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Radiographic
Anatomy
RAD 221
Skeletal System
Classification of Bone and joints
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Educational Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:
Identify the two divisions of skeleton and list the
number of bones in each division.
Differentiate between the classifications of bones
according to shape and gives examples of each.
Describe the basic anatomical structure of bone.
Discuss the process of bone development and
growth.
List and describe the main classifications of joints
and give examples of each.
Outlines
Bones
Joints
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Bones
Skeletal System
206 separate bones in adult.
The human skeleton is divided into two
distinct parts:
The axial skeleton consists of bones that form
the axis of the body and support and protect
the organs of the head, neck, and trunk. 80
axial bones:
The Skull
The Sternum
The Ribs
The Vertebral Column
The appendicular skeleton is composed of
bones that anchor the appendages to the axial
skeleton. 126 appendicular bones:
The Upper Extremities
The Lower Extremities
The Shoulder Girdle
The Pelvic Girdle
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Classification of Bone
Long Bones:
Shaft + two ends (e.g. femur, humorous).
Classification of Bone
Short Bones:
Roughly cuboidal (e. g. carpal, tarsal).
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Classification of Bone
Flat Bones:
Large surface area compared to their depth (e. g.
skull vault, sternum)
Classification of Bone
Sesamoid bone:
small, rounded, in tendons (e.g. patella).
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Classification of Bone
Irregular Bones:
Not included in any of previous groups (e. g.
vertebrae, facial, skull base).
Joints
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Introduction
What is a joint?
Site at which two or more bones come together
What is meant by arthrology ?
The study of joints
Does movement occur in all joints ?
No, movement depend on type of joint
Classification
• Functional: movement
• Synarthrosis: no
• Amphiarthrosis: limited
• Diathrosis: free
•Structural: tissue type between ends of bones
• Fibrous joints,
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints.
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Fibrous joints
Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue
1. Syndesmoses:
Movement: limited
Distal tibiofibular joint
2. Sutures:
Movement: no
Skull sutures
3. Gomphoses:
Movement: very limited
e.g Root of teeth
Cartilaginous joints
Bones are held together by cartilage
1. Synchondroses:
Movement: no
Epiphyseal plate (temporary joint)
2. Symphyses:
Fibro-cartilaginous disc
Movement: limited
Inter-vertebral disks, symphysis pubis
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Synovial joints
Characteristics
1. Fibrous capsule:
2. Joint cavity: synovial fluid (lubricating).
3. Hyaline cartilage: articular surfaces (protection)
4. Membrane: inner sur. of capsule secrete synovial
fluid
5. Ligaments: strength, limit motion in undesirable
direction
6. Movement: yes, but the extent varies
Types of Synovial Joints
1. Hinge joints: move only in one plane; e.g. elbow, Knee,
e.g. Elbow Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
2. Condyloid joints: move mainly in two planes slight degree
of rotation; e.g. wrist, m- tarso-ph. J
e.g. Wrist Joint
Types of Synovial Joints
3. Saddle joints: move in two planes + rotation, CMJ
(thumb)
e.g. CMC joint
of the thumb
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Types of Synovial Joints
4. Pivot joints: only rotation, radio-ulner joints, atlantoaxial joint.
e.g. Distal
Radioulnar
joint
Types of Synovial Joints
5. Ball and socket joints: free movement ; e.g. hip,
shoulder
e.g. Hip Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
6. Gliding joints: gliding movement, Intermetacarpal J,
intercarpal J, carpometacarpal J
e.g. Intercarpal Joints
(Summary) Types of Synovial Joints
1. Hinge joints: move only in one plane (F , E); e.g. elbow,
Knee, IPJ
2. Condyloid joints: move mainly in two planes slight degree
of rotation; e.g. wrist, m-tarso-ph. J
3. Saddle joints: move in two planes + rotation, CMJ
(thumb)
4. Pivot joints: only rotation, radio-ulner joints, atlantoaxial joint.
5. Ball and socket joints: free movement (F, E, AD, AB +
rotation); e.g. hip, shoulder
6. Gliding joints: gliding movement, Intermetacarpal J,
intercarpal J, carpometacarpal J
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