IUCN, 2016). This in turn, will help increase legislative protection of the species in the
wild and improve chances to find funds for its conservation.
2.3 Objectives
 Determine population status (distribution, density, size) of the Data Deficient McGregor´s Pit
Viper (Trimeresurus mcgregori)
 Identify important habitat characteristics that may affect McGregor’s Pit Viper population status
 Document behavior of animals in the wild using camera traps
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3
Methods
3.1 Ocular trip
In the month of February 2016, project
leader Ms. Nikki Dyanne Realubit travelled
to Basco, Batanes to present the project to
the Protected Area Management Board
(PAMB) of the Batanes Protected
Landscape and Seascape (BPLS). The PAMB
approved the project unanimously and
issued a resolution (Resolution 2016-16) to
allow the conduct of the research entitled,
“Baseline ecological information for the
McGregor’s Pit Viper” (appendix 10.1). Figure 1: BPLS-PAMB members and PENRO-Batanes staff
After project presentation, Ms. Realubit during project presentation
went around Batan and Sabtang island to
scout possible transect survey sites and
arrange for guides for the upcoming field trip.
3.2 Equipment testing
When all equipment arrived in the Philippines,
thanks to Mr. Roger Sweeney of Virginia Zoo, a
one-day field trip (February 28, 2016) was
organized to Subic Bay Forest Reserve where
Philippine
pit
vipers
(Trimeresurus
flavomaculatus) are known to occur. The purpose
of the trip was to familiarize the team members,
not all of whom are herpetologists, with the
equipment
and
with
catching
snakes.
Unfortunately, the area proved too dry for
spotting snakes that day. However the team was
able to place camera traps and test the laser
range finder as well as get an introduction to pit
viper studies by the project leader.
Figure 2: sample picture taken during testing. As no
animals can be spotted, it is likely the wind that
triggered the camera in this instance.
3.3 Field survey in Batanes
From March 19-26, the group conducted a field trip to Batanes Province, visiting the islands of Batan
and Sabtang to conduct pit viper surveys in four municipalities (Basco, Mahatao, Uyugan, and Sabtang).
Itinerary
The group was able to take advantage of several free flights from a previous overbooked trip. This made
scheduling a bit complicated due to the airline policy of staggering free flights. The team members could
not all arrive at the same date, and had to leave again on different dates. Also, because of the Philippine
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celebration of Holy Week (the week leading up to Easter), no project activities were performed for Holy
Friday. Table 1 shows the details of the itinerary of the whole trip.
Table 1. Batanes pit viper field survey itinerary
Day
Saturday, March 19, 2016
Sunday, March 20, 2016
Activity
Arrival in Basco at 8am
Check in at homestay
Grocery shopping and visiting guides
Nightsurvey in the foothills of Mt Iraya
Arrival of additional 2 team members
Travel to Sabtang island
Split up group to Sinakan and Chavayan
Monday, March 21, 2016
Travel whole group to Sumnanga,
Sabtang
Split into two groups
Tuesday, March 22, 2016
Travel back to Uyugan, Batan island
Survey along Imnajibu
Departure of 1 team member
Meeting with PENRO-Batanes
Survey edge of Mt. Iraya
Split up group for two transects
Travel back to Batan centro
Split up group to Chanarian and Hanib
No survey and project activities (Holy
Friday)
Departure of 4 team members
Survey near Mt. Mahtarem
Habitat analysis for Uyugan and
Mahatao, retrieve camera trap
Flight cancelled due to tailwind
Departure team leader
Wednesday, March 23, 2016
Thursday, March 24, 2016
Friday, March 25, 2016
Saturday, March 26, 2016
Sunday, March 27, 2016
Monday, March 28, 2016
Tuesday, March 29, 2016
Results
5 snakes encountered
Group a: 2 snakes
encountered
Group b: 5 snakes
encountered
Group a: 3 snakes
encountered
Group b: 3 snakes
encountered
4 snakes encountered
No snakes encountered
No snakes encountered
1 snake encountered
Visual encounter surveys
This study gathered baseline information on the ecology of McGregor’s Pit Viper (Trimeresurus
mcgregori) using visual encounter surveys along transects divided into 10x100-m segments. Number of
individuals, perpendicular distance to the transect segment, height of vertical position for each
encounter were determined. Coordinates for the start, middle and end of 100-m transect segments
were obtained using a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit. The weather conditions (cloud cover and
precipitation) were also noted. Field observations, and time of day/night (start-end time for each
transect) were documented. All activities were photo-documented. The target was to perform 40-mansurvey-hours; we accomplished a total of 154-man-survey-hours for the whole expedition. We covered a
total area of 0.094 km2, table 2 provides the details of each transect during survey hours.
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Table 2. Visual encounter survey transect characteristics
Transect
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Barangay
San
Antonio
Chavayan
Sinakan
Municipality
Type
Manhours
Weather
Basco
Sabtang
Sabtang
Forest
River
River
20
16
8
Sunny
Sunny
Sunny
Malakdang
Sumnanga
Sumnanga
Sumnanga
Imnajibu
San
Juaquin
San
Juaquin
Chanarian
Hanib
Uvoy
Sabtang
Sabtang
Sabtang
Sabtang
Uyugan
River
River
Beach
River
River
2
16
2
16
20
Sunny
Sunny
Sunny
Sunny
Sunny
Basco
River
12
Cloudy
Basco
Basco
Basco
Mahatao
Forest
River
River
Forest
total
12
9
12
9
154
Cloudy
Drizzling
Drizzling
Cloudy
Habitat
moisture
No. of
segments
Length
(m)
Mixed
Dry
Dry
Overgro
wn
Dry
Beach
Dry
Dry
Overgro
wn
Overgro
wn
Wet
Wet
Wet
total
10
5
10
1000
500
1000
2
9
2
8
9
200
900
200
800
900
5
500
10
5
10
9
94
1000
500
1000
900
9400
Measurements
Aside from noting down encounters, pit vipers were also captured to gather morphometrics data, snoutvent length and tail length. Individuals were also assessed if they were juveniles, sub-adults or adults.
The sex of the mature adults was also determined if possible.
Camera trapping
When pit viper encounters were of a docile nature, meaning the snake was spotted before the team
members were spotted by the snake, camera traps were placed. The camera trap was attached to a
branch, tree trunk or rock with a good vantage point and a maximum distance of a meter from the
resting snake.
Habitat analysis
Sites were assessed according to broad habitat categories made by Mallari et al. (2011). These four
categories include: cultivation (CVT), defined as areas with active or recently abandoned farmland
including grassland, brush lands, agricultural plots, and small orchards with fruit tress < 4 m tall; early
second growth forests (ESGF) are areas of newly regenerating forest (< 20 years old) dominated by
saplings and other small to medium trees. Advanced second growth forests (ASGF) are ca. 20-40 years
old, which have a less dense understorey and dominated by medium to large trees. Old growth forest
(OG) i.e. primary forest or forests > 40 years old are dominated by large to very large trees and have a
less complex understorey compared to ESG and ASG.
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After assessing the broad habitat category of the transect site, a 10x10 m plot was established at the 50m mark of the 10x100 transect segment. Within a 10x10m plot, different types of important habitat
variables that may affect presence and abundance of the species were determined based on Supsup
(2014). Physical characteristics and habitat structure were measured as follows: number of tree
individuals within the plot was counted according to diameter classes (see habitat datasheet in appendix
10.2); number of pandans, palms, dead woods, fallen trees, fruit tress and flowering tree were also
counted; other environmental parameters such as moss, humus, ferns, grass, rattan, bamboo and leaf
litter were recorded based on their coverage (percentage); coverage of canopy, understorey and
midstorey growth was also recorded; ground coverage was measured depending on the rock cover and
vice versa; (6) estimate of soil moisture per plot; (7) and distance of sampling plots from forest edge and
bodies of water was also recorded.
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4
Results and Discussion
4.1 Pit viper morphometrics and color morphs
A total of twenty-three pit viper individuals were encountered. Most of these were mature adults (10),
others were sub-adults (7), and one juvenile. The maturity of rest of the individuals we were unable to
determine, either because the particular individual was subjected to camera trapping or we were unable
to catch it. Snout-vent length (SVL) range of females were between 480-686 mm, with a mean average
of 591.7 mm (SD = 61.9). This is consistent with the measurements taken by Leviton et al (2014) who
measured the female individual to have a snout-vent length of 587mm and a tail length of 97mm.
Figure 3: Different color morphs encountered during transect surveys
A variation of color morphs were also observed for the individuals from the two islands, Batan and
Sabtang. Batan Island hosted the most variation in color morphs with all variations present, while on
Sabtang no white or gray individuals were found, and only one lighter individual besides the yellow
morphs. Examples of the different color morphs can be found in figure 3.
Table 1: Color morphs of the pit vipers encountered
Yellow
White
Beige
Cookies & Cream
Gray
Brown
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Batan
2
4
1
1
1
2
11
Sabtang
4
1
7
12
4.2 Population distribution, density and size
We encountered 23 pit
vipers along a total 9.5
km of transects (figure 4).
Transects
were
performed mainly along
rivers and small access
trails for locals living
around
the
area.
Transects were located in
five barangays, under
four municipalities of the
province of Batanes. The
first four days of the
survey yielded 22 out of
the
23
pit
viper
encounters. This may be
due to the change in
weather at the fifth day
wherein there was a shift
from hot, sunny weather
to cold, rainy weather.
Figure 5 shows the
corresponding weather
data during our short
survey.
This
is
corroborated by the study Figure 4 Map of Batan and Sabtang islands, with transects indicated
of Rocha et al., (2014)
which compared sympatric species of Brazilian pit vipers and showed that minimum temperature as
environmental variable had greatest influence on activity.
Our survey was necessarily short because of a restricted budget, and therefore dependent on best
estimates to find as many individuals as possible in a short time period. To calculate pit viper density, we
used the basic formula (Vitt and Caldwell, 2009): Density=number of pit viper encounters/area
surveyed. Area surveyed is 9400 m in length and 10m in width, which would be 0.094 km2. Hence,
Density=23 individuals/0.094 km2 would be 244.5 individuals/ km2. Using this density estimate and the
total area of Batan and Sabtang (135.88 km2), we can calculate the estimated population pit viper size of
33,247 individuals. This is obviously an overestimate in that there are areas which would be unsuitable
for the pit viper population and compounded by the encounter rate of the species. A better density
estimate can be obtained from the software program DISTANCE if we were able to obtain at least 70
encounters (Buckland et al., 1993). Also, to have a finer resolution of population range, occupancy
modelling can be used which addresses the assumption that suitable habitats for a species may be not
completely occupied (Gibson et al., 2007).
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Figure 5: Pit vipers encountered vs climate data (www.accuweather.com)
4.3 Habitat analysis
Pit vipers were
spotted in the
three broad habitat
categories:
advance secondary
growth,
early
secondary growth
and
cultivated
areas
in
both
islands of Batan
and Sabtang. This
can also be seen in
figure 6 showing
the
land
use
classification of the
province.
Encounters were
mostly
along
riverbanks with a
cooler
microclimate as we
always spotted it
near a small pool of
water. It may be
that
the
high
encounter
rate
along river banks is
due
to
the
ecothermic nature
of the pit viper
(Huang
et
al.,
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Figure 6 Map of Batan and Sabtang islands, with land cover indicated as well as
individual pit viper encounters
2006). In other parts of the country, Dr. Arvin Diesmos (personal communication, March 30, 2016)
explains the presence of pit vipers near the water in that they are waiting for frogs as prey items.
However, in Batanes, there’s only one confirmed frog species, Polypedates leucomystax, which is a tree
frog species (Gonzalez et al., 2008). It may be that the pit vipers would target the geckoes and skinks
that were also spotted along the river banks.
On the other hand, when the habitat factors data were summarized and Plymouth Routines In
Multivariate Ecological Research version six (PRIMER 6) was used to make a dendogram and a PCA plot.
The transect segments where the pit vipers were sighted did not vary too much in terms of habitat
characteristics (e.g. canopy cover, number of trees in different DBH categories, etc) were not
significantly different from the segments where they were not found. The segments were relatively
homogenous, as suggested by the cluster analysis dendrogram (Error! Reference source not found.7)
that showed only about 10% distance among sites at most.
The PCA plot (
Figure 8), on the other hand, places sites with pit viper sightings on the axes coinciding with indicators of
vegetation (e.g. trees, understory, etc.). These segments were also plotted opposite some correlates
such as distance from the edge and percent grass, suggesting that vipers were found mostly inside the
forests and not in the grasslands common in the islands. An exception is a segment in the grassland
where a pit viper was spotted trapped on a concrete well, possibly trying to get a drink while outside the
forest cover. This is similar to other pit viper species like Bothrops jararacussu also tend to avoid open
areas, being found only inside and at the edges of the forest (Rocha et al., 2014). Specifically, adult pit
vipers of Gloydius halys halys prefer rocky habitats (Simonov, 2009). Still, it should be of note that the
graph can only account for 32.4 % of the variation (based on the eigenvalues). This is not surprising,
though, because as described earlier, the segments are homogenous and variation is relatively low.
Figure 7. Cluster analysis dendogram for transect segments noting presence and absence of pit viper
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Figure 8. PCA plot showing principal components of segments where pit vipers were present or absent.
4.4 Camera trapping
Unfortunately, the camera traps did not gain any results. Preliminary tests were done during the day,
and apparently the lighting is so much different from the night that it results in over lighting of the
image when placed near rocks. As the pit vipers are commonly found on rocks, and the snakes are small,
we placed almost all traps too close to the targets. The simple camera traps do not allow reviewing of
data under field conditions, it has to be downloaded to a computer first. It is therefore only after the
fieldwork that we discovered a lack of suitable material. While the film during the day are clear, there is
nothing to see at those points as there are no snakes in view. During the night, these shots are
overexposed. For future use, the camera traps will be places further from the target if the target
includes rock formations.
4.5 Trade and persecution of snakes
Upon arriving in Basco on the ocular trip and looking for guides, project leader Nikki Dyanne was pointed
to a certain local guide. Upon arriving at his place, there was in fact a pit viper in his house, a juvenile
white morph. Although he reassured Nikki that he would release the individual back to the wild, the
implication is of course that this individual was meant for the (international) pet trade.
Known to be a problem and likely source of decline of the wild population, it is unsure how big the trade
currently is. Stories contradict each other. Apparently the trade route is via foreign nationals from Korea
or Taiwan is what we heard, has been ‘closed’ or at least made more difficult, as no more direct travel
from abroad to the islands is allowed. Though undoubtedly there are ways around this. The fact that our
local guide, who is indeed very familiar with the species and where to find them, has an individual in his
house, and later on revealed that a juvenile individual (white or yellow) will fetch around 3000 pesos, of
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course indicated that the trade is ongoing. What did seem strange though, is that most people we hired
or talked to, including the sons of our local guide, seem absolutely terrified of the snakes, and will only
very reluctantly handle it, without any sense of familiarity. This, to us, indicates that trade in the species
is not a widespread phenomenon, perhaps limited to a few individuals who occasionally catch and sell
some individuals.
Informal interviews in at five different barangays in the municipalities of Basco and Sabtang yield an
incomplete picture of pit vipers as they are regarded by the locals. Their local name for snake is vuday
and the pit viper is specifically mayuhama vuday or maydaka vuday which refers to its color, white or
yellow, respectively. Most interviewees were terrified of the pit viper because they have been known to
cause the death or hospitalization of a few individuals in their area. They usually encounter the pit viper
while clearing secondary growth for planting vegetables and they know the bite to be very painful. One
interviewee confessed to catching one because there was a buyer for it but she was bitten and has not
attempted any captures after the incident. One barangay official states that the common reaction of
seeing this snake is to chop its head off with a bolo.
As we did not investigate specifically, it is difficult to say if there is really a big active trade currently. The
large number of Batanes pit vipers in captivity and the fact that it breeds in captivity relatively easily,
makes it hard to track their origins. We suggest doing more structured interviews for a follow up project,
to be able to estimate how many pit vipers are captured and traded annually.
4.6 Species delimitation
Trimeresurus mcgregori has only recently been elevated to full species status (Gumprecht et al., 2004),
based on genetic analysis of four individuals. Sanders et al., (2004) and Leviton et al., (2004), both agree
with this decision, with the color variation between T. mcgregori and T. flavomaculatus as the starting
point of the split. One reptile expert, Emerson Sy (personal communication, April, 2016) on seeing
photos of our expedition on Facebook, expressed the concern that some of the snakes do look like T.
flavomaculatus. We quote, “The white (or yellow) spots on the lateral side are a characteristic of T.
flavomaculatus. Aside from the color morphs, there are no clear cut characteristics to distinguish
between T. flavomaculatus and T.
mcgregori. I wonder if T.
mcgregori is indeed a valid
species. It would be interesting to
obtain tissue samples to settle the
question”. As he mentions,
collecting genetic material for
further research might be a
valuable tool for future research.
Said research should focus on
obtaining genetic material from all
color morphs observed and
mapped in their distribution. The
nearest
group
of
islands,
according to Oliveros et al.(2011),
still lists T. flavomaculatus for that
area and may be the source of
Figure 9: Individual, caught on Sabtang Island, resembling T.
the population for Sabtang
flavomaculatus (Photo by Willem van de Ven)
island.
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4.7 Other wildlife species
We have a reasonably good picture of the diversity of reptilian, avian, and mammalian fauna of the
Batanes Islands due in part to a series of surveys conducted by Gonzales, Afuang, and Lacaste (2008).
However, the same cannot be said for the insect fauna of the islands. In 2013, surveys were conducted
by researchers from the National Museum of the Philippines in collaboration with Batanes Integrated
Natural History Research Initiative (BINHI) to document the floral and faunal diversity of the island
group. Nevertheless, no technical or popular articles which are readily available to the public have been
published. We also inquired about the insects collected by Gonzalez, Afuang, and Lacaste in the
safekeeping of the local DENR office but it could no longer be located. Species accounts and records of
insects found in the islands have been provided for by independently conducted taxonomic studies and
are scattered in the literature. Through the course of the survey, other wildlife species (invertebrates,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) were documented to obtain a species list observed by the
researchers.
Birds
The bird list is based on the Wild Bird Club of the Philippines’ checklist of 2016 (WBCP 2016), which uses
the IOC taxonomy. A total of 36 bird species were encountered during the trip, mostly through
opportunistic sampling.
Figure 10: Japanese Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone
atrocaudata, found from Japan up to Batanes and
Babuyan islands, though not on Luzon or further
south (Photo by Willem van de Ven)
Figure 11: Brown-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis,
found from Russia to Taiwan and Batanes, not further
south (Photo by Willem van de Ven)
Table 2: Birds of Batanes
Bas=Basco, Mah=Mahatao, Iva=Ivatan, San=San Joaquin, Cha=Chavayan, Sum=Sumnanga, Sin=Sinakan.
#
63
70
82
103
111
114
115
English name*
Eastern Cattle Egret
Pacific Reef Heron
Osprey
White-bellied Sea Eagle
Buff-banded Rail
Plain Bush-hen
White-breasted
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Scientific name
Bubulcus ibis
Egretta sacra
Pandion haliaetus
Haliaeetus leucogaster
Gallirallus philippensis
Amaurornis olivacea
Amaurornis
IUCN
Batan
Sabtang
Bas Mah Iva San Cha Sum Sin
5
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
2
1
Waterhen
136 Grey-headed Lapwing
137 Pacific Golden Plover
144 Greater Sand Plover
170 Wood Sandpiper
191 Oriental Pratincole
225 Philippine Cuckoo Dove
phoenicurus
Vanellus cinereus
Pluvialis fulva
Charadrius
leschenaultii
Tringa glareola
Glareola maldivarum
Macropygia
tenuirostris
Chalcophaps indica
226 Common Emerald
Dove
241 Whistling Green Pigeon Treron formosae
245 Black-chinned Fruit
Ptilinopus leclancheri
Dove
259 Philippine Coucal
Centropus viridis
290 Ryukyu Scops Owl
Otus elegans
294 Northern Boobook
Ninox japonica
313 Glossy Swiftlet
Collocalia esculenta
337 Collared Kingfisher
Todiramphus chloris
339 Common Kingfisher
Alcedo atthis
420 Brown Shrike
Lanius cristatus
444 Japanese Paradise
Terpsiphone
Flycatcher
atrocaudata
469 Brown-eared Bulbul
Hypsipetes amaurotis
472 Barn Swallow
Hirundo rustica
475 Striated Swallow
Cecropis striolata
541 Lowland White-eye
Zosterops meyeni
549 Asian Glossy Starling
Aplonis panayensis
559 White-shouldered
Sturnia sinensis
Starling
574 Brown-headed Thrush
Turdus chrysolaus
613 Blue Rock Thrush
Monticola solitarius
654 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus
667 Grey Wagtail
Motacilla cinerea
668 White Wagtail
Motacilla alba ocularis
(ocularis)
670 Paddyfield Pipit
Anthus rufulus
* Bold are endemic species
1
20
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
NT
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
3
4
2
4
3
NT
1
1
1
1
NT
1
10
1
9
3
1
5
2
2
7
6
30
2
1
5
1
10
12
2
2
2
2
3
3
15
1
1
5
5
1
2
10
1
1
1
1
1
3
Interesting birds on Batanes are several migrants from farther up north, that visit the archipelago but
are not found further south, and thus are rare/do not occur in the rest of the Philippines, for example
the Japanese Paradise Flycatcher, Ryukyu Scops-owl and the Brown-eared Bulbul. A rare migrant is the
Grey-headed Lapwing, which has only been recorded in the Philippines on a few occasions. Other birds,
such as the Brown-headed Thrush, are uncommon in mainland Luzon, though are found in the city park
of Basco, Batanes. Likewise common is the Blue Rock Thrush, which can be found all over the islands
16 | P a g e
Figure 12: Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus,
only a handful of records in the Philippines (Photo
by Willem van de Ven)
Figure 13: Brown-headed Thrush Turdus chrysolaus,
uncommon throughout the country, found in the city
park of Basco (Photo by Willem van de Ven)
Most important are of course the bird species that are endemic to the Philippines. Several subspecies
are even endemic to the Batanes Archipelago, such as the Philippine Cuckoo Dove, Lowland White-eye
and Black-chinned Fruit Dove
Batanes is very likely an important stopover for migrants; the islands, located between Taiwan and
mainland Luzon, are an important resting point and feeding area for raptors and water birds. As we
focused our study on the forested areas, few migrants were recorded and the number of species would
greatly increase with the proper survey locations and season.
Figure 14: Philippine Cuckoo Dove Macropygia
tenuirostris septentrionalis, much more brown
compared to the reddish birds in the rest of the
Philippines (Photo by Willem van de Ven)
17 | P a g e
Figure 15: Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius;
these are found all over the island and are very
common. Much more difficult to find anywhere else
in the Philippines (Photo by Willem van de Ven)
Amphibians and reptiles
Only one species of amphibian was recorded, the common tree frog, which is also the only species of
frog known to occur on the Batanes islands.
Table 3: Amphibians and reptiles
Scientific Name
Polypedates leucomystax
Gecko porosus
Eutropis multicarinata
Varanus marmoratus
Trimeresurus mcgregori
Malayopython reticulatus
Lycodon alcalai
Common Name
Common tree frog
Batan narrow-disked gecko
Two-striped mabouya
Marbled water monitor
McGregor’s pit viper
Asiatic reticulated python
/
Figure 16: Asiatic reticulated python Malayopython
reticulatus, curled up in a hollow below a tree.
Estimated diameter of around 10 cm (photo by
Willem van de Ven)
Local Name
Palaka
Gegget
Gegget
Siah
Vuday
Vuday
Vuday
Batan
1
1
Sabtang
1
1
2
1
2
1
Figure 17: Lycodon alcalai (Photo by Willem van de
Ven)
Invertebrates
Among the most notable insects we collected from the survey were specimens of a sphecid wasp, a stick
insect, and a bush cricket, which are all new locality records for these species. For the moment, we took
the liberty to focus on these species as the others require more time and expertise before they could be
processed and identified. A brief discussion of each species is provided below.
18 | P a g e
Figure 18. Nest of Chalybion japonicum found in Batanes, Philippines. A) General appearance. B) Nest showing
the tubular cells. (Photograph by KO Abenis.)
We collected a mud nest of three cells, each cell containing a pupa on 22nd of March 2016, which
successfully emerged as adults (Figure 18). These were identified as three females of Chalybion
japonicum (Griboldo) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) (Figure 19), which is hereby reported as new record to
the Philippines. C. japonicum is known only to be distributed in China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan (Hensen,
1988; Barthelemy, 2011). Like any other species of the tribe Sceliphrini, C. japonicum are host-specific
(on spiders), with few progeny (1-3 cells) and have a longer lifecycle compared with other insects,
making them an efficient invertebrate biological indicators (Gayubo et al., 2005; Hilty and Merenlender,
2000).
We collected several specimens of the stick insect Lonchodiodes babuyanensis Hennemann et Conle
(Phasmatodea:Phasmatidae) (Figure 20). The type locality of this specimen is the Calayan Id., Babuyan
Group of Islands. This report constitutes the first report of this species in Batanes Islands and outside of
the Babuyan Islands. Although these groups of islands are proximate to each other, this species is a poor
disperser and is not capable of oceanic dispersal. Its presence in the Batanes Islands is therefore
surprising, and owing to the unique geologic history of both groups of islands, this finding offers a
wealth of insights into the biogeographic and dispersal patterns of this insect group as well as into
general processes of speciation.
19 | P a g e
Figure 19. Chalybion japonicum. A) Full face view. B) Dorsal view of head and thorax. C) Lateral view of head
and thorax
Figure 20 Lonchodiodes babuyanensis, in situ, collected from a) Mahatao and b) the foot of Mt Irayao, both in
Basco, Batanes. (Photograph by Jessica Baroga.)
The bush crickets (Gryllidae: Eneopterinae) are widely distributed and mostly found in tropical areas in
Southeast asia and Pacific region. In the Philippines, there are 13 species under 3 genera are present.
Some of these species belong to the tribes Lebinthini (Cardiodactylus Saussure, 1878 and Lebinthus Stål,
1877) and Nistrini (Paranisitra Chopard, 1925), which are endemic to the country (Robillard & DesutterGrandcolas 2008). These species are widely distributed and represented in the three main islands of the
Philippines – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Species from Luzon were mostly recorded from its southern
part (i.e., Laguna, Mindoro, and Bicol), and no species thus far has been recorded from the northern part
of the island except from a new species of Paranisitra collected from Ilocos Norte (paper submitted for
publication). The species of bush crickets that we collected from this survey in the Batanes Islands are
new locality records, and some of which are possibly new to science.
This report constitute a new locality record of Lebinthus lanyuensis Oshiro, 1996 (Figs 21a & 21b), a
species endemic to Lan Yu Island in Taiwan, on the basis of morphological examination of the specimens
and consideration of the geographical distribution of this species. This species differs from the other
species of Lebinthus (L. bitaeniatus Bolívar, 1889 (Fig 21c) from South Luzon and Lebinthus luae Robillard
& Tan, 2013 (Fig 21d; from Singapore and Visayas) based on the following characteristics: (1) its thick
and wide whitish longitudinal band along the body (thin yellowish band underlined ventrally by a narrow
20 | P a g e
black line for L. bitaeniatus, while wide whitish to yellowish band without black line ventrally for L. luae);
and (2) its harp in forewings not wide (wide in 2 other species). There were also some juveniles of
Cardiodactylus (Fig. 22) collected during the survey (identification by Dr Tony Robillard based on
pictures). For confirmation of its species identity, it would be desirable to conduct a molecular analysis
of the specimens collected from this survey. Dr Tony Robillard from Muséum national d'Histoire
naturelle in France offered to help with this endeavor.
a
b
c
d
Figure 21. Different species of Lebinthus (a-b) L. lanyuensis collected from Batanes (Photograph by J essica
Baroga); (c) L. bitaeniatus (Photo from Robillard & Tan, 2013); and (d) L. luae (Photo from Robillard & Tan,
2013).
Figure 22. Some juveniles of Cardiodactylus collected from Batanes Islands. (Photograph by Jessica Baroga)
21 | P a g e
5
What was learned
The camera traps were not a big success, mainly because of placement issues. We had set the traps
several times with the thought to record natural behavior and also to keep track of activity of the pit
vipers, however nothing could be seen on the videos, and the traps were not triggered by motions of
the animals, due to over exposure of the cameras. We had tested the equipment during the day,
however conditions at night are so much more different than expected that the result turned out to be
disappointing. For future field work, the camera traps will be set differently (e.g. not pointing directly at
large stones, further away from subjects) and sd cards will be exchanged more frequently to be able to
check the quality of the photo/video while still in the field.
There is also a certain status quo for the species that has been established due to the considerable
media presence in Batanes. Several national tv shows have gone to Batanes to film the pit viper. What
happens is that they ask someone to catch the pit viper and then film when they arrive. This led to some
instances of miscommunication during recon surveys wherein locals would expect us to want the pit
viper as pets or to catch them for us. This can be an opportunity for conservationists to emphasize that
species should stay in the wild.
22 | P a g e
6
Follow up research and conservation activities
6.1 Pit viper activity, diet, range and distribution
Pit viper encounters rely on active individuals, probably at hunting grounds. In order to get more
information on home range and extent of the area of occurrence, a radio telemetry study is suggested,
where we will be able to monitor individuals 24 hours per day. The seasonal, daily activity, habitat use
and altitudinal range should also be studied. The survey protocol would remain essentially the same
except that there would be surveys during different seasons and altitude.
6.2 Pit viper species delimitation
As mentioned in the discussion, T. mcgregori as a species was based morphological characteristics of a
few individuals. Follow up research should preferably include collecting genetic samples of all the
observed color morphs of the snakes for further laboratory research.
6.3 Apply for IUCN red list assessment
More surveys are needed to determine accurate population estimates. Although pit vipers were found
to be relatively common in known habitats under favorable conditions, this hardly gives definite results.
Besides more surveys, also to areas where pit vipers are less likely encountered, a red list assessment
will require more information regarding population trends and threats as well as a thorough literature
review on previous studies. Nevertheless, for this species, which has a limited range, this should be a
relatively manageable study to undertake.
6.4 Interview regarding pit viper trade
Although this species is readily bred in captivity, there are still signs of collection from the wild. Most
likely these are transported abroad for the pet trade, which is lucrative for illegal international traders as
the risks are mainly for the local residents collecting the snakes, who are also paid poorly for it. The
extent of the trade however is unknown, as are the routes of transport of these animals. An ethno
biological study towards the illegal animal trade is recommended, including a study on potential
livelihood alternatives for local poachers.
6.5
Insect diversity survey
Despite the limited sampling employed in our survey, covering only the two main islands -which only
meant to complement the survey of the Batanes pit viper, but which also served as reconnaissance of
possible sites for further entomological sampling- we were able to find and collect several insects that
constitute new locality records. If such a limited survey of the insect fauna of the islands could generate
significant findings, we have compelling reasons to conduct a general and comprehensive biodiversity
survey of the insect fauna of the Batanes Islands.
6.6 Snake awareness and conservation
To mitigate the fear that was observed in the locals, a snake awareness and conservation program can
be initiated. The ecosystem services provided by snakes and the uniqueness of T. mcgregori can be
emphasized. We recommend calling the species Batanes pit viper. Most importantly, the behavior of the
pit viper can be explained to farmers and those who would most likely be in contact with the snake. This
would be to teach them to spot the snake and also start avoiding it because it is mostly non-aggressive.
23 | P a g e
It might also be useful to have anti-venom, first-aid medicine and supplies for snake bites at the local
hospital or local health center for emergency cases.
24 | P a g e
7
Acknowledgements
Although this was a small research people, there are surprisingly many people to whom we owe thanks
to make this project a success. First of all many thanks to the DENR and PENRO of Batanes, specifically
Mr. Sammy Telan and Mr. George Reyes, who were very supportive of this project, and in fact asked for
follow up studies if possible. Their assistance with permits and logistics was invaluable.
Another big thanks to Mr. Roger Sweeney of Virginia Zoo, who initiated this project and has supported it
from the start. We hope that the study will prove useful and encourage follow up studies.
In the end it is of course the people who do the actual surveys who are indispensable for a project to
succeed. We are very thankful to Mss. Fleur Panga, Jenn and Joni Acay, Jessica Baroga as well as Mr.
Normandy Barbecho, who all volunteered their vacation to do this survey instead, and who were
unfailingly enthusiastic about walking through creeks all night looking for venomous reptiles.
Finally, thanks to Virginia Zoo and Phoenix Zoo, for making this project possible financially.
25 | P a g e
8
References
WBCP 2016. Wild Bird Club of the Philippines - Checklist of Birds of the Philippines 2016
Barthelemy, C. 2011. Notes on the biology of the conspicuous mud dauber wasp, Chalybion japonicum
(Griboldo, 1883) (Sphecidae) a major predator of spiders in Hong Kong. HKEB 3(1).
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimating
Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman and Hall, London. 446pp.
Gayubo, S. F., J. A. Gonzalez, J. D. Asis and J. Tormos. 2005. Conservation of European environments: The
Spheciformes wasps as biodiversity indicators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae and
Crabronidae). Journal of Natural History, 2005; 39(29): 2705–2714
Gibson, L., Barret, B., Burbidge, A., 2007. Dealing with uncertain absences in habitat modelling: a case
study of a rare ground-dwelling parrot. Diversity and Distributions 13, 704–713.
Gonzalez, J.C.T., L.E. Afuang, and A.V. Lacaste. 2008. Final report on the terrestrial vertebrate fauna
survey of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines.
Hennemann, F. H. and O.V. Conle. 2007. Studies on Philippine Lonchodinae, with the descriptions of two
new genera and eleven new species. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 97
(Supplement): 3-88.
Hensen, R. V. 1987. Revision of nominate subgenus Prosceliphron van der Vecht (Hymenoptera,
Sphecidae). Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie, Deel 129, Afl. 8.
Hilty, J. and A. Merenlender. 2000. Faunal indicator taxa for monitoring ecosystem health. Biological
Conservation 92: 185-197.
Huang,S., Huang,S., Chen,Y., and M. Tu. 2007. Thermal Tolerance and Altitudinal Distribution of Three
Trimeresurus Snakes (Viperidae: Crotalinae) in Taiwan. Zoological Studies 46(5): 592-599.
Oliveros, C.H., Ota, H., Crombie, R.I., and R.M. Brown. 2011. The herpetofauna of the Babuyan Islands,
northern Philippines. Scientific Papers Natural History Museum University of Kansas 43:1-20.
Oshiro, Y. 1996. Description of a new species of the genus Lebinthus Stål (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from
Lan Yu Island, Taiwan. Jpn. J. Sys. Ent., 2(2): 117-121.
Robillard, T. and Desutter-Grandcolas, L., 2008. Clarification of the taxonomy of extant crickets of the
subfamily Eneopterinae (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae). Zootaxa 1789: 66-68.
Robillard, T. and M.K. Tan. 2013. A taxonomic review of common but little known crickets from
Singapore and the Philippines (Insecta: Orthoptera: Eneopterinae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
61(2): 705-725.
Rocha, M.C., Hartmann, P. A., Winck, G.R., and S.Z. Cechin. 2014. Seasonal, daily activity, and habitat
use by three sympatric pit vipers (Serpentes, Viperidae) from southern Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 86
(2).
Simonov, E.. 2009. Differences in habitat use, daily activity patterns and preferred ambient
temperatures of adult and neonate Gloydius halys halys from an isolated population in southwest
Siberia: preliminary data. Herpetology Notes, volume 2: 1-7.
Vitt, L.J. and J. P. Caldwell. 2009. Herpetology. 3rd Ed. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and
Reptiles. Elsevier Inc.
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9
Financial report
The reconnaissance trip was quite a lot less expensive than expected, mainly because the permit fees
were mostly waived and the flight was a bit cheaper than projected. The remainder of the money for
recon was spent on some needed equipments (headlights for the local guides, dry bags and a tripod.
Food in Batanes, however, was much more expensive than initially budgeted. We were with a larger
group, with more local guides, and a lot of food in Batanes, for example necessities such as rice and
cooking oil etc, have to be imported and are therefore much more expensive compared to mainland
prices.
The budget sent from Virginia and Phoenix Zoos was 3000 USD, and arrived on the Philippine bank
account as 137,303.68 PHP. For an itemized list of expenses, see appendix 10.3
Itemized expenses
PHASE I - PROJECT PREPARATION
Administration
Accident insurance for whole team
Medical supplies/first aid
Reconnaissance and permit process
Food and accommodation (1000x5 days)
Transportation (airfare and local)
Permit fee and expenses for PAMB meeting
PHASE II - IMPLEMENTATION EXPENSES
Local airfare
Land transportation
Boat transportation between islands
Food for team members and local guides
Guide and porter fee for local guides
Equipment
PHASE III - POST-PROJECT EXPENSES
Administration
Report production and results dissemination
Total
Received
Balance
27 | P a g e
Projected expenses
(USD)
(PHP)
Actual expenses
(PHP)
5,000.00
2,000.00
112.66
45.06
0.00
0.00
5,000.00
25,000.00
10,000.00
112.66
563.28
225.31
2,800.00
20,595.80
584.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
13,500.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
0.00
675.94
225.31
304.17
450.63
225.31
0.00
19,322.00
11,622.00
1,200.00
54,875.00
13,600.00
15,160.79
5,000.00
135,500.00
112.66
3,053.00
3,000.00
4,571.75
144,331.34
137,303.68
(7027.66)
10 Appendices
10.1 PAMB resolution
28 | P a g e
10.2 Habitat assessment data sheet
29 | P a g e
10.3 Itemized expense report
Date
Payee
Item
Category
Cost
06-Feb-16
07-Feb-16
07-Feb-16
09-Feb-16
Airfare MNL to Basco
Zipper envelope
Airfare Basco to MNL
Taxi fare to airport
Recon - Transport
Recon - Admin
Recon - Transport
Recon - Transport
9879.00
49.00
8634.80
292.00
Notebook and ballpen
Recon - Admin
35.00
32482
11-Feb-16
Philippine Airlines
National Bookstore
Skyjet
Rufo Consorio
SDC canteen and
department store
DENR
Receipt
Number
4848442
41-GD884
680001
35667
Recon - Admin
500.00
3287537
11-Feb-16
Marisol Macatimpag
Recon - Transport
950.00
RER BPV-001
12-Feb-16
12-Feb-16
12-Feb-16
12-Feb-16
Ariel Agabin
Nikki Dyanne Relaubit
Airport shuttle service
Basco municipality
Recon - Food
Recon - Food
Recon - Transport
Recon - Transport
1400.00
1400.00
740.00
100.00
RER BPV-002
RER BPV-003
911210
4920422
15-Feb-16
Philippine Airlines
Transport
19322.00
4869590
20-Feb-16
Octagon Computer Store
Post - Admin
820.00
154315
20-Feb-16
Emma Balangue
Land transportation
145.00
17760
27-Feb-16
27-Feb-16
11-Mar-16
11-Mar-16
11-Mar-16
11-Mar-16
12-Mar-16
Benson's Graphic Arts
Henry's Professional
National Bookstore
Ace Hardware
Ace Hardware
Habagat-Pitman Ventures
7-Eleven
Post - Admin
Equipment
Post - Admin
Equipment
Equipment
Food
Post - Admin
12.00
13298.00
189.75
359.54
999.00
8030.00
150.00
28947
53682
41-GD701
666670
666671
377085
5300051
16-Mar-16
Ace Hardware
Equipment
504.25
377985
19-Mar-16
19-Mar-16
19-Mar-16
General Merchandise
D' Islands Gasoline Station
Ely Balitin
M.G. Hubalde's General
Merchandise
Domingo Sabotero Gallo
Estela Fuego
Domingo Sabotero Gallo
M/B Thomas' Transport
Services
Ramil Barios
Nolie Cariz
Jerny Fidel
Michael Loreto
Ramil Barios
Nolie Cariz
Jerny Fidel
DENR
RKJ Enterprises
Willem van de Ven
Ireneo Binalon
Edgar Fidel
Antonio Fidel
DENR admin fee
Transportation to/around
Sabtang
Homestay
Food-1 pax
Taxi fare from airport
Basco terminal fee
Airfare-MNL to Basco and
back
Ink
Taxi fare for picking up
binoculars
Print
Batteries and tripod
Short bond paper
Dry bags
Headlight and batteries
Cookset and stove
Cellphone load
Silica gel, mini lantern,
cleaning cloth
Assorted goods
Diesel
Van and truck hire
Food
Land transportation
Land transportation
1001.00
942.00
3805.00
40018
33285
RER BPV-004
Assorted field supplies
Food
1788.00
27415
Food-1 pax
Homestay and cooking fee
Guide fee
Food
Food
Local guides
350.00
1500.00
400.00
RER BPV-007
RER BPV-008
RER BPV-007
Boat fare
Boat transport
1200.00
572
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Truck hire
Guide fee
Guide fee
Guide fee
Research fee
Battery
Food-1 pax
General camping supplies
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Food
Food
Food
Land transportation
Local guides
Local guides
Local guides
Post - Admin
Food
Food
Food
Food
Food
700.00
700.00
350.00
5000.00
800.00
800.00
400.00
2000.00
300.00
1750.00
3406.00
350.00
2100.00
RER BPV-009
RER BPV-010
RER BPV-011
RER BPV-006
RER BPV-009
RER BPV-010
RER BPV-011
3287704
300
RER BPV-012
RER BPV-018
RER BPV-013
RER BPV-014
10-Feb-16
20-Mar-16
21-Mar-16
21-Mar-16
21-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
22-Mar-16
23-Mar-16
23-Mar-16
23-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
30 | P a g e
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
24-Mar-16
25-Mar-16
25-Mar-16
25-Mar-16
25-Mar-16
25-Mar-16
27-Mar-16
27-Mar-16
27-Mar-16
28-Mar-16
28-Mar-16
29-Mar-16
20-Mar-16
Grand total
Gregorio Patimo
Jerren Fidel
Domingo Nicanor Eniego
Edgar Fidel
Antonio Fidel
Gregorio Patimo
Jerren Fidel
Fleurdeliz Panga
Joni Acay
Jenn Acay
Jessica Baroga
Normandy Barbecho
Pedro Abanador
Pedro Abanador
Jerren Fidel
Nikki Dyanne Relaubit
Ariel Agabin
MIA transport service
MTO-Sabtang
31 | P a g e
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Tricycle hire
Guide fee
Guide fee
Guide fee
Guide fee
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Food-1 pax
Guide fee
Guide fee
Food-1 pax
Accommodation
Taxi fare
Environmental fee
Food
Food
Land transportation
Local guides
Local guides
Local guides
Local guides
Food
Food
Food
Food
Food
Food
Local guides
Local guides
Food
Food
Land transportation
Post - Admin
1400.00
1750.00
1200.00
400.00
3600.00
1600.00
2000.00
2800.00
2800.00
2800.00
2800.00
2800.00
2800.00
3200.00
400.00
3500.00
9100.00
530.00
1400.00
144331.34
RER BPV-016
RER BPV-017
RER BPV-015
RER BPV-013
RER BPV-014
RER BPV-016
RER BPV-017
RER BPV-005
RER BPV-019
RER BPV-020
RER BPV-021
RER BPV-022
RER BPV-023
RER BPV-023
RER BPV-024
RER BPV-025
RER BPV-026
517298
2866571
PHP
10.4 The Ivatan
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