UK Environmental Accounts
Air Emissions Accounts – Methodology
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank AEA Energy and Environment for their significant contribution
towards this work.
1.
Introduction
The air emissions accounts are published annually in June as part of the UK
Environmental Accounts. Further analyses are published at the time of the
publication of the UK National Accounts „Blue Book‟, when the economic supply-use
tables become available, but the same air emissions dataset is referenced.
This document sets the principles of the air emissions accounts in context, and
outlines the methodology for the air emissions accounts. It will be updated annually
to reflect any new developments and arrangements are being made to publish more
detail in 2012, including a more detailed assessment of the uncertainty and relative
importance of various aspects of the accounts.
There are five Appendices which provide supplementary information and definitions
to support the main text of the document.
2.
Summary of statistics published
A range of statistics is published in the UK Environmental Accounts on air emissions.
These statistics are reported based on Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), and
current reports are on a SIC07 basis.
Total greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emission intensity (per unit of economic output)
Total acid rain precursors
Greenhouse gas emissions by industry and households (SIC07 and pollutant)
Acid rain precursors by industry and households (SIC07 and pollutant)
Heavy metals by industry and households (SIC07 and pollutant)
Other air pollutants by industry and households (SIC07 and pollutant)
Summary of emissions from transport
Air emissions, energy consumption and economic use tables
These are all made available for download as excel reference tables from the
Environmental Accounts page of the ONS website.
Appendix 4 provides a list of the Standard Industrial Codes (2007) published for
emissions accounts.
3.
Standards, concepts and definitions
3.1
UN System of Environmental Economic Accounts
It is anticipated that the UN System of Environmental Economic Accounts (SEEA) will
be adopted as an international standard from February 2012, following a
comprehensive global consultation process. When adopted, the SEEA will sit
alongside the UN System of National Accounts (SNA) to provide a framework for
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producing internationally comparable statistics on the environment and its
relationship with the economy.
The SEEA framework follows a similar accounting structure to the SNA and uses
consistent concepts, definitions and classifications in order to facilitate the integration
of environmental and economic statistics.
The SEEA (draft) says that:
‘The intent in physical flow accounting is to record the physical flows underpinning
the monetary transactions, primarily with respect to goods, and then extend the
supply and use table to record physical flows from the environment to the economy
(such as natural resources) and physical flows from the economy to the environment
(such as to emissions to air and water).’
UN SEEA revision, Chapter 3 (draft)
The air emissions accounts are concerned with the physical flows of emissions from
the economy to air. These flows from the economy to the environment are termed
residuals.
Air emissions are defined in the SEEA as ‘unwanted gaseous or particulate materials
released to the atmosphere as a direct result of production, accumulation or
consumption activities in the economy’ and the aim of the account is „to record the
generation of air emissions by resident economic units by type of substance’ in line
with ‘the scope and boundaries used in the compilation of the economic accounts’.
The SEEA, in the latest draft, outlines the following breakdown of emissions within an
air emissions account:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A breakdown of emissions by type of pollutant
A breakdown by industries (equivalent to 2-digit SIC07)
Household emissions (equivalent to COICOP classifications)
Separate identification of emissions from landfill sites
A distinction between those emissions released direct to the environment and
those captured and transferred to other economic units or stored.
The UK currently delivers the first three of these requirements. The implementation
of the final two will be reviewed when the international standard is adopted.
3.2
European Environmental Economic Accounts Regulation
The UK has been making voluntary statistical returns to Europe on air emissions
accounts for a number of years. During 2011, a European Regulation on
Environmental Economic Accounts has been adopted by the European Parliament
and European Council. The Regulation includes a module on Air Emissions
Accounts. The first reference year for which the regulation applies is 2011, for
delivery to Eurostat (European Statistical Agency) within 21 months, that is,
September 2013.
The concepts and definitions in the Regulation are exactly in line with SEEA, and the
breakdown of emissions is very similar, although there is not the requirement for the
distinction between those emissions released direct to the environment and those
captured and transferred to other economic units or stored. Neither is the separate
identification of emissions from landfill sites.
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However, in addition there is a requirement for „bridging items‟ to be reported. These
are the items which make transparent the differences between the environmental
accounts measure and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) and Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution
(CLRTAP) measures.
This is covered later in this document in more detail but the UK is able to fully
comply with European Regulation.
3.3
Economic boundary with respect to air emissions - the Residence
Principle
Boundaries need to be defined for the activities associated with the economic
accounts, and the residence principle is applied to set the boundaries for air
emissions from economic activities. This means that whilst the majority of air
emissions will be released into the UK environment, some emissions from UK
resident economic units will be released in to the environment of the rest of the world.
Air emission accounts for the UK exclude emissions released here by tourists and
foreign transport operations and include the emissions of UK residents abroad. The
air emissions accounts, like the rest of the UK Environmental Accounts, are produced
using the residence principle, so that they can be used together with the National
Accounts, for example, to calculate emissions intensities for specific industries.
The UK applies this principle in line with the SEEA and European Regulation.
3.4 Other boundary issues
In line with SEEA, the following inclusions and exclusions apply:
Exclusions
Emissions which are released in one country and travel through the atmosphere
to another – flow within the environment
CO2 captured by the environment, for example in forests
Included
Emissions from cultivated livestock due to digestion
Flaring and venting from oil and gas extraction
Emissions from manure collected and spread on agricultural land
3.5 Pollutants
In the UK, a wide range of pollutants are emitted to atmosphere from a wide range of
sources. In the Environmental Accounts of the UK, these pollutants are categorised
into four groups: greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming, acid
rain precursors, heavy metals and other pollutants.
Appendix 2 provides more detailed descriptions of the pollutants.
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural
and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the
spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth‟s surface, the atmosphere and
clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon
dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary
greenhouse gases in the earth‟s atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of
entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons
and other chlorine and bromine-containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal
Protocol. Besides carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, the Kyoto Protocol
deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and
perfluorocarbons.
Greenhouse gases are effectively transparent to natural light from the sun and
relatively opaque to infra-red radiation from the Earth‟s surface and atmosphere.
Therefore, they trap heat within the surface-tropospheric system. The Earth
effectively emits infra-red radiation to space at an altitude where the atmosphere is 19°C on average, but as a result of the greenhouse effect the Earth‟s surface
temperature is kept at an average of +14°C. Without this naturally occurring
greenhouse effect the Earth‟s temperature would be too cold for human life.
Further information on Greenhouse Gases can be found in the glossary of the IPCC
4th Assessment Report.
Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide
have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far
exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of
years There is growing consensus that this rise in greenhouse gas emissions has led
to changes in the global atmosphere which have resulted in global warming. The
greenhouse gases included in the atmospheric emissions accounts are those
covered by the Kyoto Protocol. These are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O),
methane (CH4), perflourocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6).
These direct greenhouse gases have different effectiveness in radiative forcing. The
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a means of providing a simple measure of the
relative radiative effects of the emissions of the various gases. The index is defined
as the cumulative radiative forcing between the present and a future time horizon
caused by a unit mass of gas emitted now, expressed relative to that of CO 2. It is
necessary to define a time horizon because the gases have different lifetimes in the
atmosphere. For the purposes of the Environmental Accounts, consistent with the
IPCC Second Assessment Report, over 100 years methane has a GWP of 21 whilst
nitrous oxide has a GWP of 310. HFCs and PFCs have a range of GWPs because
these refer to a number of species, each with its own GWP. By weighting the
emission of a gas with its GWP it is possible to estimate the total contribution to
global warming of UK greenhouse gas emissions.
Acid Rain Precursors
During the late 1960‟s and 1970‟s there was increasing evidence that increases in
lake and river acidity– particularly in some upland areas of the country - were linked
to an observed decline in fish population and other fauna and flora. At the time, the
transport of acidifying emissions from high chimneys, such as power stations, was
identified as a major problem. Rainwater can absorb the acidifying gases sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia and particulates during its transport through
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the atmosphere. The pollutants will eventually return to the earth‟s surface and may
result in harmful impacts - particularly in some sensitive ecosystems and building
materials.
In addition, the deposition of nitrogen containing compounds may also contribute to
the eutrophication – „excess nutrient enrichment‟ of terrestrial and marine
ecosystems. This may lead to displacement of existing vegetation by more nitrogen
tolerant species- for example, heather in heathlands being displaced by grass. For
further information, see the Defra Air Pollution in the UK report.
The emissions are weighted together using their relative acidifying effects. The
weights, given relative to sulphur dioxide, are approximately 0.7 for nitrogen oxides
and 1.9 for ammonia. This is a simplification of the chemistry involved and there are
a number of factors which can affect the eventual deposition and effect of acid rain.
The weighting factors above may underestimate the damage to ecosystems caused
by these acid rain precursors.
Appendix 3 provides a list of pollutant “conversion factors”.
Heavy Metals and Other Pollutants
The groupings of heavy metals and other pollutants include examples of pollutants
that harm human health or the environment, but do not contribute to acid rain or
global warming. Examples of heavy metals include arsenic and mercury. Examples
of other pollutants are benzene and carbon monoxide.
Unlike acid rain precursors and greenhouse gas precursors these pollutants are not
weighted to a single type of gas according to their environmental effect, but are
simply reported in tonnes. These gases are not equally harmful to the environment,
so a tonne emitted of one gas may be much more harmful than a tonne emitted of
another gas.
More detail on all the pollutants is provided in appendices 2 and 3.
4.
Coherence with other National Statistics on air emissions
The UK is required to report its air emissions to fulfil a range of international
agreements. The two main sources of information for this reporting are the National
Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) and the UK Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
inventory.
DECC publish statistics in relation to climate change, DEFRA focus on air pollutants
including air quality pollutants, persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals and
ONS provide an accounting framework.
The GHG inventory reports emissions of greenhouse gas emissions, which
are required to fulfil reporting obligations under the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for the Kyoto Protocol.
The NAEI reports emissions of air pollutants which are required to fulfil
reporting obligations to the UN Economic Commission for Europe
(UNECE)/CLRTAP and EU National Emission Ceiling Directive (NECD).
Government bodies such as ONS, Defra and DECC publish information, including
bridging tables which clearly explain the differences between the reporting used for
the ONS air accounts and for the UNECE and UNFCCC. More information is
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provided on this later in the document but each measure, and its purpose, is briefly
described in the following sections.
4.1
UK Environmental Accounts – Air Emissions Accounts
As already outlined, the purpose of the UK Environmental Accounts is to facilitate an
understanding of the links between the economy and the environment, applying
consistent definitions, boundaries and classifications to the UK National Accounts.
4.2
UK Climate Change Sustainable Development Indicator: Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
DECC publish emissions statistics on an annual basis. These include both
provisional and final UK estimates against the following timetable:
Final UK figures are published in February with a two year lag.
Provisional UK figures are published in March with a one year lag.
These statistics illustrate how the UK is performing in relation to international and
domestic targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions including targets set in the
Kyoto Protocol and the UK Climate Change Act.
4.3
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
and European Union Monitoring Mechanism (EUMM)
The UK submits reports of its GHG emissions each year on 15th April to the UNFCCC
and 15th January to the European Union Monitoring Mechanism (EUMM). The report
contains information on greenhouse gas emissions from sectors including fossil fuel
consumption (energy use), industrial production, and agriculture. Estimates are
produced on a territory basis rather then employing the residence principle. There
are a number of other small differences to the accounts which are outlined in the
bridging tables.
The European Union Monitoring Mechanism enables the European Commission to
regularly monitor EU progress in complying with its commitments under the UNFCCC
and the Kyoto Protocol. The air emissions accounts must bridge to this measure
when reports are made to Eurostat under the European Environmental Economic
Accounts regulation.
4.4
Air Quality Indicators
Defra publish annually a statistical release of Air Quality Indicators. The indicators
report annual UK levels of pollution from particulates (PM) and ozone. These two
pollutants are most commonly used when calculating health effects, particularly for
EU assessments such as Cleaner Air for Europe (CAFÉ).
The Defra NAEI website and UK Air website contain further information, including
metadata about these and other pollutants. The websites provide the most up to date
data for all measured pollutants in the UK. The NAEI website has links to reports
compiled to accompany the UK‟s data submission under the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP).
In the UK, action taken on air quality is driven by the objectives set out in the 2007
Air Quality Strategy, to be reviewed by 2013. There is also substantial EU legislation
in place such as the Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe.
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Appendix 4 provides a list of the Standard Industrial Codes (2007) published for
emissions accounts.
4.5
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
Since 1979 the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
has addressed some of the major environmental problems of the UNECE region
through scientific collaboration and policy negotiation. The aim of the Convention is
that „Parties shall endeavour to limit and, as far as possible, gradually reduce and
prevent air pollution including long-range transboundary air pollution.‟
The UK submits an annual return with emissions for the pollutants covered by the
Convention. The UK Environmental Accounts presents a bridging table detailing how
the accounts reconcile with this return. This is also supplied as part of the Eurostat
return.
5.
Methodology
5.1
Sources
AEA Technology maintains the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI)
and GHG Inventory on behalf of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (Defra) and Department for Climate Change respectively.
These data sources provide air emissions data, calculated from activity data and
emissions factors, for all relevant sources in the UK as a starting point for generating
the air emissions accounts. The residence principle is then applied to these datasets
thereby apportioning the emissions to an industrial classification based on SIC07.
This complex industrial classification mapping methodology is outlined later in this
document.
5.2
Revisions
The NAEI and GHGI are both updated each year, and the time series is extended by
one year when the inventory is compiled on an annual basis. As a result, the whole
historical data series may be revised to incorporate methodological improvements, as
well as new and revised data and to accommodate changes in reporting
legislation/commitments. Detailed summaries of all recalculations can be found in the
IIR and NIR.
The resulting revisions to the NAEI and GHG inventory are thus reflected in the UK
Environmental Accounts each year. In addition, a rolling programme of development
is in place to improve both the allocation of emissions for the ONS work to SIC07
classifications and the application of the residence principle. For example, in 2011,
an article was published by ONS describing the implementation of SIC07 and a
review of the allocation of road transport emissions. This approach to development
and the open revisions policy is based on an overarching principle of continuous
improvement of both the methodology used to generate the estimates of emissions
and the data needed.
5.3
Classifications
The industrial classification system used is the Standard Industrial Classification
2007. This is consistent with the UK National Accounts. The ONS work originally
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mapped to a series of Economic Activity codes based on SIC92 and SIC03, and the
methods used here have been developed for the SIC07 basis.
5.4
Geography
The geographical coverage of the air emissions accounts is the UK. There is no
regional or spatial breakdown.
5.5 Allocating emissions to industries and households
Emissions estimates for pollutant releases from sources in the UK are estimated by
combining an activity statistic with an emission factor, and the NAEI compiles
estimates of emissions from a wide range of sources in this way. The same activity
data is commonly used to calculate emissions of many pollutants for a specific
source. This is done by applying different emission factors to the activity statistic,
and this approach can be used for to estimate emissions for relevant air quality
pollutants and greenhouse gases using the same activity metric.
A source is defined as a process, equipment or substance that leads to air
emissions. These NAEI sources are chiefly defined according to framework set out
by the IPCC and UNECE, as well as by:
Other requirements for output data and inventory guidance such as that produced
by European air quality inventory guidelines;
The structure of national energy statistics (largely DECCs annual DUKES
publication of the Digest of UK Energy Statistics, DUKES);
The classifications of industrial activities used for regulatory regimes such as
Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control (IPPC) and Local Authority Pollution
Control (LAPC);
The structure of industrial sectors as perceived by industry representatives (e.g.
through the provision of data by industry for defined subsectors which must then
be replicated in the NAEI.
The structure of other data sets, such as UK production statistics etc..
The sources can also be representative of the limits of the raw data upon which the
inventory compilation is based.
These NAEI source categories are not based on a coding structure such as Standard
Industrial Classification, and a mapping procedure is thus required to make a link
between source category and SIC for this ONS reporting.
The definitions are such that many of the NAEI sources can be mapped directly to a
SIC07 classification through a one-to-one relationship, where a single NAEI source is
judged as being equivalent to a single SIC07 classification.
In some other cases NAEI sources can be linked to several SIC classifications
through one-to-many relationships, and here the „activity‟ and consequent emissions
from that source have to be split to each of the relevant SIC07 codes either directly
according to their proportionate level of activity, or indirectly. A significant part of the
air emissions and energy accounts work carried out by AEA Technology is in
determining what proportions the emissions and fuel use by these sources should be
split across the SIC divisions that span the economy. The methodology to do this is
necessarily complex.
One source / activity combination that is required to be mapped to SIC is petrol
consumption that relates to motorway driving by cars. Motorway driving is a common
activity throughout the economy, and the emissions calculated for this source/activity
are thus split over all the SIC 07 sectors that represent industry, commerce and
public administration, as well as to households. The actual levels of activity and
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therefore emissions apportioned in this way do however vary significantly between
these SIC07 sectors, and the method for doing this uses data from both the National
Travel Survey and Purchase Inquiry data which provides information on fuel
purchases on a monetary basis by different industries.
The source activity combination that relates to gas oil for freight trains would,
conversely, be a one-to-one match with the SIC07 code that corresponds to the rail
transport industry.
In principle, estimates for emissions made by each industry are made on the basis of
which industry is the primary emitter and which industry owns the unit creating the
emissions. For example, if a retailer owns a fleet of trucks that deliver stock to its
stores, the emissions from those trucks would go to the retail industry. However, if
the retailer hires a separate freight company to deliver its goods, the emissions would
go to the road freight industry. The full list of industries that data is published for are
listed in Appendix 4.
5.6
Cross-boundary emissions
As already discussed, air emissions for the environmental accounts are prepared on
a residence basis.
In theory, air emissions for the environmental accounts would include all emissions
caused by UK residents travelling abroad and exclude any emissions caused by
foreign residents travelling in the UK. In practice, adjustments for UK residents and
non-UK residents are made for cross-border travel by cars, coaches and lorries and
foreign and domestic international air, shipping and fishing activity.
Adjustments are not made for emissions that foreign residents make within the UK or
UK residents make outside of the UK from public transport use, electricity use or that
are from cars that do not cross the border such as those that are rented at their
destination. Emissions embedded in the import and export of goods are also not
accounted for. This follows the methodology approach set out in SEEA guidelines.
Aviation Emissions
The internationally adopted approach (UNFCCC) for reporting emissions from
aviation requires that emissions from international aviation are reported only as a
memorandum item and are not included in national totals. For the UK Environmental
Accounts, all take-off and landing emissions, and emissions of greenhouse gases
from aircraft in the cruise, are included on a residence basis. To make this
adjustment to a residence basis there is an addition of aviation emissions from UK
flight operators running international flights to and from the UK less foreign operators
running international flights to and from the UK.
Flight kilometre data is sourced from the Civil Aviation Authority. Information is
available on the total amount of fuel that is used for domestic aviation, international
aviation and for the military. Average fuel use per kilometre is calculated and then
applied to calculate estimated fuel use by UK operators on international flights from
abroad less fuel use by overseas operators on flights from the UK.
Shipping Emissions
The internationally adopted approach (UNFCCC) for reporting emissions from
shipping requires that emissions from international shipping are reported only as a
memorandum item and are not included in national totals. Adjustments for shipping
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emissions follow a similar methodology to aviation emissions. An adjustment is
made based on the amount of fuel purchased overseas by UK operators less the
amount of fuel purchased in the UK by foreign operators.
The volume of fuel purchased in the UK by overseas operators is calculated by
subtracting UK purchases in the UK (estimated based on total UK operators‟
expenditure in the UK from balance of payments divided by the unit price per tonne
from the Quarterly Energy Prices) from the total purchases in the UK (supplied by
AEA based on the national inventory).
The volumes purchased overseas by UK resident operators are estimated based on
the total bunker expenditure overseas by UK operators taken from the Balance of
Payments divided by the average annual bunker price sourced from Bunker World.
Fishing Emissions
EU regulations mean that fishing fleets from each member state can fish in the
waters of other member states. Vessels can also fish in international waters. This
means that fuel bought by fishing fleets within the UK can be bought by foreign
vessels and UK vessels may purchase fuel in other countries.
The proxy that is used to estimate fuel usage and hence emissions is the fish
catches. It is assumed that vessels landing catches in a country other than their own
buy an amount of fuel at the place they make their catch, which is proportional to the
size of the catch.
The UK Sea Fisheries Report provides statistics on what proportion of the UK catch
was caught by foreign vessels. This proportion is then subtracted from the total
amount of fuel bought by fishing vessels in the UK. A similar method is used to
estimate the fuel usage by UK fishing vessels overseas on the catch of UK vessels
overseas. The percentage by which the amount caught by the UK fishing fleet
overseas would increase the catch in UK waters is added to the fuel purchased by
fishing vessels in the UK.
This method assumes that boats from other countries do not have different emissions
profiles from fishing vessels that are in the UK. It also does not take account of the
fact that fishing vessels fishing further away from their home port will use more fuel
as it will be a greater distance to get to their catching ground. As there are more UK
fishing vessels fishing overseas than overseas vessels fishing in UK waters, it is
possible that this methodology underestimates the emissions caused by the UK fleet.
However, it should be noted that fishing emissions make up a very small percentage
of total emissions.
Private Motor Vehicle Emissions
Private motor vehicles cover all vehicles not used for goods transport. Purchases
overseas by UK residents are calculated on the basis of total kilometres driven
multiplied by average fuel use per km. The distance driven is estimated based on the
number of overseas visits by residents in cars divided by the average vehicle
occupancy (from the International Passenger Survey) multiplied by average distance
travelled (set at 620km since 2001). Purchases in the UK by overseas residents are
calculated similarly.
An adjustment is then made for „tank tourism‟, where drivers cross international
borders to take advantage of lower fuel prices. Fuel prices reported by the AA are
used to monitor price differentials between the UK and France.
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Goods Vehicle Emissions
The Department for Transport calculates most of the statistics relating to goods
vehicles and coaches. To calculate the necessary statistics for goods vehicles and
coaches, statistics are provided from the Department for Transport, which are
sourced from the ROLL-on Roll-off Survey, the International Road Haulage Survey
and the Foreign Vehicles Survey.
As different heavy goods vehicles have varying sizes and capacities, and hence
different fuel consumption, splits are made by HGVs and LGVs. In addition to this,
HGVs are split between vehicles with rigid and articulated axles. Fuel consumption
for each type of vehicle is combined with the distance driven by each type to provide
an estimate of emissions from foreign vehicles inside the UK and UK vehicles
overseas.
Coach Emissions
The net adjustment is for total diesel purchased by UK coaches overseas less total
diesel purchased in the UK by overseas coaches. As with cars the International
Passenger Survey provides estimates of number of residents/visitors travelling by
coach and numbers of coaches are calculated based on average vehicle occupancy.
As a best proxy, the average distance travelled by coaches is based on the average
travelled by HGVs.
Overseas Territory Emissions
Following national accounts conventions, overseas territories and crown
dependencies are not included in the emissions accounts. They are also treated as
overseas territories for the purposes of estimating emissions from international
aviation and shipping. This means that compiling the emissions accounts for the UK
involves removing all emissions from Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Gibraltar,
Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands and Montserrat.
5.7
Bridging tables
Bridging tables are used to illustrate how the air emissions accounts reconcile with
data published using different frameworks and coverages, as discussed earlier. Two
bridging tables are produced for the air emissions accounts – one for greenhouse
gas emissions bridging to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto measures. The other is for all air pollutants bridging to
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)/CLRTAP.
5.7.1 UNECE Bridging Table
The UNECE emissions data are published by Defra and cover greenhouse gas
emissions, acid rain precursors, heavy metals and other pollutants. The UNECE
bridging table is presented in four parts, which correspond to the four different types
of pollutants.
For each pollutant adjustments are made for cross-boundary emissions,
which could be either negative or positive (although they are almost always
positive). This represents the net gain or loss from the cross-boundary
adjustments that have been mentioned above.
Gibraltar is not included in the environmental accounts but is in the UNECE,
so this is also displayed in the bridging table.
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The environmental accounts also include bunker emissions for ships and the
UNECE does not.
There are also a number of sources of air emissions that aren‟t included in the
UNECE but are included in the environmental accounts. They are:
Aircraft between the UK and crown dependencies
Aircraft between the UK and overseas territories excluding Gibraltar
Accidental forest, vegetation and straw fires
Natural sources
Natural fires
Wild animal wastes
Adult breath and sweat
Deforestation
International shipping
In addition to this, the UNECE measures of emissions include the category of liming
grassland and cropland, whereas the environmental accounts do not.
5.7.2
UNFCCC Bridging Table
The UNFCCC bridging table lists the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions and
shows the adjustments that are made between the UK Environmental Accounts
measure and the UNFCCC measure of greenhouse gas emissions. The table first
bridges to the headline data published by DECC, which is on a UNFCCC basis but
excludes overseas territories. The GHG emissions reported on an UNFCCC basis
do not include:
international aviation or shipping emissions
cross-boundary adjustments
emissions from biomass
In addition to this the GHG emissions reported to the UNFCCC include emissions
from crown dependencies and overseas territories, and net emissions from LandUse, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Emissions and removals accounted for using
the appropriate modalities of the Kyoto Protocol are shown as a memorandum item.
DECC has published more information about the difference between the different
published figures of emissions statistics.
5.7 Greenhouse gas emissions intensity indicator
The air emissions accounts can be used to measure the intensity of emissions
across the economy as a whole or within particular industries. For the economy as a
whole this is done by dividing emissions by economic output (measured in gross
domestic product or gross value added). A relatively small emission intensity
indicates low emissions of GHGs relative to economic output, and could imply
relatively high energy efficiency, the use of biofuels to supply energy, or perhaps
effective abatement. A relatively large emission intensity indicates high emissions of
GHGs relative to economic output, and could imply relatively poor energy efficiency
or perhaps little or ineffective abatement.
This analysis can also be done on the basis of sectors of the economy by dividing the
emissions from that sector by the economic output from that sector. Gross Value
Added data is used.
This type of analysis can be helpful, for example, in understanding whether a fall in
emissions is wholly due to a contraction of the economy or if industries are employing
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more efficient and sustainable processes and technologies, for example, cleaner
fuels. It is possible to examine whether economic growth is decoupling from
emissions of pollutants. One proviso, when interpreting this indicator, must be that as
has already noted emissions embedded in trade are not considered and so if the UK
is importing large quantities of goods from overseas, the producer countries will
account for these emissions, not the UK.
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Appendix 1 – Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
Term
Activity
Definition
A quantitative representation of the variable which explains
the emissions in a source category. For example measures
such as the energy content in GJ of fuels used in
combustion processes, kilotonnes of solvents used in
painting or other coating processes, or the distance in km
driven by cars.
COICOP
Classifications of Individual Consumption According to
Purpose
DECC
DEFRA
Emissions intensity
Kyoto Protocol
Department for Energy and Climate Change
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Emissions per unit of economic output i.e. GDP
International agreement regarding reductions in greenhouse
gas emissions
National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory – Estimates of
emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and
natural sources in the UK and Gibraltar
Greenhouse Gas Inventory – Emission estimates for the 6
greenhouse gases and 10 UK territories specified under the
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
System of Environmental Economic Accounts –
Internationally agreed system of measuring air emissions on
a national accounts basis
Standard Industrial Classification. A full listing is in
Appendix 4
System of National Accounts
Processes, equipment or substances that lead to emissions
to the atmosphere
United Nations Economic Convention for Europe
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
NAEI
GHGI
SEEA
SIC
SNA
Source
UNECE
UNFCCC
14
Appendix 2 – Description of Pollutants
Greenhouse gases
‘Changes in the atmospheric abundance of greenhouse gases and aerosols, in solar
radiation and in land surface properties alter the energy balance of the climate
system. […] Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and
now far exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many
thousands of years.’
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
The greenhouse gases included in the atmospheric emissions accounts are those
covered by the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6).
Definitions can be found in the glossary of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from a wide variety of natural and
anthropogenic sources, however the global increases in carbon dioxide concentration
are due primarily to fossil fuel use and land use change. It is also produced in some
industrial processes such as the manufacture of cement. Carbon dioxide is a longlived gas remaining in the atmosphere for between 50 and 200 years. It is the most
important anthropogenic greenhouse gas.
Methane (CH4) is mainly produced when organic matter is broken down in the
absence of oxygen. Large quantities are produced by enteric fermentation in cattle
and sheep, by the spreading of animal manure and from organic waste deposited in
landfill sites. Methane is also emitted in coal mining, oil and gas extraction and gas
distribution activities. Methane is a significant greenhouse gas.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released in a few industrial processes and from the soil when
nitrogenous fertilisers are applied in agriculture and horticulture. These are the main
anthropogenic sources. It is a long-lived pollutant, lasting about 120 years in the
atmosphere and is a potent greenhouse gas.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6) are artificial fluids that contain chlorine and/or fluorine. Because of their low
15
reactivity and non-toxicity they were widely used as refrigerants, foam blowing
agents, aerosol propellants and solvents.
To aggregate the greenhouse gases covered in the accounts, a weighting based on
the relative global warming potential (GWP) of each of the gases is applied, using the
effect of CO2 over a 100 year period as a reference. This gives methane a weight of
21 relative to relative to CO2 and nitrous oxide a weight of 310 relative to CO2 SF6
has a GWP of 23,900 relative to CO2. The GWP of the other fluorinated compounds
varies according to the individual gas.
Greenhouse gas emissions are sometimes shown in terms of carbon equivalent
rather than CO2 equivalent. To convert from CO2 equivalent to carbon equivalent it is
necessary to multiply by 12/44.
Acid rain precursors
Definitions can also be found in the index of the ONS Environmental Accounts
The term „acid rain‟ describes the various chemical reactions which acidic gases and
particles undergo in the atmosphere. The gases may be transported long distances
before being deposited as wet or dry deposition. When deposited, hydrogen ions
may be released, forming dilute acids, which damage ecosystems and buildings. The
gases covered are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3).
The emissions are weighted together using their relative acidifying effects. The
weights, given relative to SO2, are 0.7 for NOx and 1.9 for NH3. This is a simplification
of the chemistry involved, and there are a number of factors which can affect the
eventual deposition and effect of acid rain. There may be an upward bias on the
weights of the nitrogen-based compounds in terms of damage to ecosystems.
Ammonia (NH3) is predominantly emitted from spreading animal manure and some
fertilisers.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) arise when fossil fuels are burnt under certain conditions.
High concentrations are harmful to health and reduce plant growth. Like sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain; nitrogen dioxide (NO2) also plays a
part in the formation of ground ozone layer.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is produced when coal and some petroleum products
containing sulphur impurities are burnt. Sulphur dioxide is an acid gas that can cause
16
respiratory irritation. It can damage ecosystems and buildings directly and is a major
contributor to acid rain.
Other air pollutants
The Environmental Accounts also reports emissions of CO, PM10 and NMVOCs
which are required by EU regulation and included in the UNECE reporting
guidelines, as well as two specific NMVOCs, benzene and 1,3-butadiene. A number
of other pollutants not covered by the accounts have effects which can variously
affect health and the environment, including poly-organic pollutants (POPs) which are
included in UNECE reporting.
Benzene is released predominantly from the distribution and combustion of
petroleum products. It is a carcinogen which has also been found to cause bonemarrow depression and consequent leukopenia (depressed white blood cell count)
on prolonged exposure.
1,3-Butadiene is a colourless, gaseous hydrocarbon. It is produced by
dehydrogenation of butene, or of mixtures of butene and butane; it may also be made
from ethanol. 1,3-butadiene is believed to be a carcinogen, for which the safe level is
not known. Emissions of 1,3-butadiene arise from combustion of petroleum products
and in its manufacture of synthetic rubber, nylon and latex paints in the chemical
industry. 1,3-butadiene is not present in petrol but is formed as a by-product of
combustion. The increasing use of catalytic converters through the 1990‟s has
caused a significant reduction in emissions from the road transport sector.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced when fossil fuel is burnt with insufficient oxygen
for complete combustion. It is a reagent in ground-level ozone formation, and is toxic
in and is toxic at high concentrations carbon.
Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) cover a variety of
chemicals, many of which are known carcinogens. Emissions of NMVOCs arise from
the deliberate and incidental evaporation of solvents (e.g. in paints and cleaning
products), from accidental spillage and from non-combustion of petroleum products.
The environmental accounts include natural emissions of NMVOCs from managed
forests. NMVOCs play a role in the formation of ground level ozone, which can have
an adverse effect on health. The NMVOC emissions include benzene and 1,3butadiene.
PM10 roughly equates to the mass of particles less than 10 micrometres in diameter
that are likely to be inhaled into the thoracic region of the respiratory tract.”
17
Heavy Metals
Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element in the Earth‟s crust. It is combined with
oxygen, chlorine, and sulphur to form inorganic arsenic compounds and combines
with carbon and hydrogen to form organic arsenic compounds. Inorganic arsenic
compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Organic arsenic compounds are used
as pesticides, primarily on cotton plants.
Breathing high levels of inorganic arsenic can lead sore throat or irritated lungs. Ingesting high levels of inorganic arsenic can result in death. Lower levels of arsenic
can cause nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells,
abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and a sensation of “pins and
needles” in hands and feet. Skin contact with inorganic arsenic may cause redness
and swelling.
Organic arsenic compounds are less toxic than inorganic arsenic compounds.
Exposure to high levels of some organic arsenic compounds may cause similar
effects as inorganic arsenic.
Cadmium (Cd) is a normal constituent of soil and water at low concentrations.
Industrially, cadmium is used as an anti-friction agent, in alloys, semi-conductors,
control rods for nuclear reactors and PVC and battery manufacture. The main
sources of cadmium emissions are from waste incineration, and iron and steel
manufacture. Emissions of cadmium have declined over recent years; this is mainly
attributable to the decline in coal combustion.
Environmentally, cadmium is dangerous because many plants and some animals
absorb it easily and concentrate it in tissues. Cadmium competes with calcium in the
body and if levels are sufficient, it will displace calcium, causing embrittlement of
bones and painful deformations of the skeleton. Cadmium also competes with zinc in
the body and if levels of cadmium are high enough, cadmium will also displace zinc
from enzymes in the body.
Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element, which can be found in rocks,
animals, plants, soil and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is presented in
several different forms. The most common forms are chromium (0), chromium (III),
and chromium (VI). No taste or odour is associated with chromium compounds.
Chromium (III) is an essential nutrient that helps the body use sugar, protein, and fat.
Breathing high levels of chromium (VI) can cause irritation to the nose, such as runny
nose, nosebleeds and ulcers and holes in the nasal septum. Ingesting large amounts
18
of chromium (VI) can cause stomach upsets and ulcers, convulsions, kidney and liver
damage and even death. Skin contact with certain chromium (VI) compounds can
cause skin ulcers. Some people are extremely sensitive to chromium (VI) or
chromium (III). Allergic reactions consisting of severe redness and swelling of the
skin have been noted.
Copper (Cu) is a reddish metal that occurs naturally in rocks, soil, water, and air.
Copper also occurs naturally in plants and animals. Metallic copper can be easily
moulded or shaped. Metallic copper can be found in mixtures (called alloys) with
other metals such as brass and bronze. Copper is also found as part of other
compounds forming salts. Copper salts occur naturally, but are also manufactured.
Copper compounds are commonly used in agriculture to treat plant diseases like
mildew, for water treatment and, as preservatives for wood, leather, and fabrics.
Mercury (Hg) emissions mainly come from waste incineration, the manufacture of
chlorine in mercury cells, non-ferrous metal production and coal combustion.
Emissions of mercury have declined over recent years due to improved controls on
mercury cells and their replacement by diaphragm cells and the decline of coal use.
Due to the volatility of mercury, if levels are sufficiently high, compounds containing
mercury attack and destroy various parts of the body, particularly teeth, lung tissues
and intestines.
Nickel (Ni) can be combined with other metals, such as iron, copper, chromium, and
zinc, to form alloys. Most nickel is used to make stainless steel. Nickel can be found
in all soil and is emitted from volcanoes. It can also be found in meteorites and on the
ocean floor. Nickel and its compounds have no characteristic odor or taste.
The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction.
People can become sensitive to nickel when jewellery or other things containing it
are in direct contact with the skin. People who drank water containing high amounts
of nickel had stomach aches and suffered adverse effects to their blood and kidneys.
Lead (Pb) is a very toxic element and can cause a variety of symptoms at low dose
levels. Lead dust or fumes can irritate the eyes on contact, as well as causing
irritation to the nose and throat on inhalation. Acute exposure can lead to loss of
appetite, weight loss, stomach upsets, nausea and muscle cramps. High levels of
acute exposure may also cause brain and kidney damage. Chronic exposure can
lead to effects on the blood, kidneys, central nervous system and vitamin D
metabolism.
19
Currently major sources of lead are metal production and combustion of lubricants in
industry. There has been a significant reduction in emissions from metal production
due to declining production, and public electricity and heat production due to
improved abatement measures. Emissions have also declined as a result of the
decreasing use of coal.
Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring mineral element that is distributed widely in
nature in most rocks and soils. Most processed selenium is used in the electronics
industry, but it is also used as a nutritional supplement in the glass industry. Also, as
a component of pigments in plastics, paints, enamels, inks and rubber. Radioactive
selenium is used in diagnostic medicine.
Selenium has both beneficial and harmful effects to human. Low doses of selenium
are needed to maintain good health. However, exposure to high levels can cause
adverse health effects. Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium
may cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Chronic oral exposure to high
concentrations of selenium compounds can produce a disease called selenosis.
Brief exposures to high levels of elemental selenium or selenium dioxide in air can
result in respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty breathing and stomach pains.
Longer-term exposure to either of these air-borne forms can cause respiratory
irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing.
Vanadium (V) is a compound that occurs in nature and is often found as crystals.
Pure vanadium has no smell. Vanadium and vanadium compounds can be found in
the Earth‟s crust and in rocks, some iron ores and crude petroleum deposits.
Vanadium in the form of vanadium oxide is a component in special kinds of steel that
is used for automobile parts. Vanadium is also mixed with iron to make important
parts for aircraft engines. Small amounts of vanadium are used in making rubber,
plastics, ceramics and other chemicals. Breathing high levels of vanadium can cause
lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose and a sore throat.
Zinc (Zn) can be found in air, soil and water and is present in all foods. Zinc
combines with other elements to form zinc compounds. Common zinc compounds
found at hazardous waste sites include zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulphate and
zinc sulphide. Zinc compounds are widely used in industry to make paint, rubber,
dyes, wood preservatives and ointments. Large doses taken by mouth even for a
short time can cause stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting. It can cause anaemia
and decrease the levels of your good cholesterol when it has been taken for long
time. Inhaling large amounts of zinc (as dusts or fumes) can cause a specific shortterm disease called metal fume fever.
20
Appendix 3 – Pollutant conversion factors
Pollutant
Conversion
Factor
1.8824
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Vanadium
Zinc
Carbon
Type of
Pollutant
Acid rain
precursor
Acid rain
precursor
Acid rain
precursor
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Heavy metal
Greenhouse gas
Methane
Greenhouse gas
21
Nitrous Oxide
Greenhouse gas
310
Perflurocarbons
Greenhouse gas
Various
Hydrofluorocarbons
Greenhouse gas
Various
Sulphur hexafluoride
Greenhouse gas
Various
1,3-Butadeine
Other air quality
pollutant
Other air quality
pollutant
Other air quality
pollutant
Other air quality
pollutant
Other air quality
pollutant
1
Tonnes of sulphur
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of sulphur
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of sulphur
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
Tonnes
1
Tonnes
1
Tonnes
1
Tonnes
1
Tonnes
Ammonia
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Benzene
Cobalt
Non-methane volatile
organic compounds
PM10
0.6957
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.6667
Unit
21
Appendix 4 – Standard Industrial Codes 2007 published for emissions
accounts
SIC07 code
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10.1
10.2-3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11.01-06
11.07
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19.1
19.2
20.11 + 20.13
20.15 /1
20.15 /2
20.14+20.16+20.17+20.6
20.12+20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
21
22.1
22.2
23.1-4 & 23.7-9
Industry Name
Products of agriculture, hunting and related services
Products of forestry, logging and related services
Fish and other fishing products; aquaculture products;
support services to fishing
Mining of coal and lignite
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Mining of metal ores
Other mining and quarrying products
Mining support services
Processing and preserving of meat and production of
meat products
Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans,
molluscs, fruit and vegetables
Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats
Manufacture of dairy products
Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and
starch products
Manufacture of bakery and farinaceous products
Manufacture of other food products
Manufacture of prepared animal feeds
Manufacture of alcoholic beverages, including spirits,
wine, cider, beer and malt
Manufacture of soft drinks: production of mineral
waters and other bottled waters
Tobacco products
Textiles
Wearing apparel
Leather and related products
Wood and of products of wood and cork, except
furniture; articles of straw and plaiting materials
Paper and paper products
Printing and recording services
Manufacture of coke oven products
Manufacture of refined petroleum products
Manufacture of industrial gases and non-nitrogenbased inorganic chemicals
Fertilisers
Other nitrogen compounds
Manufacture of petrochemicals
Manufacture of dyestuffs, agro-chemicals
Manufacture of paints, varnishes & ink
Manufacture of cleaning & toilet preparations
Manufacture of other chemical products & man-made
fibres
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical
preparations
Rubber products
Plastics products
Manufacture of glass, refractory, clay, other porcelain
22
23.51
23.52 /1
23.52 /2
23.6
24.1-3
24.4-5
24.46)
24.42
24.46
(not
24.42
25.1-3+25.5-9
25.4
26
27
28
29
30.1
30.3
30.2+4+9
31
32
33.15
33.16
33 (not 33.15-16)
35.1/1
35.1/2
35.1/3
35.1/4
35.1/5
35.2-3
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
45
46
47
49.1-2
and ceramic products, Stone, & abrasive products
Manufacture of cement
Manufacture of lime
Manufacture of plaster
Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and
plaster
Manufacture of basic Iron & Steel
nor Manufacture of other basic metals & casting (excl.
Nuclear fuel & Aluminium)
Aluminium production
Processing of nuclear fuel
Fabricated metal products, except machinery and
equipment, excluding weapons and ammunition
Manufacture of weapons and ammunition
Computer, electronic, communication and optical
products
Electrical equipment
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Building of ships and boats
Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related
machinery
Manufacture of other transport equipment, excluding
ships, boats, air and spacecraft
Furniture
Other manufactured goods
Repair & maintenance of ships
Repair & maintenance of aircraft & spacecraft
Rest of repair; Installation
Electricity production - gas
Electricity production - coal
Electricity production - nuclear
Electricity production - oil
Electricity production - other
Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels
through mains and steam and air conditioning supply
Natural water; water treatment and supply services
Sewerage services; sewage sludge
Waste collection, treatment and disposal services;
materials recovery services
Remediation services and other waste management
services
Buildings and building construction works
Constructions and construction works for civil
engineering
Specialised construction works
Wholesale and retail trade and repair services of motor
vehicles and motorcycles
Wholesale trade services, except of motor vehicles
and motorcycles
Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and
motorcycles
Rail transport
23
49.31/9 + 49.39
49.31/1
49.32
49.4
49.5
50
51
52
53
55
56
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65.1-2
65.3
66
68.1-2
68.3
69.1
69.2
70
71
72
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
81
82
84 (not 84.22)
84.22
Buses, coaches, trams and similar public urban
transport n.e.c
Underground, metro other non interurban rail services
Taxis and other renting of private cars with driver
Freight transport by road and removal services
Transport via pipeline
Water transport services
Air transport services
Warehousing and support services for transportation
Postal and courier services
Accommodation services
Food and beverage serving services
Publishing services
Motion picture, video and television programme
production services, sound recording and music
publishing
Programming and broadcasting services
Telecommunications services
Computer programming, consultancy and related
services
Information services
Financial services, except insurance and pension
funding
Insurance & Reinsurance
Pension funding
Services auxiliary to financial services and insurance
services
Buying and selling of own real estate: renting and
operating of own or leased real estate, excluding
imputed rent
Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis
Legal activities
Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities: tax
consultancy
Services of head offices; management consulting
services
Architectural and engineering services; technical
testing and analysis services
Scientific research and development services
Advertising and market research services
Other professional, scientific and technical services
Veterinary services
Rental and leasing services
Employment services
Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation
services and related services
Security and investigation services
Services to buildings and landscape
Office administrative, office support and other
business support services
Public administration; compulsory social security
services
Public defence services
24
85
86
87
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
100
101
Education services
Human health services
Residential care services
Social work services without accommodation
Creative, arts and entertainment services
Library, archive, museum and other cultural services
Gambling and betting services
Sporting services and amusement and recreation
services
Services furnished by membership organisations
Repair services of computers and personal and
household goods
Other personal services
Services of households as employers of domestic
personnel
Consumer expenditure - not travel
Consumer expenditure - travel
25
Appendix 5 - Links to further information
1.
ONS publications
UK Environmental Accounts
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Environmental+Accounts
UK National Accounts
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Main+Aggregates+of+National
+Accounts
UK Supply Use Tables
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Supply+and+Use+Tables
2.
Methodological articles
UK Environmental Accounts: Air Emissions and Energy Use
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/economic-and-labour-market-review/no--11-november-2007/uk-environmental-accounts--air-emissions-and-energy-use.pdf
Adjustments to the UK‟s atmospheric emissions and energy accounts to bring them
on to a national accounts “residents” basis – Methodology and analysis report
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/environmental/environmental-accounts/april2002/adjustments-to-the-uk-s-atmospheric-emissions-and-energy-accounts-to-bringthem-onto-a-national-accounts--residents--basis.pdf
3.
Statistics published by DECC and further information on how they
bridge with the National Accounts measure
DECC UK Emissions Statistics
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/gg_emissions/uk_e
missions/uk_emissions.aspx
The Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the UK: The Difference between the
Environmental Accounts and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) Reporting
http://www.decc.gov.uk/media/viewfile.ashx?filepath=statistics/climate_change/1_20
100122092205_e_@@_ggemissionsdiffeaunfccc.pdf&filetype=4&minwidth=true
4.
Statistics on air quality published by DEFRA
UK-AIR website
http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/
Air Quality Indicators
http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/air-quality/
5.
International standards, regulation and guidance
UN System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA)
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp
European Regulation on Environmental Economic Accounts
http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:192:0001:01:EN:HTML
26
Eurostat Manual for Air Emissions Accounts
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/environmental_accounts/methodol
ogy/manuals
6.
Sources
National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory
http://naei.defra.gov.uk/index.php
UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory
http://ghgi.decc.gov.uk/index.html
UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory – Methods and Compilation
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_stats/gg_emissions/intro/int
ro.aspx
Digest of UK Energy Statistics
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/publications/dukes/dukes.aspx
7.
Classifications
Current standard classifications
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/current-standardclassifications/index.html
27