International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 3319-3321
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Virtual-Interactive Visualization of Atomic Structures, Electron
Configurations, Energy Levels in 3D Format for the Construction of
Virtual-Interactive Laboratories with the Mechanisms of Chemical
Reactions in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
Adambek Tatenov, Akerke Shiynkulovna Amirkhanova,
Victoria Viacheslavovna Savelyeva
Eurasian Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
The main advantages of the use of virtual and interactive
laboratories include the following:
• Preparing students for chemical laboratory work in actual
practice:
a) development of basic skills with the knowledge of
atoms and chemical reactions through visual interactive
3D models and mechanisms of chemical reactions
according to Hund’s rules;
b) development of observation and the ability to allocate
the main thing, to set goals and objectives, to plan the
course of the experiment and to draw conclusions;
c) development of skills for finding an optimal solution,
the ability to project a real problem in modelling
conditions, and vice versa;
d) development of skills of labor formation.
• The performance of experiments, inaccessible in chemical
laboratories.
• Remote practical and laboratory work including work with
children with disabilities, and the interaction with remote
students.
• The speed of the performance, economy of time and
reagents.
• Increasing cognitive interest. It is noted that computer
models of chemical laboratories encourage students to
experiment and derive satisfaction from their own
discoveries.
Abstract
With the introduction of virtual work in the educational
process, students begin to understand the essence of
phenomena and complicated issues at the expense of
visualization and independence of the experiment.
The main advantages of the use of virtual and interactive
laboratories include the following: preparing students for
chemical laboratory work in actual practice; performance of
experiments, inaccessible in chemical laboratories; remote
practical and laboratory work including work with children
with disabilities, and the interaction with remote students;
speed of the performance, economy of time and reagents;
increasing cognitive interest. It is noted that computer models
of chemical laboratories encourage students to experiment and
derive satisfaction from their own discoveries.
Keywords:
Virtual-interactive visualization,
configurations, 3D format, chemical reactions.
electron
Information technologies, including advanced multimedia
systems, can be used for active learning. In recent years, they
have attracted wider attention. The examples of such learning
systems include virtual-interactive laboratories which can
simulate the behavior of real-world objects in a computer
learning environment and help students acquire new
knowledge and skills in natural sciences (i.e. in inorganic
chemistry).
They improve the quality of students’ knowledge of difficult
subjects such as inorganic and organic chemistry with the help
of virtual-interactive visualization of processes when
performing practical laboratory work on the computer. They
increase the quality of education with the help of virtualinteractive visualization of chemical reaction mechanisms
according to Hund’s rules and atomic structures of electron
configurations, energy levels in 3D format which have a weak
logistical support for laboratory work in chemistry and
multimedia visualization of difficult topics.
With the introduction of virtual work in the educational
process, students begin to understand the essence of
phenomena and complicated issues at the expense of
visualization and independence of the experiment.
In the course of the experiment, we have developed a pattern,
an atomic structure of the element of I (A, B) group.
Figure 1: Periodic table of the elements
3319
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 3319-3321
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Translation:
Электрондардың орбиталарда орналасуы – Electron’s
orbital position
Ядро – Nucleus
Протондар саны – Atomic number or Proton number
Нейрондар саны – Number of neutrons
Валенттілігі – Valence
Элемент атауы – Element name
Алюминий – Aluminum
Атомның электрондық құрылысы – Electronic structure of
atoms
Translation
Д.И. Менделеев – D.I. Mendeleev
Резерфордий – Rutherfordium
Лантаноидтар – Lanthanides
Актиноидтар – Actinides
To build an interactive virtual laboratory in inorganic and
organic chemistry on the computer, the first necessity is to
develop a virtual multimedia model of atomic structures,
electron configurations of atoms, energy levels of all elements
of the periodic table in the planar – 2D and extensional – 3D
formats, using the software environment Macromedia Flash,
as shown in Figure 1. We have developed such a model for
the entire periodic table of the elements. As an example, this
paper presents screen images of some elements such as
aluminum and seaborgium. Figure 2 shows an atomic
structure of aluminum according to energy levels in the planar
2D format.
For elements with a large number of electron orbitals,
seaborgium is taken as an example. Atomic structures of this
element according to energy levels are shown in Figure 4 and
Figure 5 in 2D and 3D formats.
Figure 2: Atomic structure of aluminum according to energy
levels in the planar 2D format
Figure 4: Atomic structure of seaborgium according to
energy levels in the planar 2D format
Translation:
Электрондардың орбиталарда орналасуы – Electron’s
orbital position
Ядро – Nucleus
Протондар саны – Atomic number or Proton number
Нейрондар саны – Number of neutrons
Валенттілігі – Valence
Элемент атауы – Element name
Алюминий – Aluminum
Атомның электрондық құрылысы – Electronic structure of
atoms
Translation:
Электрондардың орбиталарда орналасуы – Electron’s
orbital position
Ядро – Nucleus
Протондар саны – Atomic number or Proton number
Нейрондар саны – Number of neutrons
Валенттілігі – Valence
Элемент атауы – Element name
Сиборгий – Seaborgium
Атомның электрондық құрылысы – Electronic structure of
atoms
Figure 3 shows the same atomic structure only in 3D format.
The number of orbital elements for group elements is small –
three.
Figure 5. Atomic structure of seaborgium according to energy
levels in 3D format
Figure 3: Atomic structure of aluminum according to energy
levels in 3D format
3320
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 3319-3321
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
According to Hund’s rule, when assigning electrons to the
same energy orbitals, electrons fill unoccupied orbitals first,
before reusing orbitals occupied by other electrons.
For example, the electron formula of potassium bears very
important information: an outer electron layer of potassium is
not entirely filled with electrons (it has 1+ 1 = 2 electrons) – it
lacks one electron to be fully filled.
The outer layer of the atom is the furthest layer from the
nucleus, which still contains electrons. It is this shell that
touches outer layers of other atoms in chemical reactions in a
collision. When interacting with other atoms, potassium can
take one extra electron to its outer layer. At the same time, the
atom of potassium gets a completed, i.e. maximum filled,
outer electron layer, which will have two electrons. And this
explains the reason for the limited reaction of chemical
elements. Accordingly, Hund’s rules are the same for all
elements of this group.
The complete layer is energetically more advantageous than
incomplete. Therefore, the atom of potassium could react
easily with any other atom that can give one extra electron to
complete its outer layer.
The total valence electron formula of the group IA elements is
ns1, and of the group IB elements – nd10.
The large size of atoms and a significant number of valence
electrons lead to the fact that the atoms of these elements
(except beryllium) tend to give their valence electrons. The
atoms of the group IA elements give their valence electrons
most easily. At the same time, the atoms of alkali elements
form singly charged cations, and the atoms of alkaline-earth
elements and magnesium form doubly charged cations [3, 4].
Translation:
Электрондардың орбиталарда орналасуы – Electron’s
orbital position
Ядро – Nucleus
Протондар саны – Atomic number or Proton number
Нейрондар саны – Number of neutrons
Валенттілігі – Valence
Элемент атауы – Element name
Сиборгий – Seaborgium
Атомның электрондық құрылысы – Electronic structure of
atoms
The above figures also show the changing algorithms of the
valence of each element of the periodic table. The whole
visualization of atoms of the periodic table elements in 2D
and 3D formats provides a very good illustrative aspect in the
study of inorganic chemistry in high schools, a deep
understanding of the mechanism of valence, and will serve as
the basis for the study of chemical reactions and reacting
chemical elements. To realize the electron configuration of
atoms of all chemical elements of the periodic table,
visualization gives a broad conceptual understanding of the
connectivity of some elements with others.
According to the electron formulas, all the elements of groups
IA and IB have an electron configuration ending with ns1,
except silver and gold (d10). Within the framework of the
electron theory, the valence of an atom is determined based on
the number of unpaired electrons, which are involved in the
formation of electron pairs with the electrons of other atoms.
The formation of chemical bonds involves only the electrons
in the outer layer of the atom. Therefore, the maximum
valence of the chemical element is the number of electrons in
the outer shell of its atom.
Accordingly, all the elements of groups IA and IB (except
three elements: silver, gold and copper) show monovalence.
In the case of these three elements, valence is determined by
the breakthrough phenomenon. The phenomenon of
“breakthrough” is a symbolic transfer of one of the two
valence s-electrons to the d-sublevel, reflecting the
unevenness of the nucleus’s retaining of the outer electrons
[1].
Transition of the s-electron to the outer layer leads to
stabilization of the d-sublevel. Therefore, depending on the
degree of excitation, the atoms of the group IB can give from
one to three electrons for the formation of chemical bonds.
Consequently, the elements of the group IB can form the
compounds with oxidation degrees of +1, +2 and +3.
However, there are differences: the most stable oxidation
degrees for copper are +1 and +2; for silver +1 and for gold
+1 and +3. The most peculiar coordination numbers in this
group are 2, 3, 4.
The group IB elements are relatively inert. They follow
hydrogen in the electrochemical series, which is manifested in
their poor resilience. Therefore, they are found in a native
form in nature. They belong to the first metal, found and
applied by the ancient man. As minerals, the compounds are
the following: Сu2О-cuprite, Сu2S-chalcocite, Аg2S-argentite,
acanthite, AgCl-cerargyrite, АuТe2 – calaverite, (Au, Ag) Те4sylvanite [2].
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