Reading Guide‐ Peter Gray Chapter 9‐ Memory Overview: An Information‐Processing Model of the Mind p. 310‐313 1) What does the term memory refer to? 2) In cognitive psychology, what are theories commonly called? 3) How do cognitive psychologists test their models and when are they considered successful? 4) Who proposed the modal model of the mind? 5) The modal model portrays the mind as having what three types of memory stores? 6) What is each store type characterized by and what is meant by each of those characteristics? 7) What control processes are specified by the modal model and what do they govern? 8) What is each sensory store presumed to hold? 9) What is the function of sensory memory? 10) What items of information do we become conscious of? 11) What are the basic functions of working memory, and how is this memory store equated with consciousness? 12) What is another term for working memory and what does that term call attention to? 13) In the modal model, what is the function of long‐term memory? 14) When are we conscious of the items in our long‐term memory? 15) What are the major differences between working memory and long‐term memory (list all mentioned in the text)? 16) In the modal model, what is attention? 17) Why must attention restrict the flow of information from the sensory store into working memory? 18) What is encoding? 19) What is retrieval and what is it commonly called? Sensory Memory and Attention: The Portal to Consciousness p. 313‐320 20) What two competing needs are met by our attentional system? 21) What is preattentive processing and how is it related to both sensory and working memory? 22) What is the cocktail‐party phenomenon? 23) Cocktail‐party phenomenon is an example of selective _______________________. 24) Describe the study (method and findings) by Simons and Chabris on selective viewing. 25)
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What is echoic memory? What have researchers found about the duration of echoic memory? Describe the method and findings of a typical experiment on echoic memory. What is iconic memory? Describe Sterling’s experiment on iconic memory (method and findings). What did the findings of Sperling’s study lead him to conclude about the duration of iconic memory? Through what means can sensory input alter behavior and conscious thought without itself becoming conscious to the person? 32) What is priming? 33) Describe research by Eagle et al. (method and findings) that provides evidence that concepts stored in long‐term memory can be primed by stimuli that are not consciously perceived. 34)
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Describe MacKay’s study (method and findings) on selective listening. What is the Stroop Interference effect? What is one explanation for the Stroop effect that most researchers agree upon? What three general conclusions have emerged from studies of brain mechanisms of preattentive processing and attention?