Chapter 9 Physical Geography from the Andes to Amazon
Chapter 10 Human Geography Blending of Cultures
Chapter 9 From the Andes to the Amazon

Section 1: Landforms and Resources
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Section 3: Human-Environment Interactions
Landforms and Resources

Sierra Madre - Mexico
Andes Mountains
Highlands – Guiana
Llanos – Columbia and
Venezuela
 Amazon River basin – Brazil
 Pampas – Argentina and
Uruguay




Resources in Latin America

 Mineral deposits Include
 Gold, silver,
 iron, copper,
 aluminum,
 tin, lead,
 nickel
 Energy Reserves include




Oil, coal
natural gas,
uranium,
hydroelectric
Climate

 Tropical Climate
 Tropical Wet: Rainforest
 Tropical Wet and Dry:
Savannahs
 Dry Climate Zone
 Semi Arid:
Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay,
Argentina
 Desert:
Mexico, Chile, Argentina
 Mid Latitude Zones
 Humid Sub Tropical:
Paraguay, Uruguay,
Brazil Argentina
 Mediterranean
Chile
 Marine West Coast
Chile, Argentina
 Highlands
Mountain regions
Human Interaction

Slash and Burn:
Terraced Farming:
Urbanization

Push Factors
 Factors pushing people
out of the Countryside




Poor Medical care
Poor Education
Low paying jobs
Land ownership issues
Pull Factors
 Factors pulling people
to the City
 Better Medical Care
 Higher paying Jobs
 Better Schools
Tourism:
Rio De Janeiro will host the 2016 Olympics

Advantages
 Brings in millions of
dollars
 Creates Jobs
Dis Advantages
 Spoil the land
 Congestion
 Increase in pollution
Chapter 10 Blending of Cultures

Section 1: Mexico
Section 2: Central America and the Caribbean
Section 3: Spanish Speaking South America
Section 4 Brazil
1. Mexico

 Spanish Conquest
 Tenochtitlan
 Industrial RRev
Colonialism and Independence

 Spanish First Europeans to
encounter Latin America
 Hernan Cortez – Aztec
 Fransico Pissaro – Inca
 Spanish brought disease to
the new world killing
millions
 Enslaved the natives,
 Forced conversion to
Christianity
 1821 Mexico established
independence
Mexico

Mexican Art

 Long history of
architecture and art
 Public art many
paintings done on
buildings
 Most blend European
and Native influences
Mexican Architecture

 Aztec and Maya built
temples and pyramids
 Also blend Native and
European influences
 Spanish built missions
and huge cathedrals
Economic Cities and Factories

 Under Spanish wealth divided between rich
plantation owners and the landless peasants - Peons
 Longstanding gap between the rich and poor
 Mexico today struggles with two main economic
challenges
 Close the gap between the rich and poor
 Develop a modern industrial economy
 Oil is a great part of the Mexican economy
 NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
Mexican Life Today

 Over 100 million people live in Mexico
 Emigration – workers travel to United States
 Work and School – many migrate to the United
States with out education
 Mexico is making strides in education, 85 percent of
children of age are in school
 Need to increase spending on education to improve
conditions for young people
Central America and The
Caribbean

 Cultural Hearth
 United province of Central America
 Panama Canal
 Calypso
 Reggae
 Informal economy
Native Central America: Maya

 A Cultural Hearth a crossroads of cultures between
North America and South America
 Mayan built a great civilization and it spread south
 They Abandoned their cities about 800 A.D. still a
mystery
 Built many cities and temples in Belize, Honduras
Guatemala and El Salvador
 Ruled by a God King
Colonial Central America: Spanish

 Conquest of the Aztec opened the door to Spanish
dominance until 19th century
 Mexico originally took the name United Provinces of
Central America included all of Mexico and Central
America
 1830 split apart and became separate nations. Costa
Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua Honduras, and El
Salvador
 Later Panama would break from Columbia
 Belize a former British colony became independent
Mexico and Central America

Native Caribbean

 First claimed by Christopher Columbus 1492
 Encountered the Tainos who he named Indians
 Spanish settled some islands and established
plantations
 Enslave natives to work many died
 Imported Slave labor to replace the workforce
 This led to a lasting influence of African culture
 Island claimed by Spanish, French, British, Dutch
and Danish all imported slaves
Map of the Caribbean

Caribbean Independence

 First Independence came as a slave revolt in Haiti
 Revolt took over the government in 1804 from
France
 Cuba later became independent from Spain 1898
 Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago did not become
independent until1962 from Great Britain
Cultural Blend

 Culture of Central America:
 Combines Native Elements and European influences
 Spanish remains the dominate language, with French and
English. Some Dutch and Danish
 Strong Catholic traditions but there are some protestant
missionaries
 Culture of the Caribbean:





Great variety of influence
African influence left a great mark on the islands
Religion include Catholic, Protestant and Santeria
Voodoo on Haiti
Rastafarianism on Jamaica
Economics: Jobs and Cities

Farming and Trade
Where people live and
why
 Sugar Cain provides
largest export crop
 Banana, citrus fruit,
tobacco, coffee, spices
 Low pay for farm
workers
 Panama Canal
 Population related to
economies
 Between 30-40 million
 Many islands cities
densely populated
 Tourism large part of
economy
Popular Culture, Tourism and
the informal economy

 Music: elements of Spanish and African influence




Calypso: began in Trinidad steel drums and guitars
Reggae: developed in Jamaica in the 1960’s
Deal with social problems
Bob Marley
 Tourism: Increasingly important
 Informal economy:
 Out side of official channels
 Street vendors shoe shinners
3. Spanish Speaking South America

 Inca
 Quechua
 Mercosur
Spanish Speaking South America?

 Spain and Portugal
disputed land claims
 Pope Alexander VI
Intervened
 Line of Demarcation
 Both Counties signed
later The Treaty of
Tordesilles splitting the
continent
 West is Spanish, East is
Portuguese
The Inca

 Warrior culture
 Conquered the west
coast of South America
 Built an advanced
civilization in the
mountains
 By 1500 the Empire
extend 2500 miles
The Spanish Conquest

 Francisco Pissarro
invaded and conquer
the Inca
 Forced the natives to
work as slaves
 Forced the Inca to move
to plantations from
their villages
 Spanish Forced their
own language which
replaced Quechua
 Replaced the native
religion with
Catholicism
 One of the only
civilizations conquered
still seen today
Independence Movement

Simon Bolivar
 Columbia
 Venezuela
 Ecuador
 Bolivia
 Once Independence
was gain the countries
failed to work together
Jose de San Martin
 Argentina
 Chile
 Peru
 Argentina and Chile
first to receive
Independence
Government

 Many governments either Oligarchy or militaristic
 Authoritarian rule demands obedience over
individual freedom
 Years of colonialism had it effects
 Strong militaries
 Underdeveloped economies
 Social class division
Economics

 Most economies based on agriculture
 Huge income gap between the rich and poor
 This is due to the failure to develop economically
after their independence
 Does produce a wide variety of products
 Crops
 Oil
 Fishing
Chile’s Success Story

 Trades its goods with nations as far away as Japan
 Exports Fruits and Vegetables to North America
 Has huge deposits of copper
 Is the leader in working on improving the economic
environment in South America