Ethnic Diversity
of the Whangarei District
Prepared by Dianne Zucchetto
09/58024
Executive Summary
The ethnic diversity report follows on from the demographic and socio-economic reports, by providing key
ethnic population and socio-economic characteristics that can influence future social, cultural, economic and
environmental needs of the district, and will assist in future strategic planning, including the long term
growth strategy – Sustainable Futures 30|50. Key findings are as follows:
European
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The European ethnic group is the largest of the major ethnic groupings in the Whangarei District,
totalling 50,235 people (72 percent of the population) in 2006.
The European ethnic group decreased by almost 3,000 people (-6%) between 2001 and 2006, as a
result of the introduction of “New Zealander” as an ethnic group in the 2006 census.
It is anticipated that the population of the European ethnic group could increase by 20,000 people by
the year 2021, an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum.
The majority of the European ethnic group are of working age, aged between 25 and 65 years (49%).
The European ethnic group have the oldest median age of 40.9 years, and an overall dependency ratio
of 64%.
The European ethnic group has the largest proportion of its labour force in full-time employment (72%),
of which the majority are paid employees (71%).
The European ethnic group has the lowest unemployment rate, with 5% of its workforce unemployed.
Sixty-two percent of the European labour force work more than 40 hours a week, with 22% working
more than 50 hours a week.
The majority of the European labour force are employed in managerial (19%) and professional (19%)
occupations.
The European ethnic group has the highest proportion of the population with other tertiary qualifications
(28%), and the second highest proportion of the population with university qualifications (10%).
European students are less likely to be stood-down from school (18.2 students per 1,000).
European students have the second highest retention rates (50.3 per 1,000 17.5 year old students), the
second highest percentage of school leavers with at least NCEA Level 2 (73.3%), and the second highest
percentage of school leavers with a university entrance standard (43.1%).
Thirty-eight percent of the European ethnic group earn more than $30,000 per annum.
The European ethnic group have the highest proportion of home ownership (62%).
Maori
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More than one in four people (25%) usually living in the Whangarei District in 2006 identified with the
Maori ethnic group.
The Maori ethnic group increased by 2,235 people (15%) between 2001 and 2006.
It is anticipated that the population of the Maori ethnic group could increase by 7,500 people by the year
2021, an average growth rate of 2.9% per annum.
The Maori ethnic group has a relatively youthful population, with just over 1 in 3 Maori (37%) aged less
than 15 years in 2006. Fewer than 1 in 20 people of Maori ethnicity (4%) were aged 65 years and over.
The Maori ethnic group has one of the youngest median age of 21.8 years, and one of the highest
overall dependency ratios of 70%.
Sixty-six percent of the Maori labour force are in full-time employment, of which 87% are paid
employees.
The Maori ethnic group has the second highest unemployment rate, with 14% of its workforce
unemployed.
The majority of the Maori labour force work more than 40 hours a week (65%), with 20% working more
than 50 hours a week.
The highest number of the Maori labour force are employed in labouring (19%) occupations.
The Maori ethnic group has the highest proportion of the population with no qualifications (43%) and
the lowest proportion of the population with university qualifications (5%).
Maori school students are more likely to be stood-down from school (44.3 students per 1,000), excluded
from school (5.7 students per 1,000), and apply for early leaving exemptions (23.3 per 1,000 15 yearold students).
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Maori students have the lowest school retention rates (34.6 per 1,000 17.5 year-old students), the
lowest percentage of school leavers with at least NCEA Level 2 (55.5%) and the lowest percentage of
school leavers with a university entrance standard (22.1%).
Thirty percent of the Maori ethnic group earn more than $30,000 per annum.
The Maori ethnic group have the second lowest proportion of home ownership (30%)
Pacific Peoples
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In 2006, 1,680 people identified with the Pacific peoples ethnic group, representing 2.3% of the total
Whangarei District population.
The Pacific ethnic group increased by 370 people (28%) between 2001 and 2006.
The population of the Pacific people could increase by almost 400 people by the year 2021, based on
maintaining the same proportion of the overall population.
The Pacific ethnic group had the highest proportion of children (people aged 0 to 14 years) of all of the
major ethnic groups, at 47%.
The Pacific ethnic group has the youngest median age of 16.6 years, and the highest overall
dependency ratio of 97%.
Sixty-five percent of the Pacific labour force are in full-time employment, of which 85% are paid
employees.
The Pacific ethnic group has the highest unemployment rate, with 16% of its workforce unemployed.
Sixty-four percent of the Pacific labour force work more than 40 hours a week, with 17% working more
than 50 hours a week.
The highest number of the Pacific labour force are employed in labouring (17%) occupations.
The Pacific ethnic group has the second largest proportion of the population with no qualifications
(36%), and the second lowest proportion of the population with university qualifications (7%).
Along with Maori students, Pacific school students are also more likely to be stood-down from school (25
students per 1,000).
Pacific students have the second lowest school retention rates (31.6 per 1,000 17.5 year-old students),
the second lowest percentage of school leavers with at least NCEA Level 2 (58.8%) and the second
lowest percentage of school leavers with a university entrance standard (29.4%).
Thirty-one percent of the Pacific population earn more than $30,000 per annum.
The Pacific ethnic group have the lowest proportion of home ownership (28%).
Asian
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The Asian ethnic group is the Whangarei District’s fifth largest major ethnic group after European, Maori,
Other Ethnicity, and Pacific People, totalling 1,626 people (2.3%) in 2006.
The Asian ethnic group increased by 405 people (33%) between 2001 and 2006.
The population of the Asian ethnic group could increase by almost 400 people by the year 2021, based
on maintaining the same proportion of the overall population.
There was a high proportion of young adults in the Asian ethnic group, with 2 in 10 people (21%) aged
between 15 and 29 years.
The median age of the Asian ethnic group was 30.3 years in 2006, and the lowest overall dependency
ratio of 48%.
Sixty-eight percent of the Asian labour force are in full-time employment, of which 68% are paid
employees.
Seven percent of the Asian workforce is unemployed.
Fifty-eight percent of the Asian labour force work more than 40 hours a week, with 22% working more
than 50 hours.
The highest number of the Asian labour force are employed in professional (24%) occupations.
The Asian ethnic group has the highest proportion of the population with a university qualification
(26%).
Asian students are less likely to be stood-down from school, be excluded or expelled, and apply for an
early leaving exemption.
Asian students have the highest retention rates (82.8% per 1,000 17.5 year old students), the highest
percentage of school leavers with at least NCEA Level 2 (83.3%) and the highest percentage of school
leavers with a university entrance standard (53.3%).
Twenty-six percent of the Asian ethnic group earn more than $30,000 per annum.
The Asian ethnic group have the second highest proportion of home ownership (40%).
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Middle Eastern, Latin American and African
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The Middle Eastern, Latin American and African grouping with 186 people totalled 0.3% of the
Whangarei District’s usually resident population.
The Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic group increased by 60 people between 2001 and
2006.
The population of the Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic group could increase by 40
people by the year 2021, based on maintaining the same proportion of the overall population.
Sixty-six percent of the Middle Eastern, Latin American and African labour force are in full-time
employment.
Seven percent of the Middle Eastern, Latin American and African workforce are unemployed.
Fifty-six percent of the Middle Eastern, Latin American and African labour force work more than 40 hours
a week, with 13% working more than 50 hours a week.
The Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic group has the highest proportion of the
population with a university qualification (26%).
Thirty-six percent of the Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic group earn more than
$30,000 per annum.
The Middle Eastern, Latin American and African have the second highest proportion of home ownership
(40%).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... 9 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... 11 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF ETHNIC GROUPS 2006 ...................................... 12 1. SETTLEMENT ........................................................................................... 14 Arrivals from Polynesia ............................................................................................................................................... 14 First European Encounters ......................................................................................................................................... 14 European Settlement 1840-1900.................................................................................................................................. 14 Assisted Immigration ................................................................................................................................................... 16 1840–52: New Zealand Company, Australian and Military Immigrants .............................................................................. 16 1853–70: Gold Boom and War ....................................................................................................................................... 16 1871–80: Government-Assisted Immigration ................................................................................................................... 16 1881–1914: Depression and a Return To Prosperity .......................................................................................................... 16 Pre-war Immigration Scheme ......................................................................................................................................... 16 The Dominion Population Committee.............................................................................................................................. 17 Assisted Immigration to New Zealand 1947-1975............................................................................................................. 17 2. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 18 Ethnicity ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Issues .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Collection ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Ethnic Group Changing Over Time (Ethnic Mobility) ....................................................................................................... 18 Ethnic Group Changing With Context ............................................................................................................................. 18 Legal Age ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Ethnicity Collection by Proxy ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Multiple Ethnicity.......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Benefits of Ethnic Diversity ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Ethnic Diversity ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 3. MEASURING ETHNICITY .......................................................................... 21 Ethnic Diversity Index ................................................................................................................................................. 21 Ethnic Composition ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 Size of the Ethnic Sector .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Detail of Ethnic Groups in the Whangarei District................................................................................................... 25 Patterns of Multiple Ethnicity ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Ethnic Population Change ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Ethnic Population Projections..................................................................................................................................... 31 Factors Contributing to Ethnic Population Change ................................................................................................. 34 Statistical Standards ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Natural Increase ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 6
Ethnic Mobility ............................................................................................................................................................. 34 Immigration .................................................................................................................................................................. 34 Migration...................................................................................................................................................................... 35 4. AGE AND GENDER.................................................................................... 37 Age Profiles ................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Dependency Ratio ......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Population Pyramids .................................................................................................................................................... 41 Ethnic Diversity by Age and Gender .......................................................................................................................... 44 Age Projections ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 5. BIRTHPLACE AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE ............................................... 47 Birthplace ...................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Length of Residence ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 Place of Residence ........................................................................................................................................................ 51 6. EMPLOYMENT.......................................................................................... 57 Work and Labour Force Status .................................................................................................................................. 57 Status in Employment .................................................................................................................................................. 60 Unemployment .............................................................................................................................................................. 62 Hours Worked .............................................................................................................................................................. 63 7. OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY .................................................................. 65 8. EDUCATION............................................................................................. 68 Stand-Downs from School ........................................................................................................................................... 68 Exclusions and Expulsions from School ..................................................................................................................... 69 Early Leaving Exe mptions .......................................................................................................................................... 70 Retention of Students in Senior Secondary Schools .................................................................................................. 71 School Leavers with NCEA Level 2 or Above ........................................................................................................... 72 School Leavers with a University Entrance Standard .............................................................................................. 73 Highest Qualification Gained ...................................................................................................................................... 73 9. PERSONAL INCOME ................................................................................. 75 Source of Personal Income .......................................................................................................................................... 75 Income Support ............................................................................................................................................................ 76 Population with Low Incomes ..................................................................................................................................... 76 10. HOUSEHOLDS ........................................................................................ 77 Household Tenure ........................................................................................................................................................ 77 Years at Usual Residence ............................................................................................................................................. 77 Occupancy Rate ............................................................................................................................................................ 78 Household Crowding.................................................................................................................................................... 79 7
Access to Telecommunications .................................................................................................................................... 79 11. LANGUAGES SPOKEN ............................................................................. 81 13. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION....................................................................... 85 14. CUISINE................................................................................................ 88 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 90 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 92 8
List of Figures
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1 Maori and European First Settlements in the Northland Region .................................................. 15 2 Assisted Immigration to New Zealand 1840-1976 ...................................................................... 17 3 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for G9 Group of Councils ............................................................... 22 4 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for the Whangarei District ............................................................. 22 5 Comparison of Ethnicity in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006 ........................................................ 23 6 Ethnic Groups in the Whangarei District, 2006 .......................................................................... 24 14 Patterns of Multiple Ethnicity, 2006 ........................................................................................ 28 15 Population Belonging to a Single Ethnic Group, 2006 ............................................................... 29 16 Population Belonging to Two Ethnic Groups, 2006 ................................................................... 29 7 Population Change, 1991-2006 ................................................................................................ 30 8 Whangarei District Projected Population, 2006-2021 ................................................................. 32 9 European Projected Population, 2006-2021............................................................................... 32 10 Maori Projected Population, 2006-2021................................................................................... 33 11 Asian Projected Population, 2006-2021 ................................................................................... 33 12 Pacific Peoples Projected Population, 2006-2021 ..................................................................... 33 13 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Projected Population, 2006-2021................................... 34 17 Whangarei District Migration, 1992-2009 ................................................................................. 35 18 Whangarei District Migration by Nationality, 1992-2009 ........................................................... 36 19 Age Profile of the European Ethnic Group, 2006 ...................................................................... 37 20 Age Profile of the Maori Ethnic Group, 2006 ............................................................................ 37 21 Age Profile of the Pacific People, 2006 .................................................................................... 38 22 Age Profile of the Asian Ethnic Group, 2006 ............................................................................ 38 23 Age Profile of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Ethnic Group, 2006.................................. 38 24 Median Age (years) for Ethnic Groups, 2006 ........................................................................... 39 25 Child Dependency Ratio by Ethnic Group, 2006 ....................................................................... 40 26 Aged Dependency Ratio by Ethnic Group, 2006 ....................................................................... 40 27 Total Dependency Ratio by Ethnic Group, 2006 ....................................................................... 41 28 Population Pyramids for New Zealand, Northland Region and Whangarei District, 2006 ............. 41 29 European Population Pyramid................................................................................................. 42 30 Maori Population Pyramid ...................................................................................................... 42 31 Pacific Population Pyramid ..................................................................................................... 43 32 Asian Population Pyramid....................................................................................................... 43 33 Middle Eastern/Latin.............................................................................................................. 44 34 Other Ethnicity Population Pyramid......................................................................................... 44 35 Simpson’s Index of Diversity by Age, 2006.............................................................................. 44 36 Simpson’s Index of Diversity by Sex, 2006 .............................................................................. 44 37 Age Projections for the European Ethnic Group ....................................................................... 45 38 Age Projections for the Maori Ethnic Group ............................................................................. 45 39 Age Projections for the Whangarei District .............................................................................. 46 40 Proportion of Residents born Overseas by Broad Geographic Regions, 2006 ............................ 47 41 Proportion of Whangarei Residents born Overseas by Broad Geographic Regions, 1996-2006 .... 48 42 Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006 ............................................................. 48 43 Australian Born – Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006................................... 49 44 Pacific Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006 ....................................... 49 45 European Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006.................................... 50 46 North American Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006........................... 50 47 Asian Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006 .......................................... 51 48 Place of Residence by Ethnic Group, 2006............................................................................... 51 49 European Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006............................................................................ 52 50 Maori Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006.................................................................................. 53 51 Asian Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006 .................................................................................. 54 52 Pacific Peoples Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006 .................................................................... 55 53 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006 .................... 56 54 New Zealand Labour Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006 ........................................................ 58 55 Northland Region Labour Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006 .................................................. 58 56 Whangarei District Labour Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006 ................................................ 58 57 New Zealand Work Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006.......................................................... 59 9
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58 Northland Region Work Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006 ................................................... 59 59 Whangarei District Work Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006 .................................................. 60 60 Status in Employment, New Zealand, 2006 ............................................................................. 60 61 Status in Employment, Northland Region, 2006....................................................................... 61 62 Status in Employment, Whangarei District, 2006 ..................................................................... 61 63 Unemployment Rates by Ethnic Group, 2006........................................................................... 62 64 Unemployment Rates by Age and Ethnic Group for the Whangarei District, 2006 ...................... 62 65 Hours Worked in Employment Per Week, New Zealand, 2006 .................................................. 63 66 Hours Worked in Employment Per Week, Northland Region, 2006 ............................................ 63 67 Hours Worked in Employment Per Week, Whangarei District, 2006 .......................................... 64 68 Occupations, Whangarei District 2006 .................................................................................... 66 69 Occupations by European Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006 .............................................. 66 70 Occupations by Maori Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006.................................................... 67 71 Occupations by Pacific Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006................................................... 67 72 Occupations by Asian Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006 .................................................... 67 73 Stand-Downs from School, 2008 ............................................................................................ 69 74 Exclusions from School, 2008 .................................................................................................. 70 75 Expulsions from School, 2008.................................................................................................. 70 76 Early Leaving Exemptions from School, 2008 ........................................................................... 71 77 Retention Rates, 2008 ........................................................................................................... 72 78 School Leavers at Least NCEA Level 2, 2008 ........................................................................... 73 79 School Leavers with a University Entrance Standard, 2008....................................................... 73 80 Highest Qualification Attained by Ethnicity in the Whangarei District, 2006 ............................... 74 81 Total Personal Income by Ethnicity, Whangarei District, 2006 .................................................. 75 82 Proportion of Ethnic Groups with Low Incomes, Whangarei District, 2006 ................................. 76 83 Home Ownership by Ethnic Group, 2006 ................................................................................. 77 84 Median Number of Years at Usual Residence, 2006 .................................................................. 78 85 Occupancy Rate, 2006 ............................................................................................................ 78 86 Household Crowding, 2006 ..................................................................................................... 79 87 Access to Telecommunications, Whangarei District, 2006.......................................................... 80 88 Languages Spoken, 2006 ....................................................................................................... 81 89 Languages Spoken in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006 ............................................................. 82 90 English and Maori Speaking Population, 2006.......................................................................... 82 91 English and Maori Speaking Population in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006 ................................ 83 92 Number of Languages Spoken, 2006 ....................................................................................... 83 93 Number of Languages Spoken by Ethnic Groups in the Whangarei District, 2006....................... 84 94 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for Languages Spoken in the G9 Group of Councils ....................... 84 95 Religious Affiliation, 2006....................................................................................................... 85 96 Religious Affiliation in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006 ............................................................. 86 97 Ethnicity and Religions Affiliation for the Whangarei District, 2006............................................ 86 98 The Whangarei District’s Religious Population and Places of Worship ........................................ 87 99 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for Religion in the G9 Group of Councils ....................................... 87 100 Cuisine by Ethnic Group for the G9 Group of Councils, 2009................................................... 88 101 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for Cuisine in the G9 Group of Councils, 2009 ............................. 89 10
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1 Main Ethnic Group (Total Responses), for the Whangarei District, 2006 ........................................ 23 2 Detail of European Groups in the Ethnic Sector, 2006 ................................................................. 25 3 European Population Change .................................................................................................... 25 4 Detail of Pacific People in the Ethnic Sector, 2006 ...................................................................... 26 5 Pacific People Population Change .............................................................................................. 26 6 Detail of Asian Groups in the Ethnic Sector, 2006 ....................................................................... 26 7 Asian Population Change .......................................................................................................... 27 8 Detail of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African in the Ethnic Sector, 2006 .................................. 27 9 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Population Change .......................................................... 28 10 Ethnic Group (grouped total responses) for the Whangarei District ............................................ 30 11 Ethnic Group Population Change ............................................................................................. 31 11 Place of Birth of the Whangarei District Population, 2001 and 2006 ........................................... 47 12 ANZSCO Classification of Occupations ...................................................................................... 65 13 Source of Personal Income by Ethnicity, Whangarei District, 2006 ............................................. 75 14 Type of Benefits Received by Ethnicity, Whangarei District, 2006 .............................................. 76 11
Demographic Profile of Ethnic Groups 2006
OECD
Ethnic Group
(Grouped Total Response)
European
Number
NEW ZEALAND
Proportion
Number
Proportion
2,609,592
67.6%
Maori
565,329
14.6%
Pacific People
265,974
6.9%
Asian
354,552
9.2%
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
34,743
0.9%
Other
Place of Birth for Overseas Born
430,878
11.2%
Australia
62,742
7%
Pacific Islands
135,852
15%
United Kingdom and Ireland
251,688
29%
Europe (excl UK and Ireland)
68,067
8%
North America
26,940
3%
Asia
251,130
29%
83,121
9%
Other
Religious Affiliation
(million)
Christian
2.10
31%
2,015,172
52%
No Religion
1.10
16%
1,290,786
33%
Buddhist
0.38
5%
51,870
1.3%
Muslim
1.50
22%
35,526
0.9%
Hindu
0.90
13%
64,017
1.7%
Maori Christian
0.00
0%
65,040
1.7%
Spiritualism/New Age
0.02
0%
19,506
0.5%
Judaism/Jewish
0.01
0%
6,723
0.2%
Other
0.86
13%
24,153
0.6%
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148,179
8%
Not Elsewhere Included
Years Since Arriving In NZ
0-4 years
271,617
32%
5- 9 years
142,728
17%
10-19 years
149,727
18%
277,314
33%
20 years or more
Languages Spoken
(million)
Maori
0.16
0%
157,113
31%
French
67.8
4%
53,757
11%
Sinitic
No Data
38,079
8%
Samoan
No Data
85,428
17%
Korean
66.3
4%
26,967
5%
German
96.8
6%
37,512
7%
Japanese
122
8%
20,883
4%
Northern Chinese
1213
75%
41,391
8%
Yue
55.5
3%
44,151
9%
12
NORTHLAND
Ethnic Group
(Grouped Total Response)
European
Number
Proportion
WHANGAREI
Number
Proportion
93,354
68%
50,235
71.9%
Maori
43,527
31.7%
17,604
25.2%
Pacific People
3,702
2.7%
1,680
2.3%
Asian
2,580
1.9%
1,626
2.3%
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
348
0.3%
186
0.3%
Other
Place of Birth for Overseas Born
14,739
10.7%
8,286
11.9%
13%
Australia
2,634
14%
1,386
Pacific Islands
990
5%
477
5%
United Kingdom and Ireland
8,907
46%
4,836
46%
Europe (excl UK and Ireland)
2,343
12%
1,128
11%
North America
1,116
6%
495
5%
Asia
1,716
9%
1,086
10%
Other
1,662
9%
1,014
10%
51%
35,589
50%
Religious Affiliation
Christian
71,214
No Religion
45,405
32%
24,954
35%
Buddhist
738
0.5%
393
0.6%
Muslim
201
0.1%
108
0.2%
Hindu
525
0.4%
282
0.4%
Maori Christian
5,745
Spiritualism/New Age
720
0.5%
Judaism/Jewish
138
0.1%
72
0.1%
Other
699
0.5%
342
0.5%
Not Elsewhere Included
15,402
11%
6,570
9%
4%
1,905
366
3%
0.5%
Years Since Arriving In NZ
0-4 years
4,635
25%
2,499
25%
5- 9 years
2,232
12%
1,251
13%
10-19 years
2,619
14%
1,398
14%
20 years or more
8,940
49%
4,845
48%
Languages Spoken
Maori
13,455
75%
4,578
67%
French
1,611
9%
774
11%
Sinitic
177
1%
114
2%
Samoan
411
2%
189
3%
Korean
228
1%
204
3%
German
1,410
8%
621
9%
Japanese
285
2%
162
2%
Northern Chinese
111
1%
66
1%
Yue
150
1%
99
1%
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Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
1. Settlement
Arrivals from Polynesia
Maori elders say that when the Polynesian explorers Kupe and later Toitehuatahi first reached New Zealand,
they landed at various northern places, or sailed there after first landfall. Later, during the 1200s, voyaging
waka (canoes) arrived with migrants from Polynesia. Some of the migrants moved south, but a number
stayed in the warm, fertile north. It had abundant food sources and provided the best chance of survival for
tropical plants brought on the canoes.
By the 18th century the north had the largest number of inhabitants in the country, possibly a quarter of the
total population. Many settlements were on shores and harbours, and in river valleys. Middens disclose the
extent to which Maori enjoyed the abundant fish and seal supplies. Pā (fortified villages) were built for
defence, dotting the headlands and carved into strategic hill sites and volcanic cones.
By the end of the 18th century, the iwi (tribes) of today were taking shape. From around 1750 to 1840
intermittent intertribal power struggles and battles led to shifts in the balance of power. Fortunes fluctuated,
and settlements were often re-located.
In the early 19th century the majority of people in the far north lived in a band of villages from Ahipara to
Tokerau (Doubtless Bay). The long northern peninsula was largely deserted. Some tribes had moved
offshore to Manawatawhi (Three Kings Islands).
First European Encounters
Northern Maori were some of the first in the country to encounter Europeans – explorers and their crew
arriving in ships. Maori provided produce, water and labour in exchange for goods. The trade served both
races, but was not without violent episodes.
In 1788 a British penal colony was set up in New South Wales, Australia. As a result, Maori at places such as
Hokianga began to trade timber and flax and to make visits across the Tasman Sea.
From the 1790s, British and American sperm whalers had begun to use sheltered northern anchorages, and
these visits increased in the 1830s. Northern Maori moved to coastal settlements, organised a supply of
labour, and cultivated crops suitable for ships’ crews. Sometimes taken on by whalers as crew, they travelled
the Pacific Ocean and beyond. By the mid-1830s Kororāreka (now known as Russell, Bay of Islands) was a
well-established port, refitting and refreshing American, French and British whaling vessels, and attracting
Pacific traders.
In 1814–15, New Zealand’s first missionaries, arrived in the Bay of Islands. Trade brought a few hundred
permanent settlers: retired ships’ captains, deserters, traders, artisans, escaped convicts and drifters. They
co-existed with Maori in a working relationship.
European Settlement 1840-1900
Northland developed as a source of produce and raw materials for commercial Auckland. To promote
settlement, the Auckland provincial government (which included the Northland Region) offered each settler
40 acres (16 hectares), with additional acres for family members. Grants of land were also made under later
schemes.
Sometimes the grants were taken up by groups wanting to form settlements with a special character.
Arriving from 1854, some 800 Scottish settlers from Nova Scotia flourished at Waipu. Between 1862 and
1865 about 3,000 English immigrants sailed to New Zealand to establish Albertland, a nonconformist
religious settlement on the Kaipara Harbour at Port Albert (Figure 1). The Albertlanders struggled, many
moved on, and some who had intended to live at Port Albert decided that other settlements in the Auckland
region were more attractive. Other small settler groups included one at Mangōnui.
14
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Settlements initially developed as harbour and river ports, dependent on the north’s coastal shipping fleet for
transport and communication. Enterprising settlers set up stores to supply goods and services. By the end of
the century, timber towns began appearing in inland areas. Over the region as a whole, however, settlement
remained scattered and sparse. Land communication was difficult between most areas of the north well into
the 20th century.
As demand for timber began to outstrip supplies of the slow-growing kauri, settlers began to dig kauri gum
from the ground. The substance was a valuable export, used in the manufacture of varnish and linoleum.
Gum digging was most profitable in the years between 1870 and 1935. Many of the gum diggers came from
Dalmatia (in present-day Croatia), where desperate conditions forced them to emigrate in search of work in
the 1880s. Those who arrived at the height of the gum-digging years were mainly single men.
They endured harsh living and working conditions, in order to earn enough extra to send money home. They
also faced prejudice from British settlers, and suffered under discriminatory legislation. Though many
returned to their homeland, others settled and turned to farming, fishing and winemaking. Their
descendants, some of whom intermarried with Maori, became a distinctive ethnic sub-group in the north (Te
Ara, 2009).
!Doubtless
*
Doubtless
Bay
Bay
!Mangonui
*
Mangonu i
!Oruru
Oruru
*
!Ahipara
*
!Bay
*
Bay
FAR NORTH DISTRICT
of Islan
Islands
ds
!Whangaruru
*
Wh angar uru
!Hokianga
*
Harb
Harbour
our
WHANGAREI DISTRICT
*
!Wh
Whangarei
angarei
KAIPARA DISTRICT
*
!Waipu
!
*
0
10
´
20
Kaip
Kaipara
ara Harbour
40 Kilometers
Figure 1 Maori and European First Settlements in the Northland Region
15
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Assisted Immigration
1840–52: New Zealand Company, Australian and Military Immigrants
During this period there were three main flows of British and Irish migrants. The largest number came as
assisted immigrants to the five New Zealand Company Settlements — in 1840–2 they migrated to
Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth, and then from 1848–52 there was a renewed assisted migration first
to Otago and then to Canterbury. The second flow was of free migrants, many coming across the Tasman.
They made a major contribution to the population of Auckland province, and included a substantial number
with Irish background. Third there was a military stream — over 700 men who were discharged from British
regiments which had come to New Zealand for the Northern War of 1845–6 and over 2500 men, women and
children who came to New Zealand as the Royal New Zealand Fencibles to provide military protection in the
area south of Auckland. There were also some smaller groups such as the 514 people from Paisley, near
Glasgow who came out to Auckland in 1842.
1853–70: Gold Boom and War
During this period the non-Maori population of New Zealand increased from about 20,000 to over 250,000.
It was a period of provincial government and the provinces made a substantial contribution to migration
from Britain and Ireland by providing assistance with fares, and in the case of Auckland by land grants of 40
acres. Another major contributor was the lure of gold following the discoveries in Otago in 1861 and
Westland in 1865. 1863 saw a gross migration to New Zealand of 45,730 people, the largest annual figure in
New Zealand's history. Many of these people flowed across the Tasman, especially from the Victorian gold
fields. War between the settlers and the Maori again provided a reason for settlement. Following the
renewed outbreak of fighting in 1861, a number of imperial regiments came to New Zealand and eventually
over 2000 men took their discharge in the colony. In addition there were over 6000 military settlers in the
Auckland area. Finally there were also significant special settlements, the most famous of which were the
Highland Scots who came to Waipu in Northland from 1853 after some forty years in Nova Scotia. In all
about 800 people had migrated to Waipu by 1860.
1871–80: Government-Assisted Immigration
From 1871 the New Zealand Government began to offer assisted passages to selected migrants and those
people nominated by relatives. This was part of Julius Vogel's ambitious scheme to develop New Zealand.
The total number of assisted migrants during the decade was over 100,000, which represented over half of
the gross migration to New Zealand in those years. 1874 saw over 32,000 assisted migrants and the
greatest level of annual net migration ever.
1881–1914: Depression and a Return to Prosperity
The economic difficulties of the 1880s and early 1890s made New Zealand a less attractive option for
migrants. Assistance was finally terminated during the late 1880s and 1891 saw the last small group of
assisted migrants arrive. With Victoria still booming there was a large out-migration across the Tasman and
1888 saw a net decline of over 9,000 people. There was a brief revival of migration during the early 1890s
before returning prosperity from the turn of the century began to make New Zealand once more an
attractive destination. The numbers increased especially once assisted migration was restored in 1904. The
early years of the century also saw a significant inflow of British people from Australia.
Pre-war Immigration Scheme
At the end of 1918, William Massey's government revived a pre-war immigration scheme and began
advertising for immigrants in Britain. The international economic collapse in 1929 dragged New Zealand's
economy down with it, though, and depression set in during the early 1930s. After 1929 the assisted
immigration scheme was suspended, although domestic servants continued to be given assistance until
1931. Only 125 people were assisted to New Zealand after that year until the declaration of war in 1939.
In the 1920s and 1930s, interested groups, such as the Dominion Settlement and Population Association,
had tried to generate some public discussion about New Zealand's population. The annual Pakeha population
increase was falling by the late 1920s and this led to calls for increased immigration. The Labour
government, elected in 1935, did not have immigration high on its list of priorities, and after 1939 it had
more pressing issues to consider, even though a shortage of labour became worse during the war.
16
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Dominion Population Committee
In December 1945, however, the government set up the Dominion Population Committee to investigate
ways of increasing the country's population. When the committee reported back to parliament in September
1946 its recommendations were cautious. It favoured increasing the population by natural means and
concluded that immigration could not really solve the problem of peopling the country. It did acknowledge
that there were many job vacancies, but argued that the extreme housing shortage would hamper the
introduction of any assisted immigration scheme. In fact, New Zealand's population increased dramatically
after 1945 as a consequence of both the post-war 'baby boom' and immigration.
Assisted Immigration to New Zealand 1947-1975
New Zealand has had a long history of immigration from Britain, with the migrant inflow being especially
important in the second half of the 19th century. War and economic depression disrupted immigration at
various times in the first half of the 20th century, but there was another surge of British immigration to New
Zealand in the decades after the Second World War.
Between 1947 and 1975, a total of 77,000 women, children and men arrived from Great Britain under the
assisted immigration scheme. Smaller numbers came from the Netherlands and some other European
countries. Non-British immigrants in particular introduced new customs, foods, ideas and practices, and
together with later arrivals, helped shape modern New Zealand society (New Zealand History Online).
1840-1852:
New
Zealand
Company,
Australian
and
Military Immigrants
1871-1880:
GovernmentAssisted
Immigration
1925: Pre-war
Immigration
Scheme
1947-1975:
Assisted
Immigration
1977: Assisted
Immigration
Policy
Suspended
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Figure 2 Assisted Immigration to New Zealand 1840-1976
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand
17
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
2. Introduction
Ethnicity
Ethnicity is defined as the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. It is selfperceived, and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. Ethnicity is primarily a measure of
cultural affiliation, as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship.
An ethnic group is made of people who have some or all of the following characteristics:
•
•
•
•
•
A common proper name,
One of more elements of common culture which need not be specified, but may include religion,
customs, or language,
Unique community interests, feelings and actions,
A shared sense of common origins or ancestry, and
A common geographic origin.
Ethnicity should not be confused with other related terms:
• Race is a biological indicator and an ascribed attribute.
• Ancestry is a biological and historical concept and refers to a person’s blood descent.
• Citizenship is a legal status.
These terms contrast with ethnicity which is self-perceived and a cultural concept. Ethnic origin is a person’s
historical relationship to an ethnic group, or a person’s ancestors’ affiliation to an ethnic group, whereas
ethnicity is a person’s present-day affiliation.
There are currently no other countries measuring ethnicity in the same way as New Zealand. Other countries
collect statistics on one or more of these related variables: nationality, ethnic origin, race, citizenship,
immigrant status, country of birth, language, religion and ancestry. Definitions of these variables may differ
from New Zealand use. For example, the United Kingdom used the term ethnic group in its 2001 Census but
asked respondents to give an answer based on colour. Fiji collects what appears to be ethnic group but it is
described as ethnic origin and also as a person's racial origin (Statistics New Zealand, 2005).
Issues
Collection
The collection of ethnicity presents some difficulties. People report a range of aspects of their identities,
such as cultural affiliation, ancestry, nationality and race when asked for ethnic group identification.
Evidence suggests that people may answer the question easily, but not understand the ethnicity concept
being asked for. Another difficulty is that some may report one ethnic group but identify with more than
one, or report more but in fact identity with fewer groups. Finally, a number of people object to answering
an ethnicity question and may refuse to answer or may answer facetiously.
Ethnic Group Changing Over Time (Ethnic Mobility)
The ethnic group or groups that someone identifies with may change over time. It is necessary to allow for
ethnic mobility in longitudinal surveys and administrative databases. Ethnic mobility also affects the
integration of different data sets as the same person may have given different ethnic group answers in
different collections. Rather than using both data sets' responses, the decision on what is appropriate to use
needs to be decided on a case by case basis.
Ethnic Group Changing With Context
A difficulty that is not easily overcome when collecting ethnic group information is the possibility that a
person may give a different response depending on the context. For example, when filling in a selfadministered form a person may respond differently from when asked his/her ethnic group by an
interviewer. Also, the social or cultural setting may affect the ethnicity response reported. A decision on
what is appropriate to use for integrated data sets needs to be decided on a case by case basis.
18
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Legal Age
Ethnicity is self-defined. While no legal or recommended age has been set at which a child can respond on
their own behalf, the expectation is that teenagers will self–identify their ethnicity.
Ethnicity Collection by Proxy
Statistics New Zealand collects a self–identified concept of ethnicity. In some circumstances a person may be
unable to answer this question and the next–of–kin, parent, spouse or partner needs to respond on their
behalf, for example, in the case of birth or death, or incapacity because of disability, injury or sickness. Also
parents, caregivers or guardians of a child may complete an ethnicity question on behalf of their child.
Multiple Ethnicity
People may identify with more than one ethnic group so when collecting ethnicity data there needs to be
provision to collect multiple ethnic groups for each individual. It is recommended that six ethnic group
responses per person be collected where possible. The ability to collect three responses is the minimum
requirement to meet the standard.
Benefits of Ethnic Diversity
The biggest benefit of ethnic diversity comes from the diversity and dynamism that foreigners bring. It you
think about it, it is astonishing how often the exceptional individuals who come up with brilliant new ideas
happen to be immigrants. In the case of Britain, 21 of Britain’s Nobel Prize winners arrived in the country as
refugees (Legrain, 2007). Perhaps it is because immigrants tend to see things more differently rather than
following the conventional wisdom. Perhaps because, as outsiders, they are more determined to succeed, or
perhaps we often get top people.
But innovation doesn’t just come from brilliant individuals. It, increasingly, comes from talented people
sparking off each other (Legrain, 2007). Foreigners with different ideas, different perspectives, different
experiences, add something extra to the mix. For example, Yahoo!, Google and eBay were all co-founded
by immigrants – and not highly skilled immigrants, which the immigration system would attract, but people
who arrived in the United States as children.
At the same time, diversity acts as a magnet for talent. If you think about why talented people are drawn to
cities like New York, London and to a lesser extent, Auckland, in large part it is because they are exciting,
cosmopolitan places, which lead to a richer life by living with people from different backgrounds and
different countries – friends, colleagues, partners (Legrain, 2007).
This meeting of cultures leads to continuous innovation – whether it is fusion food, R&B music, holistic
therapies that blend East and West, or whether it is writers or artists of mixed heritage.
And like the diverse old-growth forest, a richly differentiated neighbourhood with many kinds of shops,
entertainment centres, services, housing options, and public spaces, is virtually by definition, a more resilient
and durable neighbourhood. Economically, the diversity of its commercial ‘bets’ (everything from funeral
homes an public services to grocery stores and bars) makes it less vulnerable to economic downturns. At
the same time, its diversity provides many opportunities for economic growth in upturns (Skerry, 2009).
•
•
•
•
Diverse societies tend to be more productive than more uniform ones, and so pay higher wages.
One recent study, for example, suggests that the income of native-born Americans rises more
rapidly, if they are living in places with more immigrants than if they are living in places with fewer
immigrants (Putnam, 2007).
Most economic growth comes from productivity growth. Most productivity growth come form new
ideas, and new ideas come from people with different perspectives, different experiences and
different ways of thinking (Venter, 2009).
Provides international connections. Although New Zealand is geographically remote, it is intimately
connected to the rest of the world through more than 200 ethnic groups who work here.
It is a magnet for talent. The talented people you really want to attract tend to want to live in
places that are diverse, open to new ideas and tolerant. Diversity can become a virtuous circle. You
attract more diverse people and that in turn attracts the type of people you want to attract.
Countries that are open to new migrants and new ideas prosper; countries that are not, do not
(Venter, 2009).
19
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
•
Ethnically diverse schools are better. Students are more likely to feel safer, less bullied, less lonely
in ethnically diverse schools, improves the ability to learn and helps develop multicultural social skills
(Tarko, 2006).
Ethnic Diversity
This report has been prepared to provide information about the number, age, location and other attributes
of some the various ethnic groups in the Whangarei District, and follows on from the Demographic and
Socio-Economic Profile Reports. This report identifies key ethnic characteristics that might influence future
resource and environmental needs for the District, and will assist in future strategic planning, including the
long term growth strategy – Sustainable Futures 30|50.
The information presented is based on data from the New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings,
2006. For this report, the Ethnic Sector is defined as being made up of fourteen main ethnic groups and a
further six aggregated categories, and are ordered by region of origin, broadly as European, Maori, Pacific
People, Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin American/African and other. The following groups were selected for
analysis:
ƒ
European: British and Irish, Dutch, Greek, Polish, South Slav, Italian, German, Australian, New Zealand
European, Other.
ƒ
Maori: Indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand.
ƒ
Pacific Peoples: Samoan, Cook Islands Maori, Tongan, Niuean, Tokelauan, Fijian, Other.
ƒ
Asian: Southeast Asian (Filipino, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Other) Chinese, Indian, Other (Sri Lankan,
Japanese, Korean, Other).
ƒ
Middle Eastern, Latin American and African
ƒ
Other Ethnicity: Includes responses for a number of small ethnic groups including Central American
Indian, Inuit, North American Indian, South American Indian, Mauritian, Seychellois, South African
(coloured) and New Zealander. Other ethnicity also includes those who don’t know their ethnicity,
refused to answer, ethnicity unidentifiable, ethnicity not stated or not elsewhere classified.
The first section of this report looks at the size of the Ethnic Sector in the 2006 Census. The next section
considers changes between 2001 and 2006, and factors contributing to the change. This is followed by
more detailed tables showing all the diverse groups that make up the Ethnic Sector in the Whangarei
District, including overseas visitors and students. The final section considers patterns of multiple ethnicities.
20
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
3. Measuring Ethnicity
Ethnicity is a subjective, self-perceived measure of personal identity. A person may appear to look like they
belong to a certain ethnicity, but they may identify with and therefore feel they belong to another ethnicity.
This makes the measure of ethnicity different to the measure of race, birthplace, citizenship or ancestry.
For example, a person may have been born in China to Chinese parents, but they may have been living
permanently in New Zealand since they were very young. Such a person may choose to identify with the
‘New Zealander’ ethnic group more than they do with the ‘Chinese’ ethnic group.
A lot of the data used in this report uses Total Response data. Total Response data refers to the fact that
people can have multiple responses to certain questions in the Census. For example, people can belong to
more than one ethnic group, whether it is their only ethnic group or one of several ethnic groups, so they
can therefore give multiple responses. Where a person reported more than one ethnic group, they have
been counted in each applicable group. The same is true for the type of language(s) spoken. Some people
can speak more than one language and consequently they have been counted in each applicable language.
Therefore, the total number of responses in Total Response data will be greater than the total number of
people. This becomes particularly evident in data tables, where the sum of the components may add to
more than the total population.
When ethnic groups have been displayed as a proportion, figures have been calculated as a percentage of
the Total Usually Resident Population of the City or ward. Again, due to the nature of Total Response data,
such proportions will add to more than 100 per cent.
Ethnic Diversity Index
A diversity index is a mathematical measure of group diversity in an area. Diversity indices provide more
information about community composition than simple analysis of data – numbers and percentages. Such
an index also takes account of the relative abundances of all ethnic groups.
Any index measuring the diversity of a population needs to take into account:
1. The number of different groups present in the population,
2. The sizes of these distinct groups relative to each other.
All diversity indices have to satisfy the following conditions:
1. For a given richness the value increases as equitability increases,
2. For a given equitability the value increases as richness increases.
In this context,
Richness is the number of different groups represented in the community where each person of
the population can be allocated to one group and each group is distinct, and
Equitability is the evenness with which individuals are distributed among the different groups
(Bains, 2005).
The Simpson’s Diversity Index takes into account both richness and equitability, and measures the
probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same different ethnic
groups. The greater the value, the greater the ethnic diversity (Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust, 2009).
Figure 3 shows that the Whangarei District has fourth lowest rates of ethnic diversity in the G9 (at 1.68),
ahead of New Plymouth District (1.57), Wanganui District (1.63), and Tauranga City (1.66). Rotorua District
(1.93), Hastings District (1.91) and Gisborne District (1.89) have the highest ethnic diversity in the G9 group
of Councils.
21
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
NZ Diversity 1.98
G9 Diversity 1.78
1.80
1.60
1.40
New
Plymouth
District
Wanganui
District
1.80
Hastings
District
1.63
Gisborne
District
1.57
Rotorua
District
1.73
1.91
1.66
0.80
1.89
1.00
1.93
1.20
1.68
<- Less Diverse | More Diverse ->
2.00
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Whangarei Tauranga City
District
Napier City
Palmerston
North City
Figure 3 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for G9 Group of Councils
Within the Whangarei District, the Whangarei urban area has the greatest ethnic diversity with a Simpson’s
Diversity Index of 1.78, followed by the coastal areas (1.66), rural (1.62) and rural residential areas (1.59)
(Figure 4). Tikipunga West (1.90), Onerahi (1.86), Whangarei Central (1.82) and Vinetown (1.81) have the
greatest ethnic diversity, while Pataua-Whareora (1.38) and Bream Bay (1.32) have the lowest ethnic
diversity in the Whangarei District.
2.00
1.60
1.40
Coastal
Rural
Rural Residential
1.68
1.59
0.80
1.62
1.00
1.78
1.20
1.66
<- Less Diverse | More Diverse ->
1.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Urban
Whangarei District
Figure 4 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for the Whangarei District
Ethnic Composition
New Plymouth District has the highest proportion of Europeans (77%), while Gisborne District has the lowest
proportion of Europeans (54%) but the highest proportion of Maori (47%). The Hastings District has the
highest proportion of Pacific People (5%), while Whangarei, Tauranga, New Plymouth and Wanganui have
the lowest proportion of Pacific People (2%). Palmerston North has the highest proportion of Asian people
(7%), while Whangarei, Gisborne, and Wanganui have the lowest proportion of Asian People (2%).
Palmerston North also has the highest proportion of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African people (1%),
while Gisborne, New Plymouth and Wanganui have the lowest proportion (0.2%).
22
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
12%
0%
2%
2%
14%
11%
9%
0%
3%
2%
0%
4%
4%
0%
2%
3%
16%
25%
36%
47%
75%
72%
Tauranga
City
14%
14%
0%
3%
5%
0%
3%
3%
0%
3%
2%
18%
24%
72%
67%
61%
Whangarei
District
12%
14%
11%
0%
2%
2%
22%
13%
11%
1%
7%
4%
1%
9%
15%
77%
74%
71%
7%
15%
68%
54%
Rotorua
District
European (inc NZ European)
Gisborne
District
Maori
Hastings
District
Napier City
Pacific Peoples
Asian
New
Plymouth
District
MELAA
Wanganui
District
Palmerston New Zealand
North City
Other Ethnicity (inc New Zealander)
Figure 5 Comparison of Ethnicity in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006
Size of the Ethnic Sector
The residents of the Whangarei District belong to at least one of 74 ethnic groups, with the majority (66%)
belonging to New Zealand European, and a total of 72% belonging to the European ethnic group.
Table 1 Main Ethnic Group (Total Responses), for the Whangarei District, 2006
nfd* = not further defined
Main Group
Sub-Group
New Zealand European
European
Total
46,227
66.2%
British
1,611
2.3%
Other European
1,197
1.7%
Dutch
633
0.9%
Australian
543
0.8%
European nfd
384
0.5%
Irish
252
0.4%
German
243
0.3%
South Slav
72
0.1%
Italian
42
0.1%
Greek
24
0.0%
Polish
12
0.0%
Total People Stated European
50,232
Maori
17,604
Pacific Peoples
Percent
Maori
71.9%
25.2%
Samoan
618
0.9%
Cook Islands Maori
471
0.7%
Niuean
216
0.3%
Tongan
213
0.3%
Fijian
177
0.3%
Pacific Peoples
57
0.1%
Other Pacific Peoples
57
0.1%
Tokelauan
27
0.0%
23
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Total People Stated Pacific
Asian
1,677
Chinese
441
Indian
378
0.5%
Filipino
237
0.3%
Korean
210
0.3%
Other Southeast Asian
129
0.2%
Japanese
78
0.1%
Other Other Asian
48
0.1%
Sri Lankan
39
0.1%
Asian nfd
27
0.0%
Other Asian
24
0.0%
Cambodian
24
0.0%
Vietnamese
18
0.0%
Total People Stated Asian
MELAA
0.6%
1,623
2.3%
Middle Eastern
63
0.1%
African
51
0.1%
Other MELAA
45
0.1%
Latin American
30
Total People Stated MELAA
Other
2.4%
New Zealander
Other
0.0%
186
0.3%
8,265
11.8%
21
Total People Stated Other
Total People Stated
0.0%
8,286
11.9%
69,840
100%
The Ethnic Sector contains 12.5% of the Whangarei District’s resident population (a total of 8,712 people
within the Whangarei District who are not Maori, New Zealanders or New Zealand Europeans). Of the Ethnic
Sector, the European group makes up 7%, Pacific and Asian make up 2%, Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African make up 0.3% and other groups in the Ethnic Sector make up 12%, as shown in Figure 6.
New Zealand
European
66%
New Zealander
12%
Maori
25%
Other
12%
Middle Eastern/Latin
American/Af rican
0.3%
Asian
2%
European
7%
Pacif ic People
2%
Figure 6 Ethnic Groups in the Whangarei District, 2006
24
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Detail of Ethnic Groups in the Whangarei District
Further detail about groups making up the Ethnic Sector is provided in the following tables. Each Ethnic
Sector will have two tables, one outlining the population and proportion for each ethnic group, the other
table outlines the population change between 2001 and 2006 for each ethnic group. The tables represent
the number of ethnic groups a person may belong to, as a person may belong to more than one ethnic
group.
Table 2 Detail of European Groups in the Ethnic Sector, 2006
Total
Percent of District
Percent of
European Group
European nfd
384
0.5%
7.7%
British nfd
411
0.6%
8.2%
Celtic nfd
33
0.0%
0.7%
English
843
1.2%
16.8%
Irish
252
0.4%
5.0%
Scottish
267
0.4%
5.3%
Welsh
57
0.1%
1.1%
Dutch
633
0.9%
12.6%
Ethnic Group
Greek
24
0.0%
0.5%
Polish
12
0.0%
0.2%
Croatian
72
0.1%
1.4%
Serbian
0
0.0%
0.0%
Italian
42
0.1%
0.8%
German
243
0.3%
4.8%
Australian
10.8%
543
0.8%
Danish
27
0.0%
0.5%
French
84
0.1%
1.7%
9
0.0%
0.2%
Hungarian
Romanian
9
0.0%
0.2%
Russian
27
0.0%
0.5%
Spanish
21
0.0%
0.4%
Swedish
15
0.0%
0.3%
Swiss
39
0.1%
0.8%
219
0.3%
4.4%
American
Canadian
111
0.2%
2.2%
South African nec
348
0.5%
6.9%
Afrikaner
24
0.0%
0.5%
Zimbabwean
42
0.1%
0.8%
222
0.3%
4.4%
5,013
7.2%
Other European
Total People, European Ethnic Group
Within the European Ethnic Group, the English, Dutch, Australian, British and South African people make up
almost 65% of the European population, and 4.5% of the Whangarei District’s population.
Table 3 European Population Change
Ethnic Group (Level 3)
2001
2006
Change
348
384
10%
1,272
663
-48%
528
633
20%
Greek (incl. Greek Cypriot)
15
24
60%
Polish
12
12
0%
147
72
-51%
39
42
8%
German
168
243
45%
Australian
399
543
36%
European nfd
British and Irish
Dutch
South Slav (formerly Yugoslav)
Italian
25
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Other European1
Total People, European
804
1,197
49%
2,805
4,005
43%
Overall, the European group has increased by 43% (1,200 people) between 2001 and 2006. The greatest
population growth was from the Greek ethnic group at 60% increase, and the greatest population increase
was from the Other European group with 393 additional people between 2001 and 2006.
Table 4 Detail of Pacific People in the Ethnic Sector, 2006
Ethnic Group
Total
Percent of District
Percent of
Pacific People
Samoan
618
0.9%
36.9%
Cook Islands Maori nfd
471
0.7%
28.1%
27
0.0%
1.6%
Rarotongan
Tongan
213
0.3%
12.7%
Niuean
216
0.3%
12.9%
Tokelauan
27
0.0%
1.6%
177
0.3%
10.6%
Kiribati
3
0.0%
0.2%
Tahitian
12
0.0%
0.7%
Tuvaluan
15
0.0%
0.9%
57
0.1%
3.4%
1,677
2.4%
Fijian
Other Pacific Peoples
Total People, Pacific Peoples
Within the Pacific People Ethnic Group, over half are made up of Samoan and Cook Island Maori, but
represent only 1% of the total Whangarei District’s population.
Table 5 Pacific People Population Change
Ethnic Group (Level 3)
2001
2006
Change
12
30
150%
Samoan
504
618
23%
Cook Island Maori
345
471
37%
Tongan
159
213
34%
Niuean
144
216
50%
29%
Pacific Peoples nfd
Tokelauan
Fijian
Other Pacific Peoples
Total People, Pacific Peoples
21
27
144
177
23%
84
57
-32%
1,314
1,677
28%
The overall population growth of the Pacific People was 28% (365 people) between 2001 and 2006. The
greatest population growth was from the Niuean group at 50%, while the greatest population increase was
from the Cook Island Maori with 126 additional people between 2001 and 2006.
Table 6 Detail of Asian Groups in the Ethnic Sector, 2006
Ethnic Group
Asian nfd
Filipino
Total
Percent of District
Percent of
Asian Group
27
0.04%
1.7%
14.6%
237
0.34%
Cambodian
24
0.03%
1.5%
Vietnamese
18
0.03%
1.1%
Indonesian
18
0.03%
1.1%
Laotian
0
0.00%
0.0%
Malay
12
0.02%
0.7%
Thai
60
0.09%
3.7%
1
Other European includes Danish, French, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss,
American, Canadian, South African nec, Afrikaner, Zimbabwean, and other European groups not elsewhere
included.
26
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Chinese nfd
441
0.63%
3
0.00%
0.2%
Taiwanese
15
0.02%
0.9%
Indian nfd
23.3%
Malaysian Chinese
27.2%
378
0.54%
Fijian Indian
21
0.03%
1.3%
Sri Lankan nfd
39
0.06%
2.4%
Japanese
78
0.11%
4.8%
Korean
210
0.30%
12.9%
Afgani
0
0.00%
0.0%
Bangladeshi
6
0.01%
0.4%
Pakistani
3
0.00%
0.2%
Eurasian
15
0.02%
0.9%
Other Asian
48
0.07%
3.0%
1,623
2.32%
Total People, Asian
Within the Asian Ethnic Group, half are made up of Chinese and Indian, with a further 30% made up of
Filipino and Korean, in total representing less than 2% of the total population of the Whangarei District.
Table 7 Asian Population Change
Ethnic Group (Level 3)
Asian nfd
Southeast Asian nfd
Filipino
Khmer/Kampuchean/Cambodian
Vietnamese
2001
2006
Change
36
27
-25%
0
150
237
58%
6
24
300%
6
18
200%
69
90
30%
Chinese
408
441
8%
Indian
285
378
33%
Other Southeast Asian
Sri Lankan
54
39
-28%
Japanese
66
78
18%
141
210
49%
6
66
1000%
1,221
1,623
33%
Korean
Other Asian
Total People, Asian
The overall population growth of the Asian ethnic sector was 33% (400 people) between 2001 and 2006.
The greatest population growth was from the Filipino group at 58%, while the greatest population increase
was from the Indian group with 93 additional people between 2001 and 2006.
Table 8 Detail of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African in the Ethnic Sector, 2006
Ethnic Group
Total
Percent of District
Percent of
MELAA Group
Middle Eastern nfd
9
0.01%
4.8%
Arab
3
0.00%
1.6%
Assyrian
0
0.00%
0.0%
Egyptian
Iranian/Persian
Iraqi
Israeli/Jewish
Latin American nfd
9
0.01%
4.8%
12
0.02%
6.5%
3
0.00%
1.6%
21
0.03%
11.3%
6
0.01%
3.2%
Brazilian
18
0.03%
9.7%
Chilean
12
0.02%
6.5%
African nfd
24.2%
45
0.06%
Somali
0
0.00%
0.0%
Ethiopian
0
0.00%
0.0%
6
0.01%
3.2%
45
0.06%
24.2%
African nec
Other Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
27
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Total People, Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
186
0.27%
Within the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) Ethnic Group, the majority of people identify with
African and other (48%), representing less than 1% of the total population of the Whangarei District.
Table 9 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Population Change
Ethnic Group (Level 3)
2001
2006
Change
Middle Eastern
48
63
31%
Latin American/Hispanic
30
36
20%
African (or cultural group of African origin)
51
51
0%
126
186
48%
Total People, MELAA
Overall, the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group increased by 48% (60 people) between
2001 and 2006, with the greatest population growth was from the Middle Eastern group at 31%. The
greatest population increase was also from the Middle Eastern group, with an additional 15 people between
2001 and 2006.
Patterns of Multiple Ethnicity
The following section considers general patterns of single and multiple ethnicities shown by responses to the
Census question on ethnicity.
In the 2006 Census, 12% of the Whangarei District population identified with two or more ethnic groups,
while 87% were of only one ethnicity. Ten percent of the New Zealand population and 14% of the
Northland Region identified with two or more ethnic groups, while 91% of New Zealand and 86% of
Northland identified with only one ethnic group.
0.1%
1%
9%
13%
91%
New Zealand
0.1%
1%
12%
0.1%
1%
86%
87%
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Single Ethnic Group
Two Ethnic Groups
Three Ethnic Groups
Four to Six Ethnic Groups
Figure 7 Patterns of Multiple Ethnicity, 2006
For the Whangarei District, the 2006 Census found the following proportions for multiple ethnicities:
Of those who gave one of their ethnic groups as European
ƒ 60% gave this as their sole ethnicity (59% for New Zealand,55% for Northland Region)
ƒ 9% were both European and Maori (5% for New Zealand, 10% for Northland Region)
ƒ 1% were both European and Pacific Island ethnicity (1% for New Zealand and Northland Region)
ƒ 0.1% were both European and Asian ethnicity (0.4% for New Zealand, 0.1% for Northland Region)
28
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Maori population contained particularly large number of people with a second ethnicity, most of whom
gave their second ethnicity as European. Of those who gave one of their ethnic groups as Maori
ƒ 14% gave this as their sole ethnicity (8% for New Zealand, 19% for Northland Region)
ƒ 9% were both Maori and European (5% for New Zealand, 10% for Northland Region)
ƒ 0.5% were Maori and Pacific Island ethnicity (0.5% for New Zealand, 0.7% for Northland Region)
10%
8.4%
0.1%
1.3%
9%
0.7%
0.8%
10%
2%
4.8%
8%
19%
14%
59%
55%
60%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
European Only
Maori Only
Pacific Peoples Only
Asian Only
0.2%
0.6%
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Only Other Ethnicity Only
Figure 8 Population Belonging to a Single Ethnic Group, 2006
1.5%
0.4%
1.4%
0.1%
0.5%
0.7%
1.4%
0.6%
0.5%
0.1%
0.8%
0.5%
10%
9%
Northland Region
Whangarei District
5%
New Zealand
Maori/European
Maori/Pacific Peoples
Pacific Peoples/European
Asian/European
Two Groups Not Elsewhere Included
Figure 9 Population Belonging to Two Ethnic Groups, 2006
Ethnic Population Change
For New Zealand, Northland and Whangarei, the proportion of the European ethnic groups has decreased,
with the largest decrease (11%) experienced by New Zealand between 2001 and 2006. The decrease in the
European ethnic group corresponds to an increase in “other ethnicity”. Factors contributing to ethnic
population change are discussed on Page 31.
Between 1991 and 1996, the proportion of Maori increased by 2% in New Zealand and 4% in the Northland
Region and Whangarei District. From 1996 to 2006, the proportion of Maori has remained relatively
constant.
29
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Pacific People experienced a 1% increase between 1991 and 2006 for New Zealand, Northland Region,
and the Whangarei District. Between 2001 and 2006, the Pacific People experienced around 0.5% increase
in New Zeeland, Northland Region and the Whangarei District.
The Asian ethnic group experienced a 2% increase between each census period, resulting in an overall
increase of 6% for New Zealand between 1991 and 2006, compared to a 1% increase in the Northland
Region and Whangarei District for the same period.
The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group represented less than 1% of residents in New
Zealand (34,740 people), Northland Region (350 people) and the Whangarei District (190 people) in 2006.
The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group increased by 0.7% in New Zealand between 1991
and 2006, compared to an increase of 0.2% for the Northland Region and the Whangarei District.
0%
3%
5%
13%
0%
5%
6%
15%
0%
7%
0%
11%
1% 0%
1%
1% 0%
2%
2%
2%
11%
6%
9%
15%
28%
0% 1% 0%
1%
2%
3% 21%
32%
32%
25%
2% 0%
2%
24%
7%
2%
2%
12%
2%
2%
25%
32%
15%
83%
83%
80%
76%
68%
1991
1996
2001
82%
79%
77%
83%
72%
68%
2006
1991
New Zealand
1996
2001
2006
1991
Northland Region
European (inc NZ European)
84%
Maori
Pacific Peoples
Asian
1996
2001
2006
Whangarei District
MELAA
Other Ethnicity (inc New Zealander)
Figure 10 Population Change, 1991-2006
Table 10 Ethnic Group (grouped total responses) for the Whangarei District234
Population
Proportion of Population
Ethnic Group
1991
1996
2001
2006
1991
1996
2001 2006
50,871
53,676
53,226
50,235
82%
84%
83%
72%
European (inc NZ European)
12,879 15,807 15,369 17,604
21%
25%
24%
25%
Maori
750
1,368
1,314
1,680
1%
2%
2%
2%
Pacific Peoples
576
963
1,221
1,626
1%
2%
2%
2%
Asian
48
126
126
186
0.08% 0.20% 0.20% 0.3%
MELAA
Other Ethnicity (inc New
6
3
18
8,286
0%
0%
0%
12%
Zealander)
2
Includes all of the people who stated each ethnic group, whether as their only ethnic group or as one of
several ethnic groups. Where a person reported more than one ethnic group, they have been counted in
each applicable group.
3
Changes to the ethnicity question used in the 1996 Census have resulted in some data that is not
consistent between 1996 and 2001, or between 1996 and 2006.
4
The ethnicity data in this table for 1991 and 1996 has been formulated using up to three responses. The
2001 and 2006 data has been formulated using up to six responses.
30
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Between the 1991 and 2006 census periods, the Whangarei District ethnic population increased. The Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) ethnic group experienced the greatest population increase between
1991 and 1996 (163%) and between 2001 and 2006 (48%) due to their small population size. The “Other
Ethnicity” group also experienced unprecedented population growth as a result of the introduction of “New
Zealander” as an ethnic group in the 2006 census.
Aside from the population growth of Other Ethnicity and MELAA, the greatest population increase was
experienced by the Maori ethnic group between 1991 and 1996, with a 23% population increase. The
Pacific People experienced the second greatest population increase also during 1991-1996, with an 82%
population increase. The European ethnic group experienced the greatest population decrease between
2001 and 2006, with a 6% decrease as a result of the introduction of the New Zealander ethnic group being
included in the “Other" ethnic group in the 2006 census.
Table 11 Ethnic Group Population Change
Population
Ethnic Group
European (inc NZ European)
Maori
Pacific Peoples
Asian
MELAA
Other Ethnicity (inc New
Zealander)
1991
1996
2001
2006
50,871
12,879
750
576
48
53,676
15,807
1,368
963
126
53,226
15,369
1,314
1,221
126
50,235
17,604
1,680
1,626
186
Population Change
1991199620011996
2001
2006
6%
-1%
-6%
23%
-3%
15%
82%
-4%
28%
67%
27%
33%
163%
0%
48%
6
3
18
8,286
-50%
500%
45933%
Ethnic Population Projections
Population projections indicate possible future changes in the number of people living in the Whangarei
District. This information can be used to help assess the demand for resources such as housing, land, water
and related services required to meet the needs of future residents, as well as planning for infrastructure
needs.
Statistics New Zealand cautions use of its projections, stating that “the projections are neither predictions
nor forecasts. They are an indication of future changes which would occur if the stated assumptions were to
apply over the projection period. The projections do not take into account non-demographic factors (eg war,
catastrophes, major government and business decisions, changes to the ethnic classification) which may
invalidate the projections. The unpredictability of migration trends, especially in the short term, can have a
significant effect on projection results. Ethnic population projections are derived to provide information
about New Zealand's changing demographic structure. They assist a variety of policy, planning and research
purposes. In addition, the projections provide information for ethnic communities to understand changes in
their population size and composition” (Statistics New Zealand, 2008).
Projections of ethnic populations are more uncertain than projections of the total population for several
reasons:
• Unlike other demographic characteristics such as age and sex, ethnicity can change over time. This
may occur because different people are responding to the ethnicity question. For example, the
ethnicity of babies and young children is usually identified initially by their parents. However, in a
later census when these children are old enough to complete their own forms, they will decide for
themselves which ethnicity they identify with. This may differ from the original ethnicity identified by
their parents.
• There are greater difficulties in establishing past trends in fertility, mortality and migration. Different
ethnicities can be reported in different collections (eg birth registration form, death registration
form, census form), which makes the derivation of ethnic-specific fertility and mortality rates
problematic. Furthermore, the measurement of ethnicity has changed over time in many collections,
while it is not captured at all in some collections (eg international travel and migration data).
31
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
•
•
•
Ethnic populations are not mutually exclusive because people can and do identify with more than
one ethnicity. People are not asked to prioritise their ethnic responses. Hence, Statistics New
Zealand includes people in each of their reported ethnic groups.
There is the added complication of births to parents of different ethnicity. The child may be
considered by the parents to belong to one or more of their ethnicities, or indeed to another
ethnicity.
There is greater future uncertainty about the components of population change. For example, it is
uncertain whether the fertility and mortality of different ethnicities will converge, and if so, at what
pace. Assumptions about future migration, notably for people of Asian and Pacific ethnicities, are
particularly susceptible to changes in migration patterns.
The ethnic population projections were released in 2008 for the Whangarei District, using a 2006-base
projection of the 'European or Other (including New Zealander)' and Maori ethnic populations. Statistics
New Zealand did not provide population projections for the Asian, Pacific and MELAA ethnic groups due to
the small population size (less than 2,000 people) of these ethnic groups in the Whangarei District.
However, based on the assumption that the proportion of people who identify as Asian, Pacific and/or
MELAA ethnicities will remain the same over the next 15 years, an indicative set of population projections
have been included here. These projections do not take into account the changes in immigration policies or
decisions, and are indicative only.
It is projected that the total population of the Whangarei District is to reach around 91,500 by 2021. This is
a growth of 23% or 17,085 people. However, growth during this time will occur at a progressively slower
pace, dropping from a percent increase of 1.87% per annum between 2001 and 2006, to 1.5% per annum
between 2006 and 2021.
Number of People
(Total Population)
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Figure 11 Whangarei District Projected Population, 2006-2021
The European ethnic group is projected to reach a population of around 70,100 by 2021 (Statistics New
Zealand, 2008). This is an increase of 40% (2.6% per annum) or 19,865 people (1,300 people per annum).
Number of People (European Ethnicity)
80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Figure 12 European Projected Population, 2006-2021
The Maori ethnic group is projected to reach a population of 25,200 people by 2021 (Statistics New Zealand,
2008). This is an increase of 43% (2.9% per annum) or 7,600 people (500 people per annum).
32
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Number of People
(Maori Ethnicity)
30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Figure 13 Maori Projected Population, 2006-2021
The Asian ethnic group is projected to reach a population of approximately 2,000 people by 2021. This is an
increase of 23% (1.5% per annum) or 380 people (25 people per annum).
Number of People (Asian Ethnicity)
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Figure 14 Asian Projected Population, 2006-2021
The Pacific Peoples group is projected to reach a population of 2,065 people by 2021, a growth of 23%
(1.5% per annum) or 385 people (25 people per year).
Number of People (Pacific People)
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Figure 15 Pacific Peoples Projected Population, 2006-2021
The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group is projected to reach a population of 230 by 2021, a
growth of 23% (1.5% per annum) or 45 people (3 people per year).
33
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Number of People (MELAA Ethnicity)
250 200 150 100 50 0 1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Figure 16 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Projected Population, 2006-2021
Factors Contributing to Ethnic Population Change
Several factors appear to have caused increases in ethnic groups.
Statistical Standards
The introduction of Statistics New Zealand Ethnicity Standard (2005) generated a discontinuity in the
ethnicity information because of the increase in number of ethnic groupings, and the separate categorisation
of New Zealand responses in the Other Ethnicity grouping, rather than in European.
Natural Increase
Population factors, such as declining (or increasing) birth rates and an aging population, also affect the size
of ethnic population.
Ethnic Mobility
Shifts in ethnic identification may occur over time and in different contexts. For example, the number of
people identifying with Maori ethnicity increased from the 1960s, not just as a result of natural increase, but
also through ethnic mobility as the perceived acceptability of being Maori increased.
Heightened public awareness of national and ethnic identity occurred at the time Statistics NZ began
implementing the 2005 standard. This was evidenced by the increased number of New Zealand responses
in the 2006 Census but not reflected in other official statistics collections during or since that time. The
increase in the New Zealander response counts in the 2006 Census has been at the expense of other ethnic
groups, primarily European.
Immigration
The New Zealand Government determines the number of immigrants allowed into New Zealand every year.
In September 2001 the annual number of immigrants was set at 45,000, to be maintained for three years.
This figure can deviate as circumstances demand by plus or minus 5,000. The Minister may also allocate a
further 5,000 places if satisfied there are net benefits in so doing. The immigration limit also includes New
Zealand's refugee quota, set at 750 (The Immigration Debate, 2002).
The 1987 review of immigration policies led to a significant change in the focus of New Zealand’s
immigration policies. The historic focus on migrant selection according to cultural background was replaced
with a focus on recruitment based primarily on the potential for migrants (irrespective of origin) to
contribute skills, knowledge or capital to New Zealand. During the early and mid 1990s this led both to
historically high numbers of migrant arrivals, and to an unprecedented increase in the number of countries
from which migrants have been drawn. This has resulted in:
• a rapid and large growth in the size and diversity of the ethnic sector in New Zealand;
• a shift in the balance of the “ethnic sector” from long-standing communities of settled migrants and
their descendants, towards newly arrived and “settling” migrants; and
• the increasing geographic concentration of the “ethnic” population in the major urban centres and
particularly in Auckland (Department of Internal Affairs, 1999).
34
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Migration
Net external migration is a key component of population change, and is largely responsible for population
growth rate variations. External migration levels are strongly influenced by government policies.
External migration data comes from Arrival and Departure cards, which are a compulsory requirement for all
people to complete when entering and leaving New Zealand. The data used in this section is based on the
country that the migrant last lived in for 12 months or more or move to for 12 months or more, or
permanently.
Over the last 17 years, the Whangarei District has experienced a fluctuation in the number of permanent
and long-term migrants, with a total net migration loss of over 2,600 people. The greatest net migration
loss of 1,750 people occurred between 1998-2001, when over 4,200 people departed the district and only
2,450 arrived into the district. In the last three years (2007-2009), this trend appears to be repeating with a
net migration loss of nearly 1,000 people, when 3,700 people have departed and 2,700 people have arrived
into the district.
Over the last 17 years, there has only been four years when net migration has been positive. In 1993 there
was a net gain of 74 people, in 1995 there was a net gain of 180 people, and between 2003 and 2004 there
was a net gain of 240 people (Figure 17).
1500
842
-1,019
953
825
-921
903
897
862
-752
-948
897
-767
612
-1,168
808
675
644
-909
-1,163
691
-818
524
718
690
-687
-791
687
-613
860
615
500
-594
-1,181
-1,485
-1000
-846
-500
-967
0
-680
Number of People
1000
-1500
Arrivals
Departures
Net Migration
Figure 17 Whangarei District Migration, 1992-2009
Since 1992, the Whangarei District has had an annual net migration loss of New Zealand citizens (Figure
18). This trend accelerated in 1994 as a result of a change to the Migration Reform Act 1958, which meant
that from 1994, New Zealanders wanting to migrate to Australia could do so simply if they held a valid New
Zealand passport; they did not need a visa (Thorpe, 2007).
The number of New Zealand citizens leaving Whangarei long-term or permanently declined significantly in
2002 (Figure 18). This decline may be due to a change in the laws in February 2001, whereby New Zealand
citizens migrating to Australia again needed a permanent residence visa if they wanted to receive any social
security payments or gain Australian citizenship (Thorpe, 2007). The event in the United States in
September 2001 also resulted in less New Zealand citizens leaving Whangarei. However, since 2005, the
trend of New Zealand citizens leaving Whangarei started to increase once more.
35
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
600
351
231
-327
306
281
-332
-584
288
-178
333
329
-199
-510
237
-275
161
-288
110
192
-265
130
333
-153
74
171
-168
126
143
-69
-883
-666
-618
-400
-517
-200
-391
0
-80
Number of People
200
101
400
-600
-800
-1000
New Zealand Citizens
Citizens of other Nationalities
Net Migration (All Migrants)
Figure 18 Whangarei District Migration by Nationality, 1992-2009
Migrant flows of citizens of other nationalities (excluding New Zealand citizens) have remained positive over
the last 17 years, with more migrants arriving in Whangarei than leaving. This net gain peaked in 1995 at
333 people and then dropped off to a low of 74 in 1999. Migrant flows into the district also increased after
the events of September 2001, resulting in a net gain of 329 people of other nationalities in 2003. This,
coupled with fewer New Zealand citizens leaving the district, resulted in the highest level or total positive net
migration of 130 people since 1995. However, since 2005, his trend has started to decrease once more.
36
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
4. Age and Gender
The information in this section will be useful for forward planning in a number of policy areas, such as
education, employment and health. It shows age cohorts that will move through the education system, age
cohorts that will be entering and retiring from the workforce and clusters of ethnic elderly.
Age Profiles
Knowing an ethnic group’s age structure aids in the understanding of the demographic make-up of these
groups. It can help in understanding likely future population growth, as those groups with larger
proportions of younger people will have higher rates of growth. It also gives an indication of population
dependency – whether the population has a large number of dependents in the younger age groups (0-14
years) or in the older age groups (65 years and over). This is particularly important for future planning and
policy decisions for schools, housing and health care (Thorpe, 2007).
Different ethnic groups have different age compositions (see Figure 19 to Figure 23). The age profiles for
New Zealand, Northland Region and the Whangarei District are very similar. The European ethnic groups
have a lower proportion of people in the 0-24 year and 65+ age groups compared to the 25-64 year age
groups (Figure 19).
European
30%
20%
27%
10%
7% 6% 6%
28% 26%
23% 23% 25%
14% 15% 15% 13% 11% 12%
15% 17% 18%
0%
0-4
5-14
New Zealand
15-24
25-44
Northland Region
45-64
65+
Whangarei District
Figure 19 Age Profile of the European Ethnic Group, 2006
Maori have a high proportion of 5-14 year olds and 25-44 year olds, and a decreasing proportion in the older
age cohorts (Figure 20).
Maori
30%
20%
24% 25% 25%
10%
12% 11% 11%
18% 16% 17%
27% 25% 26%
15% 17% 16%
4% 6% 4%
0%
0-4
5-14
New Zealand
15-24
25-44
Northland Region
45-64
65+
Whangarei District
Figure 20 Age Profile of the Maori Ethnic Group, 2006
The Pacific People have a similar age profile to Maori, with a high proportion of people aged 5-14 years and
25-44 years (Figure 21).
37
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Pacific People
40%
30%
20%
10%
13%
17% 16%
25%
32% 31%
18% 16% 18%
27%
21% 22%
14% 11% 11%
4% 2% 2%
45-64
65+
0%
0-4
5-14
New Zealand
15-24
25-44
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Figure 21 Age Profile of the Pacific People, 2006
The age profile of the Asian ethnic groups shows the proportion of people increase with age, to the 25-44
year age group, then decreases with age (Figure 22). New Zealand has a higher proportion of 15-24 year
olds compared with the Northland Region and Whangarei District, due to many Asian young adults who
come to New Zealand for secondary, tertiary and English language studies. The Northland Region and
Whangarei District attracts a smaller proportion of Asian students compared with New Zealand as a whole.
Asian
40%
30%
20%
34% 33% 34%
10%
7% 9% 8%
15%
20% 21% 22%
18% 20% 18%
14% 16%
5% 4% 4%
0%
0-4
5-14
New Zealand
15-24
25-44
Northland Region
45-64
65+
Whangarei District
Figure 22 Age Profile of the Asian Ethnic Group, 2006
The age profile of the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group is similar to that for the Asian
ethnic groups, with the proportion of people increasing with age to the 25-44 year age group, then
decreasing with age (Figure 23). New Zealand has a higher proportion of Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African young adults who also come to New Zealand for secondary, tertiary and English language
studies. The Northland Region and Whangarei District attracts a smaller proportion of Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African students compared with New Zealand as a whole.
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
40%
30%
20%
10%
36% 34%
10% 13% 13%
18% 21% 19% 20%
31%
13% 13%
14% 16% 18%
3% 4% 3%
45-64
65+
0%
0-4
5-14
New Zealand
15-24
25-44
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Figure 23 Age Profile of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Ethnic Group, 2006
38
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
45.0
40.0
Median Age (Years)
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
38.3
41.6 40.9
15.0
22.9 23.5 21.8
10.0
38.9 38.3
35.9
28.5 30.0 30.3
21.7
16.3 16.6
5.0
0.0
European
New Zealand
Maori
Pacif ic Peoples
Northland Region
Asian
Total
Whangarei District
Figure 24 Median Age (years) for Ethnic Groups, 2006
Figure 24 shows the median age by ethnic group for New Zealand, Northland and the Whangarei District.
The Northland Region has the highest median age in all ethnic groups but the Pacific People. The
Whangarei District has the second highest median age, except for the Maori and Pacific People. The Maori
and Pacific population is relatively young in Whangarei with a median age of 21.8 years for Maori and 16.6
years for Pacific People, while the European ethnic group has the highest median age in the Whangarei
District at 40.9 years, compared with the District’s median age of 38.3 years.
Dependency Ratio
The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labour force (the dependent
part) and those typically in the labour force (the productive part). The dependent part usually includes
those under the age of 15 and over the age of 64. The productive part makes up the population in between
ages 15 to 64.
The dependency ratio is important because as it increases, there may be an increased cost on the productive
part of the population to maintain the upbringing and pensions of the economically dependent. The
economically active will pay much more income tax, corporation tax, and to a lesser extent, more sales and
GST taxes. The economically inactive under 16 and over 65 also tend to be bigger recipients of government
spending such as education, pensions and health care.
An increase in the dependency ratio can cause fiscal problems for the government. For example, Italy has a
national debt of over 100%, a doubling of the dependency ratio is going to cause difficult choices for the
government.
Solutions to higher dependency ratios may include raising the retirement age in line with longer life spans,
encouraging immigration of people in the early 20s and 30s, reducing the real value of state pensions and
encouraging private pension take up.
The child dependency ratio measures the number of children less than fifteen years of age for every 100
persons of working age. In 2006, this ratio was 32.6% nationally, 37.7% for Northland and 36.5% for
Whangarei. However, the Pacific People have the highest child dependency ratio in all ethnic groups (65%
for New Zealand, 100% for Northland and 93% for Whangarei), while the European Ethnic Group has the
lowest child dependency ratio (32% for New Zealand, 36% for Northland and 35% for Whangarei) (Figure
25).
39
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
120%
27%
27%
27%
53%
53%
39%
42%
43%
29%
65%
63%
58%
35%
20%
36%
40%
62%
100%
60%
93%
80%
32%
Child Dependency Rate
100%
0%
European
Maori
New Zealand
Pacif ic
Peoples
Asian
Northland Region
MELAA
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
Figure 25 Child Dependency Ratio by Ethnic Group, 2006
The aged dependency ratio measures the number of persons aged 65 years and over for every 100 people
of working age. In 2006, the national ratio was 18.6%, with Northland and Whangarei being slightly higher
at 23%. The European Ethnic Group have the highest aged dependency ratio with 24% for New Zealand,
28% for Northland and 29% for the Whangarei District, while the Pacific People have the lowest aged
dependency ratio with 6% for New Zealand and 4% for Northland and Whangarei (Figure 26).
35%
25%
19%
19%
15%
5%
7%
4%
6%
6%
6%
4%
4%
6%
8%
7%
5%
11%
10%
29%
15%
28%
20%
24%
Aged Dependency Rate
30%
0%
European
Maori
New Zealand
Pacif ic
Peoples
Northland Region
Asian
MELAA
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
Figure 26 Aged Dependency Ratio by Ethnic Group, 2006
The overall dependency ratio measures the number of children less than fifteen years of age and the
number of persons aged 65 years for every 100 people of working age. In 2006, the national ratio was 51%
compared with 61% for Northland and Whangarei. The Pacific People had the highest dependency ratio,
with 71% for New Zealand, 105% for Northland and 97% for the Whangarei District. The Asian Ethnic
Group had the lowest dependency ratio, with 36% for New Zealand and 48% for Northland and Whangarei
(Figure 27).
40
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
120%
47%
46%
42%
58%
59%
43%
48%
48%
71%
70%
72%
65%
36%
20%
64%
40%
64%
105%
60%
97%
80%
56%
Dependency Rate
100%
0%
European
Maori
Pacif ic
Peoples
New Zealand
Asian
Northland Region
MELAA
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
Figure 27 Total Dependency Ratio by Ethnic Group, 2006
Population Pyramids
A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that
shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which normally forms the shape of a pyramid.
Population pyramids can be used to find the number of economic dependents being supported in a particular
population. Economic dependents are defined as those under 15 (children who are in full time education and
therefore unable to work) and those over 65 (those who have the option of being retired). Population
pyramids can be used to observe the natural increase, birth, and death rate.
The following figures show the proportions of males and females in each of the ethnic groups within each
five year age rage up to 85 years and over. The number of people in each ethnic group is noted as “N” at
the foot of each pyramid. Some pyramids represent small populations and some represent larger
populations.
The first three pyramids show patterns for New Zealand, Northland Region and the Whangarei District.
Northland Region
New Zealand
85+
80-84
Male
Female
85+
80-84
Male
Whangarei District
Female
85+
75-79
75-79
75-79
70-74
70-74
70-74
65-69
65-69
65-69
60-64
60-64
60-64
55-59
55-59
55-59
50-54
50-54
50-54
45-49
45-49
45-49
40-44
40-44
40-44
35-39
35-39
35-39
30-34
30-34
30-34
25-29
25-29
25-29
20-24
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
5-9
0-4
0-4
0-4
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
Percent of Population (n=4,027,950)
10%
Male
Female
80-84
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
Percent of Population (n=154,400)
10%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
Percent of Population (n=74,430)
Figure 28 Population Pyramids for New Zealand, Northland Region and Whangarei District,
2006
41
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The population pyramid for New Zealand shows a contracting population trend, characterised by a low birth
rate, a low death rate, a higher dependency ratio (51%) and a longer life expectancy. It also shows women
live longer than men.
The population pyramids for the Northland Region and Whangarei District are very similar to each other.
These population pyramids show a contracting population trend in the 0-15 year age groups and an
expanding population trend in the 65+ age groups. The population pyramids for Northland and Whangarei
show a low birth rate, a higher dependency ratio (60%), a high emigration rate in the 20-30 year age group,
and an ageing population (ie higher proportion of people aged 45 years and over).
Northland and
Whangarei also have higher aged dependency ratios (23% and 24% respectively) compared with New
Zealand (19%), and higher child dependency ratios (38% and 37% respectively) compared with New
Zealand (33%).
Patterns for ethnic groups in the Whangarei District are presented by region of origin, broadly as European,
Maori, Pacific People, Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin American/African and Others:
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
European: British and Irish, Dutch, Greek, Polish, South Slav, Italian, German, Australian, New Zealand
European, Other
Maori
Pacific Peoples: Samoan, Cook Islands Maori, Tongan, Niuean, Tokelauan, Fijian, Other
Asian: Southeast Asian (Filipino, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Other) Chinese, Indian, Other (Sri Lankan,
Japanese, Korean, Other)
Middle Eastern, Latin American and African
Other Ethnicity: Includes responses for a number of small ethnic groups and for 'New Zealander'.
The patterns for ethnic groups in the Whangarei District are influenced by immigration trends, rather than
natural population growth.
European
85+
80-84
Maori
Male
Female
85+
80-84
75-79
75-79
70-74
70-74
65-69
65-69
60-64
60-64
55-59
55-59
50-54
50-54
45-49
45-49
40-44
40-44
35-39
35-39
30-34
30-34
25-29
25-29
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
0-4
-20%
Male
Female
0-4
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Percent of Population (n=50,238)
Figure 29 European Population Pyramid
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Percent of Population (n=17,604)
Figure 30 Maori Population Pyramid
The European population pyramid (Figure 29) shows a similar pattern to the population pyramid for the
Whangarei District, with a contracting population trend in the 0-15 year age groups and an expanding
population trend in the 65+ age groups. The population pyramid for the European Ethnic Group shows a
low birth rate, a higher dependency ratio (64%), a high emigration rate in the 20-30 year age group, a fall
in death rate, longer life expectancy, and an ageing population (ie higher proportion of people aged 45 years
and over).
The Maori population pyramid (Figure 30) shows an overall expanding population trend, with a high birth
rate (characterised by a high proportion of people aged 0 to 15 years), high female infant mortality
42
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
(characterised by less baby girls than baby boys), high death rates and short life expectancy. The
population pyramid for the Maori Ethnic Group also shows a high dependency ratio of 70%, compared with
60% for the Whangarei District. Maori also has the lowest aged dependency ratio (8%, compared with 24%
for the district) due to their shorter life expectancy.
Asian
Pacific People
85+
80-84
Male
Female
85+
80-84
75-79
75-79
70-74
70-74
65-69
65-69
60-64
60-64
55-59
55-59
50-54
50-54
45-49
45-49
40-44
40-44
35-39
35-39
30-34
30-34
25-29
25-29
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
0-4
-20%
Male
Female
0-4
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Percent of Population (n=1,677)
Figure 31 Pacific Population Pyramid
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Percent of Population (n=1,623)
Figure 32 Asian Population Pyramid
The population pyramid for the Pacific People (Figure 31) shows a similar trend to the Maori population, but
shows an expanding trend for the 0-15 year age group while Maori showed a contracting trend for this age
group. The population pyramid for the Pacific People is typical for developing countries, characterised by a
high birth rate, rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates, and short life expectancy. The
population pyramid for the Pacific People also shows a high male infant mortality rate due to the lower
number of baby boys compared to baby girls. The 0-15 age group is expanding for girls, but contracting for
boys.
The Asian population pyramid (Figure 32) is largely influenced by immigration. While it does show an overall
contracting population trend, the pyramid is unbalanced with a high proportion of male 0-15 year olds
compared to females of the same age group, and a high proportion of females aged 35-45 years compared
to males of the same age group. The male population shows an expanding population trend, characterised
by high birth rate, fall in death rate and short life expectancy; while the female population shows a
contracting trend, characterised by low birth rate, low death rate, higher dependency ratio and longer life
expectancy.
The population pyramid of the Middle Eastern/Latin American/Africa Ethnic Group (Figure 33) is also largely
influenced by immigration, and the Middle Eastern/Latin American/Africa Ethnic Group represents a small
population group in the Whangarei District with 186 people. Because of the small population base (186
people) and the population being strongly influenced by immigration, the population pyramid of the Middle
Eastern/Latin American/Africa Ethnic Group is disjointed. There are more females ages 0-15 compared to
males of the same age, while there are more males aged 20-40 compared with females of the same age.
The male population shows a contracting trend, characterised by low birth rate, low death rate, and higher
dependency; while the female population shows an expanding trend, characterised by high birth rate, and
fall in death rate.
The population pyramid for the remaining ethnic people is similar to that for the European Ethnic Group,
with a contracting population trend in the 0-15 year age groups and an expanding population trend in the
65+ age groups. The population pyramid for the “Other” Ethnic Group shows a low birth rate, a higher
dependency ratio (61%), a high emigration rate in the 20-30 year age group, a fall in death rate, longer life
expectancy, and an ageing population (ie higher proportion of people aged 45 years and over).
43
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
85+
80-84
Male
Other Ethnicity
85+
Female
80-84
75-79
75-79
70-74
70-74
65-69
65-69
60-64
60-64
55-59
55-59
50-54
50-54
45-49
45-49
40-44
40-44
35-39
35-39
30-34
30-34
25-29
25-29
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
0-4
-20%
Male
Female
0-4
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
-20%
-15%
-10%
Percent of Population (n=186)
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Percent of Population (n=8,286)
Figure 33 Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African Population Pyramid
Figure 34 Other Ethnicity Population Pyramid
Ethnic Diversity by Age and Gender
The younger age groups tend to have higher ethnic diversity than the older age groups (Figure 35), and the
ethnic diversity for New Zealand is highest in all age groups except for the over 65 year age group. While
males tend to have higher ethnic diversity than females (Figure 36).
Simpson's Index of Diversity
4.00
1.46
1.61
1.51
1.95
2.09
2.11
2.32
2.43
2.58
2.34
2.41
2.77
2.50
2.54
2.85
2.55
1.00
2.60
2.00
2.94
3.00
0.00
0-4
5-14
New Zealand
15-24
Northland Region
25-44
45-64
65+
Whangarei District
Figure 35 Simpson’s Index of Diversity by Age, 2006
Simpson's Index of Diversity
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.66
0.62
0.62
0.20
0.00
Male
New Zealand
Female
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Figure 36 Simpson’s Index of Diversity by Sex, 2006
44
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Age Projections
This is an important indicator as it shows which age groups are likely to change in size in the next 15 years.
This is particularly important for future planning and policy decisions for schools, housing and health care.
As the District’s population continues to age, this indicator will become more crucial in understanding the
size 65 years and over age group (Thorpe, 2007).
The European ethnic group’s age composition in Figure 37 shows a 4% decrease in the number of children
aged less than 14 years between 1996 and 2021, and an 8% decrease in the number of people aged
between 15 and 39 years over the same period. The number of people aged between 40 and 64 years
decreases by 3% between 2011 and 2021, while the number of people aged over 65 years shows an overall
increase between 1996 and 2021 by almost 10%.
European
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0–14
15–39
1996
2001
40–64
2006
2011
2016
65+
2021
Figure 37 Age Projections for the European Ethnic Group
The Maori ethnic group’s age composition in Figure 38 shows a 6% decrease in the number of children aged
less than 14 years between 1996 and 2021, and a 5% decrease in the number of people aged between 15
and 39 years over the same period. The number of people aged between 40 and 64 years increase by 2%
between 2006 and 2016 before decreasing slightly again by 2021. The number of people aged over 65
years also shows an overall increase between 1996 and 2021 by almost 6%.
Maori
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0–14
15–39
1996
2001
2006
40–64
2011
2016
65+
2021
Figure 38 Age Projections for the Maori Ethnic Group
The Whangarei District’s age composition (Figure 39) is similar to that of the European ethnic group (Figure
37), with a decreasing trend in the number of people aged less than 39 years of age and an increase in the
number of people aged over 65 years. The number of children aged less than 14 years decreases by a total
of 6% between 1996 and 2021, while the number of people aged between 15 and 39 years decreases by
8% over the same period. The number of people aged between 40 and 64 years shows an increase of 6%
between 1996 and 2006 before decreasing by 5% to 2021. The number of people aged over 65 years
shows an overall increase of 13% between 1996 and 2006.
45
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Whangarei District
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0–14
15–39
1996
2001
2006
40–64
2011
2016
65+
2021
Figure 39 Age Projections for the Whangarei District
Due to the small population of people identifying with the Pacific, Asian and Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African ethnic groups in the Whangarei District, population projections by age would be inaccurate
and have not been included.
46
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
5. Birthplace and Length of Residence
Birthplace
The proportion of Whangarei District residents born overseas is a measure of the district’s cultural diversity.
An increasing number of people living in the Whangarei District are born overseas. In 2001, 8,490 people or
13% of the District’s population were born overseas (Table 12). This has increased to 10,425 people or
15% in 2006, which is a growth of 1,930 people or 23%.
Table 12 Place of Birth of the Whangarei District Population, 2001 and 2006
2001
2006
Place of Birth
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
55,395
59,106
87%
85%
New Zealand
8,493
10,425
13%
15%
Overseas
63,888
100%
69,531
Total
100%
New Zealand has experienced a similar trend, with an increasing number of people living in New Zealand
born overseas. In 2001 19% of New Zealand’s population were born overseas, increasing to 23% in 2006,
reflecting a growth of 26% between 2001 and 2006.
The largest number of people in the Whangarei District who were born overseas, were born in the United
Kingdom, with 46% in 2006, followed by Australia (13%) and Europe (11%) (Figure 40). The largest
number of people in New Zealand who were born overseas, were born in the United Kingdom (29%) and
Asia (29%), followed by the Pacific Islands (15%).
60%
46% 46%
50%
40%
20%
10%
29%
29%
30%
14% 13%
7%
15%
5% 5%
8%
12% 11%
3%
6% 5%
9% 10% 9% 9% 10%
0%
Australia
Pacific Islands
New Zealand
United
Europe (excl. North America
Kingdom and
United
Ireland
Kingdom and
Ireland)
Northland Region
Asia
Other
Whangarei District
Figure 40 Proportion of Residents born Overseas by Broad Geographic Regions, 2006
In the Whangarei District, the number of people born in the United Kingdom increased by 720 people or
17.6% between 1996 and 2006, but the overall proportion of people born in the United Kingdom has
decreased by 5% over the same period. The number of people born in Australia increased by 155 people or
12.7% between 1996 and 2006, but like the proportion of people born in the United Kingdom, the
proportion of people born in Australia has decreased by 2%. The number of people born in Europe
increased by 220 people or 24% between 1996 and 2006, but the proportion of people born in Europe has
remained relatively stable. The decrease in the proportion of people born overseas has been taken up by an
increase in the proportion of people born in “other” countries (Figure 41).
47
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
60%
51%
50%
48% 46%
40%
30%
20%
15% 15%
13%
10%
11% 12% 11%
5% 5% 5%
5% 4% 5%
8%
10% 10%
7%
5%
10%
0%
Australia
Pacific Islands
United
Europe (excl. North America
Kingdom and
United
Ireland
Kingdom and
Ireland)
1996
2001
Asia
Other
2006
Figure 41 Proportion of Whangarei Residents born Overseas by Broad Geographic Regions,
1996-2006
Length of Residence
The length of time residents have lived in New Zealand is a valuable way of understanding the history of an
ethnic group, as well as providing useful information which helps to describe and explain patterns and trends
within population groups in the Ethnic Sector (Thorpe, 2007).
In 2006, of those Whangarei residents who were born overseas, 6% had been living in the district for less
than one year, compared to 7% for New Zealand and 6% for Northland. Nearly 20% had been living in the
district for one to four years, compared to 25% for New Zealand and 19% for Northland, with another 27%
having been living in the District for five to nineteen years (compared with 35% for New Zealand and 26%
for Northland). The majority of residents who were born overseas have been living in New Zealand for 20
years or more, with 33% for New Zealand, 49% for Northland and 48% for the Whangarei District (Figure
42).
100%
33%
80%
49%
48%
14%
14%
6%
7%
6%
6%
7%
12%
4%
5%
5%
5%
6%
13%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
60%
18%
40%
17%
20%
0%
4%
5%
5%
5%
6%
Less Than 1 Year
1 Year
2 Years
3 Years
4 Years
5-9 Years
10-19 Years
20 Years or More
Figure 42 Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006
48
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The majority of Australian born residents are long-term residents, with between 60% and 70% having lived
in New Zealand for 10 years or more. The majority of Australian born residents have been living in New
Zealand for 20 years or more, with 39% for New Zealand, 41% for Northland and 42% for the Whangarei
District, (Figure 43).
100%
80%
39%
41%
21%
23%
42%
60%
40%
13%
13%
25%
12%
20%
26%
23%
20%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
0%
Australia
0-4 years
5-9 years
10-19 years
20 Years or More
Figure 43 Australian Born – Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006
The majority of Pacific born residents are also long-term residents, with between 60% and 70% having lived
in New Zealand for 10 years or more. The majority of Pacific born people have lived in New Zealand for 20
years and more, with 34% for New Zealand, 50% for Northland and 51% for the Whangarei District (Figure
44).
100%
80%
34%
50%
51%
20%
20%
13%
16%
16%
14%
Northland Region
Whangarei District
60%
25%
40%
18%
20%
23%
0%
New Zealand
Pacific Islands
0-4 years
5-9 years
10-19 years
20 Years or More
Figure 44 Pacific Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006
The majority of European born residents are also long-term residents, with around 70% having lived in New
Zealand for 10 years or more. The majority of European born residents have lived in New Zealand for 20
years and more, with 57% for New Zealand, 61% for Northland and 62% for the Whangarei District (Figure
45).
49
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
100%
80%
57%
61%
62%
60%
40%
12%
11%
10%
9%
8%
8%
22%
20%
20%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
20%
0%
Europe
0-4 years
5-9 years
10-19 years
20 Years or More
Figure 45 European Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006
The majority of North American born residents are short term residents, with between 50% and 60% having
lived in New Zealand for less than ten years. The majority of North American born residents have lived in
New Zealand for less than four years, with 37% for New Zealand, 35% for Northland, while the majority of
North American live in the Whangarei District either for 20 years or more (38%) or for less than 4 years
(31%) (Figure 46).
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
30%
32%
18%
18%
38%
15%
15%
15%
37%
35%
31%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
16%
0%
North America
0-4 years
5-9 years
10-19 years
20 Years or More
Figure 46 North American Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006
In 2006, around 40% to 50% of Asian born residents had lived in New Zealand for less than four years.
Less than 20% had lived in New Zealand for 20 years or more (8% for New Zealand, 18% for Northland and
15% for the Whangarei District), with the majority living in New Zealand for less than 10 years (70% for
New Zealand, 62% for Northland, and 74% for the Whangarei District) (Figure 47). This indicates that the
majority of Asian residents are recent migrants, and possibly stay in New Zealand for the length of time it
takes to receive citizenship and/or achieve an education.
50
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
100%
8%
18%
15%
21%
21%
23%
24%
39%
40%
Northland Region
Whangarei District
22%
80%
60%
23%
40%
47%
20%
0%
New Zealand
Asia
0-4 years
5-9 years
10-19 years
20 Years or More
Figure 47 Asian Born - Number of Years Since Arriving in New Zealand, 2006
Place of Residence
The rural and rural Residential areas have the greatest proportion of people identifying with the European
Ethnic Group (76%), while the urban areas have the highest proportion of Maori (31%), Pacific People (3%),
Asian (3%) and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (0.4%), while the rural residential have the greatest
proportion of people identifying with Other ethnic groups (14%).
13%
13%
1% 0.2%
2%
1% 0.2%
1%
16%
18%
10%
14%
2% 0.3%
2%
12%
3% 0.4%
3%
16%
25%
31%
76%
74%
76%
72%
67%
Coastal
Rural
European
Maori
Rural Residential
Pacific People
Asian
Urban
MELAA
2% 0.3%
2%
Whangarei District
Other Ethnicity
Figure 48 Place of Residence by Ethnic Group, 2006
51
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The European ethnic group is distributed throughout the Whangarei District, with the majority residing south of Apotu, to Titoki in the West and Tutukaka in the
East, and to Waiotira and Waipu in the south. In the urban area, the European ethnic group tend to live on the urban fringes in the Kamo-Three Mile Bush area,
Glenbervie, Whareora, and Maunu (Figure 49).
W
HA
NG
AR
UR
Place of Residence
U
Ngaiotonga
NO
TH
R
Whangaruru
RD
R
GU
RU
N
MIL L
RD
KING
ST
RV
RD
N
S
DU
N
DA
S
T
D
RI
N
A
O
RD
WA
TA
RE
RD
G
HI
OT
RD
ST
IL L S D
BAN
K
NH
ER
ES
T
A
VE
FI
R
ST
A
VE
W
AI
KA
N
MA
RA
U
EA
K
RT
KR
AW
D
E
T OE T O
RD
RD
Toetoe
NGA
IO
T
SH 1
SOURCE:
Statistics New Z ealand, 2006 Census
C
H
WE
IR
ST
H
ST
E A RE SC
C H RD
B
RD
OTA
IK A VA
LL E Y
RD
RD
LO O
SH 1
Langs Beach
VA
80% - 92%
L LE
Y V I EW
RD
AK
VE
Waipu Cove
P
C
RD
O
AR
U
RC
M
SO
T
IS
PU
RIR
I RW
FA
RD
RD
RD
DI
CK
D
R
CH ST
CH UR
TT R
D
HEW
LE
NE
O'
SH
RD
HO SK ING
P OR T
A
IR
T
W AI O
AR
D
AR
U
AR
T
RU
CR
ET
D
AI
SL OA
L
KN I
SH
I
M CB
RD
R
RO A
O
H I RD
A
O
BR
A
ON ER
RE
IO
ID
ED
RV
S
RN
KB U
RD
PAH
AW
RS
DR
V
C OC
PA
I
E RD A
V ER R
D
OA
SS
E
T
N
S
OW
N
RIP
O
D
AP O N G
TO
IR
D
P
R
KO NIN I ST
T OK I R
V
CA
DR
HO
U
L
RI V
E
Sherwood Rise
U TH
D
ST
PO
SO UTH E ND A VE
SO
R
HA M
DU R
IA
RD
RD
OR
R
Braigh
S ID
A U R OA ST
U RETI TI R D
E
AK
EM
SH
O
L E RD
DA
M S O K RD
L
H E LB R O
M IL
A RD
DY ER S T
I ST
OR
Riverside
ST
ST
IS OL A S T
T
EN
T
Morningside
RD
H
RE
A
G A VA L LE Y
WH
RD
RD
Marsden Point
G
Horahora
IR I PA
RK
DS
Ocean Beach
D
R
KA
Y
ST
ST
ERI N
AU
S HI N
1
HW
S RD
ME M
ST
W A L T O HE
REK IN O
IN
SH
N
DE
RS
A
P UR
H A R RI
Mairtown
O
IR
D
RD
AD S
I HE
AH
IWA
RE
A
NG
Mc Leod Bay
PUK EN UI R D
TH
UR
RD
T
T
RN
O
HA
W
TA K
FO
M A U N U RD
PA K A
M
D
RU
RD
KR
Glenbervie
D
E
CR
RD
JA
AM O
T ST
ST
CKS
PE RCY
S
RR
KE
RD
IH
TA
LR
N
SA
RD
BY
TAI
A
N OO
BROO K S
MA
TA
I
K
L L E Y RD
AVE
H IR I
PO W
M AN
SE
A RU
RI
KI
N
DE
1
E
D
U
NG
RA
KS
SH
HO
Pataua
IW
LM
O
R
CO
RD
U
HA
VA
BA
AM
GH
RD
V
DR
R
LI N
RK
KA
G IL
A
CL
H
G
RD
RD
OI
OT
AI
OK
A
RD
E
RD
T
YS
NO R T H R D
ER
Owhiwa
Waip u Caves
A
TH
W
UA
Parua Bay
ORM
HI
LL
OR
I P RD
AY
D
RD
70% - 79%
P
STA
NR
T IO
ON
59% - 69%
T AI
RD
40% - 58%
IT
ES
6% - 39%
RD
M IT
A RD
UH
EUROPEAN / POP2006
MA N
G
C AV
RD
D
RD
I
PA
R
A
RD
TA
Portland
A
RO
PA
OM A N A
IG
P
Y RD
AI
GA P
RD
AN
M
PA
C
O'
D
LR
OL
PA
H
RD
GIHU A R D
R
AR
RD
JOB E RD
KS
HA R R
IS
RD
RD
RD
RA
W HARE O
W
VA L
LE
Otaika Valley
O
T UHI R
TA N
AI
KA
U
UN
B
W
O
RD
14
MA
E
RD
Tutukaka
RD
D
R R
S
RD
OT
RI
CO
RK
T
OR
RD
RA
D
KA
R
KE
CK
O
O
SN
BA
HA
T
D I
R
TI
TH
RU
RD
IRD
W
RD
H
O
BL
Poroti
R
G
R
T T
M
P U RD
AY
M IL
D
E B US H R
RD
KO
Kauri
EE
D
MO
RD
Titoki
TO R D
TH
R
L
MI
TH R EE
H
US
RD
RU
GU
UN
R
N G UN GU U FO R D RD
NG
D
KA
I
ET
KO
T RD
D
OU R
I RD
Kaiatea
D
UK
GH
Apotu
T
R
AU
R
PU
KO
M A N G AK A HI A
OP UN
KIRIK
A RD
AK
A
KO
WR IGH T R D
Pakotai
AR
W I L SO N R
D
D
O PO U
T E KE R
D
R
AU
MA
AP
MA
RD
LL
EL L
E
CK
OV
AR
RD
RD
RD
W
AI
AP
Marua
Hikurangi
I
I W AI R D
Whananaki
UB
D
P IP
RD
A
O takairangi
Purua
A
A NA K I
HA N
N O RTH RD
G S T SH 1
R
KIN
TU
O
R
AI
NG
RD
R
I
NU
RD
UAR
MA R
E A TO N
Springs Flat
D
E
IL E
Rip onui
OT
I
P IP
RS P
M O O RE R D
W
LE
S
Whakapara
H
Pipiwai
Twin Bridges
WO
RD
BY
SH1
AK
W A IM AT E
NU
I
K A IIK
Opuawhanga
D
R
ES
D
R
J
D
D
D
U IR
R
AY
R
BB
O
ER
M IN
RD
SK
RU
LL
H
AR
TN
Helena Bay W E
RU A
T
V IN
G RE A
KU
RA
RD
MA
S
RD
O
O taika
Figure 49 European Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006
52
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Maori ethnic group tend to live mainly in the far north and far west of the district, in the Helena Bay, Pipiwai, Opouteke areas, with pockets in Pataua,
Takahiwai and Ruakaka. In the Whangarei urban area, the Maori ethnic group reside in Otangarei, Tikipunga, Raumanga, Morningside, and Toetoe (Figure 50).
W
HA
NG
AR
UR
Place of Residence
U
Ngaiotonga
NO
RT
Whangaruru
H
RD
R
RU
GU
KING
ST
RV
N
K
I
MIL L
RD
RD
ST
IL L S D
S
T
RD
A
RI
N
RO
RD
WA
TA
RE
RD
H IG
H
N
S
BAN
K
NH
ER
ES
T
A
VE
FIR
ST
A
VE
W
AI
KA
OT
DU
N
DA
W
HA
N
MA
RA
U
A
RD
KI
Sherwood Rise
HE
A
SO
T
IS
PU
RIR
I RW
FA
RD
SH 1
Toetoe
NGA
IO
VA
54% - 76%
RD
RD
L LE
Y V I EW
RD
AK
IK A V
AL L
EY
S
HU
RC
RD
O
OT A
LO O
SH 1
Langs Beach
P
V
RD
T
O
E
ST
AC RE S
H RD
C
RD
C
IR E
B
U TH
WE
SO
SOURCE:
Statistics New Z ealand, 2006 Census
Waipu Cove
ST
H
E
T OE T O
C
A
T
U
R
S
E RD
AN
P OR T
RD
CH S
T
C H UR
TT R
D
SL O
A UR OA ST
O'
S
RD
HO SK ING
HEW
LE
H
R
A
RD
GR
IR
T
W AI O
AR
D
AR
U
AR
MA
D
AY
R
ET
DI
CK
D
R
N
UI
RU
CR
LO
V
G
KN I
M CB
SH
I
D
AW
D
HI RD
AI
RT
KR
ON ERA
RD
D
O
S
RN
KB U
RD
PAH
A
O
BR
C OC
RD
AW
R
RO A
ED
RV
DY ER S T
R
PA
I
S ID
D
RV
SO UTH E ND A VE
ER
V ER R
D
OA
D
LL
R
SS
E
RD
RD
T
RU
S
K
N
S
OW
N
RI P
O
D
ET AP O N G
IT
OI
RD
K
P
KO
D
R
KO NINI ST
T OK I R
V
CA
DR
U
L
HO
A RD
IA
R
OR
OR
KA
A
R
WH
U
RD
RI V
PO
E
OR
U RETI TI R D
E
AK
EM
RD
ER
ST
IS OLA S T
T
S ID
RA
KA D
RD
RD
RD
G
G A VA L LE Y
RE
Riverside
ST
Morningside
N
TO
Braigh
BROO K S
IN
RD
EN
T
O
1
Marsden Point
O
L E RD
DA
MS
E L R OO K R D
B
M IL L
D
W A L T O HE
REK IN O ST
Horahora
IR I PA
RK
DS
SE
Ocean Beach
N
SA
T
Y
HA RR
IS R D
E
CR
HW
P UR
ST
ST
ERI N
AU
S HI N
BY
N
DE
RD
AD S
I HE
IR
D
RE
A
NG
AH
IW A
PUK EN UI R D
TH
UR
RD
ME M
ST
RN
O
HA
W
Mc Leod Bay
FO
M A U N U RD
Glenbervie
D
Mairtown
M
RD
K RD
RR
KE
RD
IH
TA
IS
HA M
T
N
I
H
NO O
TA K
DU R
ST
CKS
PE RC Y
S
RU
A RU
AKA
R IP
JA
D
MO R
KA
T ST
D
IR
TO
W
Parua Bay
SH
MA
TA
I
TAI
L LE Y RD
AVE
H IR I
PO W
MA
O
WA
LR
RD
N
DE
1
E
D
U
NG
RA
KS
SH
A IO
U
VA
LM
O
R
CO
RD
HO
T
YS
Pataua
Owhiwa
Waip u Caves
BA
AM
GH
W
H
LI N
RD
V
DR
AY
D
D
R
NO R T H
RD
OK
A
L
G IL
STA
RK
B
RD
NR
T IO
A
CL
E
H
US
Tutukaka
ER
SH
RD
ORM
RD
L
HI
RD
I P RD
D
RD
T T
M
ES
34% - 53%
P
MA N
G
C AV
RD
22% - 33%
T AI
RD
I
PA
12% - 21%
IT
A
TA
Portland
A
0% - 11%
RD
M IT
Y RD
AI
GA P
A
D
A RD
UH
MAORI / POP2006
IG
P
RD
AN
M
RD
RD
PA
T
OR
D
LR
RO
PA
OM A N A
U
UN
JOB E RD
OL
RD
PA
R
AR
HA R R
IS
RD
RD
RD
RA
W HARE O
RD
VA L
LE
O
O
SN
C
O'
AI
KA
Otaika Valley
KS
S
MO
D
AR
D
R
R
TI
14
GIHU A R D
CO
RK
KA
R
KA
OT
O
T U HI R
TA N
MA
CK
IRD
HA
TI
R
IR
TH
D
RU
RD
ER
K
BA
M IL
D
E B US H R
LL
D
H
RD
Poroti
W
RD
EE
TH R EE
L
MI
RD
RU
GU
UN
R
NG U N GU U FO R D R D
NG
Kauri
R
AU
O P U RD
O
BL
Titoki
TO R D
TH
R
OU R
I RD
Kaiatea
Apotu
T
AR
MA NG AK A HI A
RD
PU
KO
A RD
UK
HT
KO
AK
A
RD
A
OP UN
KIRIK
AR
WRI GH T RD
Pakotai
W I L SO N R
D
D
O PO U
T E KE R
D
M
AP
MA
RD
R
RD
I
RD
ELL
RD
AP
Marua
Hikurangi
RD
RD
AI
D
I W AI R D
E
ILE
NG
O takairangi
W
B
E A TO N
A
Purua
I
P IP
RS P
MO O RE R D
RD
D
G S T SH 1
R
KIN
TU
O
AIR
Twin Bridges
UAR
MA R
H
Pipiwai
WO
IR
D
S
P IP
Whananaki
J
Rip onui
OT
A NA K I
N O RTH RD
HA N
U
LE
Whakapara
AK
W A IMAT E
NU
W
A
E
CK
D
D
R
O
ER
M IN
U IR
BY
SH1
RD
TH
D
D
K A II K
Opuawhanga
ES
Springs Flat
R
AY
R
R
GA
OR
BB
E
H
E
TN
W
Helena Bay
RUA
TA
V IN
G RE A
KU
RA
RD
MA
O taika
Figure 50 Maori Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006
53
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Asian ethnic group is tend to live in the western areas of the district, in the Maungatapere, Springs Flat, Apotu, and Otaikarangi areas, with small pockets living
in Oakura, Pataua and Waipu. In the urban area, the majority of the Asian ethnic group live in Kamo, Mairtown and the Avenues (Figure 51).
W
HA
NG
AR
UR
Place of Residence
U
Ngaiotonga
NO
RT
Whangaruru
H
RD
R
RU
GU
KING
ST
RV
N
K
I
MIL L
RD
RD
ST
IL L S D
S
T
RD
A
RI
N
RO
RD
WA
TA
RE
RD
H IG
H
N
S
BAN
K
NH
ER
ES
T
A
VE
FIR
ST
A
VE
W
AI
KA
OT
DU
N
DA
W
HA
N
MA
RA
U
A
RD
KI
Sherwood Rise
HE
A
SO
T
IS
PU
RIR
I RW
FA
RD
SH 1
Toetoe
NGA
IO
VA
8% - 11%
RD
RD
L LE
Y V I EW
RD
AK
IK A V
AL L
EY
S
HU
RC
RD
O
OT A
LO O
SH 1
Langs Beach
P
V
RD
T
O
E
ST
AC RE S
H RD
C
RD
C
IR E
B
U TH
WE
SO
SOURCE:
Statistics New Z ealand, 2006 Census
Waipu Cove
ST
H
E
T OE T O
C
A
T
U
R
S
E RD
AN
P OR T
RD
CH S
T
C H UR
TT R
D
SL O
A UR OA ST
O'
S
RD
HO SK ING
HEW
LE
H
R
A
RD
GR
IR
T
W AI O
AR
D
AR
U
AR
MA
D
AY
R
ET
DI
CK
D
R
N
UI
RU
CR
LO
V
G
KN I
M CB
SH
I
D
AW
D
HI RD
AI
RT
KR
ON ERA
RD
D
O
S
RN
KB U
RD
PAH
A
O
BR
C OC
RD
AW
R
RO A
ED
RV
DY ER S T
R
PA
I
S ID
D
RV
SO UTH E ND A VE
ER
V ER R
D
OA
D
LL
R
SS
E
RD
RD
T
RU
S
K
N
S
OW
N
RI P
O
D
ET AP O N G
IT
OI
RD
K
P
KO
D
R
KO NINI ST
T OK I R
V
CA
DR
U
L
HO
A RD
IA
R
OR
OR
KA
A
R
WH
U
RD
RI V
PO
E
OR
U RETI TI R D
E
AK
EM
RD
ER
ST
IS OLA S T
T
S ID
RA
KA D
RD
RD
RD
G
G A VA L LE Y
RE
Riverside
ST
Morningside
N
TO
Braigh
BROO K S
IN
RD
EN
T
O
1
Marsden Point
O
L E RD
DA
MS
E L R OO K R D
B
M IL L
D
W A L T O HE
REK IN O ST
Horahora
IR I PA
RK
DS
SE
Ocean Beach
N
SA
T
Y
HA RR
IS R D
E
CR
HW
P UR
ST
ST
ERI N
AU
S HI N
BY
N
DE
RD
AD S
I HE
IR
D
RE
A
NG
AH
IW A
PUK EN UI R D
TH
UR
RD
ME M
ST
RN
O
HA
W
Mc Leod Bay
FO
M A U N U RD
Glenbervie
D
Mairtown
M
RD
K RD
RR
KE
RD
IH
TA
IS
HA M
T
N
I
H
NO O
TA K
DU R
ST
CKS
PE RC Y
S
RU
A RU
AKA
R IP
JA
D
MO R
KA
T ST
D
IR
TO
W
Parua Bay
SH
MA
TA
I
TAI
L LE Y RD
AVE
H IR I
PO W
MA
O
WA
LR
RD
N
DE
1
E
D
U
NG
RA
KS
SH
A IO
U
VA
LM
O
R
CO
RD
HO
T
YS
Pataua
Owhiwa
Waip u Caves
BA
AM
GH
W
H
LI N
RD
V
DR
AY
D
D
R
NO R T H
RD
OK
A
L
G IL
STA
RK
B
RD
NR
T IO
A
CL
E
H
US
Tutukaka
ER
SH
RD
ORM
RD
L
HI
RD
I P RD
D
RD
T T
M
ES
5% - 7%
MA N
G
C AV
RD
2% - 4%
P
RD
I
PA
0% - 1%
T AI
A
TA
Portland
A
D
A RD
UH
ASIAN / POP2006
IT
Y RD
AI
GA P
A
RD
M IT
IG
P
RD
AN
M
RD
RD
PA
T
OR
D
LR
RO
PA
OM A N A
U
UN
JOB E RD
OL
RD
PA
R
AR
HA R R
IS
RD
RD
RD
RA
W HARE O
RD
VA L
LE
O
O
SN
C
O'
AI
KA
Otaika Valley
KS
S
MO
D
AR
D
R
R
TI
14
GIHU A R D
CO
RK
KA
R
KA
OT
O
T U HI R
TA N
MA
CK
IRD
HA
TI
R
IR
TH
D
RU
RD
ER
K
BA
M IL
D
E B US H R
LL
D
H
RD
Poroti
W
RD
EE
TH R EE
L
MI
RD
RU
GU
UN
R
NG U N GU U FO R D R D
NG
Kauri
R
AU
O P U RD
O
BL
Titoki
TO R D
TH
R
OU R
I RD
Kaiatea
Apotu
T
AR
MA NG AK A HI A
RD
PU
KO
A RD
UK
HT
KO
AK
A
RD
A
OP UN
KIRIK
AR
WRI GH T RD
Pakotai
W I L SO N R
D
D
O PO U
T E KE R
D
M
AP
MA
RD
R
RD
I
RD
ELL
RD
AP
Marua
Hikurangi
RD
RD
AI
D
I W AI R D
E
ILE
NG
O takairangi
W
B
E A TO N
A
Purua
I
P IP
RS P
MO O RE R D
RD
D
G S T SH 1
R
KIN
TU
O
AIR
Twin Bridges
UAR
MA R
H
Pipiwai
WO
IR
D
S
P IP
Whananaki
J
Rip onui
OT
A NA K I
N O RTH RD
HA N
U
LE
Whakapara
AK
W A IMAT E
NU
W
A
E
CK
D
D
R
O
ER
M IN
U IR
BY
SH1
RD
TH
D
D
K A II K
Opuawhanga
ES
Springs Flat
R
AY
R
R
GA
OR
BB
E
H
E
TN
W
Helena Bay
RUA
TA
V IN
G RE A
KU
RA
RD
MA
O taika
Figure 51 Asian Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006
54
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Pacific People tend to live in similar areas to Maori, in Helena Bay, Pipiwai, Takahiwai and Ruakaka, Tikipunga, Otangarei and Toetoe, as well as in Whareora
and McLeods Bay areas (Figure 52).
W
HA
NG
AR
UR
Place of Residence
U
Ngaiotonga
NO
RT
Whangaruru
H
RD
R
RU
GU
KING
ST
RV
N
K
I
MIL L
RD
RD
ST
IL L S D
S
T
RD
A
RI
N
RO
RD
WA
TA
RE
RD
H IG
H
N
S
BAN
K
NH
ER
ES
T
A
VE
FIR
ST
A
VE
W
AI
KA
OT
DU
N
DA
W
HA
N
MA
RA
U
A
RD
KI
Sherwood Rise
HE
A
SO
T
IS
PU
RIR
I RW
FA
RD
SH 1
Toetoe
NGA
IO
VA
11% - 22%
RD
RD
L LE
Y V I EW
RD
AK
IK A V
AL L
EY
S
HU
RC
RD
O
OT A
LO O
SH 1
Langs Beach
P
V
RD
T
O
E
ST
AC RE S
H RD
C
RD
C
IR E
B
U TH
WE
SO
SOURCE:
Statistics New Z ealand, 2006 Census
Waipu Cove
ST
H
E
T OE T O
C
A
T
U
R
S
E RD
AN
P OR T
RD
CH S
T
C H UR
TT R
D
SL O
A UR OA ST
O'
S
RD
HO SK ING
HEW
LE
H
R
A
RD
GR
IR
T
W AI O
AR
D
AR
U
AR
MA
D
AY
R
ET
DI
CK
D
R
N
UI
RU
CR
LO
V
G
KN I
M CB
SH
I
D
AW
D
HI RD
AI
RT
KR
ON ERA
RD
D
O
S
RN
KB U
RD
PAH
A
O
BR
C OC
RD
AW
R
RO A
ED
RV
DY ER S T
R
PA
I
S ID
D
RV
SO UTH E ND A VE
ER
V ER R
D
OA
D
LL
R
SS
E
RD
RD
T
RU
S
K
N
S
OW
N
RI P
O
D
ET AP O N G
IT
OI
RD
K
P
KO
D
R
KO NINI ST
T OK I R
V
CA
DR
U
L
HO
A RD
IA
R
OR
OR
KA
A
R
WH
U
RD
RI V
PO
E
OR
U RETI TI R D
E
AK
EM
RD
ER
ST
IS OLA S T
T
S ID
RA
KA D
RD
RD
RD
G
G A VA L LE Y
RE
Riverside
ST
Morningside
N
TO
Braigh
BROO K S
IN
RD
EN
T
O
1
Marsden Point
O
L E RD
DA
MS
E L R OO K R D
B
M IL L
D
W A L T O HE
REK IN O ST
Horahora
IR I PA
RK
DS
SE
Ocean Beach
N
SA
T
Y
HA RR
IS R D
E
CR
HW
P UR
ST
ST
ERI N
AU
S HI N
BY
N
DE
RD
AD S
I HE
IR
D
RE
A
NG
AH
IW A
PUK EN UI R D
TH
UR
RD
ME M
ST
RN
O
HA
W
Mc Leod Bay
FO
M A U N U RD
Glenbervie
D
Mairtown
M
RD
K RD
RR
KE
RD
IH
TA
IS
HA M
T
N
I
H
NO O
TA K
DU R
ST
CKS
PE RC Y
S
RU
A RU
AKA
R IP
JA
D
MO R
KA
T ST
D
IR
TO
W
Parua Bay
SH
MA
TA
I
TAI
L LE Y RD
AVE
H IR I
PO W
MA
O
WA
LR
RD
N
DE
1
E
D
U
NG
RA
KS
SH
A IO
U
VA
LM
O
R
CO
RD
HO
T
YS
Pataua
Owhiwa
Waip u Caves
BA
AM
GH
W
H
LI N
RD
V
DR
AY
D
D
R
NO R T H
RD
OK
A
L
G IL
STA
RK
B
RD
NR
T IO
A
CL
E
H
US
Tutukaka
ER
SH
RD
ORM
RD
L
HI
RD
I P RD
D
RD
T T
M
ES
7% - 10%
MA N
G
C AV
RD
4% - 6%
P
RD
I
PA
1% - 3%
T AI
A
TA
Portland
A
D
A RD
UH
PACIFIC / POP2006
IT
Y RD
AI
GA P
A
RD
M IT
IG
P
RD
AN
M
RD
RD
PA
T
OR
D
LR
RO
PA
OM A N A
U
UN
JOB E RD
OL
RD
PA
R
AR
HA R R
IS
RD
RD
RD
RA
W HARE O
RD
VA L
LE
O
O
SN
C
O'
AI
KA
Otaika Valley
KS
S
MO
D
AR
D
R
R
TI
14
GIHU A R D
CO
RK
KA
R
KA
OT
O
T U HI R
TA N
MA
CK
IRD
HA
TI
R
IR
TH
D
RU
RD
ER
K
BA
M IL
D
E B US H R
LL
D
H
RD
Poroti
W
RD
EE
TH R EE
L
MI
RD
RU
GU
UN
R
NG U N GU U FO R D R D
NG
Kauri
R
AU
O P U RD
O
BL
Titoki
TO R D
TH
R
OU R
I RD
Kaiatea
Apotu
T
AR
MA NG AK A HI A
RD
PU
KO
A RD
UK
HT
KO
AK
A
RD
A
OP UN
KIRIK
AR
WRI GH T RD
Pakotai
W I L SO N R
D
D
O PO U
T E KE R
D
M
AP
MA
RD
R
RD
I
RD
ELL
RD
AP
Marua
Hikurangi
RD
RD
AI
D
I W AI R D
E
ILE
NG
O takairangi
W
B
E A TO N
A
Purua
I
P IP
RS P
MO O RE R D
RD
D
G S T SH 1
R
KIN
TU
O
AIR
Twin Bridges
UAR
MA R
H
Pipiwai
WO
IR
D
S
P IP
Whananaki
J
Rip onui
OT
A NA K I
N O RTH RD
HA N
U
LE
Whakapara
AK
W A IMAT E
NU
W
A
E
CK
D
D
R
O
ER
M IN
U IR
BY
SH1
RD
TH
D
D
K A II K
Opuawhanga
ES
Springs Flat
R
AY
R
R
GA
OR
BB
E
H
E
TN
W
Helena Bay
RUA
TA
V IN
G RE A
KU
RA
RD
MA
O taika
Figure 52 Pacific Peoples Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006
55
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) ethnic group are sparsely distributed across the Whangarei District. The majority live in Otaikarangi, Tikipunga,
Whau Valley, Riverside, Avenues, Maunu and Raumanga (Figure 53).
W
HA
NG
AR
UR
Place of Residence
U
Ngaiotonga
NO
RT
Whangaruru
H
RD
R
RU
GU
KING
ST
RV
N
K
I
MIL L
RD
RD
ST
IL L S D
S
T
RD
A
RI
N
RO
RD
WA
TA
RE
RD
H IG
H
N
S
BAN
K
NH
ER
ES
T
A
VE
FIR
ST
A
VE
W
AI
KA
OT
DU
N
DA
W
HA
N
MA
RA
U
RT
AW
D
A
RD
KI
D
KR
Sherwood Rise
HE
A
SO
T
IS
PU
RIR
I RW
FA
RD
SH 1
Toetoe
NGA
IO
VA
4% - 7%
RD
RD
L LE
Y V I EW
RD
AK
IK A V
AL L
EY
S
HU
RC
RD
O
OT A
P
SH 1
Langs Beach
LO O
V
RD
T
O
E
ST
AC RE S
H RD
C
RD
C
IR E
B
U TH
WE
SO
SOURCE:
Statistics New Z ealand, 2006 Census
Waipu Cove
ST
H
E
T OE T O
C
A
T
U
R
S
E RD
AN
P OR T
RD
CH S
T
C H UR
TT R
D
SL O
A UR OA ST
O'
S
RD
HO SK ING
HEW
LE
H
R
A
RD
GR
IR
T
W AI O
AR
D
AR
U
AR
MA
D
AY
R
ET
SH
D
AI
DI
CK
D
R
N
UI
RU
CR
LO
V
G
KN I
M CB
RD
R
RO A
O
HI RD
A
O
BR
ON ERA
E
OR
ED
RV
S
RN
KB U
RD
PAH
AW
S ID
D
PO
ST
SO UTH E ND A VE
ER
C OC
RD
PA
I
ER
RV
RD
RI V
V ER R
D
OA
D
LL
R
SS
E
RD
RD
T
RU
S
K
N
S
OW
N
RI P
O
D
ET AP O N G
IT
OI
RD
K
P
KO
D
KO NINI ST
I
V
R
DR
T OK I R
L
CA
IA
U
A RD
OR
HO
A
R
WH
KA
RD
R
DS
U
N
SA
S ID
Morningside
IS OLA S T
T
OR
Riverside
ST
RA
KA D
G A VA L LE Y
RE
DY ER S T
R
RD
G
RD
U RETI TI R D
E
AK
EM
RD
IN
IR I PA
RK
EN
T
W A L T O HE
REK IN O ST
Horahora
RD
BROO K S
D
O
1
Marsden Point
O
L E RD
DA
MS
E L R OO K R D
B
M IL L
HA M
SE
Ocean Beach
IS
DU R
T
Y
HA RR
IS R D
E
CR
HW
P UR
ST
ST
ERI N
AU
S HI N
BY
N
DE
RD
AD S
I HE
IR
D
RE
A
NG
AH
IW A
PUK EN UI R D
TH
UR
RD
ME M
ST
RN
O
HA
W
TA K
Mc Leod Bay
FO
M A U N U RD
Glenbervie
D
Mairtown
M
RD
K RD
RR
KE
RD
IH
TA
N
TO
RD
1% - 3%
T
N
I
H
NO O
Braigh
MELAA / POP2006
ST
CKS
PE RC Y
S
RU
A RU
AKA
R IP
JA
D
MO R
KA
T ST
D
IR
TO
W
Parua Bay
SH
MA
TA
I
TAI
L LE Y RD
AVE
H IR I
PO W
MA
O
WA
LR
RD
N
DE
1
E
D
U
NG
RA
KS
SH
A IO
U
VA
LM
O
R
CO
RD
HO
T
YS
Pataua
Owhiwa
Waip u Caves
BA
AM
GH
W
H
LI N
RD
V
DR
AY
D
D
R
NO R T H
RD
OK
A
L
G IL
STA
RK
B
RD
NR
T IO
A
CL
E
H
US
Tutukaka
ER
SH
ES
ORM
RD
L
HI
RD
I P RD
D
RD
T T
M
MA N
G
C AV
RD
P
RD
I
PA
T AI
A
TA
Portland
A
D
A RD
UH
IT
Y RD
AI
GA P
A
RD
M IT
IG
P
RD
AN
M
RD
RD
PA
T
OR
D
LR
RO
PA
OM A N A
U
UN
JOB E RD
OL
RD
PA
R
AR
HA R R
IS
RD
RD
RD
RA
W HARE O
RD
VA L
LE
O
O
SN
C
O'
AI
KA
Otaika Valley
KS
S
MO
D
AR
D
R
R
TI
14
GIHU A R D
CO
RK
KA
R
KA
OT
O
T U HI R
TA N
MA
CK
IRD
HA
TI
R
IR
TH
D
RU
RD
ER
K
BA
M IL
D
E B US H R
LL
D
H
RD
Poroti
W
RD
EE
TH R EE
L
MI
RD
RU
GU
UN
R
NG U N GU U FO R D R D
NG
Kauri
R
AU
O P U RD
O
BL
Titoki
TO R D
TH
R
OU R
I RD
Kaiatea
Apotu
T
AR
MA NG AK A HI A
RD
PU
KO
A RD
UK
HT
KO
AK
A
RD
A
OP UN
KIRIK
AR
WRI GH T RD
Pakotai
W I L SO N R
D
D
O PO U
T E KE R
D
M
AP
MA
RD
R
RD
I
RD
ELL
RD
AP
Marua
Hikurangi
RD
RD
AI
D
I W AI R D
E
ILE
NG
O takairangi
W
B
E A TO N
A
Purua
I
P IP
RS P
MO O RE R D
RD
D
G S T SH 1
R
KIN
TU
O
AIR
Twin Bridges
UAR
MA R
H
Pipiwai
WO
IR
D
S
P IP
Whananaki
J
Rip onui
OT
A NA K I
N O RTH RD
HA N
U
LE
Whakapara
AK
W A IMAT E
NU
W
A
E
CK
D
D
R
O
ER
M IN
U IR
BY
SH1
RD
TH
D
D
K A II K
Opuawhanga
ES
Springs Flat
R
AY
R
R
GA
OR
BB
E
H
E
TN
W
Helena Bay
RUA
TA
V IN
G RE A
KU
RA
RD
MA
O taika
Figure 53 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) Ethnic Group by Meshblock, 2006
56
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
6. Employment
Employment is a key determinant of economic and social wellbeing, community connectedness, status and
identity. The unemployment rate describes the proportion of the total labour force currently unemployed
and actively looking for work.
Some ethnic groups who have high numbers of students will have low rates of employment. However, high
numbers of students will not impact on the unemployment rates for these groups, as students, if they are
not employed, are classified as ‘not in the labour force’. These factors are important to consider when
interpreting work and labour force status. In addition, there is some evidence that discrimination impacts on
the ability for some ethnic groups to gain employment. This may also reduce the employment rate of some
ethnic groups (Thorpe, 2007).
Employment patterns will be influenced by the age profile of the population. Where there are peak numbers
in younger age groups 15-24 years, many of these might be students, and therefore not in the labour force.
Where there were more people than average in age groups 65 years and over, many of these might be
retired, and therefore not in the labour force.
Employment patterns may also be influenced by patterns of recent immigration. People who have recently
come to New Zealand might still be unemployed and seeking work in greater than average proportions.
People who had come recently and needed time to gain language skills and/or appropriate New Zealand
qualifications might be studying, and therefore not in the labour force.
The working population and the unemployed population (aged 15 years and over) together make up the
‘labour force’. The rest of the population aged 15 years and over are defined as ‘non labour force’. This
category will include those students in secondary school who do not have part time work, full time students
at tertiary level, retired people of all ages, and others who, for whatever reason, were not seeking work in
the week before the Census.
Work and Labour Force Status
'Work and labour force status' classifies people aged 15 years and over according to their inclusion or
exclusion from the labour force. For people who are employed, it distinguishes whether they are employed
full time (30 hours or more per week) or part time (fewer than 30 hours per week). Full and part time
workers together make up the ‘working population’ or the ‘workforce’.
For people who are not employed, they are either 'unemployed' or 'not in the labour force'. Unemployment
levels are defined as the number of people aged 15 years and over who are unemployed, actively seeking
work and are available for work. However, a person whose only job search method had been to look at job
advertisements in the newspapers, is not considered to be actively seeking work.
Any person in the working-age population (people aged 15 years and over) who is neither employed nor
unemployed are considered to be ‘not in the labour force’. This category includes:
ƒ retired people
ƒ people with personal or family responsibilities, such as unpaid housework and childcare
ƒ people attending educational institutions
ƒ people permanently unable to work due to physical or mental disabilities
ƒ people who were temporarily unavailable for work in the survey reference week
ƒ people who are not actively seeking work.
Approximately a third of the New Zealand, Northland Region and Whangarei District’s working age
population are not in the labour force (Figure 54, Figure 55, and Figure 56). The largest proportion of those
not in the labour force in New Zealand are from the Asian (38%) and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
(MELAA) (38%) ethnic groups (Figure 54). The largest proportion of the Northland population not in the
labour force are Maori (37%) (Figure 57), while the largest proportion of the Whangarei population not in
the labour force are European (36%) (Figure 56).
57
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
100%
90%
80%
23%
31%
31%
35%
38%
38%
69%
69%
65%
62%
62%
European
Maori
Pacif ic People
Asian
MELAA
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
77%
20%
10%
0%
Other Ethnicity
New Zealand
Total Labour Force
Not in the Labour Force
Figure 54 New Zealand Labour Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006
100%
90%
80%
36%
37%
35%
33%
29%
27%
64%
63%
65%
67%
71%
73%
European
Maori
Pacif ic People
Asian
MELAA
Other Ethnicity
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Northland Region
Total Labour Force
Not in the Labour Force
Figure 55 Northland Region Labour Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006
100%
90%
80%
36%
34%
34%
34%
29%
27%
64%
66%
66%
67%
71%
73%
European
Maori
Pacif ic People
Asian
MELAA
Other Ethnicity
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Whangarei District
Total Labour Force
Not in the Labour Force
Figure 56 Whangarei District Labour Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006
58
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
In the New Zealand, the “Other” and European ethnic groups had the highest full-time employment rates
(78% and 73% respectively) in 2006, followed closely by the Pacific People (72%). The Asian and European
ethnic groups had the highest part-time employment rate (both with 23%), followed by the Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group (22%). The Pacific People, Maori and the Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African ethnic groups had the highest unemployment rate (11%), while the “Other” and European
ethnic groups had the lowest unemployment rate (3% and 4% respectively).
100%
90%
80%
4%
11%
11%
9%
20%
17%
23%
22%
73%
69%
72%
68%
67%
European
Maori
Pacif ic People
Asian
MELAA
23%
3%
11%
20%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
78%
20%
10%
0%
Other Ethnicity
New Zealand
Full-time
Part-time
Unemployed
Figure 57 New Zealand Work Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006
In Northland Region, the “Other” and European ethnic groups had the highest full-time employment rates
(76% and 71% respectively) in 2006. The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) and Asian ethnic
groups had the highest part-time employment rate (both 25%). The Pacific People and Maori had the
highest unemployment rate (15% and 14%), while the “Other” and European ethnic groups had the lowest
unemployment rate (3% and 5% respectively).
100%
5%
90%
80%
14%
15%
24%
70%
7%
7%
25%
25%
3%
21%
22%
20%
64%
64%
67%
68%
Maori
Pacif ic People
Asian
MELAA
60%
50%
40%
30%
71%
76%
20%
10%
0%
European
Other Ethnicity
Northland Region
Full-time
Part-time
Unemployed
Figure 58 Northland Region Work Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006
Like New Zealand and the Northland Region, the “Other” and European ethnic groups had the highest fulltime employment rates (77% and 72% respectively) in the Whangarei District. The Asian and Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) ethnic groups had the highest part-time employment rate (25%
and 24% respectively). Like New Zealand and the Northland Region, the Pacific People and Maori had the
highest unemployment rate (16% and 14%) in the Whangarei District, while the “Other” and European
ethnic groups had the lowest unemployment rate (3% and 5% respectively).
59
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
100%
5%
14%
90%
80%
16%
7%
25%
24%
3%
20%
23%
70%
7%
20%
19%
66%
65%
68%
66%
Maori
Pacif ic People
Asian
MELAA
60%
50%
40%
30%
72%
77%
20%
10%
0%
European
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
Full-time
Part-time
Unemployed
Figure 59 Whangarei District Work Force Status by Ethnic Group, 2006
Status in Employment
Status in employment classifies employed people aged 15 years and over according to whether they are
working for themselves or for other people. Status in employment includes those that are a paid employee,
self employed and not employing any other person(s), an employer of other persons, or an unpaid worker in
a family business. Those who worked as partners in a small business or farm were each considered ‘self
employed’ but they were only considered ‘employers’ if the partnership employed other people.
The status in employment is similar across all ethnic groups for the New Zealand labour force, with the
majority of the New Zealand labour force being paid employees (Figure 60). Between 13% and 14% of the
European and Asian labour force are self-employed, while 7% and 8% are employers. The Asian ethnic
group has the largest proportion of unpaid family workers (4%).
100%
90%
80%
2%
8%
2%
3%
7%
1%
2%
4%
13%
4%
7%
14%
2%
6%
12%
70%
60%
50%
40%
88%
93%
76%
74%
80%
30%
20%
10%
0%
European
Maori
Pacif ic
Asian
Other
New Zealand
Paid Employee
Self-Employed
Employer
Unpaid Family Worker
Figure 60 Status in Employment, New Zealand, 2006
60
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The status in employment varies considerably across all ethnic groups for the Northland Region labour force.
Like the New Zealand labour force, the majority of the Northland Region’s labour force are paid employees
(Figure 61). However, unlike the rest of the New Zealand labour force, a larger proportion of the Northland
Region’s labour force are self-employed, with between 17% and 20% of the Asian and European labour
force being self-employed, compared with 14% and 13% of the New Zealand labour force. More people in
the Northland Region’s labour force are also employers, compared with the New Zealand labour force (11%
and 12% of the Northland Region’s European and Asian ethnic groups, compared with 8% and 7% for New
Zealand). The Asian ethnic group also has the highest proportion of unpaid family workers (6%).
100%
90%
5%
11%
4%
6%
7%
5%
4%
8%
6%
12%
80%
70%
20%
17%
5%
11%
16%
60%
50%
83%
40%
30%
83%
64%
65%
68%
Asian
Other
20%
10%
0%
European
Maori
Pacif ic
Northland Region
Paid Employee
Self-Employed
Employer
Unpaid Family Worker
Figure 61 Status in Employment, Northland Region, 2006
The Whangarei District’s status in employment (Figure 62) is similar to that for New Zealand (Figure 62),
with the majority being paid employees, and a similar proportion being self-employed. 16% of the European
and Asian ethnic groups are self employed, compared with 13% and 14% for New Zealand, and 20% and
17% for the Northland Region. The Asian ethnic group has the largest proportion of employer (12%),
compared with 7% for New Zealand and 12% for the Northland Region. Like New Zealand and the
Northland Region, the Asian ethnic group also has the highest proportion of unpaid family workers.
100%
90%
3%
10%
80%
16%
3%
4%
7%
3%
6%
7%
4%
12%
0%
6%
19%
16%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
87%
85%
71%
68%
75%
20%
10%
0%
European
Maori
Pacif ic
Asian
Other
Whangarei District
Paid Employee
Self-Employed
Employer
Unpaid Family Worker
Figure 62 Status in Employment, Whangarei District, 2006
61
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Unemployment
Levels of unemployment are often used as an indicator for gauging social and economic wellbeing.
Unemployment levels are defined as the number of people who are unemployed and actively seeking work
as a percentage of the total labour force aged 15 years and over.
Maori and Pacific People are disproportionately represented in the unemployment statistics.
The
unemployment rates for Pacific People were the highest in New Zealand, Northland and Whangarei in 2006,
with 15% and 16% unemployed in Northland and Whangarei, and 11% unemployed in New Zealand. Maori
unemployment rates for the Whangarei District and Northland was 14% in 2006 and 11% for New Zealand.
The Other ethnic groups and European had the lowest unemployment rates in 2006, with less than 5% of
the labour force unemployed in 2006 (Figure 63).
18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
15% 16%
14% 14%
6%
11%
11%
11%
9%
4%
2%
4%
7%
7%
7%
5%
5%
7%
3%
3%
3%
0%
European
Maori
Pacif ic People
New Zealand
Asian
Northland Region
MELAA
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
Figure 63 Unemployment Rates by Ethnic Group, 2006
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand
The 15-24 year old age group had the highest unemployment rates in all ethnic groups in 2006, with the
highest being in the Pacific (30%) and Maori (26%) ethnic groups (Figure 64).
35%
30%
30%
26%
25%
20%
15%
14%
12%
10%
5%
4%
6%
3%
14%
12%
8%
4%
10%
6% 6%
6%
3% 2%
1%
1%
0%
European
Maori
Pacific Peoples
15-24
25-44
Asian
45-64
Middle
Eastern/Latin
American/African
Other Ethnicity
65+
Figure 64 Unemployment Rates by Age and Ethnic Group for the Whangarei District, 2006
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand
62
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Hours Worked
Figure 65, Figure 66 and Figure 67 show the number of hours worked by ethnic groups for the New Zealand,
Northland and Whangarei District’s labour force. The common trend across New Zealand, Northland and the
Whangarei District is that the majority of people work between 40 and 49 hours a week.
For the New Zealand labour force (Figure 65), the Pacific People work the longest hours, with over 70%
working more than 40 hours a week, followed by Maori with almost 70% working more than 40 hours per
week.
100%
80%
60%
6%
8%
8%
8%
10%
9%
13%
11%
41%
47%
13%
12%
9%
8%
6%
8%
7%
6%
11%
7%
6%
5%
European
Maori
Pacific Peoples
7%
9%
13%
15%
47%
57%
46%
41%
40%
20%
0%
12%
14%
9%
9%
6%
8%
9%
6%
Asian
MELAA
13%
8%
7%
5%
Other Ethnicity
New Zealand
1-9 Hours
10-19 Hours
20-29 Hours
40-49 Hours
50-59 Hours
60 Hours or More
30-39 Hours
Figure 65 Hours Worked in Employment per Week, New Zealand, 2006
For the Northland Region’s labour force (Figure 66), the Pacific People also work the longest hours with 64%
working 40 hours or more per week, followed by 62% of Maori and European.
100%
80%
60%
12%
12%
10%
10%
8%
8%
9%
37%
43%
48%
14%
14%
13%
10%
8%
6%
9%
8%
6%
European
Maori
40%
20%
0%
15%
35%
6%
13%
15%
15%
40%
36%
14%
17%
9%
7%
6%
11%
9%
7%
8%
8%
8%
Pacific Peoples
Asian
MELAA
13%
9%
7%
5%
Other Ethnicity
Northland Region
1-9 Hours
10-19 Hours
20-29 Hours
40-49 Hours
50-59 Hours
60 Hours or More
30-39 Hours
Figure 66 Hours Worked in Employment per Week, Northland Region, 2006
For the Whangarei District’s labour force (Figure 67), the trend is much the same as for Northland and New
Zealand. The majority of people working more than 40 hours a week are the Maori and Pacific People, with
64%, followed by the European ethnic group with 62% of the labour force working 40 hours or more per
week.
63
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
100%
80%
60%
12%
9%
11%
6%
11%
40%
45%
47%
15%
14%
15%
10%
8%
6%
8%
8%
6%
9%
7%
5%
European
Maori
Pacific Peoples
10%
40%
20%
0%
13%
12%
13%
9%
36%
14%
43%
40%
16%
17%
11%
10%
6%
9%
9%
9%
Asian
MELAA
14%
9%
6%
5%
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
1-9 Hours
10-19 Hours
20-29 Hours
40-49 Hours
50-59 Hours
60 Hours or More
30-39 Hours
Figure 67 Hours Worked in Employment per Week, Whangarei District, 2006
64
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
7. Occupation and Industry
Occupations reflect the skill set of an ethnicity’s workforce and can provide some indication of a group’s
earning ability and standard of living. Occupation data can also give an insight into the ability of a workforce
to adapt to changes and developments in the local business environment (Thorpe, 2007).
An occupation is defined as a set of jobs that require the performance of similar or identical tasks, while a
job is a set of tasks performed or designed to be performed by one person for an employer (including selfemployment) in return for payment or profit.
Table 13 ANZSCO Classification of Occupations
Occupation
Job
Managers
Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators
Farmers and Farm Managers
Specialist Managers
Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers
Professionals
Arts and Media Professionals
Business, Human Resource and Marketing Professionals
Design, Engineering, Science and Transport Professionals
Education Professionals
Health Professionals
ICT Professionals
Legal, Social and Welfare Professionals
Technicians and Trades Workers
Engineering, ICT and Science Technicians
Automotive and Engineering Trades Workers
Construction Trades Workers
Electrotechnology and Telecommunications Trades Workers
Food Trades Workers
Skilled Animal and Horticultural Workers
Other Technicians and Trades Workers
Community and Personal Service Workers
Health and Welfare Support Workers
Carers and Aides
Hospitality Workers
Protective Service Workers
Sports and Personal Service Workers
Clerical and Administrative Workers
Office Managers and Program Administrators
Personal Assistants and Secretaries
General Clerical Workers
Inquiry Clerks and Receptionists
Numerical Clerks
Clerical and Office Support Workers
Other Clerical and Administrative Workers
Sales Workers
Sales Representatives and Agents
Sales Assistants and Salespersons
Sales Support Workers
Machinery Operators and Drivers
Machine and Stationary Plant Operators
Mobile Plant Operators
Road and Rail Drivers
Storepersons
Labourers
Cleaners and Laundry Workers
Construction and Mining Labourers
Factory Process Workers
Farm, Forestry and Garden Workers
Food Preparation Assistants
Other Labourers
65
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
In the Whangarei District, the ethnic minority groups (Maori, Pacific, Asian, and Middle Eastern/Latin
America/African ethnic groups) have similar proportions of their working age population in each of the main
occupation groups to that of the total Whangarei District working age population (Figure 68). However,
more ethnic minority people are community and personal service workers; machinery operators and drivers;
and labourers, a reflection of either the type of work available in the District (mainly low skilled), or the type
of migrants the district attracts (manual workers). Figure 68 also shows that the majority of occupations in
the Whangarei District are manual labour.
20%
15%
10%
5%
18%
13%
15%
18%
13%
15%
18%
12%
9%
9%
12%
10% 10%
10%
11%
7%
0%
Total Ethnic Minority Labour Force
Total Whangarei District Labour Force
Figure 68 Occupations, Whangarei District 2006
The European ethnic group has a relatively equal mis of occupations, with similar proportions of its
population aged 15 years and over in each of the main occupation groups (Figure 69) The highest
proportion of people were managers and professionals (both 19%), followed by technicians and trade
workers (15%) and clerical and administrative workers (13%).
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
19%
19%
15%
9%
13%
10%
6%
10%
Figure 69 Occupations by European Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006
The Maori ethnic group tend to have a mix of manual and executive occupations, with 19% being labourers,
followed by 14% being professionals (Figure 70).
66
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
12%
14%
13%
19%
12%
10%
10%
11%
0%
Figure 70 Occupations by Maori Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006
The Pacific ethnic group also tend to have a mix of manual and executive occupations, with 17% being
labourers, followed by 15% being community and personal service workers (Figure 71).
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
11%
13%
14%
15%
17%
10%
11%
9%
0%
Figure 71 Occupations by Pacific Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006
The majority of the Asian working population were in executive occupations, with 24% being professionals
and 17% being managers, followed by 16% being technician and trades. A very small proportion of the
Asian ethnic group are machinery operators and drivers, while 10% are labourers.
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
24%
17%
16%
10%
8%
13%
1%
10%
Figure 72 Occupations by Asian Ethnic Group, Whangarei District 2006
67
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
8. Education
Education is critical in a changing world. Knowing how well educated an ethnic group is, may give an
indication to the type of employment that they may gain, their income level and their standard of living.
Technological, economic and social changes, coupled with increasing globalisation, are broadening career
opportunities while requiring more highly skilled workers (Thorpe, 2007).
Statistics for this section was obtained from the Ministry of Education. While they are unable to confirm how
they have classified their ethnic groups, and whether they have used the Statistics New Zealand Standard
for Ethnicity 2005, the statistics for the “Other” ethnic group has been omitted in this report due to the
obscurity of their results, and also because the Ministry of Education omits the ‘Other’ ethnic group from its
own publications.
Stand-Downs from School
As a consequence of a serious breach of school rules, a school principal can order a student to stand-down
from school for a period of up to five school days. A stand-down, for any student, can total no more than
five school days in any term, or 10 days in a school year. Students return automatically to school following a
stand-down.
Quantity of instruction or potential 'opportunity to learn' strongly influences student outcomes. The New
Zealand Smithfield study found student attendance during Year 11 to be one of the most significant
variables influencing student achievement in senior secondary school. Hattie (1999) (as cited on Ministry of
Education website) reported instructional quantity to have the fourth highest effect size (0.84) of any
instructional variable. The practice of stand-downs cuts short, or interrupts, potential opportunities to learn
at school.
While stand-downs impact on actual opportunity to learn they are also associated with a wide range of
concerning youth behaviours including drug and alcohol abuse and violence that are disruptive to the
learning of the individuals concerned and disruptive and unsafe for peers in the school community.
International research emphasises the importance of pro-active partnerships with parents and a strategy
focused on both achievement and behaviour. Approaches that are focused only on disciplinary or pastoral
responses have been found to be ineffective for positive outcomes for the students involved in U.K. and
Australian research (Ministry of Education, 2008).
The majority of students stood-down from school in 2008 were as a result of physical assault of other
students (25.8 students per 1,000), continual disobedience (25.1 students per 1,000) and verbal assault on
staff (14.9 students per 1,000). The majority of stand-downs occurred for students aged 13 to 15,
accounting for 61% of all stand-downs, and the stand-down rate for males was 2.4 times higher than the
female rate in 2008 (Ministry of Education, 2008).
Schools are standing down more Maori students than any other ethnic group. In 2008, the age-standardised
stand-down rate for Maori students was 77% higher than Pacifika in the Whangarei District, compared with
23% for Northland and 59% for New Zealand. The Maori stand-down rate is also 2.4 times as high as
European students in the Whangarei District, 2.5 times as high for Northland and 2.6 times as high for New
Zealand. The stand-down rate for Asian students in the lowest in New Zealand (statistics are unavailable for
Northland and the Whangarei District).
Figure 73 shows that the stand-down rate for Maori is highest for New Zealand (53.6 students per 1,000),
followed by Northland (52.2) and the Whangarei District (44.3). Pasifika students had the highest standdown rates in Northland (42.3 students per 1,000) followed by Pasifika students in New Zealand (33.7) and
Whangarei (25).
68
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Aged Standardised Stand-Down Rates
per 1,000 students
60
50
40
30
53.6
52.2
44.3
20
10
42.3
33.7
20.8
20.7
25.0
18.2
7.8
0
European
New Zealand
Maori
Northland Region
Pasifika
Asian
Whangarei District
Figure 73 Stand-Downs from School, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
Exclusions and Expulsions from School
Quantity of instruction or potential 'opportunity to learn' strongly influences student outcomes. The New
Zealand Smithfield study found student attendance during Year 11 to be one of the most significant
variables influencing student achievement in senior secondary school (Hughes, et al, 1999). Hattie (1999)
reported instructional quantity to have the fourth highest effect size (.84) of any instructional variable. The
practices of exclusion and expulsion interrupt, or cut short, potential opportunity to learn at school.
Following a suspension, the Board of Trustees decides how to address the student’s misbehaviour. The
boards can either lift the suspension (with or without conditions), extend the suspension (with conditions),
or terminate the student's enrolment at the school. If the student is aged under 16, the board may decide
to exclude him or her from the school, with the requirement that the student enrols elsewhere. This decision
should be arrived at only in the most serious cases. If the student is aged 16 or over, the board may decide
to expel him or her from the school, and the student may enrol at another school. Again, this decision
should be arrived at only in the most serious cases. Exclusions and expulsions may lead to these students:
•
•
•
accessing correspondence schooling, where there may be fewer direct learning supports
entering alternative education institutions, where there may not be access to highly trained teaching
staff
dropping out of the education system (Ministry of Education, 2008).
International research emphasises the importance of pro-active partnerships with parents and a strategy
focused on both achievement and behaviour. Approaches that are focused only on disciplinary or pastoral
responses have been found to be ineffective for positive outcomes for the students involved in U.K. and
Australian research (Ministry of Education, 2008).
The majority of students excluded from school in 2008 were as a result of continual disobedience (40.1
students per 1,000), physical assault on other students (19.4 students per 1,000) and drugs (including
substance abuse) (1.2 students per 1,000) (Ministry of Education, 2008).
Schools are excluding Maori students more than any other ethnic group. In 2008, the age-standardised
exclusion rate for Maori students in the Whangarei District (5.7 students per 1,000) was the higher than
Northland (4.5) and New Zealand (4.6). The age-standardised exclusion rate for Asian students was the
lowest for all ethnic groups (Figure 74).
69
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Aged Standardised Exclusion Rates
per 1,000 students
6
5
4
3
5.7
4.6
2
4.5
2.9
1
1.4
0.8
0.3
0
European
Maori
New Zealand Total
Pasifika
Northland Region
Asian
Whangarei District
Figure 74 Exclusions from School, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
The majority of students expelled from school in 2008 were as a result of physical assault on other students
(25.3), continual disobedience (22.7) and drugs (including substance abuse) (19.5) (Ministry of Education,
2008).
By ethnicity, the majority of students expelled from school in New Zealand were Pasifika (5.1) and Maori
(2.5) (Figure 75).
Aged Standardised Expulsion Rates
per 1,000 students
6
5
4
3
5.1
2
2.5
1
1.6
0.8
0
European
Maori
New Zealand Total
Pasifika
Northland Region
Asian
Whangarei District
Figure 75 Expulsions from School, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
Early Leaving Exemptions
In order to achieve, students must stay at school, experience a sense of belonging and support, and stay
interested and engaged in learning. All schools face the constant challenge of ensuring that all students feel
they belong and are encouraged to participate at school. This is the foundation of motivation, interest and
pleasure in learning.
School is compulsory for all students aged between 6 and 16 years. However, parents of students aged 15
years may apply to the Ministry of Education for an exemption from schooling on the basis of educational
problems, conduct, or the unlikelihood of the student gaining benefit from attending available schools.
70
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Parents are required to give details about training programmes or employment that the student would move
on to in the event of an exemption being granted.
These young people leaving school without qualifications may have difficulty performing in the workforce
and may face difficulties in terms of life-long learning, or returning to formal study in later years.
A considerable number of research studies also show that there is a strong correlation between early school
leavers and unemployment and/or lower incomes, which are in turn generally related to poverty and
dependence on income support. In New Zealand, recent data show that those with no qualifications have
unemployment rates far exceeding those with qualifications, and the lowest median incomes (Ministry of
Education, 2008).
Maori students have disproportionately high rates of early leaving exemption compared with other ethnic
groups. In 2008, the early leaving exemption rate for Maori students in New Zealand (25.1 students per
1,000) was higher than for the Whangarei District (23.3) and Northland Region. In contrast, there were
almost no Asian 15 year-old students receiving early leaving exemptions (Figure 81).
In 2008, two-thirds of all early leaving exemptions were for males. The female rate was 7.0 per 1,000 15
year-old students, while the male rate was 14.8 per 1,000 15 year-old students. A Training Provider course
was the most popular destination for a 15 year-old student who received an early leaving exemption, with
the majority (80.6%) of early leavers going there in 2008. A further 12,7% of all early leavers went into full
time employment, with the remainder going into a Polytechnic course (6.7%) (Ministry of Education, 2008).
Early Leaving Exemption Rates
per 1,000 15 year-old students
30
25
20
15
25.1
10
5
23.3
18.8
8.3
6.7
4.5
0
European
Maori
New Zealand Total
Pasifika
Northland Region
Asian
Whangarei District
Figure 76 Early Leaving Exemptions from School, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
Retention of Students in Senior Secondary Schools
Completion of upper secondary education is associated with a range of economic and social benefits both in
New Zealand and across the OECD. Retention to senior secondary schooling is linked to higher levels of
skills and knowledge required for participation in our increasingly knowledge-based society and the wider
global community. OECD education ministers have emphasized "quality education for all" (OECD, 2001) and
with improving standards and average achievements, it is likely to be a moving target over the next
generations (Hutmacher, 2001).
The positive effect of each additional year of schooling on incomes has been estimated to range from 5 to
10% (Norton et al. 2000). The risk of unemployment for those with no school qualifications or only Year 11
qualifications is higher than for those with Year 12 or Year 13 qualifications. At present there is little
systematic evidence about the comparative value of alternatives to senior schooling.
Lashlie (2005) found that one of the factors important for successful school leaving for boys was merely
staying at school until the end of the seventh form. This is because it takes boys longer to achieve a high
71
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
level of maturity and self-management than girls, and that boys’ schools in particular can ‘hold boys steady
while the chaos of adolescence sorts itself.’ Simply keeping boys at school (by making school relevant) until
they have decided what they want their next step in life to be, can reduce the chances of a boy ‘arriving at a
prison gate’ (Ministry of Education, 2008).
Maori students had the lowest proportions of students remaining at school to age 17.5 years, with 34.6% for
the Whangarei District, 35.6% for Northland and 40.4% for New Zealand. While Asian students had the
highest proportions of students remaining at school to age 17.5 years, with 82.8% for the Whangarei
District, 78.8% for Northland and 97.4% for New Zealand (Figure 77).
Girls aged 17.5 years-old are more likely to stay at school than boys, with 66.9% of girls and 57.9% of boys
making it past 17.5 years-old in 2008 (Ministry of Education, 2008).
Retention Rates per 100 Students
to age 17.5 years
120
100
80
60
97.4
40
63.5
20
78.8
70.0
51.2
50.3
40.4
35.6
34.6
37.8
82.8
31.6
0
Maori
European
New Zealand Total
Pasifika
Northland Region
Asian
Whangarei District
Figure 77 Retention Rates, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
School Leavers with NCEA Level 2 or Above
A formal school qualification is a measure of the extent to which young adults have completed a basic
prerequisite for higher education and training and many entry-level jobs. The main qualification available to
secondary school students is the NCEA, which encompasses a wide range of learning. NCEA enables
students to undertake multilevel study to attain credits, perhaps at different levels in any one year, towards
an NCEA qualification. Students can attain credits through internal and external assessment, and they can
accumulate these credits both within and across years. Educational and job prospects will be limited for
those who leave school without Level 2 NCEA (Ministry of Education, 2008).
The attainment of an upper secondary school qualification is linked to labour force status and incomes. In
2007 New Zealanders with no qualifications had an unemployment rate over 53% higher than those whose
highest qualification was a school qualification (OECD 2009).
Asian students had the highest proportion of leavers attaining at least NCRA Level 2 in 2008 (85.2% for New
Zealand, 84.8% for Northland and 83.3% for the Whangarei District). There is a substantial gap between
the proportion of Pasifika (62.9% for New Zealand, 50% for Northland and 58.8% for Whangarei) and Maori
(50.4% for New Zealand, 50% for Northland and 55.5% for Whangarei) school leavers to attaining at least
NCEA Level 2 (Figure 78).
72
Percentage of School Leavers with NCEA
Level 2 of above
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
85.2 84.8 83.3
75.1 73.7 73.3
50.4 50.0 55.5
20
62.9
50.0
58.8
70.0
41.7
10
0
European
Maori
New Zealand Total
Pasifika
Asian
Northland Region
MELAA
Whangarei District
Figure 78 School Leavers at Least NCEA Level 2, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
School Leavers with a University Entrance Standard
A formal school qualification is a measure of the extent to which young adults have completed a basic
prerequisite for higher education and training and many entry-level jobs. An entrance qualification enables
students to go directly into further tertiary study at degree level (Ministry of Education, 2008).
Educational qualifications are also linked to labour force status and incomes. For example, in 2007, in New
Zealand, wage and salary earners with a Bachelor degree or higher, on average, possess double the relative
earning power of those with no qualification (OECD 2009).
Percentage of School Leavers with a
University Entrance Standard
Asian students had the highest proportion of school leavers achieving a university entrance standard (66.5%
for New Zealand, 57.6% for Northland and 53.3% for the Whangarei District). Pasifika (23% for New
Zealand, 21.9% for Northland and 29.4% for the Whangarei District) and Maori (20.8% for New Zealand,
21.3% for Northland and 22.1 for the Whangarei District) had the lowest rates (Figure 79).
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
66.5
48.8 43.5 43.1
20.8 21.3 22.1
23.0 21.9 29.4
Maori
Pasifika
European
New Zealand Total
Northland Region
57.6 53.3
40.9
Asian
MELAA
Whangarei District
Figure 79 School Leavers with a University Entrance Standard, 2008
SOURCE: Ministry of Education, 2008.
Highest Qualification Gained
The majority of permanent migrants accepted into New Zealand by immigration New Zealand come under
the skilled or business categories. There migrants are skilled, and more are well educated, with a range of
qualifications comparable to New Zealand qualifications. In 2006, 18 per cent of ethnic minorities (Pacific
People, Asian and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African) have a Bachelor or higher degree, compared to
73
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
10% of the total Whangarei population. 23% of ethnic minorities had no qualification, compared to 30% of
the total population.
The Asian and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic groups have high level of formal qualification
attainment, with 26% of these groups having a Bachelor or higher degree in 2006 (Figure 80).
The Maori ethnic group is less likely to have formal qualifications than the total population, with 43% having
no qualifications and only 5% having a Bachelor or higher degree in 2006.
100%
10%
5%
7%
22%
20%
Percent of Population Aged 15 Years and Over
90%
80%
26%
26%
28%
70%
18%
60%
30%
29%
38%
50%
33%
40%
41%
30%
32%
43%
20%
10%
28%
36%
15%
13%
Asian
Middle
Eastern/Latin
American/African
0%
European
No Qualification
Maori
Pacific Peoples
School Qualification
Other Tertiary
University
Figure 80 Highest Qualification Attained by Ethnicity in the Whangarei District, 2006
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand
74
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
9. Personal Income
In 2006, the median annual total personal income for the Whangarei District’s working population of 15
years of age and over was $22,500. The ethnic group with the highest annual total personal income was
‘Other’, with the majority earning more than $20,000; followed by European and Middle Eastern/Latin
America/African.
The ethnic groups with the lowest annual total personal income in 2006 were the Maori and Pacific People,
with the majority earning less than $20,000.
Figure 81 shows the proportion of people who are earning in each of the income bands by ethnic group. The
Asian and Middle Easter/Latin American/Africa ethnic groups have the highest proportion of their working
age population earning in the lowest income band of $10,000 or less a year (37% and 34% respectively),
while the Other Ethnicity, European and Middle Easter/Latin American/Africa ethnic groups have the highest
proportion earning in the highest income band of $30,000 or more (47%, 38% and 36% respectively).
100%
90%
9%
15%
21%
80%
70%
20%
10%
21%
16%
15%
21%
21%
14%
18%
27%
17%
18%
17%
22%
40%
30%
10%
23%
60%
50%
10%
25%
18%
15%
13%
10%
26%
13%
13%
22%
10%
8%
11%
27%
16%
20%
Mao ri
Pacific Peop les
7%
21%
9%
0%
European
$5,000 or Less
$5,001 - $10,000
$10,001 - $20,000
Asian
$20,001 - $30,000
Midd le Eastern/Latin
American/Af rican
$30,001 - $50,000
Other Ethnicity
$50,001 or More
Figure 81 Total Personal Income by Ethnicity, Whangarei District, 2006
Source of Personal Income
Wages and salaries were the most common source of personal income for all ethnic groups in the Whangarei
District for all ethnic groups. The Pacific People have the highest proportion of people earning wages and
salaries (51%), while the Asian ethnic group have the highest proportion of people who are self-employed
(14%). European have the highest proportion of people receiving superannuation (18%), while Maori and
Pacific People have the highest proportion of people receiving a benefit (28% and 25% respectively).
Table 14 Source of Personal Income by Ethnicity, Whangarei District, 2006
Middle Eastern/
Pacific
Latin American/
Source of Income
European Maori
Peoples Asian
African
Wages/Salary
37%
49%
51%
47%
48%
Self-employment
13%
7%
7%
14%
13%
Pension
18%
6%
4%
6%
7%
Benefits
10%
28%
25%
13%
15%
Other
22%
11%
13%
19%
17%
Whangarei
District
Other
39%
16%
13%
7%
24%
38%
13%
16%
12%
21%
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand
75
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Income Support
Income support refers to government funded income supplements received from Work and Income New
Zealand. Table 15 shows the proportion of the district’s residents aged 15 years and over by ethnicity, who
received income support during the 12 months preceding the 2006 census (Statistics New Zealand, 2006).
The Pacific People (29%), Maori and Asian ethnic groups (both 27%) have the highest proportion of people
receiving an unemployment benefit. The European ethnic group had the highest proportion of people
receiving the sickness benefit (18%), while Maori had the highest proportion of people receiving the
Domestic Purposes Benefit (32%), and the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group had the
highest proportion of their population receiving other government benefits (71%).
Table 15 Type of Benefits Received by Ethnicity, Whangarei District, 2006
Middle Eastern/
Pacific
Latin American/
Type of Benefit
European Maori Peoples Asian African
Unemployment Benefit
18%
27%
29%
27%
14%
Sickness Benefit
18%
14%
13%
11%
0%
Domestic Purposes Benefit
23%
32%
25%
21%
0%
Invalids Benefit
18%
14%
14%
11%
14%
Other Government Benefits,
Government Income Support
71%
23%
13%
20%
30%
(21 people)
Payments, War Pensions or
Paid Parental Leave
Whangarei
District
Other
20%
17%
17%
20%
22%
16%
25%
17%
26%
20%
Population with Low Incomes
The population with low incomes are defined as the proportion of the population in households with
equivalised disposable income net-of-housing-cost below two thresholds. Incomes are after deducting tax
and housing costs; and adjusting for household size and composition. The two main thresholds, or poverty
lines, are 50 and 60 percent of the 1998 household disposable income median, with 25 percent decocted to
allow for average housing costs. The threshold is adjusted for inflation to keep them fixed in real terms
(Ministry of Social Development, 2008).
The proportion of the Whangarei District’s population with incomes less that 60% of the national median are
generally higher compared with New Zealand. In 2006, 22% of the Whangarei District’s population had
incomes less than 60% of the national median (2001), compared with 21% of New Zealand.
In 2006, the Asian population in the Whangarei District had the highest proportion of people with incomes
below the 60% threshold (30.4%), followed by Maori (29.7%) and Pacific People (26.1%), while the
European ethnic group have the lowest proportion of people with incomes below the 60% threshold (19.5%)
(Figure 82).
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
29.7%
26.1%
30.4%
19.5%
23.6%
21.7%
Other
Whangarei District
5%
0%
European
Maori
Pacif ic
Asian
Figure 82 Proportion of Ethnic Groups with Low Incomes, Whangarei District, 2006
76
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
10. Households
Household Tenure
Household tenure refers to whether or not people own the homes they live in. Changes in tenure status
reflect shifts in demographic patterns, such as household composition, employment status, lifestyle choices
and socioeconomic patterns such as income and house prices. Home ownership is traditionally been
associated with higher levels of household security and stability (Thorpe, 2007).
In 2006, 57.7% of the total Whangarei District population lived in a private occupied dwelling that was
owned or partially owned by the usual residents. Among the ethnic groups in the Whangarei District, the
European ethnic group had the highest ownership rate (61.9%), while the Pacific People had the lowest
ownership rate (28.3%) followed by the Maori ethnic group (30.4%). This trend is similar for New Zealand
and Northland where the European ethnic group had the highest ownership rate in 2006 (58.2% and 62.3%
respectively), and Pacific People had the lowest ownership rate (21.8% for New Zealand and 27% for
Northland).
80
Home Ownership (percent)
70
60
50
40
30
58.2
68.3
65.3 68.6
62.3 61.9
20
30.1
34.9
39.7
36.5 38.9
30.4
21.8
10
27.0 28.3
39.2 39.5
23.8
0
European
Maori
New Zealand
Pacif ic Peoples
Northland Region
Asian
Middle Eastern/
Latin American/
Af rican
Other
Whangarei District
Figure 83 Home Ownership by Ethnic Group, 2006
Years at Usual Residence
The number of years at usual residence provides information on internal migration for evaluating urban
infrastructure requirements and for assessing regional demands in the areas of health, education and
housing.
The European ethnic group tend to stay the longest period of time at their usual residence, with New
Zealand European averaging 3.8 years, Northland Europeans 5.2 years and Whangarei Europeans 3.8 years.
The ethnic group that stay the shortest period of time at their usual residence, indicating a highly mobile
population, were the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group with 2.1 years for New Zealand as
a whole, 2.4 years in Northland and 1.8 years in Whangarei (Figure 84).
77
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Number of Years at Usual Residence
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.2
2.0
3.8
5.1
3.8
2.9
3.5
2.9
3.2
1.0
3.9
3.8
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.8
2.7
2.1
2.4
1.8
0.0
European
Maori
Pacif ic Peoples
New Zealand
Asian
Northland Region
Middle Eastern/
Latin American/
Af rican
Other Ethnicity
Whangarei District
Figure 84 Median Number of Years at Usual Residence, 2006
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand, 2006
Occupancy Rate
Occupancy rate is defined as the total number of occupants usually resident in private dwellings divided by
the total number of occupied private dwellings. This gives the average number of people per dwelling or
simply average household size. This definition relates only to people who usually reside in private dwellings,
hence visitors are excluded.
The occupancy rate describes the relationship between New Zealand's housing stock and the changing social
structure. Since there has been a large increase in the number of one-person households over the last three
censuses, one-person households have a significant effect on this indicator (they have the lowest possible
occupancy rate of 1.0) (Statistics New Zealand, 2006).
Number of Usual Residents per Household
Pacific New Zealanders have the highest occupancy rate with 3.1 people per household, followed by the
Asian ethnic group with 2.8 people per household. For Northland and the Whangarei District, Maori have
the highest occupancy rate with 2.5 people per household. The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
ethnic group have the lowest occupancy rate with 1.5 people per dwelling in Northland and Whangarei
(Figure 85).
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
3.1
1.5
1.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.3
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.7
0.5
0.0
European Ethnic
Group
Maori Ethnic
Group
New Zealand
Pacif ic Peoples
Ethnic Group
Asian Ethnic
Group
Northland Region
Middle
Eastern/Latin
American/Af rican
Other Ethnic
Group
Whangarei District
Figure 85 Occupancy Rate, 2006
SOURCE: Statistics New Zealand, 2006
78
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Household Crowding
Housing space adequate to the needs and desires of a family is a core component of quality of life. National
and international studies show an association between the prevalence of certain infectious diseases and
crowding, between crowding and poor educational attainment, and between residential crowding and
psychological distress (Ministry of Social Development, 2009).
Pacific people are far more likely to be living in crowded households than other ethnic groups. In 2006, 24%
of Pacific People in New Zealand, 30.8% of Pacific People in Northland and 25.4% of Pacific People in the
Whangarei District lived in a crowded household (ie requiring one or more additional bedrooms, as defined
by the Canadian Crowding Index). Maori were the next most likely ethnic group, with 18% of Maori in New
Zealand, 25.5% of Maori in Northland and 24.2% of Maori in Whangarei, requiring at least one extra
bedroom. Partly reflecting their older age profile, only 4 per cent of European New Zealanders, 6%
European Northlanders and 5.4% of Europeans in the Whangarei District required one or more additional
bedrooms (Figure 86).
Cultural attitudes and economic conditions are two primary factors that account for the extreme variation in
crowding levels between ethnic groups. The variance in population age structures is also a factor: the Maori
and Pacific ethnic groups both have younger age structures than the European population (Ministry of Social
Development, 2009).
Proportion of Population Living in Crowded Household
(percent)
35
30
25
20
30.8
15
25.5
10
24.2
25.4
24
18
14
5
4
6
12.7
11.4
13
10.7 10.9
5.4
0
European
Maori
New Zealand
Pacif ic
Northland Region
Asian
Other
Whangarei District
Figure 86 Household Crowding, 2006
SOURCE: Ministry of Social Development, 2009
Access to Telecommunications
Access to telecommunications (telephone and internet access) is increasingly becoming an important way of
communicating and accessing information, therefore helping individuals and groups keep in contact, make
decisions and stay informed. Unequal adoption of and access to technology may exclude people from
reaping the benefits of the newly forming ‘online’ economy, as well as potentially reducing civic participation
and social cohesion (Thorpe, 2007).
In 2006, 98% of the Whangarei District’s population who lived in a private occupied dwelling had access to a
telephone, and 60% had access to the internet. Many ethnic groups have higher proportions of access to
79
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
telecommunications than this, suggesting the importance these groups place in accessing information and in
being able to communicate.
The ethnic groups with the highest proportion of people in private occupied dwellings who had access to a
telephone were European (99%) and Asian (98%). The ethnic groups with the highest proportion of people
in private occupied dwellings with access to the internet were Asian (69%) and other ethnic groups (69%).
Those ethnic groups with the lowest proportion of their population who live in private occupied dwellings
with access to the telephone were Maori (94%). Maori also had the lowest proportion of the population with
access to the internet (41%) in 2006 (Figure 87).
100
90
Percent of Population
80
70
60
50
99
98
96
94
97
40
30
69
65
43
41
20
69
10
0
European
Maori
Telephone Access
Pacif ic
Asian
Other
Internet Access
Figure 87 Access to Telecommunications, Whangarei District, 2006
80
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
11. Languages Spoken
The languages spoken by the district’s residents is another measure of diversity. This informs planning for
the provision of translation and interpreting services, library resources, and communication of other key
information (Thorpe, 2007).
In 2006, the Whangarei District’s residents spoke approximately 13 different languages, excluding English
and Maori. Apart from English and Maori, the most common language in the Whangarei District was French,
with 774 or 20% of people stating that they could speak French. Other than English and Maori, the most
common language spoken in New Zealand, is Samoan (17%), and the most common language spoken in the
Northland Region and the Whangarei District is French (22% and 20% respectively).
25%
20%
4%
4%
4%
4%
7%
7%
13%
14%
5%
3%
5%
5%
6%
4%
1%
5%
15%
16%
19%
16%
22%
20%
9%
3%
3%
9%
2%
3%
8%
1%
2%
8%
2%
3%
8%
5%
6%
5%
11%
10%
17%
15%
0%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Figure 88 Languages Spoken, 2006
In the G9 group of councils, apart from English and Maori, French was also the most common spoken
language in Tauranga, Gisborne, Hastings, New Plymouth, Wanganui and Palmerston North, while NZ sign
language is the most common language in Rotorua and Samoan in Napier (Figure 89).
By grouping the languages spoken by broad geographical region, European languages (French, Dutch,
German and Spanish) are the most common spoken languages in all of G9 group of councils but Palmerston
North, where Asian languages (Yue, Northern Chinese, Sinitic nfd, Korean and Japanese) are the most
common spoken languages.
81
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
14%
12%
14%
14%
3%
4%
5%
3%
2%
3%
7%
7%
5%
3%
6%
4%
2%
3%
4%
8%
16%
13%
6%
5%
3%
4%
9%
8%
10%
12%
13%
7%
10%
14%
16%
5%
4%
1%
1%
1%
4%
7%
1%
3%
1%
6%
8%
8%
10%
2%
6%
2%
4%
3%
9%
6%
12%
8%
14%
4%
6%
2%
5%
4%
6%
9%
12%
18%
13%
Whangarei Tauranga
District
City
7%
3%
10%
8%
10%
22%
10%
10%
Rotorua
District
Gisborne
District
18%
18%
1%
1%
7%
4%
5%
NZ Sign Language
Hindi
Japanese
8%
Korean
8%
Sinitic nfd
Northern Chinese
4%
Yue
6%
8%
Spanish
5%
German
5%
11%
Dutch
12%
6%
French
5%
12%
9%
9%
8%
19%
5%
10%
11%
12%
1%
12%
2%
3%
7%
1%
5%
6%
5%
4%
1%
4%
3%
6%
17%
3%
20%
9%
16%
9%
17%
17%
11%
12%
17%
9%
Tongan
Samoan
Hastings Napier City
New
Wanganui Palmerston
New
District
Plymouth District North City Zealand
District
Figure 89 Languages Spoken in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006
More people speak English in the Whangarei District (89%) compared with Northland Region (86%) and
New Zealand (85%), while more people in Northland speak Maori (8.6%) compared with the Whangarei
District (6.0%) and New Zealand (3.6%).
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
85%
86%
89%
30%
20%
10%
4%
0%
English
New Zealand
9%
6%
Maori
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Figure 90 English and Maori Speaking Population, 2006
New Plymouth, Napier and Tauranga have the highest proportion of English speaking population in the G9,
with 90% to 92% of people speaking English; while Gisborne and Rotorua have the highest proportion of
Maori speaking population in the G9 with 14% and 11% of the population speaking Maori (Figure 91).
82
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
6%
4%
3%
5%
6%
6%
4%
4%
87%
85%
11%
14%
89%
90%
92%
90%
88%
89%
83%
82%
Whangarei Tauranga
District
City
Rotorua
District
Gisborne
District
Hastings Napier City
New
District
Plymouth
District
English
Wanganui Palmerston
District North City
New
Zealand
Maori
Figure 91 English and Maori Speaking Population in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006
The majority of New Zealand’s, Northland Region and Whangarei District’s population speak only one
language, with very few speaking more than 3 languages (3% or 109,200 people in New Zealand, 2% or
2,500 people in the Northland Region, and 1% or 1,100 people in the Whangarei District).
13%
2%
11%
1%
9%
74%
74%
79%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
3%
One Language
Two Languages
Three or More Languages
Figure 92 Number of Languages Spoken, 2006
The majority of those that speak one language are European (75%), followed by Maori (21%). Of those
that speak two languages, the majority are Maori (47%) followed by European (38%), and the majority of
those that speak three or more languages are European (56%), followed by Maori (22%) and Asian (14%).
83
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
80%
70%
60%
2%
22%
14%
56%
1%
9%
4%
0%
1%
10%
2%
21%
20%
47%
38%
30%
5%
40%
75%
50%
0%
One Language
European
Maori
Two Languages
Pacific Peoples
Asian
Three or More Languages
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
Figure 93 Number of Languages Spoken by Ethnic Groups in the Whangarei District, 2006
The diversity for languages spoken shows that Palmerston North City has the highest index of diversity at
11.76, followed by Rotorua District at 10.56. The Whangarei District has the second lowest index of
diversity at 7.82, ahead of Hastings District (7.78).
14
<- Less Diverse | More Diverse ->
12
10
8
6
4
9.34
10.56
11.76
9.42
7.82
7.78
8.54
9.36
10.89
8.59
2
0
Whangarei Tauranga
District
City
Rotorua
District
Gisborne
District
Hastings Napier City
New
Wanganui Palmerston
New
District
Plymouth District North City Zealand
District
Figure 94 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for Languages Spoken in the G9 Group of Councils
84
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
13. Religious Affiliation
Religious affiliation is a variable of strong interest to religious organisations, social scientists, and can be
used as an explanatory variable in studies on topics such as marriage formation and dissolution, fertility and
income. In Australia and in Britain, religion is a variable that is used to derive measures of ethnicity. In New
Zealand, religious affiliation is of particular significance for data users interested in Maori and in Pacific
Island peoples. It is a variable of historical interest as well; religious affiliation has been collected in the New
Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings since 1851.
Religious affiliation can depict the beliefs and values held by people, the level of social connectedness, and
how secular society is becoming. In engaging communities in dialogue and consultation, it is useful to
consider religious settings, such as Pacific churches and communities who may gather around a mosque or
temple (Thorpe, 2007).
In 2006, Christianity (including Maori Christian) was the most common religion with 58% of New Zealand,
61% of Northland Region and 59% of the Whangarei District. Apart from those who had no religion (36%
of New Zealand and Northland, and 39% of Whangarei District), the next largest religion in the Whangarei
District was Buddhist, with 393 people (0.6%) belonging to this religion, followed by Spiritualism/New Age
(366 people or 0.6%), Hindu (282 people or 0.4%), Muslim (108 people or 0.2%), Judaism/Jewish (72
people or 0.1%). A further 342 people stated that thy belonged to another religion (0.5%).
60%
50%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
3%
5%
2%
0.4%
0.4%
2%
0.2%
0.2%
1.0%
0.6%
0.6%
39%
36%
56%
1.5%
10%
36%
20%
57%
30%
56%
40%
0%
New Zealand
Northland Region
Whangarei District
Figure 95 Religious Affiliation, 2006
In the G9 group of Councils, Christianity (including Maori Christianity) is most common religion, with an
average of 62% of the population identifying with Christianity. Gisborne District has the highest proportion
of the population identify with Christianity with a total of 70% of the population, comprising 59% Christian
and 12% Maori Christian. Hastings District Council has the second highest proportion of the population
identifying with Christianity with 65%, comprising 62% Christian and 3% Maori Christian (Figure 96).
The Whangarei District has the highest proportion of the population not identifying with a religion (39%),
followed by Tauranga, New Plymouth and Palmerston North (38%). The Gisborne District has the highest
proportion of people identifying with a religion with 72%, followed by Hastings District (68%) and Wanganui
District (66%).
Palmerston North has the highest proportion of the population identifying with Buddhist (1.1% or 783
people), Hindu (1% or 687 people) and Muslim (0.9% or 645 people) religions. Napier City has the highest
proportion of the population identifying with Spiritualism/New Age religions (0.7% or 360 people), while
Wanganui District has the highest proportion of the population identifying with Judaism/Jewish religions
(0.2% or 57 people)
85
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Whangarei Tauranga
District
City
Rotorua
District
Gisborne
District
Hastings
District
Napier City
New
Plymouth
District
Wanganui Palmerston
District
North City
Christian
No Religion
Buddhist
Muslim
Hindu
Maori Christian
Spiritualism/New Age Judaism/Jewish
New
Zealand
Other
Figure 96 Religious Affiliation in the G9 Group of Councils, 2006
Ethnicity and religious affiliation shows Christianity as the most common religion across all ethnic groups
with 57% of Europeans, 51% of Maori, 59% of Pacific People, 46% of Asian and 58% of Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African identifying as being Christian. 41% of Europeans, 35% of Maori, 33% of
Pacific People, 24% of Asian and 15% of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African do not identify as belonging
to any religion. The second most common religion across all ethnic groups is Maori Christian, which is
followed by 12% of Maori and 5% of Pacific Island People. Muslim is followed by 13% of Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African group and 2% of the Asian ethnic group, while Buddhism is followed by 10%
of the Asian ethnic group.
The European ethnic group is very distinct in its religious affiliations, with the majority being Christian (57%)
and 47% follow no religion. Maori religions affiliations are similar to the European where the majority are
Christian (51% Christian and 12% Maori Christian), and 35% follow no religion. The Asian and Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic groups are more diversified in their religious affiliations. The majority
of the Asian ethnic group are Christian (46%), followed by Hindu (15%), Buddhist (10%). The majority of
the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group are Christian (58%), followed by Muslim (13%), and
Judaism/Jewish (8%). The Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic group have the highest proportion
of the population identifying with a religion (85%), followed by the Asian ethnic group (76%), Pacific People
(67%), Maori (65%) and European (59%).
1.4%
5%
12%
41%
33%
35%
2%
15%
2%
10%
5%
8%
13%
15%
24%
57%
51%
European
Maori
59%
Pacific Peoples
Christian
Buddhist
Hindu
Spiritualism/New Age
46%
Asian
No Religion
Muslim
Maori Christian
Judaism/Jewish
58%
Middle Eastern/Latin
American/African
Figure 97 Ethnicity and Religions Affiliation for the Whangarei District, 2006
86
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Despite 56% of the district population identifying with Christianity, 88% of the places of worship in the
district are Christian. Three per cent of the population identify with Maori Christianity, while 7% of the
places of worship are Maori Christian.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
88%
40%
30%
20%
56%
10%
0.6% 1%
0%
0.2% 1%
0.4%
3%
Identify with a Religion
7%
0.6% 1%
0.1% 1%
0.5% 1%
Places of Worship
Figure 98 The Whangarei District’s Religious Population and Places of Worship
The diversity of religion falls between 2.02 and 2.30, with Gisborne District having the highest diversity of
religion in the G9 group of Councils, followed by Rotorua District. The area with the lowest religious
diversity was New Plymouth District (2.02) and Hastings District (2.08). The Whangarei District represents
the G9 average in terms of religious diversity.
<- Less Diverse | More Diverse ->
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.30
2.0
2.16
2.19
2.23
2.22
2.15
2.08
1.9
2.10
2.16
2.02
1.8
Whangarei Tauranga
District
City
Rotorua
District
Gisborne
District
Hastings Napier City
New
Wanganui Palmerston
New
District
Plymouth District North City Zealand
District
Figure 99 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for Religion in the G9 Group of Councils
87
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
14. Cuisine
Another benefit of ethnic diversity is access to a variety of cuisines. Eating in an authentic ethnic restaurant
is a way to experience another culture, as Van den Berghe (1984, as cited in Sriwongrat, 2008) postulated
“What more accessible and friendlier arena of inter-ethnic contact could be devised than the ethnic
restaurant? What easier way to experience vicariously another culture than to share its food? As an outsider
consuming an exotic cuisine, one is literally ‘taking in’ the foreign culture.”
Food can bridge the relationship gap between the population and minority groups. Food plays an important
role in society because the integration of ethnic foods is free of economic, social or cultural barriers.
Everyone has to eat. Ethnic food reflects the complexity of multicultural experiences, representing an
ethnic symbiosis of food from around the world. Multicultural food contributes more to society than simply
new varieties of food. It breaks down barriers between people by providing a point of common interest, and
creates opportunities to mix with people from other cultures in a positive environment (Lee, 2002).
The connection between food and multiculturalism is one that everyone can identify with. The use of garlic,
ginger root, parmesan, chilli, pasta sauce, tacos, wine, olive oil, soy sauce and stir fry sauces in households
is phenomenal. We find ourselves stocking up on ethnic culinary items to embellish the taste of ethnic foods.
We see more Asian and Indian grocery products at the supermarket these days. More ethnic restaurants are
opening up in suburban communities. This is a continuing example that food reinforces the positive aspects
of ethnic diversity. Positive experience of food could be used to promote ethnic diversity. In addition, ethnic
food can help ethnic diversity in areas where people have not experienced its full benefits.
A survey of restaurants listed on the DineOut website (http://www.dineout.co.nz) showed that the majority
of ethnic restaurants in the G9 group of councils are Asian, which include Chinese, Indian, Indonesian,
Japanese, Korean, Malaysian, Thai, and Vietnamese cuisine; followed by European restaurants, which
include American, Australian, British, Continental/European, French, Greek, Irish, Italian, Mediterranean,
New Zealand, Spanish, Swiss, German, Russian, and Modern European cuisine (Figure 100).
6%
12%
5%
12%
5%
4%
9%
26%
67%
8%
9%
33%
67%
56%
35%
71%
42%
4%
4%
53%
33%
Whangarei
District
39%
Tauranga
City
European
50%
47%
33%
Rotorua
District
Maori
Pacific
44%
32%
29%
Gisborne
District
Hastings
District
Asian
51%
6%
3%
3%
52%
4%
5%
Napier City
New
Plymouth
District
Wanganui
District
Palmerston
North City
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
0.3%
0.3%
39%
New
Zealand
Other
Figure 100 Cuisine by Ethnic Group for the G9 Group of Councils, 2009.
SOURCE: www.dineout.co.nz
88
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
The ethnic group that is poorly represented in cuisine is Maori and Pacific Island, with a total of 7 Maori and
7 Pacific restaurants in the whole of New Zealand.
In terms of cuisine diversity of those restaurants listed on the Dineout website, Tauranga City and Rotorua
District have the highest index of diversity at 2.91, followed by Napier (2.75) and Hastings (2.74). The
Whangarei and Gisborne Districts have the second lowest index of cuisine diversity at 1.80, ahead of New
Plymouth (1.69).
3.5
<- Less Diverse | More Diverse ->
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
2.91
2.91
1.80
2.74
2.75
1.80
2.63
1.69
2.40
1.98
0.5
0
Whangarei Tauranga
District
City
Rotorua
District
Gisborne
District
Hastings Napier City
New
Wanganui Palmerston
New
District
Plymouth
District North City Zealand
District
Figure 101 Simpson’s Index of Diversity for Cuisine in the G9 Group of Councils, 2009
SOURCE: www.dineout.co.nz
89
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
Conclusions
Ethnicity is defined as the ethnic group or groups that people identify with, or feel they belong to, and is
self-perceived. People can belong to more than one ethnic group; people may report their ethnicity based
on cultural affiliation, ancestry, nationality and/or race; the ethnic group or groups that someone identifies
with may change over time or the classification of an ethnic group may change over time. It is for these
reasons that measuring ethnic diversity can be difficult.
Despite the difficulties in measuring ethnic diversity, there are numerous benefits of an ethnically diverse
society. In his book, Legrain (2007) outlines many benefits of an ethnically diverse society, ranging from
economic growth and productivity, providing international connections, and attracting talent. We need
people from outside, we need the mixing of ideas, the new companies that make us all better off and help
pay for the schools, the hospitals and everything else that we value (Legrain, 2007).
One of the biggest benefits of ethnic diversity comes from the diversity and dynamism that foreigners bring
to society. New immigrants tend to work hard and are often determined to succeed in their new homeland.
They may also see opportunities as newcomers that others don’t see, and bring a wide variety of skills and
expertise with them. This can result in increased innovation, more entrepreneurial activity, increased
business development, greater diversity of business activities, and increased employment opportunities.
Innovation often comes from talented individuals placed in opportunistic situations. But increasingly it arises
from talented and diverse people ‘sparking off’ each other. Foreigners with different ideas, difference
perspectives add something extra to the mix, which tends to increase the rate of innovation and
development.
At the same time, diversity acts as a magnet for talent. Talented people and entrepreneurs tend to be
attracted to places with a diverse, cosmopolitan social structure. They are viewed as more exciting and
stimulating places, particularly to the younger age groups. As a result, diversity tends to result in further
diversity, and the meeting and melding of different cultures tends to lead to continuous innovation in many
fields; social, economic, cultural and environmental.
Cuisine is enhanced by ethnic diversity leading to more restaurants, cafes, and other cultural experiences.
But it is not only cuisine that is enhanced by ethnic diversity, or even that culture of all sorts is enhanced by
diversity, ethnic diversity provides more productive and diverse societies. Ones that have a multitude of
international connections, societies that attract talented people, and encourage economic growth (Putnam,
2007).
Whangarei District overall has very low ethnic diversity. A comparison of ethnic diversity of the Whangarei
District with the G9 group of council’s shows that Whangarei has the fourth lowest index of ethnic diversity,
ahead of New Plymouth, Wanganui and Tauranga. The Whangarei District also has the second lowest index
of language diversity and cuisine diversity in the G9.
Seventy two percent of Whangarei residents identify as European, 12% as other (which includes the
category New Zealander). 25% as Maori, 2% as Pacific People, 2% as Asian, and only 0.3% as Middle
Eastern/Latin American/African. Thus, Whangarei’s population is largely a bicultural European/Maori mix,
with a small (but increasing) mix of other ethnicities.
Research shows that ethnic diversity is higher in countries with a longer duration of human settlement, and
in countries that have a naturally fragmented geography, and ones that lie closer to the equator (Ahlerup,
2009). During the settlement of New Zealand, the Whangarei District remained isolated from the rest of the
country until the 1920s-1930s when the railway and an all weather road were complete. Prior to this, access
was mainly by boat. Maybe it is for this reason that ethnic diversity in the Whangarei District is low.
Perhaps it is a result of limited employment and education opportunities in the District. And certainly it has
been affected by past national immigration policies which favoured immigration from Anglo-Saxon countries.
Aside from “Other” and the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African ethnic groups, the Asian ethnic group
experienced the greatest population increase between 2001 and 2006 (33%), followed by Pacific People
90
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
(28%) and Maori (15%). The European ethnic group experienced a population decrease between 2001 and
2006 (-6%) due to the introduction of the “New Zealander” sub-category within the “Other” ethnic group.
It is anticipated that the Maori ethnic group will experience the greatest numerical increase of all ethnic
groups with an average increase of 2.9% per annum to 2061, followed by the European ethnic group (2.6%
per annum). However, it is expected that the Asian and Pacific ethnic groups will increase their relative
percentages given the high annual growth rates recently experienced (6.6% and 5.5% respectively). An
increase in Middle Eastern/Latin American/African people can also be expected given the high annual growth
rates in recent years (almost 10% p.a.). Numerically, however, the numbers will remain low.
Thus, Whangarei’s ethnic diversity can be expected to grow over the next 30-50 years, although it is difficult
to predict at what rate. Given the high rate of increase of Asian and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
people over the last 10-15 years, it is likely (given national immigration trends) that there will be an increase
in these ethnic groups over the next 30-50 years. There may well be an increase in Pacific People over
those time frames as well, as climate change and associated sea level rise increasingly affect Pacific nations.
Any increase in ethnic diversity is likely to contribute positively to Whangarei’s future economically, socially,
and culturally.
Another factor of interest is the age profiles for different ethnic groups. The European ethnic group has a
much older profile with very large 45-64 and 65+ cohorts. The Maori group has large 5-14 and 25-44
cohorts, and a very small 65+ cohort. The Pacific ethnic group has a similar profile to Maori. The Asian and
Middle Easter/Latin American/African ethnic groups on the other hand, have large 25-44 cohorts, indicating
it is working age people who mostly make up these ethnic groups. Any increase in these working age
cohorts is good for the future of the district.
In addition, with respect to the Asian working population, the majority are in skilled professions with 24%
classified as professionals, 17% as managers and 16% as technicians and trades. A similar skill base is
likely with Middle Eastern/Latin American/African people. This too is good for the future of the district,
bringing skills and expertise into the district. New skills and expertise results in increased innovation, a more
diverse business structure, increased employment opportunities, and increased prosperity for the district.
As ethnicity diversifies in the Whangarei District, it can be expected to have a positive overall effect
economically, socially and culturally, and Whangarei can be expected to become a more cosmopolitan,
diverse and interesting place to live and visit. Ethnic diversity can be expected to increase business diversity
and employment opportunities as well, as migrants are likely to bring with them a variety of skills and life
experiences along with business contacts in other countries. This should result in new opportunities for
sustainable growth and development in this district.
91
Ethnic Diversity in the Whangarei District 09/58024
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