Yukon
Contaminants
Committee
ADecadeinReview
ByMaryGambergandEmmaCunningham
February,2003
Acknowledgements
ThisprojectwasfundedbytheNorthernContaminantsProgram
throughtheYukonContaminantsCommittee.Wewouldliketo
acknowledgeallthosewhohavedonatedtheirtimeandexpertise
servingontheYukonContaminantsCommittee,andespecially
thosewhocontinuetodoso.AspecialthankyoutopastChair
MarkPalmerwhoguidedtheCommitteethroughitsinfancyand
ontobecomeavaluableresourceforthepublic,aswellasthe
scientificcommunity.
Coverphotocredits:
MaryGamberg,
YukonGovernment(R.Florkiewicz),
DIAND(P.Roach)
page i
PhotobyMaryGamberg
Table of Contents
YCC – ADecadeinReview
Introduction........................................................................ 1
WhatistheYukonContaminantsCommittee?.............................1
WhatisNorthernContaminantsProgram?..................................3
History................................................................................ 4
ConclusionsandFuturedirections ...................................... 6
ListofNCPprojects ............................................................ 7
ContaminantsinYukonTraditionalFoods ...................................7
YukonPlantsandAnimals ...................................................7
ContaminantsinYukonWaterfowl .......................................7
Fish .....................................................................................7
DietaryStudies...........................................................................9
InformationandEducationonContaminantsintheYukon..........9
General...............................................................................9
TraditionalKnowledgeResearchGuidelines ........................9
CancerCommunicationsPackage .......................................9
AScienceCurriculumforYukoners....................................10
AFirstNationsPerspectiveontheLand
andEnvironment ...........................................................11
FrontlineTrainingforProfessionalsintheYukon.................11
YukonLocalContaminantsConcerns .......................................11
Miscellaneous ..........................................................................12
Use,DisposalandTransportationofSelected
ContaminantsintheYukon.............................................12
ContaminationDepositioninSnowintheYukonTerritory..12
AStudyoftheSourcesandFateof
OrganochlorineContaminantsinYukonRiverBasin .......12
PreliminaryCommunityBasedStudy.................................13
ContaminantDepositioninArcticPrecipitation .................13
ProspectingforOrganochlorineCompoundsin
YukonWetlandsUsingWoodFrogs ................................13
Arsenic:Accumulation,Adaptationand
ToxicityinPlants ............................................................13
ContaminantResiduesinArcticWolves.............................13
Publications................................................................ B–14
Databases ................................................................... B–26
Websites .................................................................... B–26
Contacts ..................................................................... B–27
page iii
PhotobyMaryGamberg
What is the Yukon
Contaminants Committee?
TheYukonContaminantsCommittee(YCC)wasestablishedin
1992tofacilitateandoverseeregionalandlocalinvolvement
incontaminantresearchandcommunicationofinformationon
contaminantsintheYukon.Thecoremembershipisdiverseand
includesrepresentativesfromtheDepartmentofNorthernAffairs,
EnvironmentCanada,YukonTerritorialGovernment(Healthand
Environment),CouncilofYukonFirstNations,YukonConservation
SocietyandYukonCollege.
YCCcoordinatescontaminantprojectsbeingconductedinthe
Yukon,manyofwhicharefundedunderthefederalNorthern
ContaminantsProgram.YCCactsasaliaisonbetweenresearchers
andYukonersandensureseffectivecommunicationofinformation
amongterritorialandfederalgovernmentdepartments,FirstNations
andYukoncommunities.StudiescoordinatedbyYCCarediverse
andinclude:

TraditionalFoodsMonitoringProgram

ContaminantsCurriculumDevelopment

TraditionalKnowledgeGuidelines

ContaminantFactSheets

LocalContaminantConcerns

CancerCommunicationsPackage

CommunityandTerritorialWorkshops

CommunityTraining
page 1
PhotobyMaryGamberg
page 2
What is the Northern
Contaminants Program?
TheNorthernContaminantsProgram(NCP)wasestablishedby
theDepartmentofNorthernAffairsinresponsetostudiesthat
showedthepresenceofcontaminantsintheArcticecosystem.
ManyofthesecontaminantshavenoArcticsourcesandyetsome
arefoundathighlevelsinanimalsatthetopoftheArcticfood
chainandinhumans.Thethreemaincontaminantgroupsof
concernarepersistentorganicpollutants(POPs),heavymetalsand
radionuclides.
Inconjunctionwithotherfederalandterritorialdepartments,
northernaboriginalorganizationsandscientificresearchers,
theprogramworkstoreduceor,wherepossible,eliminate
contaminantsintraditionallyharvestedfoodsandtoprovide
informationthatassistsinformeddecision-makingbyindividuals
andcommunitiesintheirfooduse.
ThekeyobjectivesoftheNorthernContaminantsProgramareto:
 Measurecontaminantsintheenvironmentandpeopleinthe
CanadianNorth





Assesstheeffectsofcontaminantsonthehealthofpeople,
wildlifeandtheNorthernenvironment
EvaluatecontaminantpathwaystotheNorth
Pursueinternationalagreementstocontrolglobalreleaseof
contaminants
ProvideinformationthatassistsNorthernersinmaking
informeddecisionsabouttheirfooduse
TheemphasisoftheContaminantsProgramunderPhase
II(1998-2003),isonhumanhealthresearch,developing
effectivecommunitydialogue,increasingcommunity
participation,andworkingtowardsinternationalagreementsto
controlthereleaseofcontaminants.
page 3
YCC – A Brief History
1991
HighlevelsofPCBsfoundinfishinLakeLaberge
 Furtheranalysisshowedthatcontaminantistoxaphene,notPCBs
 HealthCanadaadvisedagainsteatingliversfromlaketroutand
burbotfromLakeLaberge
 WaterandsedimentsamplesfromYukonRiverand5Yukonlakes
analyzedforcontaminants(ongoingfor4years)
 Beganfishsamplingprogramforcontaminantanalysis(ongoingto
present)
 Begansnowsamplingprogramforcontaminantanalysis(ongoing
for4years)

1992






HealthadvisoryextendedtoAtlinLake(BC)forlaketroutand
burbotliver
CouncilforYukonFirstNations(CYFN)issuedadvisorytoYukon
FirstNationstoavoideatingYukonfish
CYFNdevelopedprioritysamplingprogramfor15lakes
HighlevelsofcadmiumfoundinFinlaysoncaribou
HealthadvisoryissuedforkidneysandliversfromPorcupine
caribou
Begancontaminanteducationprogram(ongoingtopresent);fact
sheetsproduced
1993






page 4
HealthadvisoryissuedforkidneysandliversfromFinlayson
caribou
ThreeYukoncaribouherdssampledforcontaminants
TraditionallyharvestedplantsfromKaskaareaanalyzedfor
contaminants
EducationandcommunicationstrategylaunchedthroughCYFN
Begansamplingtraditional/countryfoodsforcontaminantanalysis
3-dayContaminantWorkshopinWhitehorse
1994



Yukon-widesurveyofcontaminantsintraditional/countryfoods
Studyoftraditionalfoodsconsumption
Studyofcontaminantsinwaterfowl
1995



HealthadvisoryissuedforkidneysandliversfromBonnetPlume
andTaycaribou
Completionofsurveyofcontaminantsintraditional/countryfoods;
PreliminaryresultsofsurveycommunicatedtoYukonpublic
ContaminantWorkshopinWhitehorse
1996



HealthadvisoryissuedforliversandkidneysofYukonwildgame
Huntersurveyprogrambegan–studyingcontaminantsinmoose
andcaribou(ongoingtopresent)
LocalContaminantConcernProgrambegan(ongoingtopresent)
1997


TraditionalKnowledgeGuidelinesProject
CYFNScientificandTraditionalWorkshop–‘HealingOurMother’
1998


HealthCanadaFoodBasketStudy
ContaminantEducationProgrambroughtintoYukonschools
1999

YukonFirstNationDietaryConference
2000

DevelopmentofCYFNcontaminantwebsite
2001

MercuryinYukonminkproject
2002



SpatialandtemporalanalysisofcontaminantsinYukonmoose
ContaminantsmeasuredinfishandmoosefromSelkirkFirst
Nationtraditionalarea
CompletionofMercuryinYukonminkproject
page 5
CurrentResearch
Ongoing

TrendMonitoring(fish,moose,caribou)

EducationandCommunications

LocalContaminantConcernProgram

YukonContaminantsDatabaseoperational

Mercuryidentifiedasapotentialproblem;analysisbegun

FutureResearch
Continue

TrendMonitoring(fish,moose,caribou)

EducationandCommunication

LocalContaminantConcernProgram

ExpandMercurydataset

InitiateanalysisforPBDEs

Conclusions
MostYukoncountryfoodsaresafetoeat
andarehealthyfoodchoices
Thoseconcernedaboutcadmium(especiallysmokers)shouldlimit
consumptionofkidneyandliverfrommooseandcaribou.
WorldwidelevelsofcontaminantssuchasDDTandPCBshave
declinedandsohavelevelsinYukonfish.LakeTroutlivealong
time.Asthetroutgetolderandlarger,theyaccumulatemercury,so
itisbettertoeatseveralsmall,youngfishthanonelargeandmuch
oldertrout.
PhotobyMaryGamberg
page 6
Projects
ContaminantsinYukonTraditionalFoods
YukonPlantsandAnimals
Arangeofmetalsandorganochlorinesweremeasuredinthe
FinlaysonCaribouHerdnearRossRiver.Highlevelsofcadmium
causedconsiderableconcernandgeneratedanotherstudy
comparingcontaminantsamongthreecaribouherdsandtheir
environments.Resultsofthatstudyindicatethatalthoughsome
caribouhadhighlevelsofcadmium,itwasnaturallyoccurringand
notchangingovertime.Continuingconcernovercontaminants
incountryfoodsgeneratedaYukon-widestudytoevaluate
contaminantsinalltraditionallyharvestedfood.Sampleswere
collectedinpartnershipwithYukonFirstNations.Resultsindicate
that,althoughconsumptionofmooseandcaribouliversand
kidneysshouldbelimited(becauseofcadmium),mosttraditionally
harvestedfoodsintheYukonaresafetoeatandarehealthy
choices.Mooseandcariboucontinuetobemonitoredthrough
ahuntersubmissionprogramcarriedoutincooperationwiththe
YukonTerritorialGovernment(EnvironmentYukon).
ContaminantsinYukonWaterfowl
Organochlorineconcentrationsweremeasuredinbreastmeat
andeggsfromwaterfowlfromavarietyoftrophiclevels.Trophic
levelsincludebrowsers,grazers,surface-feedingducksanddiving
ducks.ChemicalresultscanbefoundintheYukonContaminants
Database,theArcticContaminantsDatabaseandtheCanadian
databaseoftheArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgram(AMAP).
Fish
OngoingmonitoringofcontaminantsinYukonFish
AnongoingprogrammonitoringcontaminantsinYukonfishwas
putinplaceafterahealthconsumptionadvisorywasplacedon
burbotfromLakeLaberge.Laketrout,burbot,whitefish,salmon
andgraylingfromaroundtheterritoryhavebeenanalyzedfor
organicandinorganiccontaminants.Samplinglocationswere
selectedontwobasiccriteria:i)theiruseasasubsistencefishery
andii)toprovideadditionalinformationtodeterminethesource(s)
page 7
ofthecontaminants.Intheearlypartoftheprogram,theemphasis
wasonfillingindatagapsanddeterminingtrends.In1998,the
programshiftedtoconcentrateontemporaltrendsofcontaminants
inspecificlakes.In2000,mercurywasidentifiedasacontaminant
ofconcern,andwasstudiedinfishandsedimentcoresfromFox,
KusawaandQuietLakesandLakeLaberge.
BiomagnificationofOrganochlorines
ThefoodwebsofLakeLaberge,FoxandKusawaLakeswere
characterizedbydeterminingtrophiclevelsofdifferenttaxausing
stomachcontentsoffishandalsobystableisotopesofcarbon
andnitrogen.Biomagnificationineachlakewasqualifiedand
quantified,andapossibleexplanationforthedifferencesof
organochlorineconcentrationsinfishproduced.Trophicdifferences
inlakesarediscussedandsummarizedresultsoforganochlorine
concentrationsarepresented.
FoodChainAccumulationandBiochemical
EffectsofOrganochlorineContaminants
Biochemicalstressindicators/biomarkersandconcentrationsof
organochlorinecontaminantsweremeasuredinfishfromLake
Laberge,Fox,AtlinandKusawaLakes.Temporaltrendswere
determinedusingarchivedfishsamples.Sedimentcoresand
importantlowerfoodchainorganismswerealsoanalyzedto
determinefoodchainaccumulationofselectedorganochlorines.
LakeTroutRecoveryandContaminantManagement
PrograminLakeLaberge
ThedynamicswerestudiedtodeterminechangesintheLake
Labergefishcommunityinresponsetotheeliminationofsignificant
harvestsfromthelakeduetotheconsumptionadvisoryinthelake
in1991.
1999PeelRiverFishContaminantStudy
Metalandorganochlorineconcentrationsfromfishcollectedfrom
thePeelRiverhavebeensummarizedanddiscussedwithrespectto
consumption.
DIANDPhoto(E.Cunningham)
page 8
DietaryStudies
ApreliminarydietarystudyinOldCrowandRossRiverin1994
gaverisetoamorein-depthdietarystudythefollowingyear.This
studyincludedadministeringatotalof802interviews(24hrrecall,
traditionalfoodfrequencyandsocio-economicquestionnaire)to
arepresentativesampleofadultsinparticipatingcommunities:
Dawson,Mayo,Carmacks,RossRiver,WatsonLake,LowerPost,
BeaverCreek,BurwashLanding,Carcross,andAtlinduringfalland
winterof1995.Foodsampleswerecollectedfornutrientanalyses
tocompletethetraditionalandcompositiondatabase,orfor
contaminantanalysesasrequestedbycommunity.Thedatawere
collectedandmergedwiththecontaminantsdatabasetoestimate
benefitsandrisksofdietsasconsumedbyYukonFirstNations.A
listoftraditionalfoodspeciesconsumedbyYukoncommunities,
rankedbypercentageofpopulationconsumingeachspeciesand
meanproportionofenergyandnutrientscontributedbytraditional
food,isincludedinthesynopsisreport.
InformationandEducationonContaminants
intheYukon
General
Factsheetsforthegeneralpublicweregeneratedforsixgroups
ofcontaminantsofconcern:PCBs,DDTs,dioxins,furans,other
organochlorines,andpetroleumproducts.Over200articlesfrom
scientificjournals,etc.and70-80bookswerecataloguedand
placedintheYukonCollegeLibrary.Committeemembershosted
andattendedcontaminantmeetingsandworkshopsintheYukon
andacrossCanada.In1999CYFNdevelopedacontaminant
websiteandismaintainingit.
TraditionalKnowledgeResearchGuidelines
Researchguidelinesaresetout,includingmethodsforthe
collection,storage,access,useandownershipofYukonFirst
nations’traditionalknowledge.Theguidelinescanbefoundonthe
www.contaminants.casite.
CancerCommunicationsPackage
Inresponsetoconcernsabouttheapparentincreaseinincidencesof
canceramongYukonFirstNationsandquestionsastowhetherthis
increasewasrelatedtoenvironmentalcontaminants,aplainlanguage
informationpackageaboutcancerwasproduced.Thispackage
includes17frequentlyaskedquestionsandprovidesanswerstothem.
page 9
AScienceCurriculumforYukoners
Acurriculumwasdevelopedthatincludedtheproductionofmultimediaclassroomtoolsthatassistteachersandpromotestudent
understandingofcontaminants.Thesetoolsarecitedbelowand
canbeviewedonthewww.contaminants.cawebsite.



page 10
ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumforYukoners.
BookOne:Grades3to6
ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumforYukoners.
BookTwo:Grade7
ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumforYukoners.
BookThree:Grades8,9&10

ContaminantsFoundMe.Video

ContaminantsFoundMe.MusicCD

MontytheMoose.PosterSeries(3)
AFirstNationsPerspectiveontheLandandEnvironment
TheNachoNyakDunFirstNationpresentedseveralworkshops
includinganintroductoryenvironmentalassessmentworkshop
deliveredbyRoyalRoadsUniversity.Atraditionalknowledge
workshopfocussingonestablishingresearchguidelinesgenerated
another'StateoftheEnvironment2000'workshop.Thefocuswas
toinvolveEldersinidentifyingaprocessoramethodtoensure
theirparticipationinthedevelopmentofthetraditionalterritories.
FrontlineTrainingforProfessionalsintheYukon
AFrontlineTrainingCoursewasdevelopedandfacilitatedbythe
CouncilofYukonFirstNations.Thetwo-daycoursewasdesigned
toprovidebackgroundinformationaboutNCPandcontaminants
ingeneraltocommunityrepresentatives,andtoprovidean
opportunitytolearnaboutandpracticewritingproposalsfor
fundingfromtheNCP.Resourcebinderswerecreatedforthe
courseandincludeinformationaboutNCP,includingblueprint
documents,proposalinformationandguidelinesforresponsible
research,acontaminantsoverview,informationonnorthern
foodchains,traditionalorcountryfoodfactsheets,benefit/risk
communicationinformationandYukonContaminantsFactSheets.
YukonLocalContaminantsConcerns
Thisprogramstartedin1998andisongoing.Theprogram’s
mandateistoprovideacost-effectiveresponsetoconcerns
raisedbytheYukonpublicregardingcontaminantsinthelocal
environment.Projectscarriedoutinclude:



ArcticGoldandSilverMine–concernoverarsenicin
vegetation
CarcrossOrganochlorines–concernovercontaminantsfrom
formerrailwaytietreatmentplant
RossRiverContaminants–concernovercontaminationof
WhiskersLakeCoalProperty,JackfishLake,andMunicipal
DumpandSewagePit

CoalLake–concernoversafetyoffishconsumption

MineProperty–concernoverwaterquality

Unexplodedordnance–underwaterandlandsurveillance

MandannaLake–concernsovercontaminantsinfish

LakeLaberge–concernsovermercuryinfish
page 11
Miscellaneous
Use,DisposalandTransportationofSelected
ContaminantsintheYukon
Thisstudydocumentsthehistoricaluse,transportationanddisposal
ofselectedcontaminantsintheYukonTerritorybetween1910and
1970.Thetransportationofheavymetaloreswasstudiedfromthe
perspectiveofpotentialcontamination.Researchwascarriedout
intothecurrentstatusofownership,andotherrelevantinformation
concerningwastesitesoninventory.Previouslyundocumentedsites
ofpotentialcontaminationwerealsotargetedinthestudy.
ContaminationDepositioninSnowintheYukonTerritory
Snowchemistrymonitoringstationsweresetupaspartofasnow
chemistry-monitoringprograminitiatedin1990intheYukon.Both
largevolumesnowsamplesandsnowpacksampleswerecollected
atspecificsitesandthesamplesanalyzedforOCs,PCBsand
PAHS.,(polyaromatichydrocarbons).Thisprogramwascompleted
in1994.
AStudyoftheSourcesandFateofOrganochlorine
ContaminantsinYukonRiverBasin
Studyofselectedatmosphericcontaminantsincludingtoxaphene,
DDTs,andPCBsintheYukonRiverBasinwascompleted.Water
samplesfromfivelakes;Laberge,Kusawa,Bennett,Atlinandlittle
AtlinandfromanumberofpointsontheYukonRiver,aswellas
sedimentsamplesinLakeLabergewerecollectedandanalyzed.
SixteensitesintheupperYukonRiverBasindrainageweresampled
inMarch1992.LevelsofHCHs,(hexachlorocyclohexanes),in
water,suspendedsolidsandprecipitationatlakesLaberge,Atlin,
Bennett,MarshandFoxwerecomparedtothelesscontaminated
KusawaLakemeasuredoverfourseasonsstartinginWinter1992to
Summer1994.AmassbalancemodelwasconstructedfortheLake
Labergesystem.
YukonGovernmentPhoto
page 12
PreliminaryCommunityBasedStudy
CommunityconcernsoftheTa’anKwach’anwereidentified
throughcommunitymeetingsledbytheMedicalServicesBranch
ofHealthandWelfareCanada.Anactionplanwasdevelopedto
respondtothecomplexenvironmentalconcernsthatimpactthis
YukonFirstNationincludingtheconsumptionadvisoryonfishfrom
LakeLaberge.
ContaminantDepositioninArcticPrecipitation
Resultsandanalysisofcontaminantsinprecipitationfromthe
Whitehorsestationarepresentedinthisdraftreport.
ProspectingforOrganochlorineCompoundsinYukon
WetlandsUsingWoodFrogs
WoodfrogsweresampledfromvariousYukonwetlandsand
analyzedfororganochlorinesandPCBs.Resultsshowthatthese
compoundspersistmanyyearsafterapplication,andwoodfrogs
areausefulindicatoroftheenvironmentalstatusoftheseorganic
contaminants.
Arsenic:Accumulation,AdaptationandToxicityinPlants
Thisreportisaliteraturereviewofarsenicintheenvironment.It
presentsabriefoverviewofarsenicchemistryanddiscussesarsenic
insoils,uptakebyplants,levelsinseparateplantcomponents,
phytotoxicitylevels,toleranceandadaptationbyplants,plant
arsenicuptakemodellingandtheroleofarsenicinbiogeochemical
prospecting.
ContaminantResiduesinArcticWolves
Organochlorines,PCBsandheavymetalsweremeasuredintissues
fromYukonwolvesandcomparedtoconcentrationsinotherarctic
wolves.Contaminantconcentrationsfoundinthisstudywere
consideredbaselinelevels.
page 13
PUBLICATIONS
ContaminantsinYukonTraditionalFoods
Yukonplantsandanimals
GambergM(1993)SurveyofContaminantsinFinlaysonCaribouHerd,
RossRiver,YukonTerritory.DepartmentofRenewableResources,
YukonTerritorialGovernment,Whitehorse,Yukon.TRC-93-2.57pp.
MychasiwL(1993)ContaminantsintheFinlaysonCaribouHerd,
Yukon.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1992/93NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:224-229.
FlorkiewiczR,AllenL,GambergM(1994)ContaminantsinPlants
UsedasTraditionalFoodandMedicinebyKaskaFirstNationsin
theYukon.UnpublishedreportfortheKaskaTribalCouncil,Watson
Lake,Yukon.5pp.
GambergM,ScheuhammerA(994)Cadmiumincaribouand
muskoxenfromtheCanadianYukonandNorthwestTerritories.Sci
TotEnviron143:221-234.
GambergM,MychasiwL(1994)ContaminantsinWoodlandCaribou.
In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConducted
underthe1993/94NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:
IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:345-347.
GambergM,MychasiwL(1994)SurveyofContaminantsinYukon
CountryFoods.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),Synopsisof
ResearchConductedunderthe1993/94NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:368-370.
PalmerM(1994)ContaminantsinPlantsUsedasTraditionalFoodand
MedicinebyKaskaFirstNationsintheYukon.In:JLMurrayandRG
Shearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1993/94
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:397-399.
GambergM(1995)SurveyofContaminantsinYukonCountryFoods.
In:JLMurray,RGShearer,SLHan(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1994/95NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:265-269.
page B–14
HebertC,GambergM,ElkinB,SimonM,NorstromR(1996)
Polychlorinateddibenzodioxins,dibenzofuransandnon-ortho
substitutedpolychlorinatedbiphenylsincaribou(Rangifertarandus)
fromtheCanadianArctic.SciTotEnviron185:195-204.
GambergM(1997)SurveyofContaminantsinYukonCountryFoods.
In:JJensen(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe19951997NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indianand
NorthernAffairsCanada:265-274.
GambergM(1997)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-1996.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.24pp.
GambergM(1998)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-1997.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.16pp.
GambergM(1999)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribouIn:S
Kalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1998/99
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:111-116.
GambergM(1999)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-1998.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.18pp.
PalmerM(1999)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-1997.
In:JJensen(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1997/98
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:189-191.
GambergM(2000)ContaminantsinYukonCountryFoods.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.95pp.
GambergM(2001)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-1999.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.22pp.
GambergM(2001)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-2000.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.5pp.
PalmerM,RoachP(2001)YukonTraditionalFoodsMonitoring
Program.In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunder
the2000-2001NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indian
andNorthernAffairsCanada:227-229.
page B–15
GambergM(2002)ContaminantsinYukonMooseandCaribou-2001.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndianandNorthern
Affairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.15pp.
ContaminantsinYukonWaterfowl
BrauneM(1995)TrendsandEffectsofEnvironmentalContaminants
inArcticSeabirds,Waterfowl,andotherWildlife:Contaminantsin
Waterfowl:NativeHarvestintheYukon.In:JLMurray,RGShearer,
SLHan(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1994/95
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:223-227.
BrauneB,MaloneB,BurgessN,ElliottJ,GarrityN,HawkingsJ,
HinesJ,MarshallH,MarshallW,RodrigueJ,WakefordB,Wayland
M,WeselohD,WhiteheadP(1999)Chemicalresiduesinwaterfowl
andgamebirdsharvestedinCanada,1987-95.TechnicalReport
SeriesNo.326HeadquartersCanadianWildlifeService.88pp.
Fish
OngoingmonitoringofcontaminantsinYukonFish
PalmerM(1992)LevelsofContaminantsinFishfromYukonLakes.In:
JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConducted
underthe1991/92NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:
IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:116-120.
PalmerM(1993)Sources,PathwaysandLevelsofContaminantsinFish
fromYukonWaters.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),Synopsis
ofResearchConductedunderthe1992/93NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:164-166.
PalmerM(1994)Sources,PathwaysandLevelsofContaminantsinFish
fromYukonWaters.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),Synopsis
ofResearchConductedunderthe1993/94NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:272-275.
BurnsB(1995)LevelsofContaminantsFoundinFishfromYukon
Lakes,1993.UnpublishedreportpreparedforDepartmentofIndian
andNorthernAffairs,NorthernContaminantsProgram,Whitehorse.
20pp.
PalmerM(1995)Sources,PathwaysandLevelsofContaminantsinFish
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PalmerM(1997)Sources,PathwaysandLevelsofContaminantsin
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PalmerM(1999)Sources,PathwaysandLevelsofContaminantsinFish
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PalmerM(1999)Sources,PathwaysandLevelsofContaminantsin
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Can-Nic-A-NickEnvironmental(2000)Organochlorinecontaminants
andYukonfish:Statisticalobservations–Yukondatabase.
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SternG,LockhartL,RyanM,PalmerM,RoachP,DiamondM(2000)
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SternG,RoachP,DiamondM(2001)TemporalandSpatialTrendsof
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SchindlerD,KiddK,MuirD,HessleinR(1993)TheBiomagnification
ofOrganochlorinesthroughtheFoodWebofLakeLaberge.In:JL
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KiddK,SchindlerD,MuirD,HessleinR(1994)TheBioMagnification
ofOrganochlorinesThroughtheFoodWebofLakeLabergeand
otherYukonLakes.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),Synopsisof
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KiddK,SchindlerD,HessleinR,MuirD(1995)Correlationbetween
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KiddK(1996)Useofstablenitrogenisotoperatiostocharacterizefood
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MuirD,LockhartL(1992)Foodchainaccumulationandbiochemical
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MuirD,LockhartL(1993)FoodChainAccumulationandBiological
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MuirD,LockhartL,FoodChainBioaccumulation,BiologicalEffects
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Lakes.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
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LakeTroutRecoveryandContaminantManagement
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DeGraffN,MychasiwL(1994)LakeTroutRecoveryandContaminant
ManagementPrograminLakeLaberge,YukonTerritory.In:JLMurray
andRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe
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1999PeelRiverFishContaminantStudy
SnowshoeN(2001)1999PeelRiverFishContaminantStudy.In:S
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DietaryStudies
WeinE(1994)YukonFirstNationsFoodandNutritionStudy.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforNationalInstituteofNutrition,
Edmonton,Alberta.102pp.
KuhnleinH(1995)PreliminaryDietaryStudyinOldCrowandRoss
River(Yukon).In:JLMurray,RGShearer,SLHan(Eds),Synopsisof
ResearchConductedunderthe1994/95NorthernContaminants
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KuhnleinH(1997)YukonFirstNationsAssessmentofDietaryBenefit/
Risk.In:JLMurray,RGShearer,SLHan(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1994/95NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:287-291.
ReceveurO,KassiN,ChanH,BertiP,KuhnleinH(1998).YukonFirst
Nations’AssessmentofDietaryBenefit/Risk.CINE,McGillUniv.SteAnne-de-Bellevue,Quebec.160pp.
NicholsonH(2002)TheBerriesareSafetoEat!Resultsofthe2001
studyofarsenicinplantscollectedfromMontanaMountain.
UnpublishedreportpreparedforDept.ofGeography,Universityof
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NicholsonH(2002)TheBerriesareSafetoEat!Resultsofthe2001
studyofarsenicinplantscollectedfromMt.Nansen.Unpublished
reportpreparedforDept.ofGeography,UniversityofBritish
Columbia,Vancouver,BC.35pp.
InformationandEducationon
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General
PalmerM(1993)InformationandEducationonContaminantsinthe
Yukon.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
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OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:280-281.
PalmerM(1994)InformationandEducationonContaminantsinthe
Yukon.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1993/94NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:428-429.
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PalmerM(1994)TechnicalSupportfortheYukonContaminants
ProgramTowardsEffectiveCommunicationoftheArctic
EnvironmentalStrategyProgramandResults.In:JLMurrayandRG
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PalmerM(1995)InformationandEducationonContaminantsinthe
Yukon.In:JLMurray,RGShearer,SLHan(Eds),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1994/95NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:351-353.
PalmerM(1995)TechnicalSupportfortheYukonContaminants
ProgramTowardsEffectiveCommunicationoftheArctic
EnvironmentalStrategyProgramandResults.In:JLMurray,RG
Shearer,SLHan(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe
1994/95NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indianand
NorthernAffairsCanada:361-362.
HealingOurMother:TheAllNationsApproach(1998)Proceedingsof
WorkshophostedbytheNorthernContaminantsProgram,Council
oftheYukonFirstNationsandtheYukonContaminantsCommittee.
74pp.
KassiN(1999)TraditionalandScientificWorkshops.In:JJensen
(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1997/98Northern
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PalmerM(1999)TheYukonContaminantsCommitteeCommunications
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the1998/99NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indian
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DicksonC(2000)YukonFirstNationsDietaryConference.In:S
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PalmerM(2000)TheYukonContaminantsCommitteeCommunications
Program.In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunder
the1999-2000NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indian
andNorthernAffairsCanada:324-325.
DicksonC(2001)CouncilofYukonFirstNations-ContaminantsWeb
Site.In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe
2000-2001NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indian
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page B–20
PalmerM,RoachP(2001)YukonContaminantsCommittee
CommunicationsIn:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConducted
underthe2000-2001NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:
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TraditionalKnowledgeResearchGuidelines
KassiN(1999)TraditionalKnowledgeResearchGuidelines.In:JJensen
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KassiN(1999)TraditionalKnowledgeResearchGuidelines.In:S
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DicksonC(2000)YukonFirstNationsTraditionalKnowledgeResearch
Guidelines(PhaseII).In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1999-2000NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:263-264.
CancerCommunicationsPackage
WalkerJ,KassiN(2000)YukonFirstNations:DraftCancerPackage
CommunicationsPackage.In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearch
Conductedunderthe1999-2000NorthernContaminantsProgram.
OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:294-296.
KassiN,WalkerJ(2002)YukonFirstNationsAskAboutCancer.Yukon
ContaminantsCommittee,CouncilofYukonFirstNationsandHealth
Canada,Whitehorse,Yukon.28pp.
AScienceCurriculumforYukoners
BurkeJ(1999)ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumfor
Yukoners(BookOne:Grades3to6)NorthernResearchInstituteand
YukonContaminantsCommittee,Whitehorse.
BurkeJ(1999)ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumfor
Yukoners(BookTwo:Grade7)NorthernResearchInstituteandYukon
ContaminantsCommittee,Whitehorse.
BurkeJ(1999)ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumfor
Yukoners(BookThree:Grades8,9&10)NorthernResearchInstitute
andYukonContaminantsCommittee,Whitehorse.
BurkeJ(1999)ContaminantsFoundMe:Video.NorthernResearch
InstituteandYukonContaminantsCommittee,Whitehorse.
page B–21
BurkeJ(1999)ContaminantsFoundMe:MusicCD.NorthernResearch
InstituteandYukonContaminantsCommittee,Whitehorse.
BurkeJ(1999)MontytheMoose.PosterSeries(3).NorthernResearch
InstituteandYukonContaminantsCommittee,Whitehorse.
PalmerM(1999)ContaminantsFoundMe:AScienceCurriculumfor
Yukoners.In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunder
the1998/99NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indian
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PalmerM(2000)ContaminantsFoundMe:aScienceCurriculumfor
Yukoners.In:SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunder
the1999-2000NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:Indian
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AFirstNationsPerspectiveontheLandandEnvironment
NachoNyakDunFirstNation(2001)StateoftheEnvironment2000-a
FirstNationsPerspectiveontheLandandEnvironmentfor2000.In:
SKalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe2000-2001
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NachoNyakDunFirstNation(2001)StateoftheEnvironment2000
-AFirstNationYouthandEldersPerspectiveontheLandand
Environmentfor2000.Unpublishedreport.Mayo,Yukon.9pp.
FrontlineTrainingforProfessionalsintheYukon
CouncilofYukonFirstNations(2001)ProceedingsfromYukonFirst
NationsFrontLineTrainingCourse,Feb.20-21,2001,Whitehorse,
Yukon.
DicksonC(2001)FrontlineTrainingforProfessionalintheYukon.In:S
Kalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe2000-2001
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AffairsCanada:306-309.
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YukonLocalContaminantsConcerns
RoachP(1997)ArcticGoldandSilverMineTailingsPondDischarge
EvaluationfortheCarcrossTagishFirstNation.Unpublishedreport
preparedforWaterResourcesDivision,NorthernAffairsProgram,
Whitehorse,Yukon.8pp.
RoachP(1999)YukonLocalContaminantsConcernsProgram.In:S
Kalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1998/99
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:187-189.
RoachP(1999)RossRiverContaminantsstudy:acontaminants
evaluationfortheRossRiverDeneFirstNation.Unpublishedreport
preparedforContaminantsDivision,DepartmentofIndianAffairs
andNorthernAffairsCanada,Whitehorse,Yukon
RoachP,MitchellS,SternG(1999)CarcrossOrganochlorine
ContaminationReport.Unpublishedreportpreparedfor
ContaminantsDivision,IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada,
Whitehorse,Yukon.21pp.
RoachP(2000)YukonLocalContaminantsConcernsProgram.In:S
Kalhok(Ed),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1999-2000
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
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RoachP,CunninghamE(2000).ArcticGoldandSilverMine:Arsenic
Contamination.UnpublishedreportpreparedforContaminants
Division,IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada,Whitehorse,Yukon.12
pp.
PalmerM,RoachP.YukonLocalContaminantsConcerns(2001)In:S
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RoachP(2001)TizraCreekReconnaissanceReport.Unpublished
reportpreparedforContaminantsDivision,Dept.ofIndianand
NorthernAffairs,Whitehorse,Yukon.7pp.
page B–23
Miscellaneous
Use,DisposalandTransportationofSelected
ContaminantsinYukon
NordinK,BurnsB,LendrumB(1993)Use,DisposalandTransportation
ofSelectedContaminantsinYukon.Unpublishedreportpreparedfor
IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada,Whitehorse.116pp.
PalmerM(1993)HistoricalandArchivalResearchintotheUseof
ContaminantsintheYukon.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),
SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1992/93Northern
ContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairs
Canada:78-79.
ContaminationDepositioninSnowintheYukonTerritory
PalmerM(1993)ContaminantDepositionPatternsWithintheYukon.
In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConducted
underthe1992/93NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:
IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:34-36.
PalmerM(1994)CurrentContaminationDepositioninSnowinthe
YukonTerritory.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),Synopsisof
ResearchConductedunderthe1993/94NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:91-103.
PalmerM(1995)CurrentContaminationDepositioninSnowinthe
YukonTerritory.In:JLMurray,RGShearer,SLHan(Eds),Synopsis
ofResearchConductedunderthe1994/95NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:75-84.
PalmerM,StrachanWJ,SwyripaM(1995)CurrentContaminant
DepositionMeasurementsinArcticPrecipitation(Snow).In:JL
Murray,RGShearer,SLHan(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConducted
underthe1994/95NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:
IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:71-73.
AStudyoftheSourcesandFateofOrganochlorine
ContaminantsinYukonRiverBasin
GregorD,MuirD,EamerJ(1992)Sources,PathwaysandSinksof
PesticidesinYukonRiverandLakeLaberge.In:JLMurrayandRG
Shearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1991/92
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:46-49.
page B–24
GregorD,EamerJ(1993)BaseFlowWaterQualityandContaminant
LevelsintheUpperYukonRiverSystem.In:JLMurrayandRG
Shearer(Eds),SynopsisofResearchConductedunderthe1992/93
NorthernContaminantsProgram.OttawaON:IndianandNorthern
AffairsCanada:69-77.
AlaeeM(1997)AStudyoftheSourcesandFateofOrganochlorine
ContaminantsinYukonRiverBasin.In:JJensen(Ed),Synopsisof
ResearchConductedunderthe1995-1997NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:9-17.
Other
WheatleyB(1992)LakeLaberge,Yukon–PreliminaryCommunity
BasedStudy.In:JLMurrayandRGShearer(Eds),Synopsisof
ResearchConductedunderthe1991/92NorthernContaminants
Program.OttawaON:IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada:200.
StrachanW(1994)CurrentContaminantDepositionMeasurementsin
ArcticPrecipitation:ASampleofResultsReport.Unpublished
report.10p.
WhitleyG,RoachP,PalmerM(1996)Prospectingfororganochlorine
compoundsinYukonwetlandsusingwoodfrogs(Ranasylvatica).
Posterpresentation,23rdAquaticToxicityWorkshop,Arctic
ContaminationSession,Oct.6-9,1996,Calgary,Alberta.7pp.
LawS,DiamondML(1999)Arsenic:Accumulation,Adaptationand
ToxicityinPlants.UnpublishedreportpreparedforContaminants
andWasteManagement,Dept.ofIndianandNorthernAffairs,
Whitehorse,Yukon.29pp.
GambergM,BrauneB.1999.ContaminantResidueLevelsinArctic
Wolves(Canislupus)FromtheYukonTerritory,Canada.SciTot
Environ243/244:329-338.
page B–25
Databases
YukonContaminantsDatabase
ArcticContaminantsDatabase(managedbyDepartmentedesante
communitaireduCentreHospitalierdel’UniversiteLaval)
CanadiandatabaseofAMAP
PhotocourtesyofKwanlinDunFirstNation
Web sites
CouncilofYukonFirstNations
www.contaminants.ca
NorthernContaminantsProgram
www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/NCP
YukonConservationSociety
www.yukonconservation.org
EcologicalandMonitoringAssessmentNetwork
www.emannorth.ca
ArcticBorderlandsEcologicalKnowledgeSociety
www.taiga.net
ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme(AMAP)
www.amap.no
page B–26
Contacts
YukonContaminantsCommittee
PatRoach
Ph:867-667-3283
Fax:867-667-3341
e-mail:[email protected]
CouncilofYukonFirstNations
CindyDickson
Ph:867-393-9200
Fax:867-393-9208
e-mail:[email protected]
NorthernContaminantsProgram
Ph:819-953-8109
Fax:819-953-9066
e-mail:[email protected]
PhotocourtesyofKwanlinDunFirstNation
YukonConservationSociety
Ph:867-668-5678
Fax:867-668-6637
e-mail:[email protected]
page B–27