Welcome to Tallinn University!
We are delighted to meet you all at the 12th Nordic
Youth Research Symposium (NYRIS 12) in Tallinn!
Since 1987, NYRIS has established its position as
the leading youth research conference in the Nordic
countries. NYRIS conferences have had a crucial role
both in the formation of the multidisciplinary field of
youth research as well as in the theoretical and methodological development of the field. At the same
time, due to an increasing number of participants invited to the conference, the scope of the conference
has widened to include not only Nordic, but also European and global issues. Today we are glad to inform
you that NYRIS 12 is hosting 250 participants from
over 30 countries spanning six continents.
The theme of this year’s conference is: ‘Changing
Societies and Cultures: Youth in the Digital Age’, and
it directs our attention to the interaction of social changes, digital development, and young people’s agency.
The papers in 16 streams focus on online participation
and activism, media, transition to adulthood, sexualities, subcultures, intergenerational relations, education,
inequalities, migration and mobility, unemployment,
alcohol and drug use and methods in youth research.
These topics will demonstrate the extent and depth of
contemporary youth studies.
As today the situation of young people is problematic in many countries, youth researchers have a huge
responsibility. No one can frame one’s life experiences
with merely one’s own culture and country any more,
young people of today share similar problems and
are interconnected via the internet. An international
discussion on youth research is increasingly important
in this context. Youth issues need to be acknowledged,
analysed and solved on a global scale. Thus, we are
extremely pleased to host the leading minds on youth
research in Tallinn this year.
We would like to offer special thanks to our keynote speakers Andy Bennett, Ellen Helsper, Siyka Kovacheva, Mikko Lagerpsetz and Steven Miles, as well
as Gestur Guðmundsson and Carles Feixa, who have
agreed to participate in concluding roundtable, and of
course to all the session chairs.
We would like to acknowledge the support received from the Estonian Ministry of Education and
Research and the indispensable help from Tallinn
University Conference Centre as well as intellectual
support and good advice from the Nordic Scientific
Committee.
We hope that you will all have many stimulating
discussions during the conference in truly ’global’ environment.
On behalf of the Organising Committee,
Airi-Alina Allaste
Practical information
CONFERENCE VENUE
UNIVERSITY’S ADDRESS
NYRIS12 will be held in Tallinn University, Astra and
Mare buildings. All campus buildings are connected to
each other with glass galleries and there will be signs
pointing directions to the Conference rooms.
Tallinn University
Narva Road 29
10120 Tallinn, Estonia
Website: http://www.tlu.ee
REGISTRATION
NAME BADGES
The registration/information desk is situated in the
Atrium of the Tallinn University Astra building (on
the 1st floor) and will be open during the whole conference.
Conference name badge will be handed out at the registration desk and it must be worn during the sessions, breaks and evening events.
COFFEE BREAKS AND LUNCHES
INTERNET CONNECTION
Coffee breaks and lunches will be served on the first
floor of Astra building. Please wear your badge during
the breaks. The badge must be visible to the catering
staff to guarantee service.
You will be able to access the unsecured wireless network TLU on the campus. Most of the cafes in town
offer complementary wireless internet. All the hotel
rooms are also covered by the hotel’s WIFI signal.
SOCIAL PROGRAMME
• The following social programme is included in the
participant’s registration fee.
Park Inn Central are kindly asked to meet the group
at 8.30 in front of Park Inn Central.
WEDNESDAY, 12 JUNE
THURSDAY, 13 JUNE
18.00-20.00 Welcome reception at Tallinn University
Astra building.
22.30 Film programme at the Rooftop Cinema. Please note that there will be NO transportation arranged by the organisers, the venue is in walking distance
from the hotels (appr. 5 min).
17.30 Walking tour ‘Legends of Old Tallinn’ (approximately 1.5 hrs)
NB! The tour will start from Tallinn University Astra
building 1st floor.
19.30 Bus to banquet
NB! There will be buses leaving from Nordic Hotel
Forum and Park Inn Central. Please be on time in
one of the listed gathering points. All participants not
staying in Nordic Hotel Forum or Park Inn Central
are kindly asked to board the bus in front of Park Inn
Central.
20.00-23.00 Conference banquet
Banquet is open only to pre-registered participants
and accompanying persons. Please present your invitation card upon boarding the bus.
• The following social events could be selected by the
participants during the registration process. For the
outdoor tours, please dress warm and protected from
the possible rain showers.
WEDNESDAY, 12 JUNE
8.30 Tallinn sightseeing tour (approximately 3hrs)
NB! Bus will leave from Park Inn Central Hotel. Please note that the tour will start there, there are no other gathering points. All participants not staying in
PREBOOKED HOTELS
TALLINN UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE CENTRE
PARK INN CENTRAL*** http://www.parkinn.com/
hotel-centraltallinn
Narva road 7C, 10117 Tallinn, Estonia
NB! Check-in starts at 15.00 hrs, check-out until
12.00 noon.
NORDIC HOTEL FORUM**** www.nordichotels.eu
Viru väljak 3, 10111 Tallinn, Estonia
NB! Check-in starts at 15.00 hrs, check-out until
12.00 noon.
• Contact with questions about registration, accommodation and excursions
Ms. Kerli Kangro
Project manager at the conference centre
Tel. +372 56 267 221
E-mail: [email protected]
STUDENT HALL OF RESIDENCE
Karu 17, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
NB! Check-in starts at 15.00 hrs, check-out until
12.00 noon.
RECEPTION (Astra atrium)
FILM PROGRAMME in the open air cinema. Chairs: Carles Feixa and José Sánchez
18:00
22:30
Session D
2.1. Being me onand oine (A242)
9.3 Subcultures and
class (M648)
13:30 - 15:00
4.1C. Youth construcng communies and idenes
on social networking sites (M213)
LUNCH (Astra atrium)
12:30 - 13:30
6.1C. Transions to
adulthood – a lifecourse perspecve
(M225)
KEYNOTE: Prof. Siyka Kovacheva. Cultural changes in the biographical construcons of young adults in Bulgaria (A002)
11:30 - 12:30
15.3. Exploring vi3.2. Youth and digisual sphere of youth tal games: pracces,
(M227)
communies and
gaming culture
(A018)
Session G
Session H
Session H
7. 1. Youth, memory 1.1B. Youth cultures
and identy in the
and social movedigital age (M649) ments. Space, power and culture in the
youth movements
of 2011 (A007)
5.3 Cyberbullying
1.1A. Youth cultures 1.2A. Youth and
and Digital literacies and social movepolical parcipa(M227)
ments. Space, pow- on (A007)
er and culture in the
youth movements
of 2011 (A018)
Session F
COFFEEE
14.1. Alcohol and
drug cultures
(M649)
Session E
11:00 - 11:30
10.1. Socializaon,
9.2. Subcultural auidenty, and family thencies (M648)
relaons: negoaons in digital online
environments
(M225)
Session C
6.1A. Transions to
adulthood – a lifecourse perspecve
(A242)
15.1C. Methods
and methodology
in youth research
(M213)
Session B
09:00 - 11:00
Session A
KEYNOTE: Prof. Ellen Helsper. Unpacking digital naves: digital diversity and inequality among European youth (A002)
17:00 - 18:00
13 JUNE
COFFEE
1.4. Youth and social 4.1B. Youth conchange (M649)
strucng communies and idenes
on social networking sites (M213)
16:30 - 17:00
5.1. Young people
as a (new) media
generaon (M225)
9.4. Subcultural
studies and music
(M648)
15:00 - 16:30
1.3A. Youth solidari- 13.1B. Youth migraes in Russia: urban, on and mobility
polical and media (A242)
contexts (A018)
YOUNG presentaon (A002)
8.1A. Rethinking difference in sexuality
research: From cultural inclusivity to
normave diversity
(A007)
LUNCH (Astra atrium)
14:00 - 15:00
Session G
13:00 - 14:00
Session F
KEYNOTE: Prof. Andy Benne. Youth culture and the internet: a subcultural or post-subcultural phenomena? (A002)
Session E
12:00 - 13:00
Session D
OPENING: Head of the Organising Commiee of NYRIS 12 Prof. Airi-Alina Allaste; Vice-rector of Tallinn University Prof. Katrin Niglas (A002)
Session C
11:30 - 12:00
Session B
REGISTRATION and coee
Session A
10:00 - 11:30
12 JUNE
Session D
CONCLUDING ROUNDTABLE: Young people and youth studies – Andy Benne, Carles Feixa, Gestur Guðmundsson, and Siyka Kovacheva
Chair: Airi-Alina Allaste (A002)
NEXT NYRIS and closing remarks (A002)
15:30 - 16:30
16:30 - 17:00
6.1B. Transions to
adulthood – a lifecourse perspecve
(M225)
COFFEE
4.1A. Youth construcng communies and idenes
on social networking sites (M213)
Session G
9.1. Subculture online: media, meanings, and pracces
(M648)
Session G
15:00 - 15:30
16.1B. The agency of 5.2B. Media cultures
young unemployed (M648)
people in today’s
sociees (A242)
LUNCH (Astra atrium)
12:30 - 13:30
3.1. Youth, games
and digital cultures
(A018)
COFFEEE
KEYNOTE: Prof. Steven Miles. Young people, awed protest and the irony of resistant consumpon (A002)
13:30 - 15:00
Session F
15.1B. Methods
and methodology
in youth research
(M213)
Session F
8.1B. Rethinking dif- 1.2B. Youth and poference in sexuality lical parcipaon
research: From cul- (A242)
tural inclusivity to
normave diversity
(A007)
Session E
11:30 - 12:30
11.1. Restorave ap- 12.2. Rural youth
proach and conict (M225)
management in
schools (M649)
Session C
11:00 - 11:30
5.2A. Media cultures 15.1A. Methods
(M648)
and methodology
in youth research
(M213)
Session B
09:00 - 11:00
Session A
BANQUET dinner (Rocca al Mare Open Air Museum)
20:00 - 23:00
14 JUNE
BUS to banquet
1.3B. Youth solidari- 2.2. Youth extremes in Russia: urban, ism online (M225)
polical and media
contexts (M649)
19:30
16.1A. The agency of
young unemployed
people in today’s
sociees (A018)
10.2. Socialisaon
13.1A. Youth migraand inter-generaon and mobility
onal relaons in the (A242)
digital age (A007)
Session E
16:30 - 18:00
Session D
KEYNOTE: Prof. Mikko Lagerspetz. Cleavages, idenes and iniaves from Estonia’s way to open society (A002)
Session C
COFFEE
Session B
15:30 - 16:30
Session A
15:00 - 15:30
13 JUNE
Sessions
WEDNESDAY, 12 June at 15:00 - 16:30
1.3A. Youth solidaries in Russia: urban, polical and media contexts. Chair: Anna Zhelnina
MIHAILOVIC, Alexandar
ZHELNINA, Anna
GOODFELLOW, Catherine
The order of the vanquished dragon: the performance of archaisc
homophobia by skinhead and neo-Nazi groups in Pun’s Russia
Place-based solidaries? Local idenes of youth and urban public space in
St. Petersburg
Don’t lose your grip on reality: Western videogames, worried policians,
and how Russian gamers push back against media stereotypes
1.4. Youth and social change. Chair: Mar Taru
DITTON, Shanene
What is radical? Reecons about radicalism and radical taccs: case
animal rights acvism
Young people as placemakers: curang the Gold Coast
KALLUNKI, Valdemar
Conviconal or praccal civilian service?
LUNDBOM, Pia
What is Finnishness and who denes it? A study of the representaons
given on Finnishness in the school acvies in Finland
4.1B. Youth construcng communies and idenes on social networking sites. Chair: Natalia
Waechter
NIEMI, Pia-Maria
BRICE, Lva
DEMEZ, Gönül
HART, Mahew
White lies in self presentaon: the oine self as parameter for the online
self
Social media as a new resistance, freedom and expression eld and youth
identy
Idenes and inmacies on Tumblr
5.1. Young people as a (new) media generaon. Chair: Andra Siibak
LOOS, Eugène
Digital informaon search behaviour: does age really maer?
PASQUALI, Francesca
Doing childhood, gender and generaon in young girls’ online social gaming
BOLIN, Göran
Media, generaons and the cult of the new
VITTADINI, Nicolea
Privacy and SNS: youth pracces and theorecal issues
Televisual leisure experiences of dierent generaons: the case of four age
LANDABIDEA URRESTI,
groups of Basque speakers in the region of Biscay.
Xabier
8.1A. Rethinking dierence in sexuality research: from cultural inclusivity to normave diversity. Chair:
Katrin Tiidenberg
YIP, Andrew Kam-Tuck
SPRUYT, Bram
PELTOLA, Marja
KOHO, Satu
Young adults’ management of sexual and religious idenes in Brish
society
Gender atudes among urban youngsters
Sexuality, family life and otherness. Young people with migrant background
negoang gender and sexuality in family context
Abusive sexuality or true love?
10
9.4. Subcultural studies and music. Chair: José Simões
FEIXA, Carles
HOIKKALA, Tommi
Rock is youth! Musical pracces, tastes and enjoyments on the cies, a
typological essay on the audiences of a scene
Roots and tradions of subcultural studies and the digital age
Youth subcultures, parcipaon and digital media: the case of underground
rap in Portugal
13.1B. Youth migraon and mobility. Chair: David Cairns
SIMÕES, José & Ricardo
CAMPOS
HAIKKOLA, Loa
Self-transformaon through ‘Work and travel in USA’: civilising and
decivilising consequences of a summer abroad
Second generaon young people, return visits and cosmopolitanism
NIKUNEN, Minna
Employability strategies for fast and slow young subjects
ØKLAND, Øyvind
Immigrants and the media: Norwegian-Somali youth in a world of global
media
ZUEV, Dennis
THURSDAY, 13 June at 09:00 - 11:00
1.1A. Youth cultures and social movements. Space, power and culture in the youth movements of
2011. Chair: Carles Feixa
FERNANDEZ
PLANELLS,
Ariadna
FEIXA, Carles
#acampadaBCN: Outraged communicaons. Case of study of the oine
and online dynamics of Catalan indignados.
An ‘indignant’ generaon? A transnaonal approach towards 2011 youth
protests
PIGS countries, or how to become a social laboratory for the instauraon of
NOFRE, Jordi
the Neoliberal Penal State and the criminalizaon of ‘being young’ in South
Europe
Cizenship and ICT-mediated protest acvism: how to study this connecon
PAPA, Venea
and why it maers?
1.2A. Youth and polical parcipaon. Chair: Åse Strandbu
DAUBOIS, Julie
Increasing youth vote through social campaigns on the Internet
FOARD, Nick
Switched on? An examinaon of young people’s use of technologies to
support polical acvity.
I’m not like polically acve or so, but I do have opinions
SVENINGSSON, Malin
Populist radical right opinions and polical trust: Norwegian youth aer
Utøya
5.3. Cyberbullying and digital literacies. Chair: Andra Siibak
STRANDBU, Åse
HIPELI, Eveline
Cyberbullying today – young adolescents dealing with ‘mobbing 2.0’
VEGA
LOPEZ, Maria
Cyberbullying: vicmisaon of public secondary school students in Jalisco,
Mexico
Guadalupe
SÖDERBERG, Patrik
KAIHOVIRTA
ROSVIK,
Physical punishment as a predictor of online aggression: the mediang
roles of vicmizaon and oine aggression
Student blogs as meaning making and learning in school
Hannah
SAARI, Jennifer
Increasing dimensionality of student expression: early examples from a
pilot project using internaonal mobile digital storytelling
6.1A. Transions to adulthood – a life-course perspecve. Chair: Camilla Huers
HUTTERS, Camilla
Changing values and atudes in a rapidly transforming Latvian society
shaping transion to adulthood
Transions to adult life: changing idenes, future expectaons, work
atudes and values of Finnish young people
Understanding young men’s ‘opt-out’ in regards to higher educaon
SINISALO
JUHA, Eeva
Working for the youth’s identy development
HEINONEN, Anu
HELENA, Helve
11
9.2. Subcultural authencies. Chair: Patrick Williams
WILLIAMS, Patrick
HANNERZ, Erik
DRIVER, Chris
MARTINEZ, Roger
Subcultural authencies: disnguishing between existenal and
dramaturgical selves
Construcng ‘real punks’ and pretenders: subcultural authencies and
plural mainstreams
The hardcore masculine: ‘sweaters’ and the spaal imperaves of a
hardcore music scene
The paradoxes of authencity
10.1. Socialisaon, identy, and family relaons: negoaons in digital online environments. Chair:
Veronika Kalmus
DÉRI, András
BAYRAKTAR, Fah
SMETS, Aurélie
SVATO GILLÁROVÁ,
Kateina
TALVES, Kairi
O to #Estonia with my baby: a look into youth displays of familial es on
the Internet
Perceived parental mediaon pracces and on-line risks: comparison of
young people from discriminated and non-discriminated groups across 25
European countries
The intergeneraonal transmission of polical trust
Fostering the social. Informaon and communicaon technologies and
communicaon of group of teenagers
Does gender make a dierence? Parents mediaon strategies of children
internet use across Europe
14.1. Alcohol and drug cultures. Chair: Maarja Kobin
‘Doing it for the likes’: a qualitave exploraon of young adults, gendered
idenes and the blurring of o-line and on-line drinking cultures
“I don’t want to drink, but I’m afraid to lose my friends.” Alcohol
PARDER, Mari-Liisa
consumpon and norms of the youth subculture
Alcohol use by Russian, Somali and Kurdish youth in Finland – preliminary
HAIKKOLA, Loa
results
Adolescents from residenal care, social correcon instuons and
TRAPENCIERE, Ilze
boarding-schools in Latvia – socialisaon aspects and paerns of alcohol
and drug use
Communicaon between parents and youth in alcohol prevenon
HENRIKSEN, Øystein
programs in school.
15.1C. Methods and methodology in youth research. Chair: Airi-Alina Allaste
LENNOX, Jemma
RANNIKKO, Anni
Researching alternave youth sports – methodological consideraons
NOWAK, Raphaël
Analysing the relaonship between youth and music through the sound
environment
Youth@risk – magic moments
FOLLESØ, Reidun
SHARPE, Darren
le GRAND, Elias
The online plaorm will engage young people as ethical detecves in an
interacve and evolving Sherlock Holmes type narrave
Wring the ethnographic self in research on marginalised youths and
masculinity
THURSDAY, 13 June at 13:30 - 15:00
1.1B. Youth cultures and social movements. Space, power and culture in the youth movements of
2011. Chair: Jordi Nofre
SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA, José
While I was rapping: experiencing of being a female, homosexual in Iran’s
hip hop culture
Chronotopes of youth in Transional Cairo
LANDBIDDEA URRESTI,
Leisure as a factor of human development for young group
GOLPUSHNEZHAD, Elham
Xabier
HAVANDJIAN, Nishan Ra
& Sanjay ASTHANA
LAINE, Soa
A hermeneuc study of youth media in Palesne/Israel
Independently acve. Young female acvist’s experiences of tunisian
polical chronotopes in the 2010s
12
2.1. Being me on- and oine. Chairs: Kari Paakkunainen & Jarmo Rinne
BAE, Michelle S.
Digital diasporic girls and femininies: reclaiming performances
KONTRÍKOVÁ, Vra
Self-expression vs. privacy online: inuences of individual and naonal
factors
Virtual and geographical borders and boundaries of urban life
TIKKA, Minu
3.2. Youth and digital games: pracces, communies and gaming culture. Chair: Björn Sjöblom
RONKAINEN, Jenni-Emilia
Gambling of the Finnish young
SJÖBLOM, Björn
Cooperaon and conict in Internet cafés
Shoong star: a view on children, rst-person shooters and gameplay
crasmanship
4.1C. Youth construcng communies and idenes on social networking sites. Chair: Natalia
Waechter
TOFT NØRGÅRD, Rikke
BENSON, Phil
LINCOLN, Sian
The globalisaon of YouTube: informal learning and the development of
interlingual and intercultural idenes among digital youth
Identy marking and context collapse on social network sites
Where the home ends and wilderness begins: Generaon C and its spaal
percepons of internet in context of privacy
Facebook use across cultures: social norms guiding self-presentaon on
SILFVERBERG, Suvi
social network sites
6.1C. Transions to adulthood – a life-course perspecve. Chair: Helena Helve
BORODKINA, Ilze
STRECKER, Tanja Conni
HUANG, Lihong
CARLIN, Eric
Social inequality in the transion from school to university: rst results of a
longitudinal study in Catalonia
The eect of school experiences on transion to adulthood: a longitudinal
analysis of a Norwegian generaon
Youth transions, social exclusion and the troubling concept of resilience
7.1. Youth, memory and identy in the digital age. Chair: Carmen Leccardi
HERMES, Joke & Christa de Missing in mainstream media: fantasies about strong online idenes
GRAAF
RYGAARD, Jee
Young Greenlanders staging their identy on social fora
TORMULAINEN, Aino
Using the Internet for nostalgic memory and identy work
LECCARDI, Carmen
Temporal acceleraon, young people’s biographies and memory
9.3 Subcultures and class. Chair: Roger Marnez
le GRAND, Elias
Notes on subcultural readings of ‘chav’ culture
WAECHTER, Natalia
New kids on the blog: how social class shapes the use of social networking
sites
Understanding class through a relaonal approach to youth styles:
toughness, niceness and other types of boundary work
Towards a psychosocial understanding of youth sub-culture: a study of body
suspension pracce
MARTÍNEZ, Roger
AAGRE, Willy, Stephen
MINTON & Arnbjørg
ENGENES
13
15.3. Exploring visual sphere of youth. Chair: Dennis Zuev
FARINA, Gaia
BADERMANN, Mandy,
Mareike OEHRL & Hien
Young girls in mulcultural suburbs: visual gazes on Social relaons and
uses of public spaces
The visual capital of youth – Bourdieu on social network sites
NGUYEN
MATHISEN, Rune
Film and risk
THURSDAY, 13 June at 16:30 - 18:00
1.3B. Youth solidaries in Russia: urban, polical and media contexts. Chair: Yana Krupets
LITVINA, Darya
OMELCHENKO, Elena
Underground Russia vs. ‘legal Russia’: who is who on Russian policised
youth scene?
Youth solidaries in Russia aer ‘Pussy Riot’
Youth acvism and solidaries in Russian Internet: between virtual and
reality
2.2. Youth extremism online. Chair: Kari Saari
KRUPETS, Yana
OKSANEN, Ae
School shoong fans online: a social network analysis approach
FJELLDAL
SOELBERG,
A great meeng online and o-line. Adolescent who body-injure
Carina
DRUXES, Helga
Germany’s new right glamour couple: media strategies for mainstreaming
hate speech
Youth and rearms in Mexico
GONZALEZ
PEREZ,
Guillermo Julian
9.1. Subculture online: media, meanings, and pracces. Chair: Chris Driver
WILLIAMS, Patrick
Straight edge was always mediated: an interaconist analysis of subcultures
DRIVER, Chris
‘Hardcore lives’: new representaons of (Australian) straightedge idenes
online
Subcultural dileansm and online visibility
WHELAN, Andrew
10.2. Socialisaon and inter-generaonal relaons in the digital age. Chair: Veronika Kalmus
Should we be ‘friends’? Estonian teachers’ reecons about studentteacher relaonships in social media
I didn’t like this gi: presents as a reecon of children’s wishes and dislikes
RUNNEL, Pille
in the context of social relaons and cultural values
Youth work in schools: co-operaon, border-crossings and new professional
KIILAKOSKI, Tomi
constellaons
13.1A. Youth migraon and mobility. Chair: David Cairns
SIIBAK, Andra
CAIRNS, David
OBORUNE, Karina
SACHSE, Holger
NGAI, Steven Sek-yum
An undiscovered country? Youth mobility within youth studies: the case of
Portugal during the economic crisis
The impact of the ERASMUS programme on promong European identy
High aspiraons or reacon to poor prospects on the training market? The
formaon of school leavers’ aspiraons for further general educaon in
Germany
Rural-urban migraon and social exclusion: the case of young migrant
workers in Hangzhou, China
14
15.1B. Methods and methodology in youth research. Chair: Andu Rämmer
YIP, Andrew Kam-Tuck
LANDABIDEA URRESTI,
Researching young adults’ sexuality and religiosity: some reecons from a
mixed-method project
An accessible leisure oer as a decisive factor for the quality of life
Xabier
Do children know how their parents vote and vice versa? The dierence
between perceived and actual vong intenons and the implicaons for
socializaon research
16.1A. The agency of young unemployed people in today’s sociees + Youth unemployment and
measures against it. Chairs: Jaana Lähteenmaa, Malda Wrede-Jän & Gestur Guðmundsson
BOONEN, Joris
KYLKILAHTI, Eliisa
SAAR, Maarja & Adrià
ALCOVERRO
HYGGEN, Christer
Acng out, failing or breaking loose – young people confronng the worklife ideals in autobiographical texts
Young graduates negoang their role in Estonian labour market
Paradoxes in translang knowledge into pracce. Lessons from research on
youth unemployment and high-school dropout in the Nordic countries
FRIDAY, 14 June at 09:00 - 11:00
1.2B. Youth and polical parcipaon. Chair: Åse Strandbu
QUINTELIER, Ellen
Intergeneraonal transmission of polical parcipaon
PIRK, Reelika
Why do they parcipate? Youth acvism in Estonia: meanings, moves and
pracce
Youth cizenship and non-governmental organisaons: social change and
status
From ‘revoluonary youth’ to ‘youth associaons’. Polical parcipaon in
Guéckédou, Guinea
Youth polical atude and hobby/taste in Japan
DIPROSE, Krisna
ENGELER, Michelle
TERACHI, Mikito
5.2A. Media cultures. Chair: Sna Bengtsson & Lars Lundgren
BENGTSSON, Sna
MIKKONEN, Heidi
ULARU, Vera
Disncons in (virtual) space: spaal pracces and preferences in changing
media landscapes
Young people’s discourses about the benets, opportunies, dangers and
threats of digital technologies
Online news ulisaon among Romanian students
8.1B. Rethinking dierence in sexuality research: from cultural inclusivity to normave diversity – focus
on gender. Chair: Kadri Aavik
LEHTONEN, Sanna
Romanc masculinity: one of the possible strategies of rebellion in (post-)
Soviet punk
Walking a ghtrope on sexuality: a Bourdieuian delineaon of Chinese
young masculinies
Cosplay or crossplay? Discourses of gender and sexuality on cosplay.
VOIPIO, Myry
My body, my rules
UUSMA, Hannaliisa
LIONG, Chan Ching Mario
11.1. Restorave approach and conict management in schools. Chair: Maija Gellin & Eeva Saarinen
HONKATUKIA, Päivi
SARA
AHO, Ulla
GELLIN, Maija & Eeva
SAARINEN
REISKA, Epp
Vicm oender encounters as intergeneraonal negoaon on moral
quesons
From conicts towards soluons. Conict management in Solvik Daycare
Center and Kirkonkulma Primary School
Restorave approach and conict management in schools
The meaning of internship in the view of students, universies and
employers
15
12.2. Rural youth. Chair: Raili Nugin
OLIN
SCHELLER, Chrisna
Out of coverage – on the net, in research and in media
PAULGAARD, Gry
Rurality and inequality at the margins of the Northern European periphery
RYE, Johan Fredrik
Transnaonal rural youth
SCHMIDT, Joshua
Fringe benets: locang recreaonal culture among youth in the periphery
HARINEN, Päivi
On the verges – youth in a Finnish double periphery
15.1A. Methods and methodology in youth Research. Chair: Airi-Alina Allaste
HANSSEN, Jorid Krane
LAINE, Soa
STRÖMPL, Judit
BRUSELIUS
JENSEN, Maria
KYNTÖLÄ, Laura
The autobiography as an actor in the meeng between author and
researcher
Team ethnography on youth polical engagement in the World Social
Forum Tunis 2013
Construcon of Internet danger in context of teenagers’ focus group
interview
Young people researching their meengs with health related messages in
everyday virtual spaces – discussing the value of a parcipave research
Immigraon and social engagement in Finland – methodological and ethical
challenges faced
FRIDAY, 14 June at 13:30 - 15:00
3.1. Youth, games and digital cultures. Chair: Johanna Järvinen-Tassopoulos
SMAHEL, David
STÅHL, Malda
Movaons of young addicve MMORPG players for and against online
gaming
“Games – what do you know about gaming?” A reserach project on girls
meaning making and identy as gamers
Girls and gambling – stereotypes and representaons of girlhood
JÄRVINEN
TASSOPOULOS,
Johanna
4.1A. Youth construcng communies and idenes on social networking sites. Chair: Airi-Alina Allaste
MCCOSKER, Anthony
ANVIK, Cecilie
Contested publics: social media conict as generave acts of provocaon
and cizenship
Experiences of ‘outsideness’
Youth relaonship management online: Internet anonymity’s eects on
social e formaon
An analysis of the social networks of the Fanzines and E-zines in the
FEIXA, Carles
Portuguese Punk Scenes (1977-2012)
5.2B. Media cultures. Chair: Sna Bengtsson & Lars Lundgren
KEIPI, Teo
NOWAK, Raphaël
Generaon Y and technological ecleccism in music
JORGE, Ana
LUNDGREN, Lars
Youth fan cultures in the age of digital media: co-creaon of idols or viral
markeng
Youth culture, music and disncon
BARBOVSCHI, Monica
Exposure to sexual material at young age and liberalism
6.1B. Transions to adulthood – a life-course perspecve. Chair: Arseniy Svynarenko
SVYNARENKO, Arseniy
Becoming a professional – Nicaraguan university students and the
pathways to adulthood
Regional idenes, future expectaons and work values
ZITA, Kiss
Future planning among the Transylvanian high school students
PÄÄKKÖNEN, Hanna-Maija
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16.1B. The agency of young unemployed people in today’s sociees + Youth unemployment and
measures against it. Chairs: Jaana Lähteenmaa, Malda Wrede-Jän & Gestur Guðmundsson
GUÐMUNDSSON, Gestur
Unemployed drop-outs. Do they have any chance?
ACHATZ, Juliane
‘One-euro job’ workfare scheme for young adults: do eects dier due to
family background and why?
The role of the EU tackling against youth unemployment
DIBOU, Tanja
Key-note speakers
BENNETT, Andy. Youth culture and the internet: A
subcultural or post-subcultural phenomena?
Some twenty years after the emergence of the internet and the so-called digital revolution, discussion
and debate regarding the impact of digital on-line
media on young people and their collective cultural
practices continues to be a significant aspect of the
youth research brief. Key topics explored and debated
range from the ways in which digital on-line media
have reframed communication among young people, to questions about youth identity and the extent
to which this has been reshaped by the internet and
associated digital media platforms. Underpinning these and other modes of academic enquiry is the larger
question of how on-line digital media have altered
the nature of youth culture itself. If youth researchers
have long been involved in critical debates concerning
how to frame the concept of youth culture as both
theoretical and methodological fields of enquiry, the
internet and related on-line media forms have brought
new questions to bear on this debate. Thus, for some
youth researchers, the internet serves to personify and
accentuate some of the pivotal qualities that have
traditionally enabled particular youth groups to set
themselves apart from mainstream norms and values
in a socio-cultural space that has often been referred
to as ‘subcultural’. For other researchers, the internet
presents as the ultimate foil to such subcultural categorisations of youth. In this context, the internet
is regarded as a medium for new forms of connection
between young people in which associations of style
and taste become more fluid and are diluted by other
forms of lifestyle preference and aesthetic sensibility.
The purpose of this keynote will be to critically analyse and evaluate the impact of the internet on youth
culture and its associated forms of collective cultural
practice and to consider whether this is best understood as a subcultural or post-subcultural phenomena.
HELSPER, Ellen. Unpacking digital naves: digital diversity and inequality among European youth
Digital Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become the main gateway to infor-
mation, entertainment and socialising for the majority
of Europeans. In this race to get everyone and anything online concern was raised that some disadvantaged groups of older and less well-off citizens would be
left behind. One thing was, however, never in doubt:
“The internet and other ICTs are the future and it’s a
future in which young people are by definition be at
home”. They are after all digital natives, able to navigate the digital realm without blinking an eye. On
the side lines, older generations of digital immigrants
could only watch and wonder while the natives race
ahead.
I will critically examine the concept of the digital
native, its history and the implications that its popularity has had for teachers, parents and policy makers.
I will examine the evidence, and lack thereof, for the
existence of a generation of digital natives. My crossnational research provides over a decade of findings
which will be used to illustrate that the digital future
is less alien than digital immigrants might think and
that this is both good and bad news.
KOVACHEVA, Siyka. Cultural changes in the biographical construcons of young adults in Bulgaria
The paper examines the biographical choices of
young adults in Bulgaria for responding to and dealing with the growing risks and uncertainties under the
conditions of the current economic crisis and global
recession. It focuses on the active engagement of the
young in the processes of identity formation, thus initiating a change in the common patterns of growing
up. The biographical constructions are analysed as embedded in a multilayered social context involving global influences, macro societal changes, shifts in local
labour markets and modifications at the micro arena
of gender and generational relations in the family. The
paper addresses the dilemma of structure and agency
in young adults’ prolonged search for identity in 21st
century Bulgaria.
A special focus is placed on how the young reflect
upon the comparison between their own transitions
and the life patterns of older generations. The biographical challenges which modern life poses to young
people are met with flexible life projects within a
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shortened frame of social time and an expanded frame
of social place. Besides considering common themes
emerging from the biographical narratives such as new
uncertainties, open future and biographical pluralities, the paper will present in more detail four cases of
young men’s and women’s strategies for constructing
meaningful lives.
LAGERSPETZ, Mikko. Cleavages, idenes and iniaves from Estonia’s way to open society
In my presentation, I will try make use of George Soros’ (and others’) concept of Open Society. The
concept is normative, political and fuzzy, but it still
manages to catch some of the fundamental traits of
Estonia’s development during the two decades that
followed authoritarian Socialism – it was not just a
development of market economy, democracy and civil
society, but also a surfacing of a pluralism of various
kinds. They are related to a gradual consolidation of a
capitalist class structure, to emerging ethnic and regional inequality, to media pluralism, and also to new patterns of grassroots organising, facilitated among other
things by the digital media. I will look at the contents
of that pluralism and at its representation – or nonrepresentation in institutional politics.
MILES, Steven. Young people, awed protest and the
irony of resistant consumpon
Using Bauman’s (1998) notion of the flawed consumer as a starting point this paper will consider the
relationship between youth consumption and protest
in a rapidly changing world. In considering the role of
young people as disqualified consumers in the London
riots of 2011 the paper reflects on how far youth resistance is, and arguably always has been, constituted
around the ability or otherwise to consume. It challenges the assumption that the riots demonstrate a
consensus of contestation amongst young people, arguing that these events counter-intuitively constitute
a ‘culture of acceptance’ in which young people struggle to imagine themselves beyond the parameters that
orthodox consumerism provides. This paper is concerned not with the role of resistance as anti-capitalist
militancy, but as a pragmatic means by which young
people seek to frame themselves ‘outside’ (or indeed
inside) the parameters of consumerism. It calls for a
more sophisticated examination of the relationship
between resistance and consumption and suggests that
in resisting consumer capitalism, young people are in
danger of tying themselves more closely to the very
ideology against which they rebel.
I Stream: Youth participation and political activities
1.1. Youth cultures and social movements.
Space, power and culture in the youth movements of 2011
FERNANDEZ-PLANELLS, Ariadna. #acampadaBCN:
Outraged communicaons. Case of study of the oine
and online dynamics of Catalan indignados
The outrage has swept the world in 2011. On May
15th started the Spanish peaceful and youth revolution, the #spanishrevolution. On the campaign trail,
thousands of people -mostly young-took the streets
and, finally, camped in the squares of major cities in
the state. The youth disaffection was canalized through
the Networks. Squares and the Internet became agoras
for discussion. It is important for us to know the new
forms selected by the youth to communicate, filter and
disseminate information.
In 15M, Spanish youth has left the traditional
channels of representation and participation and has
created his own channels and expression forms. They
have updated the mechanisms that allow them to
participate as members of the citizenship. Young has
become visible and has created his own ‘networked democracy’ (Castells, 2011) beyond any border. The new
global social movements that emerged from the 2011
have innovated and revolutionized communication
formulas.
This conference paper present results about the
profile of #acampadabcn participants’. Most of the
respondents were students, aged between 18 and 25
years, living in Barcelona, with Internet access, and
participated as a visitor and/or member of a committee in the #acampadabcn. This profile is connected
with the characteristics of the “Generation @” described by Feixa (2000, 2012). And, through its operation
mode and its identifying features, can also be related
to and be descendants of “altermundistas” (alter-globalization) youth movement (Pleyers, 2011). Furthermore, this study aims to focus on communication and
organization practices, offline and online, of the Catalan Indignados. The research was performed using
the participant immersion method in the15M movement, performing fifteen interviews and 339 surveys
to young people who visited the #acampadabcn.
FEIXA, Carles. An ‘indignant’ generaon? A transnaonal approach towards 2011 youth protests
The year 2011 has witnessed the emergence of new
types of social movements, transnational in scope but
especially intense in the Mediterranean area, one of
which precipitating factors has been the leading role
of the new generations and the urban middle classes.
The year began with the so-called ‘Arab spring’, continued with the ‘# spanishrevolution’ of 15-M, and ended with the movement ‘Ocuppy’ in the United States
(although there might be other protests, such as the
Chilean students and the English suburbs in summer
2011, among other examples). The antecedents date
back to the ‘anti-globalization’ movement emerged in
Seattle in 1999 and in Porto Alegre after 2001, the revolt of the French ‘banlieues’ in autumn 2005 and the
Greek mobilization in winter 2008, coinciding with
the start of the international financial crisis. While it is
early to assess the impact of such movements, it seems
evident that they respond to a new cycle of social protests, which manifest in public space (both in the squares of cities and in the Net). This session will present
the first outcomes of a Spanish Research Project, but
is open to other scholars that investigate similar topics.
This project aims to shed light on the nature, causes
and recent drift of such movements, taking the Spanish case as a reference point and comparing it with
the mobilizations in four Mediterranean countries
(Portugal, Italy, Greece, Egypt), and other territories
where there was also mobilizations (England, USA,
Chile, Brazil). Although the project is based on ongoing ethnographic research by team members, their
orientation is primarily theoretical. The main objective
is to compare the convergent and divergent elements
of such movements, its innovative aspects and its continuities with previous movements and their local and
global impact on youth and society.
NOFRE, Jordi. PIGS countries, or how to become a
social laboratory for the instauraon of the Neoliberal
Penal State and the criminalizaon of ‘being young’ in
South Europe
In Southern European countries (SEC), the socalled ‘Indignant Generation’ dreamt once to be like
their parents - in the case that the family union had
run successfully- or, on the contrary case, like their
parental generation who participated in the transformation of a society of proletarians into a society of
owners. On the other hand, deficiencies of Welfare
State in SEC have been traditionally covered by the
so-called ‘family mattress’. However, it has almost disappeared, and young middle classes from SEC have
begun to suffer problems traditionally associated to
the everyday life of working classes. Hence three terms
have recently entered into their daily life: Housing,
financial, labor, emotional, mental, health INSECURITY and FEAR regarding the perception of a NOFUTURE scenario. This paper aims at highlighting
how the so-called ‘European Spring’ would be related
to this downward mobility suffered by most South
Europe young middle classes that have been accompanied, at the same time, by a parallel process: the cri-
20
minalization of ‘being young’ as response of political,
financial elites (the ‘Old’) facing with the collapse of
the financial capitalism. This paper will explore how
such criminalization of ‘being young’ tend to operate
by means of five processes: labor precarization, housing insecurity, financial insecurity, mental health worsening, and the ‘hyper-securitization’ of youth leisure
activities. As conclusion, this paper will suggest how
such criminalization of ‘being young’ could be also
seen as part of the ‘city securitization’ policies to socially sanitize the competitive city and thus ensure the
process of city branding.
PAPA, Venea. Cizenship and ICT-mediated protest
acvism: how to study this connecon and why it matters?
The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed
an upsurge in mobilization and collective action by a
wide range of activists and groups engaging in social
and political protest, all over the world, which continues to this day. The new media are not only greatly
facilitating the ways in which activists communicate
and demonstrate, but are also altering the relation of
the movements to territorial boundaries and localities.
Scholars from a wide range of disciplines have tended
to focus on questions about the internet’s role in protest,
without attending to answer the changing meaning of
what it means to be a citizen within such movements
and through their practices. This article responds to
this need by developing an analytical framework for
studying the connection in individual and collective
level, between citizenship and ICT-mediated social
movements, drawing on existing scholarship on social
movements, citizenship and ICTs. Specifically, using
social movement theories as a starting point, it pulls
together common properties necessary for a two-level
analysis: a) the tangibles resources (participation and
mobilization) that are seen as the concrete practices
of movements and their participants and b) the ideational resources that are seen as the abstract practices
of movements and their participants (ideology and
visions of engagement). This provides a theoretical
structure that facilitates connections between different
disciplines that might otherwise be difficult to discern,
so that the construction of citizenship can be studied
on an interdisciplinary basis. The article concludes by
discussing the potential significance of this framework
in critically evaluating the potential in both meaning
and practices of protest movements, focusing on the
case of Indignados in France, Greece and Spain.
GOLPUSHNEZHAD, Elham. While I was rapping:
Experiencing of being a female, homosexual in Iran’s
hip hop culture
Expressing the very true feelings for Iranian youth
through rapping has become a common trait in recent
decades. Young people of any age, gender or social and
economic statuses challenge the society’s notion of
good art and no useful one, its conception of high and
low culture and Islamic/ non Islamic conflicts. This
new born culture was being taken for granted before
being used as a new moral panic icon by the media
of the dominant power. As I will explain in details in
the paper there are very few works done on rapping
in Iran most of which are functionalist pathological
ones, however, recently some scholars looked at the
cultural phenomenon from a CCCS critical perspective. Yet no academic research has been done exploring
the lives and socio-cultural practices of rappers in Iran
from the actors’ point of view. Among these marginal youth, there have been shaped some groups of low
appreciation, named, female rappers, and homosexual
rappers. In this paper I would explore the life of these
marginal groups in the context of the society ignoring
their existence_ in general_ and the marginal hip hop
culture_ in particular_ margins’ of the margin. This paper intends to answer the question of how these two
suppressed and ignored groups make their own ways
toward shaping their identity _while considered to be
hidden_ through hip hop culture.
SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA, José. Chronotopes of youth in
transional Cairo
There has been an intense debate over the role of
social electronic nets have played in the uprisings in
Arab World and the demonstrations in South European countries. But, is evident that it has thrived on
the streets and it was in urban spaces that people has
transformed in a strong political force. In Cairo was
in Tahrir Square that citizens voiced their discontent,
showed their power and articulated a political counter discourse. The political events from ‘revolution’ to
the first public discourse of the president-elect Mursi
immediately direct attention to this urban space. The
‘Midan’ has been transmuted in a decisive public space;
in a political subject, in a ‘public and/or political collective space/times for social identity’.
URRESTI, Xabier Landbiddea. Leisure as a factor of
human development for young group
Perhaps the most significant change in relation to
leisure has been its own account: leisure as a socially
embedded reality that includes a variety of activities
involving a multiplicity of outcomes, all with political
and economic dimensions.
We can say that today the very concept of leisure
must be considered, even more than the various leisure
manifestations. A leisure that goes beyond mere entertainment, material consumption, passive leisure or
the mere use of free time, is a concept of leisure open
to present and future perspectives, but understood at
the same time as a framework for human development
within a social commitment.
The relationship between leisure and human development, implies that much of the efforts are located
in the needs of citizens, trying to identify and interpret
the demands, needs and motivations of young people
and their relationship to build more fulfilling lives.
21
From Leisure Studies understand that leisure is an
integral human experience and a fundamental human
right, leisure is characterized as an area of ownership
and autonomy, where you can enjoy and experience by
participating in an active and full, is an area that brings
benefits to everyone and in which barriers to participate must be minimized. Leisure is a key area in the
life of every person, and it is essential that development contributes to the whole person.
observation, systematic note taking, and informal and
formal interviewing), at the same time I accomplish
procedures to build and sustain friendship: conversation, everyday involvement, compassion, giving, and
vulnerability - that may also lead to shared writing and
co-publishing.
1.2. Youth and political participation
HAVANDIJAN, Nishan Ra & Sanjay ASTHANA. A
hermeneuc study of youth media in Palesne/Israel
DAUBOIS, Julie. Increasing youth vote through social
A primary purpose of our paper is to demonstrate
how young people in refugee camps in Palestine and
Israelis living in Israel appropriate and reconfigure old
and new media in the process of creating personal and
social narratives. The paper shall examine four Palestinian and Israeli youth initiatives as case studies that
span various media – magazines, radio, photography,
video, and the new media – particularly the multiple
uses of the Internet. Drawing insights from postcolonial and feminist epistemologies, media and cultural
studies, certain strands of media education scholarship, and philosophical writings of Paul Ricoeur, the
paper shall probe the issues through a set of inter-related questions. What are the salient features of the
Palestinian and Israeli youth media practices? What
kinds of media narratives are produced and how do
these relate to young people’s notions of identity and
selfhood? How do young people refashion the notion
of the political? What do these media practices mean
in Arab and Jewish cultural contexts and settings?
campaigns on the Internet
LAINE, Soa. Independently acve. Young female
acvist’s experiences of Tunisian polical chronotopes
in the 2010s
The paper studies the political chronotopes before
and after Tunisian revolution from the young female
activist’s point of view, focusing on the youth political
engagement in contemporary Tunisia. Chronotope
is a concept of Mikhail Bakhtin that literally stands
for ‘time space’. The term points to the essential connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships, the
inseparability of space and time where the time is the
fourth dimension of space. Chronotopes are always coloured with emotions as well as values that vary in their
degree and scope. In this paper I will apply Bakhtin’s
five major chorotope types (the Road, the Castle, the
Salon, the Town and the Threshold) to my empirical
data of youth political engagement in Tunisia during
2010s. For collecting my data I have used ‘friendship
as method’, i.e. followed and shared thoughts and
experiences continuously with one young independent
democracy activist from Tunis. Calling for inquiry that
is open, multivoiced, and emotionally rich, friendship
as method involves the practices, the pace, the contexts, and the ethics of friendship. Researching with the
practices of friendship means that although I employ
traditional forms of data gathering (e.g., participant
In 2011, Canadian elections had a general participation rate of 61.4% but of only 49.3% for the 18-34
year-olds, the main problem being that the youth vote
doesn’t increase with time like it used to with the past
generations. Many organisms now create social campaigns to motivate youth to vote and to stimulate their
interest in politics. With 93.3% of the 18-34 segment
using Internet regularly, many social campaigns are
now built especially for the Web. During the 2011 Canadian elections, organisms created videos and websites and used Facebook and YouTube to promote youth
vote, the most notable being a 30 question quiz about
electoral issues which would position the voter among
the different political parties. A 300 people survey was
conducted in the University of Montreal and 19 students participated in focus groups. The results allowed
us to conclude that campaign initiatives would benefit
from social networks like Facebook and Twitter. We
also learned about young adults’ motivations to engage
in political activities, thus providing important information for the design of future social campaigns. This
being said, it is necessary for other educational initiatives to complement such campaigns in order to foster
solid awareness of citizenship issues among youth.
FOARD, Nick. Switched on? An examinaon of young
people’s use of technologies to support polical acvity
The turnout at UK General Elections since 2001
has provoked concern amongst commentators who
perceive a growing disengagement from formal politics. It is claimed that this is especially evident among
today’s young people, an assertion which has led to a
widespread interest in the role that new technologies
might play in offering alternative avenues for engaging young people in politics. This paper is based on a
survey of 1,025 eighteen year olds following their first
opportunity to vote in a General Election, and focus
groups with non-voting young people. We use these
data to investigate the following questions: to what extent are young people using new technologies as an information source to find out about political issues? In
what ways are young people becoming politically active online, and how does this behaviour compare with
offline activities? How might technology-enabled voting methods encourage young people to participate in
22
elections? Our findings suggest that the introduction
of electronic forms of voting would be popular, and
the Internet as a source of political knowledge is beginning to show signs of competing with traditional
media for young people’s attention. However, while
there is evidence of some young people participating
in online activity and using social networking sites for
political exchange, this activity is largely restricted to
those with existing patterns of political interest, and
the capacity for mobilisation of disengaged groups remains questionable.
SVENINGSSON, Malin. “I’m not like polically acve
or so, but I do have opinions.” Young people’s representaons of cizenship
Western democracies are facing a decreased participation in elections, as well as in other activities traditionally associated with political participation. This
is especially the case for young citizens, whose low
interest for news and political media content is well
documented. However, say critics, many young people
are very much engaged – but in other ways.
The project ‘Mediated Citizenship: Opportunities,
Conditions and Practices in Young People’s Everyday
Life’ studies how Swedish youth use the media and
various spheres in their everyday lives to orientate
themselves, integrate and interact in citizenship issues.
The method is ethnographic, combining interviews, media diaries and classroom observations.
One interesting finding is that some informants
claim to not be politically active, despite informing
themselves and discussing politics and citizenship with
others, or even being members of political parties. This
gave rise to the question: How do the informants look
at political activity? What does it mean to them to be
‘politically active or interested’? Why do they not see
themselves as politically interested, and what would it
take for them to be able to claim that position?
The media landscape has changed, as has our potential ways to inform ourselves, to organize and interact in citizenship issues. However, we still tend to
use old definitions and ideas of what politics and citizenship means, which does not manage to take into
account the changes in political culture that the young
generation’s attitudes and life styles point at. Such definitions risk to alienate young people, and make them
even less inclined to take part as citizens.
STRANDBU, Åse. Populist radical right opinions and
polical trust: Norwegian youth a
er Utøya
Lately, rightist politics has become a hotly debated theme in Norway for two reasons. First, the mass
killings of 22 of July 2011 have brought attention
to the extreme right. Second, there is a longer political trend where the most noteworthy change is the
strengthening of the new right political party. The overall question for this paper is whether and how these
developments might reflect deeper cultural and structural changes which in turn could affect the legitimacy
of Norwegian politics. Against this background, we
ask how these shifts matter for trust in societal and
political institutions in Norway among young people.
We start with a establishing a theoretical framework
distinguishing between various dimensions of rightist
political orientations – extremism, radicalism (authoritarianism and populism) and nationalism – and
studies the extent to which we find such orientations
among young people in Norway and then whether
those with radical rightist political orientations are less
trustful towards societal (judiciary, media, labour organizations) and political (government, parliament) institutions than those with other political orientations.
The analyses are based on Young in Oslo, a representative survey of 10,000 youth in Oslo, 2012.
QUINTELIER, Ellen. Intergeneraonal transmission of
polical parcipaon
This article aims to explore the intergenerational
transmission of political participation from parents
to children. The family is often considered as the
primary socialization context for young people with
regard to political attitudes and behaviors. Normally,
young children will have their first political discussions or their first political experiences with their
parents. Because political participation habits are already established at a very young age, it is important
that young people get acquainted with politics from a
young age onwards. By means of a literature review, we
have identified three factors that mediate or moderate
the transmission of political participation and political
attitudes. These three factors that will be used here are:
political discussion in the family, political attitudes
and socio-economic status.
The data that were used is the Parent-Youth Socialization Study 2012. This is a representative survey
among 3426 15-year-olds administered in school. Schools (n=61) were selected by a stratified sample based
on province and educational track. Students were surveyed on their social and political values. The students
were handed a survey on the same topic for both their
father and mother. The data are representative for gender and educational track.
Preliminary analyses show that political discussion
and socio-economic status mediate the transmission of
political participation, whereas political interest does
not mediate the relationship. This indicates that there
is more transmission among higher educated families
and families with more political discussion, and equal
transmission among more and less interested families.
PIRK, Reelika. Why do they parcipate? Youth acvism in Estonia: meanings, moves and pracce
Some researchers claim that nowadays young people are disengaged and alienated from politics others indicate that young people are interested in politics, but
they use ‘alternative’ ways to participate. Nevertheless,
recent studies have shown youth to be socio-politically
one of the most inactive groups in Estonia (as well as
23
in many other democratic countries) therefore raising
many questions about youth participation. The focus
of this paper will be directed at analysing youth political participation, but in the wider sense of the term.
The paper includes two different forms of involvement
that could be considered as (a) traditional and (b) as
‘alternative’ ways of participation, respectively youth
council and animal rights movement. The paper will
underline discrepancies and similarities in order to understand contemporary Estonian youth political participation strategies and motives. The aim is to explore
youths´ participation activities and practices as well as
to the meanings and motives members attach to their
(political) participation. The research is based on participant observations conducted between April 2012
and June 2013, recorded semi-structured interviews
and document analyses.
DIPROSE, Krisna. Youth cizenship and non-governmental organisaons: social change and status
While some lament encroaching apathy with each
new generation, in reply we valorise emerging cultures
of youth ‘alter-activism’ online and off. Though important, this too frequently concerns only the lifestyle
choices of mobile and affluent youth, overlooking persistent inequalities in participation and the protraction
of enlivening transitions for some at the expense of
others.
My research considers NGOs as citizenship mediators, recognising the ongoing significance of associational contexts in providing integrative opportunities for young people. I focus on two youth projects,
one coordinated through schools and the other online,
involving young people in local and transnational action respectively. I present key findings derived from
18 months of ethnographic fieldwork, highlighting
contrasting constructions of citizenship common to
each project.
On the one hand, youth participation was constructed as a means to enhance employability through
CV enrichment, entrepreneurialism, building skills
and resilience, suggesting acute awareness of neoliberal survival strategies and neocommunitarian funding
incentives. This advances scholarship on young people’s
voluntary activity as a new terrain of class struggle, depoliticising citizenship as merely social capital.
However, these projects also focussed on empowerment and transformative change. NGOs supported
youth participation by amplifying voice through collective action, bridging between young people and
structures which would normally exclude them, and
most significantly capacity-building through critical
reflection and action. Participant feedback suggests
this had an enduring and in many cases unanticipated
impact on their confidence in contributing to social
change.
Fully understanding these contradictions is a key
challenge for researchers concerned with youth politics and its potential.
ENGELER, Michelle. From ‘revoluonary youth’ to
‘youth associaons’. Polical parcipaon in Guéckédou, Guinea
The aim of this paper is to look at young people’s
political participation in Guéckédou, a small town in
Guinea-Conakry, by comparing political possibilities
during Sékou Touré’s socialist regime (1958-1984)
with youths’ political practices in more recent times
(2009-2011); empiric data was collected when a military junta took power by a coup and, some months later, a transitional government finally organized
presidential elections. The analysis illustrates that in
socialist times young people got mobilized within
youth groups strongly embedded in the one-party
state. Nowadays, many of the young Guineans prefer
to be grouped in what they describe as apolitical and
non-state youth associations. However, a closer look at
their practices indicates that political party authorities and state institutions are still crucial references for
maneuvering the complex political terrain. Hence, this
paper highlights not only changes but also continuities
in youth-state relations and finally discusses youthful
agency amidst political transformation processes.
TERACHI, Mikito. Youth polical atude and hobby/
taste in Japan
In Japan, it has said that young people are less and
less interested in politics. How could we make them
political?
In this research, we show relations between Japanese youth political interest and hobby/taste. Some
researches reveal the following two things. First, personal-life-oriented attitude that is shaped through
cultural activities like hobby has both positive and
negative influences for one’s political attitude. Second,
shaping networks via hobby activities affects youth political attitude, in particular multiplicity of their membership groups for those activities. Nevertheless, in the
context of difference in hobbies, ‘each’ hobby culture
may present their own influences for youth political
interest. We consider the difference so as not to lump
various hobbies together as media merely for shaping
social capital.
Using the 2010 quantitative data collected from
youths in Nerima Ward: a local town in Japan’s capital,
we examine factors affecting youth political interest,
focusing on hobby/taste. Our results indicate that factors affecting youth political interest differ according
to three hobby cultures (listening music, reading novels and reading comics), and that we need to focus
on not only hobby activities but also tastes for them.
Finally, we discuss the implications of this study.
With this research, we will be able to present perspectives for comparison with a country’s situation that
has a large population size and homogeneity and that
is filled with contents and popular culture to this session and Nordic youth researches.
24
1.3. Youth Solidarities in Russia: urban, political and media contexts
MIHAILOVIC, Alexandar. The order of the vanquished dragon: the performance of archaisc homophobia
by skinhead and neo-Nazi groups in Pun’s Russia
Since the sentencing in May 2012 of the punk
art collective Pussy Riot for its protest performance
in Moscow’s Church of Christ the Savior, the distinctly Russian far-right understanding of liberalism
as a form of Russophobic misogyny – directed at feminized symbols of Russian national identity – has
recently also entered into the internet language of the
public actions of homophobic antidemocratic groups.
Several of these youth groups have staged what can
be plausibly understood as their own versions of performance art, in which the values and publications of
LBGT culture are ritualistically defiled on the public
square of the internet, if not on actual public squares. A curious feature of such groups is their eclectic
theatricality: much of their heraldry and costumes is
derivative of online gaming, and draws on pop-historical accounts about medieval Europe. I will examine
the archaizing tendency among such groups, which is
particularly evident in their performance of collective
prophylaxes against the ‘foreign threat’ of homosexuality. I will argue that the archaizing tendency has
a distinct logic, in attempting to bring about a firmer
ideological coalition between neo-Nazi movements
and the Russian Orthodox Church. The reflexive Germanophilia of many Skinhead and neo-Nazi groups
has been a significant obstacle to their wider appeal,
among a population that has largely remained mindful of the tragic legacy of the second World War. ‘The
Order of the Vanquished Dragon’ and related groups
invoke categories of sexuality as a stratagem for redefining the concept of ‘foreignness’.
ZHELNINA, Anna. Place-based solidaries? Local idenes of youth and urban public space in St. Petersburg
The presentation will discuss the concept of solidarity and its relation to identity from the perspective
of urban ethnography. Our research in two neighborhoods in St. Petersburg (Kupchino – soviet era ‘sleeping district’, with huge open areas, Obvodny Kanal
– residential area from early 20th century with dense construction and small open areas, mainly internal
yards) had a goal to investigate the different ways in
which young people make sense of their living environment, use public places in the neighborhood, and
how it influences the potential for solidarity formation among local youth. On the basis of observation in
public spaces and the interviews with local youth we
found out that in case of Kupchino big open spaces
and permanent encounters with the ‘Others’ correspond with the perception of the neighborhood as hostile and with xenophobic moods among young people.
The open public space allows people to observe social/
ethnic diversity; however, that doesn’t engender any
sense of community. On the contrary, in the anonymous space of the district it increases the fears. In case
of Obvodny where the deficit public spaces are divided
between different groups that avoid contact the neighborhood is described as more ‘cozy’ and friendly. In
the presentation I will address the different types of
solidarity emerging in these different urban environments, as well as the issue of belonging to the place as
a basis for solidarity.
GOODFELLOW, Catherine. Don’t lose your grip on
reality: Western videogames, worried policians, and
how Russian gamers push back against media stereotypes
This presentation addresses the sizeable Russian
online gaming community, and how it is perceived
in wider Russian society. Gamers are a demographic
tentatively recognised by the post-Soviet Russian government as a youth group, but barely mentioned in
scholarly literature. The presentation first maps out the
key features of the Russian online gaming community
and pinpoints important demographic information.
Second, it outlines differences between how Russian
gamers characterise their hobby and how gaming is
viewed by wider society. Work by Hilary Pilkington
on Russian youth culture and globalisation is used to
form a theoretical framework concerning Russian gamers and communities. Research for this PhD project
suggests that in general, as Pilkington has observed in
other spheres, foreign games are considered to have
potentially negative effects on young Russians. However, Pilkington and her colleagues have provided a nuanced argument that youth in a post-Soviet cultural
context are subtle and informed consumers of Western
products, and do not simply seek to ape Western culture as is sometimes suggested by domestic politicians.
How do Russian gamers relate to games from
around the world? What are the main attractions of
Western games, and when might Russian games be
preferable? What broad stereotypes about gamers are
challenged, and which are accepted, by the gaming
community in Russia? PhD survey data and an analysis of Russian-language forum posts and community
website material are employed here to understand how
Russian gamers push back against media and political
perceptions of their hobby.
LITVINA, Darya. Underground Russia vs. ‘legal Russia’: who is who on Russian policised youth scene?
In our report we present the results of studies of
politicized youth movements held in the framework
of the project ‘MYPLACE’ (‘Memory Youth Political
Legacy and Civic Engagement’) conducted by the
Center for Youth Studies (St. Petersburg, Russia). In
this report, we want to focus on two case studies – these are anarchists and ‘Nashi’. In fact, these movements
are at the opposite ends of the same continuum with
formal pro-state movements at one end and indepen-
25
dent radical protest groups on the other. ‘Nashi’ is the
largest pro-governmental project, implemented by the
Russian government in the youth policy. Anarchists,
in contrast, is one of the most radical protest movements, whose activity is assessed from the perspective
of the government as illegal, extremist and dangerous
for the existing social order. In our report we examine
discourses of power and the political rhetoric of each
of the movements, as well as the way they are reflected in the biographies/quarries of participants of the
movements.
OMELCHENKO, Elena. Youth solidaries in Russia after ‘Pussy Riot’
In this presentation we are going to explore new
forms of youth mobilisation and new solidarities
groups in Russia. The case of Pussy Riot we studied
as part of our big project which is aimed to analyse
current youth solidarities. Pussy Riot is the team of
young girls – artists who did the punk-pray (concert)
in the Central Orthodox Cathedral in Moscow. The
girls were accused for the dishonor of the feelings of
believers. They were sentenced for 2 years.
This event shacked the society and followed by hot
discussions. It made evident existing controversies in
such sensitive field like orthodox church-state-society
relations. But it was also the greate provocation and
call for resistance to the state politics in general. It
challenged the existing civic activism field. Pussy Riot
divided society and produced different solidarity circles. Based on the concept of solidarity we are going to
go into the deep to show the different constellations of
these circles, how they emerge and change.
1.4. Youth and social change
LUNDBOM, Pia. What is radical? Reecons about radicalism and radical taccs: case animal rights acvism
In my paper, I will be focusing on analyzing radicalism in the sense of what can be seen and defined as
radical today. I have been researching animal rights activism from different perspectives, with different methods and materials. Since 1995, animal rights activism
has been one of the most discussed forms of civic activity in Finland. During the history of Finnish animal
rights movement, most of the activists have been women, and quite often young women. One of the central
issues is that definitions of radical vary. In other words,
being radical and conceptualizing something as radical
varies a lot. Conception of a proper tactic in a certain
campaign varies. Different people are willing to participate in different manner and are able to use different methods and channels in changing the society.
To call some political ways of action radical, can imply
labeling and categorizing action unproper or negative.
Anyhow, if someone wants to make a campaign with
which one could make some change in society, how to
act? What is suitably radical manner of participation
which is able to get attention to certain political issue or problem? Already the interpretations over the
concept “radical”, varies considerably. Is radical a person, who uses colorful methods of participation? Or is
a radical actor someone, who contributes also to issues
about which people do not normally discuss.
DITTON, Shanene. Young people as placemakers: curang the Gold Coast
KRUPETS, Yana. Youth acvism and solidaries in
Russian Internet: between virtual and reality
The presentation will discuss the results of the research of youth activism in the Internet conducted in
frame of big research project ‘Innovative Potential of
Russian Young People: Solidarities, Activism, and Civic Responsibility’ (Center for Youth Studies).
Lately Internet is considered by many people as
one of the most important medium that provokes and
makes real citizens’ mobilization and participation in
public politics. At the same time Internet activity of
other people does not leave the virtual space. In our
research we try to understand what role Internet plays
in young peoples’ life, how they use it, what are their
goals and preferences, what types of activities they
produce in Internet, how they represent themselves
and what kind of identities they produce performatively, and what is their involvement in different civic
initiatives (in their virtual and real lives). These individual practices of Internet usages demonstrate different potential for youth solidarities on-line as well as
off-line.
Young people drive social change, but they are largely seen by society as vessels to be filled rather than
change agents. For young people on Australia’s Gold
Coast, this invariably resonates. Hyperbolically branded as the ‘cultural wasteland’ of Australia, and, synonymously, the ‘crime capital’ of Australia, the Gold
Coast has a reputation to live up to. As a consequence,
Gold Coast young people are doubly framed as being
creatively deficient and at the same time deviant. This
framing is reproduced through grand narratives of
place, which are projected in local, state and international imaginaries through mainstream tourism, media
and policy. But these damaging discourses occlude the
hard work being done by young people to break away
from the yolk of their stereotype. While policymakers
continue to reproduce these dominant discourses, it is
indeed young people who are curating their own sense
of place, reproducing positive, creative narratives about
the Gold Coast and resisting their representation through plain hard work.
Drawing on my PhD research, this paper presents
an analysis of the everyday efforts of young cultural
leaders at the forefront of this move to reclaim the
26
Gold Coast’s identity and to invert grand narratives of
place. In this paper I will explore the varied online and
offline spaces young Gold Coast people inhabit, such
as localised social network sites as well as bricks-andmortar cultural sites, through which they participate
in informal placemaking. In doing so, I will document
the emergence of a cultural voice being produced by
young people on the Gold Coast which promises to
disrupt the Gold Coast’s hegemonic processes.
KALLUNKI, Valdemar. Conviconal or praccal civilian service?
Conscription can cause opposition among some
young individuals based on their values and motivation. In the Finnish system, which is based on conscription of all men and voluntary service of women,
makes it possible for conscription to be served by
civilian work service, if one’s conviction prevents one
from practicing military service. About 7 percent of
men from each age group choose civilian service. In
practice, a significant proportion of civilian servicemen
have selected non-military service because of practical
reasons. About half of the servicemen have also tried
to serve in military service but have dropped out later.
In this presentation I will scrutinize reasons for
selection of military service based on different routes
to civilian service. I will analyze practical and convictional reasons of three groups of civilian servicemen:
those who aim at civilian service from draft, after the
draft or after dropping out from military service. The
presentation will demonstrate a wide variety of interests, which have been difficult in compulsory military
service for the groups. The data includes all civilian
servicemen from October 2012 to May 2013. The method used is logistic regression analysis.
The presentation will give a view of the different
reasons that young people have to reject army institution. This will also help to understand diversity behind
the criticism of collective institutions.
NIEMI, Pia-Maria. What is Finnishness and who denes it? A study of the representaons given on Finnishness in the school acvies in Finland
This paper examines the elements that Finnish
comprehensive schools bring forward as the markers of
Finnishness. The elements illustrated as the core features of national identity are important areas of study
as school celebrations are one way to pass on societal
values (Kallioniemi et al 2009). Construction of national and cultural identity in Finland has been strongly
based on the idea of unity created in the nationalistic turn of the 19th century. ( Jalovaara & Martikainen
2010.) However this image has been challenged by the
wide variety of languages, religions and worldviews
present in the contemporary Finnish educational
contexts (Kuusisto & Lamminmäki-Vartia 2012). For
example in Helsinki there were 40 languages taught as
the pupil’s mother tongue, in addition to Finnish and
Swedish, in 2012 (Opetusvirasto 2012).
In this article, we will examine the following research question: In what ways school celebrations
contributes to the national identity construction of
Finnishness? Based on previous research literature, the
increase in the number of worldviews is not visible in
the practices of the Finnish schools and kindergartens
(Kuusisto & Lamminmäki-Vartia 2012, Niemi 2012).
The article is based on the qualitative data gathered
with thematic interviews with 12 teachers from a
secondary school in Helsinki (Niemi 2012). Thisdata
will be compared with the findings of a wider survey
study (n=1301) of comprehensive school pupils from
Helsinki and Pori. Our preliminary findings illustrate that new approaches are needed in order to make
better use of school celebrations as opportunities to
enhance reciprocal learning about various national and
religious traditions.
II Stream: Online youth activism
2.1. Being me on- and ofine
BAE, Michelle S. Digital diasporic girls and femininies: reclaiming performances
Based on a yearlong ethnography with three girls
and including both online and offline interviews, this
presentation examines U.S. diasporic Korean teen girls in the U.S. and their digital photographic practices
for their homepages on Cyworld as complex self-ma-
king projects. It discusses how they actively (re)create
and negotiate their ethnic and national femininities
through self-photographs in the ethnic online site in
spite of their relocation to the U.S. Their self-photographic practices produce visual narratives – a vivid
display of parodic gestures and sophisticated photo
techniques--that bring an alternative understanding
of girls’ digital cultures and cultural agency, which is
marked by ambivalence, contradiction, and complexity. Drawing on the work of Homi Bhabha (1994,
27
The Location of Culture), Trinh Minh-ha (1989,
Women, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and
Feminism), and Donna Haraway (1991, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature), this
study interrogates the process of becoming a diasporic
girl subject, focusing on the situated, hybrid, and fictitious performances that allow these girls to reclaim
themselves as recognizable others in both mainstream
US and diasporic Korean communities. I pay particular attention to the role of digital culture and virtual
communities in these processes.
KONTRÍKOVÁ, Vra. Self-expression vs. privacy online: inuences of individual and naonal factors
Because of its anonymous nature, the Internet should facilitate the expression of one’s true self
(Bargh, McKenna, & Fitzsimons, 2002). But nowadays, due to expansion of social networking sites and
trends towards personalized web, the Internet is no
longer anonymous. Still it serves as an opportunity
to express one’s inner self, especially for adolescents,
who have to establish their identity to solve their developmental task (Subrahmanyam & Smahel, 2011).
But they have to deal with risks related to revealing
personal information.
This research puts together individual’s online activities, Internet related attitudes and psychological
characteristics with the country level indicators about
identity protection concerns and trust in people (data
comes from projects EU Kids Online, European Values Study and Eurobarometer). The international
sample of 11- to 16-years old adolescents from 23
European countries (N=15,014) was analysed through
multilevel hierarchical regression. The results show
that preference for online self-expression is connected
to sharing personal identifying information with other
people and to risky psychological factors, from national perspective online self-expression is more common
in countries with weaker concerns about identity protection and with lower trust in people. Implications of
these findings are discussed with regards to identity
theories and online privacy implications.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Fitzsimons, G.
M. (2002). Can You See the Real Me? Activation and
Expression of the “True Self ” on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33-48. doi:10.1111/15404560.00247
Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital Youth. New York, NY: Springer New York.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6278-2
TIKKA, Minu. Virtual and geographical borders and
boundaries of urban life
In recent years, the issues of border and boundary
have attracted considerable interest among scholars of
cultural and media geography, anthropology, cultural
studies, sociology and media studies (see e.g. Green
2005; Soja 2010; Massey 2005; Dikec 2007; Fassin
2010). This paper explores the ways in which virtual
and geographical borders and boundaries of urban life
are constructed and linked in the context of one of the
oldest suburbs of Helsinki, Malmi. The focus of the
study is on youth live. Today’s youth connect themselves to social and cultural life worlds in urban contexts not only through physical places and spaces, but
also virtual ones. The use of new media technology has
become a routinized practice of everyday life for many
young people. McLuhan’s famous idea on media as an
extension of man is truer than ever as young people
connect themselves to the surrounding realities and
social worlds with camera phones and Facebook postings. As urban life has become increasingly mediatized the meanings of geographical places and spaces
have been seen to diminish simultaneously when the
online environments have gained significance. Yet, how
these geographical and virtual realms are connected in
the everyday experiences of young people still remains much under researched. Through an ethnographic
fieldwork that combines both street ethnography and
media ethnography this paper examines how virtual
and physical realms interact and create youth’s understandings of urban borders and boundaries in Malmi,
Helsinki.
2.2. Youth extremism online
OKSANEN, Ae. School shoong fans online: a social
network analysis approach
Social media has created gateways for online hate
communities, such as web groups glorifying mass
murderers, racist and xenophobic groups, and politically radical groups. Web sources have demonstrated
their attractiveness to people seeking to commit atrocities such as school shootings. This study analyses
the YouTube profiles of 113 school-shooting fans. The
data were collected from YouTube between April 15
and June 15, 2012. Profiles with references to school
shootings were searched using various keywords related to school shootings, and only profiles that included positive or sympathizing comments about school
shootings were selected. Content analysis and social
network analysis were used as methods. The central
themes used by key actors were analysed separately.
The majority of profiles came from US and most of
them glorify the Columbine shootings. Other shootings such as Virginia Tech, Emsdetten, Jokela, Kauhajoki and Winnenden were mentioned. 100 profiles
belong to the same social network, most of which consists of Columbine fans. Violence is represented by the
use of language, pictures and videos. School shooters
are portrayed as victims of bullying who took revenge
on their oppressors. Many profiles include statements
about general dissatisfaction with life and feelings of
hate and anger. We argue that online communities
provide a route for radicalization for some individuals.
It is easier to find other like-minded extremists online
than offline. Even quite marginal online communities,
28
like school shootings fans, can have a relatively stable
and long-lasting sub-culture online.
FJELLDAL-SOELBERG, Carina. A great meeng online
and o-line. Adolescent who body-injure
This article illuminates the importance of ‘a great
meeting’ (both online and off-line) for adolescent who
injury their own body. What kind of meetings has been
of importance to them and why is it just this ‘meeting’
that made a difference? A different understanding of
injury of the body appears. This article will highlight
the term ‘bodily-harm’ and defined as: ‘an act that is
not socially, culturally or ritually accepted – where the
body is direct visible injured, without a suicidal intent’.
Bodily-injury is an increasing phenomenon among
adolescent. There are many methods of body-injury,
but the most common form is cutting. The majority
of research on the phenomenon is conducted within a
psychological framework, where internal processes are
related to the action. This article will however explore
the phenomenon within a sociological perspective, in
which the focus is on the wider social processes.
The paper shows that people who bodily-injuries
experience ‘meetings’ (online and off-line) of great
importance to them. This has been people who have
taken time, and shown interest, regardless of the bodily-injurers scarred and wounded body. Bodily-injuries are stigmatized and perceive to be put to shame.
In ‘great meetings’ that have been of importance to
the adolescent who injure their own body, adolescents
identities will not affiliated to their deviant actions.
Findings are drawn from a sample of informants recruited through the ‘virtual world’ (blogs and various
forums related to body-injury), where they through
narratives tell their own experiences related to a ‘great
meeting’ (online and off-line).
DRUXES, Helga. Germany’s new right glamour couple:
media strategies for mainstreaming hate speech
Xenophobes of the New Right have shifted their
target from race into culture. They have become adept
at promoting a more toned-down form of casual
racism via nationalist language couched in terms more
acceptable to the mainstream. I focus on the thirtysomething glamour couple of the movement, army reservist Götz Kubitschek and journalist Ellen Kositza.
They reside with their seven children in a medieval
manor in Thuringia, where they run a publishing enterprise/think tank called ‘Institute for State Politics’,
and other online ventures. Within the New Right, its
leaders have created a round robin of cash awards and
fraudulent prizes for journalistic excellence. Moreover,
in 2011 they planted young supporters inside the Bundeswehruniversität to promote their nativist and sexist
views in Campus, its student newspaper. Since 2003,
they agitate via Facebook, the online youth chat forum www.blauenarzisse.de , targeting high schoolers,
the pseudo newspaper www.jungefreiheit.de,, and
their online magazines Sezession / Antaios, as well as
neo-Folk music concerts. These sites and events promote strategies lifted from gifted 1968 leftist radicals
such as Rudi Dutschke and Ulrike Meinhof, creating a
convergence of extreme left tactics with extreme right
views. Heitmeyer (2010) documents a new climate of
‘de-solidarisation,’ in which higher income elites no
longer feel responsible for the socially weak. Through
their virtual life-world, they generate the illusion of a
critical mass of responses to social crises and foment
terrorist youth actionism. The NSU murders of ten
Turkish business owners need to be seen as a real-life
consequence of such propaganda.
GONZALEZ-PEREZ, Guillermo Julian. Youth and rearms in Mexico
This paper analyzes the trend of the firearms homicide rate in age group 15-24 years old in Mexico
in last decade and explores perceptions and attitudes
toward firearms of Mexican youth. Data for firearms
homicide rates was obtained from official sources;
trends of firearm homicide rates by age groups and
gender between 2000 and 2010 were analyzed; furthermore, a semi-structured questionnaire was applied
in 2012 to a sample of college students under 25 years
old (n=350) from Guadalajara, the second largest city
of Mexico. Findings show that the proportion of homicides committed with firearms has increased in last
decade (being in 2010 about 70% of all homicide, that
is, almost 18,200 murders); in this lapse, the firearms
homicide rate between 15-24 years old has increased
80%, with male rates 10 times higher than female rates; in 2010, over 4,000 between 15-24 years old were
killed by firearms. In this violent context, nearly half of
college students personally knew a victim of firearms,
30% has shot a firearm, around 40% would like to own
a gun for self-defense and a similar proportion consider necessary to have firearms at home to defend.
Since high levels of violence in the country and the
availability of firearms in the illegal market could lead
young people to accept the use of firearms, is imperative to implement comprehensive policies – more jobs,
more places in universities, more control on the possession of firearms- to reduce interpersonal violence
and the use of firearms among Mexican youth.
III Stream: Youth and digital games
3.1. Youth, games and digital cultures
SMAHEL, David. Movaons of young addicve
MMORPG players for and against online gaming
The goal of this study was to describe motivations
for playing MMORPG games with young players
showing symptoms of addictive behavior on the Internet, the reasons which make players reduce playing
and how reduction took place. A qualitative study was
conducted, based on grounded theory, the analysis of
semi-structured interviews was focused on motivations and development of online playing in time. The
sample was consisted of 15 players of online games
who demonstrated symptoms of addictive behavior
on the internet in a preliminary study, 4 women and
11 men, aged 15 to 28 years. The study revealed that
motivations for online gaming reported by the players
were escapism, self-realization, socialization, and coping with the boredom. The motivation for online
playing has dynamic during the time. The motives for
the online playing reduction reported by participants
were absorbing game awareness, health problems,
the impulse from the environment, impulse from the
game. Strategies that players choose to reduce online
gaming were divided into two basic groups: gradual
reduction with the substitution by other online application with a ‘safer profile’ and uninstall the game
from user’s computer. The results of this study revealed
new motive for playing online games among young
players which is playing online games for professional
growth. The study concluded that in some cases, online gaming can have positive influence on careers of
young players. Results also indicate that online addictive behavior has no permanent character of addiction,
but can rapidly change in line with life circumstances
of young players.
STÅHL, Malda. “Games – what do you know about
gaming?” A reserach project on girls meaning making
and identy as gamers
It is hardly surprising that girls and women do not
dare to be open about their interest in video and computer games. In basic education, girls are not very open
with their interest in gaming, and especially not if the
interest is in the area of what traditionally is considered as boys games. I think it is of educational importance that teachers know girls’ interest in video and
computer games. Taking contemporary literacy learning it is of great interest for education to understand
the gaming culture of girls.
My research interest is how girls discuss video games, especially in a school context and who does bring
into speech girls interest in video or computer games
in school? How open are girls about their gaming in
school? Who play video games that are perceived as
boy games? What is the educational importance in
knowing girl’s interest in games?
As a girl, it is not supposed to be interested to play
video games and especially games not that are not so
called girls’ games! My research interest is informed
by the notion that girl’s games may be entertaining
to play, but for the most part they are stereotype and
not challenging enough. The girls games are often very
much pink and focus on creating amazing nails, home
care, marriage, dressing up, cooking and baking or
being a princess or mermaid.
I present my researchin dialogue with supervisor
Hannah Kaihovirta-Rosvik. The presentation is an
important catalyst for my Master Thesis in Education.
JÄRVINEN-TASSOPOULOS, Johanna. Girls and gambling – stereotypes and representaons of girlhood
Since the 1990s, youth gambling has been an important research topic in gambling studies. Youth has
been seen as a risk group of gamblers, because of their
age and social position. In many countries, boys seem
to be more interested in gambling than girls. Girls
gamble less often and they are interested in different
forms of gambling than boys. In youth gambling research, gender similarities and differences are less
studied even though population surveys gather data
about girls’ gambling.
Looking exclusively at gender differences may enhance stereotypes of girls as gamblers - invisible and
not very keen on games. Historically women’s invisibility on the gambling scene has been explained with
social, cultural and moral reasons. Nowadays young
women are gambling operators’ potential customers
and models for jackpot winners. Researchers need
more information about girls’ motives to gamble (or
not), their social networks as gamblers and female
gambling cultures.
In my presentation, I will review how youth gambling studies represent girls’ gambling. Then I will examine what factors create otherness on the gambling
scene and why many girls do not gamble. Finally, I will
ponder on what gambling studies could learn from
youth and girlhood studies.
3.2. Youth and digital games: practices,
communities and gaming culture
RONKAINEN, Jenni-Emilia. Gambling of the Finnish
young
Finnish people are gamblers: according to the latest population survey, 93 percent of them had gamb-
30
led at least once during their lifetime and four of five
had done so during the past year. Although gambling
frequency seems to rise together with age, also the
young gamble a lot: a third of 15- to 24-year-olds
gamble at least once a week. A quarter of 16-year-olds
play slot machines once a week, although there’s a big
difference between genders. Forty-five percent of boys
play at least once a week, when only five percent of
girls do that.
In my presentation I will try to draw an overall picture of Finnish youth gambling and how it differs from
adult gambling – or does it. In addition, gender differences will be studied. I’ll ask how common it is to play
net poker and what more traditional gambling games
young people play. I’ll also discuss the more problematic side of gambling: prevalence of gambling problems
and some connections between gambling and alcohol
drinking and other intoxicant consumption among
the young. This presentation is based on two different
survey data, Finnish gambling 2011 population survey
(N=4,484) and European School Survey on Alcohol
and Other Drugs (N=3,744), conducted also in 2011.
SJÖBLOM, Björn. Cooperaon and conict in Internet
cafés
With digital games being one of children’s and
youth’s favorite pastimes, research into the social context of gaming is given more and more attention. This
paper examines one place for gaming, namely Internet
cafés. In these places, young people (mostly teenage
boys) gather to play networked and online games together on computers rented by the hour.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the social practices of playing multiplayer computer games in these
venues. This means examining the details of gaming
interaction, using video cameras to capture both onscreen and off-screen action, including talk and gestures. Around 30 hours of video has been recorded in
two Internet cafés, showing a variety of configurations
of players and games. Theoretically, the paper makes
use of ethnomethodological and conversationanalytical perspectives on the organization of social interaction, taking into account the minute details of the
participants’ behavior.
The specific focus of this paper is the oscillation
between cooperation and conflict that is prevalent in
these sorts of peer-group gaming.Multiplayer gaming
is inherently cooperative: players rely on each other’s
performance in the games in order to succeed. Working together to achieve common goals is therefor
a ubiquitous theme in the players’ interaction. For
example, players will sometimes engage in lengthy
instructions in order to enable the team to progress
in the game.
At the same time, because players rely on each
other’s performance, there is also ample opportunity
for conflict within a group of players. In the case of
undesired events (such as loosing), players will often
blame each other for what has happened, through rhetorical procedures aimed at minimizing their own, and
maximizing their co-players’ part of what’s happened.
Conflict will often ensue, leading to a chain of accusation and counter-accusation.
However, even in these situations, players attempt
to understand the underlying causes of failure. Conflict is used as a way of analyzing their own and other’s
actions in order to enhance their performance in subsequent attempts at winning. Even though seemingly harshly confrontational and even aggressive, these
conflicts are a staging ground for the careful analysis
and diagnosis of collaborative action.
Through this detailed view of gaming interaction,
this paper provides a nuanced view of a specific culture
of computer gaming. This may serve to provide new
perspectives on youth the digital age, as well as peer
group interaction in general.
TOFT NØRGÅRD, Rikke. Shoong star: a view on
children, rst-person shooters and gameplay cra
smanship
This article is based on a three year long ethnographic study of various gameplayers’ gameplay activities
and experiences across different onscreen-offscreen
gameworlds. The study was carried out using an amalgamation of grounded theory method, remix methods,
interpretative ethnography and visual methodologies.
The article will, through the application of such
methods, focus on one of the study’s main participants, nine year old Fenja, and on one of her everyday gaming practices; playing the first-person shooter
Battlefield 3 together with her father. Accordingly, the
article follows Fenja as she struggles to construct a
first-person shooter identity by way of her onscreenoffscreen interaction as she fights alongside and against her father who is an expert first-person shooter.
The inquiry takes as its starting point the jubilant
exclamation of Fenja as she one evening comes rushing downstairs and into the living room shouting
‘Mom! Mom! I shot dad!’
The article then critically examines the views some
research and journalism adopt. That is, whether this
exclamation is coming from a trigger-happy gun-slinger in the making; a desensitized tween; or a child
who has lost the ability to discriminate between reality
and onscreen fictionality. And then proceeds by asking
whether a different explanation might be possible if we
begin to seriously consider the role of the gameplayer’s
body in learning to play and the role of corporeallocomotive gameplay in embodied gameplay activity
and experience. Maybe being a tween in Battlefield
3 is more about the performance of gameplay craftsmanship than it is about violence-prone gundown?
IV Stream: Youth and online identities
4.1. Youth constructing communities and
identities on social networking sites
MCCOSKER, Anthony. Contested publics: social media conict as generave acts of provocaon and cizenship
While social media tools might enable new kinds
of creativity, outlets for expression and forms of public,
civic and political participation for young people, we
often hear more about the potential harms that arise
from instances of bullying, trolling, and other forms
of ‘aberrant’ online participation. This paper explores
these issues through a case study of a Maori ‘flash mob’
haka (traditional war cry or challenge) performed in a
New Zealand shopping centre in 2011 and uploaded
to YouTube. Through qualitative analysis of the video’s
comments field over a three month period the study
focuses on both the prevalence of conflict, vitriolic
exchange, and racial bigotry, but also, and I will argue
more importantly, the productive defence of Polynesian cultural identification, that emerged through the
formation and subsequent maintenance of a highly
celebratory online public. Drawing on the theories of
networked publics in the writing of Ito, boyd, Papacharissi and others, as well as Isin and Nielsen’s concept of
‘acts of citizenship’, and the political theory of Chantal
Mouffe, I argue in this paper that in this instance a
productive, ‘agonistic’ public forms, one which incorporates young people’s voice and identity, precisely through the contested modes of vitriolic exchange that
are so often dismissed under the rubrics of deviance.
ANVIK, Cecilie. Experiences of ‘outsideness’
Findings in a 2012 study which was conducted among young people in Norway who experience
mental health problems and who find themselves
educationally marginalised, report that loneliness is
a recurring problem among young people in vulnerable life situations. The study finds a connection between experiencing systematic bullying and loneliness
while growing up and a vulnerable life situation as a
young adult. Such experiences from childhood and
adolescence have ramifications for establishing careers as adults, and when it comes to experiences with
educational institutions, the work force and society in
general, as well as personal development and establishment of an identity. This presentation will address issues of how social media (such as Facebook and Twitter)
can contribute to strengthening young lonely people’s
experiences of ‘outsideness’ and their perceptions of
how successful other people are, and is based on findings from qualitative interviews with young people.
Our sample of interviewees describes a life which is
characterized by isolation, and that their greatest challenge is to get through the day. The differences between the lives they describe and the perceived lives of
others, which they read about on social media, are colossal. Our informants describe that social media paint
a portrait of ‘the others’ as people who succeed with
education, work, family matters, housing, and whose
lives are filled with activities, a healthy life style, and
exiting leisure activities. They also have meaningful
jobs, good colleagues and extensive social networks.
This perception stands as a contrast to their descriptions of their own lives, were keywords such as anxiety,
insomnia, binge-eating, anorexia, loneliness and a lack
of faith in themselves, their lives and the future characterize their own descriptions.
KEIPI, Teo. Youth relaonship management online: Internet anonymity’s eects on social e formaon
This article explores youth narratives of Internet risks and opportunities brought about by user
anonymity in the area of relationship management.
Using an essay-based study of 258 youth (mean age
15.4 years, 56% female), youth narratives concerning
the effects of Internet anonymity on youth relational
behavior online is examined. Central to this study is
the identification of behavioral patterns having to do
with strong and weak social ties as perceived and acted
upon by youth internet users. How does the elimination of traditional feedback loops provided by internet
anonymity affect youth social tie formation and management? The needs category of Self-Determination
Theory (SDT) for relatedness was used to identify
risks and opportunities in youth narratives. The analysis of the data was thematic, using both quantitative
and qualitative methods. Risks were prevalent in the
narratives, with primary themes of 74% cyberbullying
and insults, 27% identity theft and risky false identity,
and 18% sexual harassment or exploitation. The qualitative analysis underlined the positive relationship
between relational risk and opportunity online in the
area of social ties. Furthermore, narratives provided valuable insight toward the development of a behavioral
map of youth approaches to relationship management
online. These findings illuminate both the importance
of Internet opportunities as a relational tool for youth
need fulfilment and the interactive risks that youth Internet use involves.
FEIXA, Carles. Spreading the message! An analysis of
the social networks of the Fanzines and E-zines in the
Portuguese punk Scenes (1977-2012)
The scientific literature on youth culture and musical scenes has highlighted the growing relevance of
the social network analysis. The analysis of the ne-
32
tworks and its structures proved to be important when
we intend to understand and explain the mechanisms
of formation, establishment and development of youth
subcultures, as well as major tensions and conflicts within it. This communication intends to analyze how the
punk music scene’s networks were formed and developed in Portugal, trough the adoption of a diachronic
perspective that allows us to understand its evolution
over time (1977-2012). The approach taken focuses on
the key role assumed by fanzines and e-zines in Portuguese punk, fostering and boosting this movement.
Through the diachronic analysis of punk fanzines, we
seek to identify and analyze its key-contexts (spaces,
editors and publishers, fanzines, squatters ...) and keyactors (fans, musicians, activists, bands, ...), as well as
the main mechanisms and strategies that allow to establish relevant relationships and connections between
the punk scene in Portugal and similar ones in different countries of Europe, USA and Latin America.
BRICE, Lva. White lies in self presentaon: the oine
self as parameter for the online self
Youth has one of the most challenging tasks to do
– to manage their offline and online lives so none of
them conflict with each other and still make their ‘self ’
look in the most appealing way to his/her mates.
Social networks are considered to be the representation of self, but it is also a place where photo shop,
smart quotes and time work for us. The online self can
be made more appealing than the offline self, but it
can’t be forgotten that social networks allow you to lie
only that far that the person online still can be associated with the person offline.
The research focuses on the concept of self and life-mix, by looking at high school students’ (aged 1518) profiles online in Latvian social networking site
draugiem.lv. An experiment was conducted in one
class by giving basic information (interests, favourite
quote, movies, and interest groups ect.) taken from the
social networking profile in draugiem.lv and offered to
class mates to choose for which person are the characteristics given. Afterwards interviews were conducted
with all students by asking them some questions about
provided information in the profiles, like – what other
works does Charles Dickens have or what are the character names in movie ‘Fight club’? By the gathered
information conclusions about the students’ self presentation and the amount of white lies in their profiles
were made.
DEMEZ, Gönül. Social media as a new resistance, freedom and expression eld and youth identy
It is claimed that scientific and technological developments emancipate modern people. But this situation creates new lifestyles, conditions and new
socialization types. New types of living, working and
entertainment styles make individuals isolated. Individuals use social media to overcome this isolation. In
this context, social media is accepted as a new socia-
lization field and a new community. Thus; individuals
communicate with others who have same opinions,
life styles and social classes. In this sense, social media will be discussed as a new freedom, resistance and
expression field. This study tries to analyze meanings
attributed to social media by young people. The study
is based on the analysis of in-depth interviews with
young people between the ages of 18-25.
Keywords: Social Media, Youth identity, Socialization, resistan
HART, Mahew. Idenes and inmacies on Tumblr
This paper explores the role of sociology in understanding the phenomenon of online intimacy, and
suggests that the empirical canon of Giddens and Bauman may not be entirely appropriate in accounting
for the state of contemporary intimacy.
This finding is based on an online qualitative study
of 10 marginalised young adult identities from 2 comparative communities on Tumblr: the queer blog ‘Girls
Who Love Girls’, and the heteronormative blog ‘The
Chubby Hearts Club’.
This paper argues that despite the paucity of SNS
research on Tumblr, there is evidence to suggest that
it is in fact a location of significant social change, particularly in the areas of youth identity and intimacy.
This paper does this by elucidating the ‘intimate
spectrum’ on Tumblr, which ranges from individual
and personal relationships, to support communities
for peripheral identities, to the performed intimacy
of micro-celebrities. Having done so, it then explores
the socio-cultural motivations for marginalised young
adults to build intimacy online, and discusses the
questions these factors raise.
This paper concludes by arguing how further
sociological research of intimate practices on Tumblr
is required, to enhance the knowledge of if or how
non-marginalised identities are negotiating intimacy
online – and thereby advance a critical understanding
of the nature of intimacy in the contemporary attention economy.
BENSON, Phil. The globalisaon of YouTube: informal
learning and the development of interlingual and intercultural idenes among digital youth
One of the most remarkable features of the current
development of the Internet is the rapid globalization
of the opportunities for communication that are available to young people around the world. Social media (such as Facebook and Twitter) and image/video
sharing services (such as Flickr and YouTube), which
did not exist ten years ago, are now taken-for-granted
aspects of the everyday worlds of many young people.
Discussing examples of interlingual and intercultural interaction in comments on YouTube videos, this
paper argues that the globalization of the Internet is
not simply a matter of the proliferation of services and
servers around the world. In the case of YouTube, it
also involves the emergence of new video genres that
33
problematize linguistic and cultural difference and the
discussions that take place around them. Based on a
study of YouTube comments on videos with Chinese-English translingual and transcultural content, this
paper discusses evidence that these videos are used as
resources for young people to expand networks of informal communication across cultural and linguistic
borders. Viewed from a situated learning perspective,
this communication also implies informal language
and culture learning and the construction of interlingual and intercultural identities. As new spaces for
young people to talk and learn about each others’ languages and cultures, these new video genres also serve
as sites on which they can develop identities as interlingual and intercultural ‘speakers’, as people who are
able to move comfortably within the multilingual and
multicultural environments of new online worlds.
LINCOLN, Sian. Identy marking and context collapse
on social network sites
Research into the ways identities are constructed,
performed, and managed in online social spaces indicates that, although mediated in new ways, practices
of self-representation online are clearly reminiscent of
the practices of offline identity performance by young
people, for example within the space of their bedrooms.
Indeed the bedroom as a spatial metaphor has been
usefully applied to young people’s online practices
(Brown, Dykers, Steele and White, 1994; Chandler
and Roberts, 1998; Walker, 2000 and Reid-Walsh
and Mitchell, 2004) and more recently in the context
of social networking sites (Hodkinson and Lincoln,
2008; Pearson, 2009; Robards, 2010; Lincoln, 2012).
In this paper we draw on the findings of two research
projects that explore online and offline spaces of youth identity. Robards’ qualitative study was conducted
on the Gold Coast in Australia, with 40 young people who used MySpace and/or Facebook, often both.
Lincoln’s ethnographic study with 50 young people
between the ages of 12 and 22 years explored the existence and relevance of bedrooms as cultural, social and
identity spaces in the everyday lives of young people in
the Northwest of England. Findings from both projects indicate a spectrum of identity marking and performance practices in ‘private’ spaces and significantly
a translating of offline ‘performance’ strategies into
online social interactions that we explore in this paper. Given that contemporary mediated youth cultures
are defined by the interplay of the public, private and
virtual, we explore identity marking and performance
within a framework of what we define as ‘context collapse’.
BORODKINA, Ilze. Where the home ends and wilderness begins: Generaon C and its spaal percepons of
internet in context of privacy
Any user of digital communication, be it traditional form of internet in a stationary computer or
another application in the smartphone, comes across
with quite a number of terms that are spatial in their
essence. These terms, such as ‘home page’ or ‘address’ or
‘site’ still gives the digital environment a sense of being
a space with its places and routes instead of abstract
structure consisting of binary numbers. With that comes also a sense of space being divided in two parts –
the one well known, secure and private and the other,
unknown and, especially, when presented to children
in context of their privacy and safety, even demonized
as full of evil. However, children themselves, often
presented as new technological generation, have their
own contexts and associations to use for structuring
their experiences in digital environment and make
decisions on different aspects, including privacy.
The goal of this paper is to look at how representatives of presumed Generation Connected map their
digital territories and how the content produced and
published differs depending on which side of the wall
between their digital home and digital wilderness it
is going to be posted on. To get an insight on this,
mental maps, drawn and later commented upon by
primary school students, are used to gather data for
analysis, as well as in-depth interviews conducted to
deepen the understanding of results from analyzing
the maps.
SILFVERBERG, Suvi. Facebook use across cultures:
social norms guiding self-presentaon on social network sites
Social network sites, such as Facebook, offer a global platform for online communication and presentation of self. A variety of researchers have taken part in
the development of the current understanding of the
construction of online identity and behavior by employing the concept of online self-presentation. Prior
research has shown that the possibilities for strategic
self-presentation are guided by social norms, that is,
the explicit and implicit rules that guide everyday behavior in all social interaction. The technological affordances, such as the ways in which one can act online,
contribute to the formation of social norms. In considering Facebook as a culturally intertwined context, we must address the emergence of social norms:
Are these social norms similar across cultures? In this
qualitative study, we take a cross-cultural approach to
social norms that guide content sharing on Facebook.
We studied Finnish and Chilean users with online
focus group methodology. By focusing the analysis on
recognizing the characteristics of Finnish use of Facebook, the Chilean research material was used to contrast the findings of the Finnish context. The findings
indicate that the sociocultural context in which the
use of Facebook takes place shapes the emergence of
social norms, and thus creates a different social realm
in which to present one’s self. Not only the global online platform that enables social interaction, but the
local sociocultural context together with a given technology, play a substantial part in the ways the self is
presented to others.
V Stream: Youth and media
5.1. Young people as a (new) media generation
LOOS, Eugène. Digital informaon search behaviour:
does age really maer?
The use of new media is on the rise in our information society. The supply of digital information through
new media, such as websites must be available to users
of younger and older generations, so that they have
guaranteed access to the digital information sources
provided by public and private organizations offering
products and services they need.
Some researchers argue that there is a widening
generational digital gap between those people who are
able to use new media and those who are not. Prensky
(2001) coined the notions of digital natives and digital
immigrants. Do they really exist, these digital natives,
born after 1990, who have grown up with new media?
And is there really an older generation of digital immigrants playing catch-up by trying to learn how to
use new media? Other researchers, e.g. Lenhart and
Horrigan (2003), take a different perspective. They
introduced the notion of a digital spectrum, which
acknowledges that people use new media to varying
degrees.
If we want to make digital information through
websites readily available to younger and older generations, we need to gain insight into their navigation
behaviour.
First, I present a literature review of empirical studies related to digital information search behaviour
and the role of not only age but also gender, education
and internet experience.
Then, the data of an eye-tracking study I carried
out among younger and older users in the Netherlands
will be presented. Their digital information search behaviour will be analysed. Specific attention will be paid
to efficacy, efficiency and user satisfaction.
Finally, the notion of designing for dynamic diversity (Gregor et al., 2002) will be used to show how
digital information sources can be designed in such a
way that both younger and older generations are able
to access them.
PASQUALI, Francesca. Doing childhood, gender and
generaon in young girls’ online social gaming
Drawing on a theoretical background based on studies on mediated and material childhood, generation
studies, gender studies and the paper aims to discuss
how childhood, gender and generation are ‘done’ (McDaniel, 2007) within and through girls’ online gaming
sites and gaming apps.
In their focus on fashion, shopping, celebrity culture, and personal makeover, and in their strong continuity with the consumption of lifestyle media (such as
lifestyle television) these games seems to be extremely
effective in socializing kids to consumer culture and
to a global and trans-generational postfeminist way of
life. Yet there is some empirical evidence that these
narratives are negotiated in the light of personal biographies and specific local and peer cultures that provide to be extremely relevant in both a generationing
(Alanen, 2001) and gender building processes. Processes which seem to contrast in some way the models of
both mediatised global generations (Volkmer, 2006)
and hypersexualised and material postfemints identity.
As a broader theoretical framework the paper will
thus discuss these cultural products and game/consumption practices in the light of two different ways
to read contemporary material and media cultures. As
summarised by Lunt (2009, p. 135): reflexive modernity theory, which provides an account of the way that
social institutions (television being one of them) are
oriented to individuals, providing support for the project of the self (Giddens 1991); and foucaultian governmentality theory (Dean 1999; Rose 1999), which
provides a way of thinking through relations of power/
knowledge dispersed through social institutions and
popular culture (Ouellette and Hay 2008 and 2009)
as agents of the state addressing people in a normative
discourse, which enrols them as self-governing subjects.
The papers is based on the empirical results of an
analysis of online gaming platform and on an on going
small scale qualitative study focused on a set of group
interviews with young girls aged 10-13.
BOLIN, Göran. Media, generaons and the cult of the
new
New media is a concept that in everyday parlance
is attached first and foremost to digital media technologies. It is also a concept that has become incorporated into academic vocabulary, and institutionalised
in, for example, academic journals such as Television
and New Media and New Media & Society. What is
new and old media is, however, highly dependent on
at what moment in an individual’s lifetime the media
in question is encountered. For the very young child,
all media are new. The concept of ‘new media’ is in fact
non-sensical for a three-year-old. The concept only
makes sense for those who have reached the age where
the new can be separated from the old - through own
experience or by acquired historical knowledge.
This paper analyses – from a generational perspective (Mannheim 1928/1952, Gumpert & Cathcart
1985, Bolin & Westlund 2009) – how media users
35
relate to new and old media discursive constructs; the
attitudes to, and uses of, various media technologies
in different age cohorts as they are expressed in focus
group interviews in Sweden and Estonia. In the paper
is accounted for how informants in the focus groups
account for, relate to, and make use of various media
technologies and content, and to what extent this can
be seen as being a marker of generational experience
and belonging.
The focus groups are constructed as to represent
different tentative generations (born early 1940s, early
1960, late 1970s and early 1990s). This qualitative data
is supplemented by representative statistical data from
the two countries.
VITTADINI, Nicolea. Privacy and SNS: youth pracces and theorecal issues
The diffusion of social network sites’s use is increasing and occupy a relevant amount of the daily time
budget of internet users. For example the most diffused social network, Facebook, in 2012 has more than
400 million of active users worldwide. Then we can
say that communication through social media became
part of everydaylife of a significant amount of people
and so is for it’s norms and rules.
One of the most relevant issues arose by SNS is
the balance between privacy and disclosure of personal
information.
Different authors described social network sites as
a place where private and public collide. Danah boyd
(2010) highlighted that information shared through
a social network are persistent, searchable, replicable,
and scalable but affirmed also that social network sites
are characterized by the blurring of public and private.
Zizi Papacharissi (2010) described social network sites
as places privately public and publicly private.
Users of social network sites, and especially young
users, have to face the challenge to manage their privacy in this type of spaces. They can use privacy tools
provided by the social network software, but the most
relevant challenge is the management of the boundaries of the different network of people they include
among their “friends”. According to the definition of
Altman (1975) privacy management can be described as the management of the boundaries of different
networks of people through disclosure and hiding of
informations. This challenge is made more difficult by
the richness and complexity of youth’s social relations
and by the specificity of their generational identity.
According to the definition of generation proposed by
Corsten (1999) (mediated) collective rituals contribute in building, the so-called ‘we sense’ of generations
and mediated experience also have an important role
“both as formative of a generation and also in terms of
retention and reproduction of a generation to others”
(Eyerman 2002: 62). The management of disclosure
and revelation of personal informations acquire, in
SNS the status of a collective ritual, especially at the
level of expressive (regarding the self expression) and
social (co-managed with other people) privacy. Then it
represents a practice through which their generational
identity is revealed.
The paper will present the results of qualitative studies on social network use among Italian young people
highlighting the privacy management strategies carried on by young Italian’s.
According with the research results the paper will
also present a discussion of the generational differences related to privacy management.
LANDABIDEA URRESTI, Xabier. Televisual leisure
experiences of dierent generaons: the case of four
age groups of Basque speakers in the region of Biscay
Watching television has become the most widespread human activity after sleeping and working in
terms of aggregated invested time, and no other single activity receives as of today such dedication of free
time. That sole point would justify exploring the social
phenomenon of watching television as the principal
leisure practice in industrially developed countries
from the tradition of Leisure Studies. But the concept
of television in a rapidly evolving and converging media landscape a also provides an empirical and conceptual vantage point for the exploration of the leisure
practices and experiences of different media audiences,
including different generations in order to contribute
to a more holistic approach.
How do different age-groups relate to such a totemic, central, and changing leisure artifact? How do
they articulate their leisure time, practices and experiences in relations to it in their discourse? How do
they perceive the opportunities and limitations of the
digital convergence? Can we find similarities and differences between generations? The research project
aims to answer this questions based on the findings of
the case study, and stresses the need of a new model for
audience analysis that blends the polysemic nature of
the terms leisure and television in a transforming media landscape. It is argued that adapting the concept
of leisure experience to the field of TV audiences can
help understanding the present and future forms of
(watching) television.
This paper presents the relevance of the issue at
hand, the broad theoretical concepts on which is based and the main findings derived from the fieldwork
consisting in ten focus Groups and five in depth Interviews, based on the study of 4 Basque speaking
age groups: Young (18-34), Adults 1 (35-49), Adults
2 (50-65) and Elder (>65) in the region of Biscay.
The methodological aspects of the study will also be
outlined, including the analytical and coding strategies employed with the aid of the Atlas.ti Computer
Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) in order to derive new theoretical and practical
approaches to the televisual leisure experiences of different generations.
36
5.2. Media cultures
ULARU, Vera. Online news ulisaon among Romanian students
BENGTSSON, Sna. Disncons in (virtual) space:
spaal pracces and preferences in changing media
landscapes
Spatial practices are a vital part of the distinctions
of cultural taste. Cities, neighborhoods, even streets or
parks, are thus often divided between different groups
of people who reside in, and claim certain parts of
(geographical) space to ‘be theirs’. In an analysis of
university students in Tartu, Estonia, and Stockholm,
Sweden, made in 2002, we found that the differences
in media use and cultural taste patterns between different student groups interrelated with a spatial division
of the two cities; from larger areas such as city districts,
and down to smaller entities such as street corners or
single cafés and bars. We have since then seen a dramatic expansion of everyday space, due to new digital media; young people meet and socialize with their
friends on social networking sites, watch television,
read newspapers and listen to the radio online, read
and write blogs, among a great variety of everyday activities. In this paper we present an analysis of distinctions in virtual space and their relation to distinctions
in geographical space, comparing media use, cultural
preferences and everyday practices of students in Tartu
and Stockholm in 2002 and 2012.
MIKKONEN, Heidi. Young people’s discourses about
the benets, opportunies, dangers and threats of digital technologies
This interpretative research examines young
people’s discourses about benefits, opportunities, dangers and threats concerning digital technologies. The
research is based on consumer culture theory tradition
and it also takes part to the discussion of transformative consumer research. The theoretical framework consists in identity construction and transhumanism.
At this paper the benefits and opportunities as
well as the dangers and threats of digital technologies
consist of discourses which arise from the data collected from Finnish high school pupils by essays (292)
and interviews (20). Four different discourses concerning the topic is presented, and there is a focus on the
discourses which support or reject the transhumanistic
idea of the enhancement of intellectual, physical, and
psychological capacities.
This paper is relevant for many reasons. First,
technology plays a significant role in defining the
cultural experiences of contemporary childhood and
adolescence. Secondly, digital technology has been the
most consequential factor in changing young people’s
lifestyles and consumption patterns and according to
this research it plays a crucial part of young people’s
everyday lives. Thirdly, there is a debate about benefits,
opportunities, dangers and threats of ICT to young
people in societies, where ICT is an integral part of
adolescence. This paper gives young peoples’ – often
missing – voice to the current topic.
The aim of the present research was to develop a
profile of online news users, in terms of online news
users, in terms of uses and gratifications. The study
was funded on the classical theory of Elihu Katz, and
conversion of uses and gratification in online media.
As the study was realized on students from Bucharest,
between 19 and 24 years of age, we added to the study
the uses of social networks as Facebook and Twitter,
and their role in accessing the news online.The presentation will show how internet changed the news
uses from access and participation point of view.The
study was realized between June and July of 2012 and
the methods used were online questionnaire and interview.
NOWAK, Raphaël. Generaon Y and technological ecleccism in music
This paper focuses on Generation Y individuals
and their ways of interacting with music in the digital age, including Generation Y is essentially the
first generation to utilize digital technologies (such as
Napster) to illegally download music. The particularity
of generation Y individuals however resides in their
‘technological eclecticism’. Indeed, these individuals
grew up in contact with different forms of music technologies, such as cassette tapes, CDs and vinyl discs,
and who also pioneered the digital age of music technologies (for example, the creator of the first peer-topeer application Napster – Shawn Fanning – was born
in 1980).
This paper will discuss the specificities of generation Y individuals in relation to their interactions with
music and mobilization of various forms of artefacts.
Rather than merely consuming music through digital technology and playback devices, this generation
in fact innovates by adopting an eclectic form of interaction with music technologies. Thus the meaning
of their music listening practices and the meaning of
each music technology (CD, vinyl disc, cassette and
mp3) are called into question: how do ‘old’ and ‘new’
technologies coexist? What is each technology’s role
in generation Y individuals’ everyday life? And why are
these individuals technologically eclectic?
JORGE, Ana. Youth fan cultures in the age of digital
media: co-creaon of idols or viral markeng
In this paper, we reflect on the cultural industries’
strategies to instill young fans’ use of new media so
as to enhance their role as co-creators of their idols.
In a study that focused on the relationship of young
people aged 12 to 17 with celebrity culture in Portugal, we interviewed fans who were bloggers or active
participants in the fan community of Justin Bieber,
Miley Cyrus, Robert Pattinson/Twilight and Tokio
Hotel. We conducted individual interviews with 10
fans, participant observation in fan meetings and nonparticipant observation in other fan events, as well as
37
industry events (premieres, book launch); and interviewed media editors and music labels.
The fans use blogs and social networking sites to
keep connected to their idols, but also with other Portuguese fans. On the other hand, music labels and the
movie industry also use more and more new media to
instill fan to get in touch with their idols and to help
to create an illusion of participation in the creation of
the idol. Not only are artists’ use of new media thought
to reach global audiences, but also local companies
support fans’ petitions or protests to bring artists to
Portugal, or promote meet and greets to instill competition among fans and to create (mass) media events.
The creation of ‘viral’ cultural phenomena among
young people, such as Justin Bieber’s rising up as a
YouTube success, is thus created by the involvement of
young people as new media users and producers.
LUNDGREN, Lars. Youth culture, music and disncon
To express taste and distaste for musical genres
is a well-known practice of distinction in studies of
youth cultures as well as in classic work on cultural
values and distinction. Classification in musical genres has been reinforced both by the music industries and by taste cultures and expectations among audiences, structuring music consumption according to
taste patters based on genre. We have since then seen
a dramatic diversification of music listening practices
due to new digital media; young people listen to music
in offline as well as online environments. We still do
not now, however, whether these changing listening
practices have altered taste patters and values linked to
musical genres. Therefore, in this paper we present an
analysis of genre as a tool of distinction in two student
populations in Tartu and Stockholm, over the course
of ten years (2002 and 2012).
BARBOVSCHI, Monica. Exposure to sexual material at
young age and liberalism
The widespread of free access and freedom of
expression brought as a consequence the possibility
of young people being exposed to sexual materials
(ESM) also on platforms and media which are not
primarily sexual in focus, e.g. social networking sites
(SNS), pop-up images or chat rooms for young people, in addition to X-rated websites, which account for
purposeful search. Upon distinguishing different types
of ESM, the present study focuses on the relationship
between ESM on the abovementioned platforms and
liberalism (permissiveness).
Building on the data collected in the EU Kids
Online II project (2009-2011) and European Values
Survey (2008), this study has looked as predictors of
young people’s ESM online on three different platforms/media: social networking sites, pop-up images
and x-rated websites. As expected, older children have
higher exposure on all three platforms, as well as boys
(with the exception of exposure through pop-ups). Privacy (access in own bedroom) had no effect. Exposu-
re on x-rated websites was linked, as predicted, to the
adolescent’s psychosexual status. Moreover, sensationseeking and digital skills are predictors for exposure.
Parental mediation appears to be rather ineffective,
apart from restrictive mediation, which seems to reduce exposure through pop-ups and x-rated websites.
Finally, at country level, liberalism predicts exposure
on x-rated sites and, unexpectedly, on SNS. To conclude, the study provided evidence that the more liberal
countries are the more ESM children report. Last but
not least, liberalism does not seem to be linked with
clearly unwanted ESM (i.e. ESM via pop-ups). The
implications will be discussed.
5.3. Cyberbullying and digital literacies
HIPELI, Eveline. Cyberbullying today – young
adolescents dealing with ‘mobbing 2.0’
Only a few years ago, ‘cyberbullying’ was a phenomenon that did not yet exist. Bullying and mobbing
took place on schoolyards, in public, at work and other
areas in the non-virtual environment. Since the internet has become a powerful and popular medium,
bullying has shifted into the virtual world. Whether
internet user or not – everyone can become a victim
of a cyberbullying attack today. Still, it seems to be a
common topic among adolescents. The virtual calumny is also bothering people working with adolescents:
especially teachers. Other social agents like parents are
mostly not familiar with the functions and applications of the internet and new digital media. But they
are worried about the safety of their kids, and their
online ‘etiquette’. The social and scientific relevance of
the topic also shows in a rich media coverage. Reports
about young adolescents who have committed suicide
because of cyberbullying attacks against them enforce
many anxieties. Based on these facts, a cyberbullying
research project was started in 2012. By interviewing
adolescents in focus groups and additionally parents
and teachers by questionnaires in autumn 2012 (in
Switzerland) the following research questions were
analyzed: What are the experiences, attitudes and fears
of adolescents, parents and teachers relating to cyberbullying? What do adolescents, parents and teachers
already know about preventive actions and what kind
of coping strategies have been developed? The presentation would include new insights from three different
points of view, hightlighting risks that occur, when
young people use media, but also coping strategies.
VEGA-LOPEZ, Maria Guadalupe. Cyberbullying: vicmisaon of public secondary school students in Jalisco, Mexico
Cyberbullying is a new modality of traditional
bullying. A few countries reported from 10% to 40%
of teens have had cyber aggressions. Studies on this
subject are scarce in Mexico and given its importance,
38
we conducted a cross-sectional and analytical research
in 2010-2011. Public secondary schools in the municipality of Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico were analyzed.
The authors examine the prevalence of cyber victims,
describe the characteristics of the attack and identify
associated factors. Data are from survey self-response of pupils, both sexes (n=191). Results: a prevalence
of 14% was founded (27 students); basically, we are
referring to incidents where adolescents use technology and services of Internet, of which the most popular were cell phones. Adolescents used cell phones
to attack with texts and images to peers. According a
set of variables those most associated to cyber victimization are age (between 14-15 years), class schedule
(afternoon) and academic results (grade point average
less than 8). Because victims of cyberbullying usually
do not resort to their teachers for support, the school
must implement appropriate prevention strategies to
reduce the incidence of cyberbullying in their classrooms.
SÖDERBERG, Patrik. Physical punishment as a predictor of online aggression: the mediang roles of vicmisaon and oine aggression
Children who have experienced maltreatment are
prone to have hostile attribution bias and to be more
aggressive than their peers, but are also at higher risk
for being victimized by peers. At the same time, internet as a social media provides new opportunities and
challenges for aggressive behavior.
In the present study, we examine to what extent
online aggression can be predicted by physical punishment, and to what extent these effects are mediated
by online victimization as well as by offline aggression
and victimization.
Method: In academic year 2012-2013, upper
primary students in Ostrobothnia (age = 12-17 years,
estimated sample size = 3000) completed an online
questionnaire during class. The data will be tested against a multiple mediation model in Mplus with gender
as a moderating variable.
Implications for parents and teachers are discussed
as well as suggestions for future research.
KAIHOVIRTA-ROSVIK, Hannah. Student blogs as meaning making and learning in school
A digital literacy education exists where flexible
and mobile technologies are explored for collaborative
and creative learning purposes, as well as for critical assessment of information in school. In this presentation
our focus is on blog culture in educational settings. The
data chosen for investigation is generated from research projects initiated in 2011 where students in basic
education in Finland (grades 7-8) and Sweden (grades
4-5) have created blogs or blog posts on learning.
We ask what kind of communicative, aesthetic
and transformative considerations students’ use when
they articulate learning in blogs or blog posts. How
does formal and informal learning meet in the digi-
tal medium? In which way are student representations
applied, read and interpreted connected to educational
settings and goals? Who is the students’ audience and
how aware are the students about the receiver during
their blog creation processes? How is the student digital identity created?
The research data gathered Sweden is approached
by the PhD-student Dan Åkerlund who conducts
a research project on school class blogs with photos
as students’ important mediators of school assignments. PhD Hannah Kaihovirta-Rosvik approaches
student’s visual representation areas that by students
are appointed fictional or as representation for imagination in their blogs. Kaihovirta-Rosvik approaches
the visual fictions in student blogs as possible aesthetic
and transformative learning zones in school. Professor
Ria Heilä-Ylikallio’s focus is on finding how students
perform literacy learning when they are generating
multimodal reading response by creating interpretation patterns and meaning making through the blog
genre in school.
SAARI, Jennifer. Increasing dimensionality of student
expression: early examples from a pilot project using
internaonal mobile digital storytelling
Technology is increasing the diversity of forms
and modes of expression. We call this a change in
the dimensionality of literacy; being able to critique
and produce film, and oneself on film, for example,
has started to equal the written word in importance.
Multidimensional modes of expression evolve in multimodal digital environments where users combine
text, image, sound and video to construct artefacts and
convey meanings.
As technology allows for increased communication and collaboration across time and space, a further
dimension is added, that of increased international
collaboration and interaction.
Focusing on a pilot study for the Boundless Classroom Project platform MoViE, designed to connect
students and schools internationally through mobile
digital storytelling, this paper examines the impact
of this increase in dimensionality on student engagement, by focusing on the interviews with pilot schools
in Finland, California and Greece.
During the interviews, focus groups of young
adolescents from primary and secondary schools
discussed their experiences of creating collaborative digital stories using mobile technologies (e.g., cell
phones, smartphones, digital cameras). Following this
stage of development, the digital artefacts were uploaded on MoViE to be further edited and remixed, and
commented upon by home and international peers.
Data resulting from interviews were transcribed and
coded, and underwent a thematic analysis.
Preliminary findings show that many of the young
people involved in the digital storytelling project, rather than being intimidated by the complexity of this
new space, found that it was an inspiring vehicle for
sharing their experiences and their voices.
VI Stream: Transitions to adulthood
6.1. Transitions to adulthood – a life-course perspective
HEINONEN, Anu. Changing values and atudes in a
rapidly transforming Latvian society shaping transion
to adulthood
This paper will present preliminary results of my
doctoral thesis on Latvian university students’ attitudes and concepts concerning religion in a changing
society. Focus will be on the changing values and attitudes of students and on the role of religion for youth
in identity formation but also on expectations related
for example to work.
The paper is based on data received from a questionnaire (N=381) and semi-structured interviews
(N=20) collected in the autumn of 2010 and in the beginning of 2011 when Latvia experienced a deep economical crisis. Studied young people are second and
third year university students who were mainly born
just before the new independence of Latvia in the end
of 1980’s or in the beginning of 1990’s. They represent
the first generation of Latvians who was born into a
society that has gone through a political and structural transition from Soviet system to a Western system,
which is offering global opportunities with free movement of persons, exchange programmes and access
to Internet and social media. The world for these students is significantly different from that of the earlier
generations.
Transition of the society from one system to another means existence of combination of different cultural layers, values and traditions, that can be found in
students’ narratives. I will partly compare the results
with the data I have collected among university students in Latvia in 1999 (questionnaire N=92, interviews N=8).
HELVE, Helena. Transions to adult life: changing
idenes, future expectaons, work atudes and values of Finnish young people
This paper gathers from life-course perspective
concepts of identities, future expectations, work attitudes, values and world views. These concepts are related
to identity horizon, having influences on the young
people’s sense of prospects for the adulthood. The paper
uses qualitative and quantitative data gathered from
in-depth narrative interviews and ethnographic observations among young people working temporarily, and
the survey data gathered on-line on the recruitment
websites of the Finnish universities. The study examines the transitions to adulthood in different spheres of
youth life, including new cultural trends and ideological worldviews. The analysis from the perspective of
life-course theories see youth as a series of processes in
transition to adult life.The attitude scales of the study
measured attitudes towards education, working life,
society, and the future orientation and meaning of life
for young people. This study shows that almost every
third of the youngest respondents in higher education
combine already studies with work. Young people working with short-term employment contracts, or who
are temporary unemployed are not doing much longterm planning. Young people in higher education have
broader opportunities to manage their lives than those
with low education who are excluded often also from
employment, friends and family. The short-term and
temporary employment is changing identities, future
expectations, work attitudes, values and world views
of young people. The paper discusses about the different strategies young people use in their transitions
to adulthood to manage their life under conditions of
uncertainty.
HUTTERS, Camilla, Mee Lykke NIELSEN & Mette PLESS. Understanding young men’s ‘opt-out’ in regards to higher educaon
The proportion of Danish men who complete upper secondary education has declined over the past 15
years. This has led to concerns that a growing number
of men will become marginalized in the educational
system as well as the labor market. This trickling out of
men mainly occurs in the transition from upper secondary education to higher education. Based on focus
group interviews with 40 young people (male and female), the paper shows how male and female students
assess and ‘classify’ their future plans and educational
choices, when justifying their pathways after high
school. A common pattern is that male and female
students provide different accounts of their views of
future opportunities and risks in relation to the labor
market. This influences their planning horizons, but
also their views on education and the extent to which
they regard education as an essential part of their future (career) perspectives. While the majority of the
female students experience a considerable pressure
to ‘fast-track’ through education, the male students
emphasize the need to ‘take a break’ and spend time
outside the educational system ‘idling’. In the paper
we show how the female students tend to frame their
stories of educational pathways and career perspectives
as ‘risk biographies’, while the male students predominantly frame their narrative accounts of future career
perspectives in terms of ‘success biographies’.
SINISALO-JUHA, Eeva. Working for the youth’s identy development
The starting point of my study is in youth work,
and its informal educational methods. In my study I
40
have clarified how the youth’s identity development is
nurtured according to Eriksson’s theory of psychological development, according to the neo-Eriksonians,
from a feministic point of view, as well as how it is
described in postmodern time. The research material
consists of 24 articles that have been published in the
international refereed publication, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research.
The objective is to study possibilities of youth work
in nurturing the youth’s identity development through
informal methods of education. The characters of informal education are presence, reflection, dialogue and
trust. Feedback given to the youth, as well as reflection
on it while practicing skills for self-reflection, stood
out in the study as big themes, when nurturing the
youth’s identity development. Group activities and
nurturing of both social skills and ability to care also
proved to be important. As the third theme rose moral
and social related issues dealt with in youth groups. All
these methods of informal education are a natural part
of youth work.
Nowadays young people living in a postmodern
time, need more than before adults who are aware and
able to understand and to support the identity developing process. It is not a question of money, it is a
question of knowledge and competency.
Keywords: Identity, youth work, youth workers,
youth, informal education
PÄÄKKÖNEN, Hanna-Maija. Becoming a professional
– Nicaraguan University students and the pathways to
adulthood
In this paper I research the Nicaraguan university
students’ pathways in their transition to adulthood.
The paper is based on an ethnographic material collected in Nicaragua from May 2012 to August 2012 as a
part of my ongoing doctoral thesis research. The data
is comprised of 304 survey questionnaires, a group
discussion, and 17 thematic interviews. All the participants were Nicaraguan University students, born
during the years of 1980-1994. The data is, so far, the
most comprehensive material having been collected of
the country’s university level students. Nicaragua is a
society in which transition back and forth, due to both
global and local shifts, have significant effects on the
conditions of the students. Uncertainty, complexity,
and reversibility are present in the everyday lives of the
students. I discuss the different pathways the students
have found to cope with the situation. I also reflect
the distinction they make between personal and professional life spheres in the light of the dichotomies
of individual and person as used by Roberto DaMatta
(1991). I argue that even though studies do not offer the students a certain promise of social integration
via labor market integration, being a student, or as
the students themselves say, evolving into a professional, gives them the opportunity to create new kind of
social networks when finding their different pathways
in transition.
SVYNARENKO, Arseniy. Regional idenes, future
expectaons and work values
This paper will present some results of the research
project The Changing Lifestyles and Values of Temporary Employed Young People in the Different Labour Markets of Finland (WORK-Preca 2008-2012).
It is based on-line survey data about work attitudes,
values, identities and future expectations gathered
from university students in 2010-2011 (N=689). The
hypothesis is that repeating experience of short-term
employment is has impact on future expectations,
work attitudes, values and identities of young people.
During economic recession, increased uncertainty and
risk of unemployment constitute a challenging and
disequilibrating life event in which previously-made
identity commitments are no longer workable and an
individual may temporarily regress to earlier identity
modes. It is a time when new identities and new models may appear. The themes of family, future plans
and education are located on the intersections of work
identity, local and global identities. This paper looks
at intersections of work-related values and regional
identities of young Finns. In the perceptions of young
people’s future, one can see reflections of their attitudes and experiences of participation in existing welfare
and political system, negative experiences weaken the
sense of national identity.
ZITA, Kiss. Future planning among the Transylvanian
high school students
The purpose of the paper is to present some transition to adulthood strategies of high school students,
who studies in a rural area situated school, where the
teaching language is Hungarian.
The rural areas accumulates a number of factors,
which have a negative impact on the future planning
of the children who are studying in these areas, mainly
influencing their further education plans.
In this paper, we aim to present a snapshot of the
Hungarian minority schools, from Romania by focusing on aspects as the socio-demographic and economic background of the students who has pre-conceived future plans, the priorities in these plans; the role
of further studying in their plans; the plans on their
future career and their migration.
STRECKER, Tanja Conni. Social inequality in the transion from school to university: rst results of a longitudinal study in Catalonia
This paper adds to the research on youth transitions
(Walther, Stauber 2007; Pais, 2007), focusing on social
inequality (Bourdieu, Passeron, 2007) in the passage
from school to university. I argue that problems throughout this crucial period are one reason for the low
performance of the Spanish Higher Education system,
described by Lassibille and Navarro (2009). As a first
step of the longitudinal study I am conducting throug-
41
hout my doctor thesis, I arranged 12 group discussions
with A-level students in one rural and six urban schools in Catalonia (2011). The results confirm the
need for support. It is possible that class differences in
the access to and the handling of information account
for a higher risk of cognitive overload, though students
from all social backgrounds experience problems. As
the responsibility to give support is not clearly assigned, it depends on the concrete teacher, university
professor etc. whether they engage or not. Collaborations between schools and universities, supervisions for the involved staff, just as the assignment of
necessary resources could help to avoid overload, to
enable rationale information-based decision taking
and to lower class inequality. Students’ remarks hint
that personal contact to supporters is a most promising instrument to assist the development of necessary
skills and to cope with overload and frustration. The
next step of the longitudinal project will show further
needs throughout the first year in University, reasons
for abandoning or changing subjects and possible ways
how to handle and at best prevent problems.
HUANG, Lihong. The eect of school experiences on
transion to adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of a
Norwegian generaon
The paper presents analysis results of a Norwegian
generation who was attending their lower secondary
education (aged 12-16) in 1992. The longitudinal study has followed over 3000 young people over 13 years
when they have entered adulthood (ages 25-30). The
analyses follow an analytical framework of Education
for Social Progress (ESP) proposed by the educational research project of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD). The framework takes into consideration of the effect of home
and school background factors on cognitive and noncognitive skills measured at the time of adolescence,
and the sequential effect of skills on several outcomes
measured by income, employment, crime and health.
The results show that learning experiences of Norwegian adolescents have a long-term and significant effect on individuals’ social, economic and health wellbeing in their adulthood.
CARLIN, Eric. Youth transions, social exclusion and
the troubling concept of resilience
Contemporary debates about young people often
focus on whether structure or agency is more important in influencing successful transitions to adulthood,
marked typically by paid employment and becoming a
consumer. ‘Social exclusion’ emerged as a useful way of
broadening definitions of poverty but this paper will
contend that it has increasingly been used in ways that
stigmatise and blame poor young people for their own
predicaments. In the context of neoliberal hegemony,
while policy makers often neglect how disadvantaged
young people subjectively construct their realities, they
also emphasise theories such as resilience and social
capital to encourage conformity with mainstream
norms.
Drawing on my current empirical PhD research
with 16-20 year old young people in a case study investigation in a socio-economically deprived area of
North Edinburgh, I will discuss how young people
define, experience and manage their subjective realities and the networks and figurations in which they
participate. Many have developed sophisticated strategies to become “invisible” and to survive. However,
I will contest any notion that such ‘resilience’ should
be championed as a policy objective. In this context, it
denotes survival, not thriving.
Framing my analysis within Elias’ concept of ‘figurative sociology’, I will also argue that Elias’s template
for connectedness, not stasis or objectification, provides a useful way to contextualise modern day discussions about the ‘problem of youth’.
Carlin E. 2010, Feeling Good! Supporting resilience in
young people in Foyers in England. Retrieved November
11, 2011, from http://www.foyer.net/pdf/Feeling_Good.
pdf
Elias N. 1978, What is Sociology? Hutchinson & Co.,
London.
Elias N. 1983, The Civilizing Process: The History of
Manners volume 1 (1939), Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited, Oxford.
Levitas R. 2005, The inclusive society? Social exclusion
and New Labour, Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke.
Luthar S.S., Cichetti D. & Becker B. 2000, “The
Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work.” Child Development, vol. 71, no.
3, pp. 543-562
VII Stream: Youth memory and digital age
7.1. Youth and memory in the digital age
HERMES, Joke & Christa de GRAAF. Missing in mainstream media: fantasies about strong online idenes
Research among urban youth in the Netherlands
consistently shows them disappointed with mainstream media and the lack of non-white Dutch as
spokespeople, actors or participants. In a participant
design project, the authors of this paper sought to
map everyday life worlds of Dutch urban youth and
to identify their main areas of interests in order to
develop quality news on the internet for this particular group. Working with the Marokko Media web
community (an older web community started from
the Dutch Moroccan community that today extends
to mostly young people from a broad range of backgrounds who communicate in Dutch and live in the
Netherlands) we spoke with some 25 Moroccan Dutch. In this paper we will address how they merge offline and online life worlds, and what their fantasies are
of strong (online and offline) identities. This involves
for instance the portrayal of figures they consider to be
role models. Of interest in this research project is the
ways in which the interviewed young people appear to
be caught between traditional and more modern ways
of thinking and feel lost as a result. This presents a
stark contrast with the process of translating tradition
that Marie Gillespie found in the mid 1990’s among
Punjabi youngsters in West-London. Rather than a
‘softening’ of identities, we found hard identities that
were not open to discussion and a sense of disappointment in what Dutch media and society are ‘really’ like.
Quality news, in our view, should help a process of
discussion and opening up and result in softer identity formation that is more open to negotiation and
offers a safe haven to as diverse a group of citizens as
possible.
RYGAARD, Jee. Young Greenlanders staging their
identy on social fora
Young people in Greenland are – like most young
people around the world – most interested in social
media and especially fora like Facebook, Instagram,
dating sites, etc. Furthermore, they are surfing the web
for news, information and knowledge in general. Quite often the many possibilities on the web are a heaven-sent opportunity to compensate for want of locale
shopping options. In consonance with the zeitgeist,
the searching for and staging of an interesting identity
in a postmodern world is of paramount importance for
young people and is seen on many of the social media.
Internet started in Greenland in 1996 and as a vast
land and with a vulnerable and expensive infrastructure, the geography is perfect for the use of the Internet.
For the young people it is a lifeline to the global world.
And although the economy still obstructs the free and
easy web access, their passion for the infinite possibilities in cyberspace is intact.
Based on quantitative and qualitative research as
well as visual and discursive analysis of websites of the
social arenas, this presentation will look at the young
Greenlanders self-staging, identity try-outs in social
fora – and their web-traffic in general through the latest years.
TORMULAINEN, Aino. Using the Internet for nostalgic memory and identy work
Popular culture is something collectively remembered by every generation. The generation born in the
1980’s is the first age group that has their ‘own’ popular culture easily available. Most of the TV-series are
changed to online format and the Internet is full of
video and music lists like hits of the 90’s. It can be
said that the Internet is today’s cultural archive. All the
time new fan or discussion groups arise around popular culture memories.
The role of the Internet is big when sharing memories with peers and remembering together. For us
1980’s generation it is possible to do nostalgic and
identity work online with others or with the help of
the Internet. It enables to share different forms of popular culture memories collectively. When searching
in Spotify or YouTube with the keyword ‘90’s’ the results give hundreds of thousands of hits. Online popular culture is used e.g. in the meetings of old friends as
a tool for collective remembering. It is easy to check
who the main character in a movie was, or how the
lyrics of the hit song go.
This paper gives examples how Internet can be a
helpful tool for the researcher and also the research
subjects when doing oral history based research about
certain popular culture. What kind of new forms does
Internet bring to the remembering process? Also the
material that cannot be transferred to online form e.g.
magazines, books etc. is taken into account.
LECCARDI, Carmen. Temporal acceleraon, young
people’s biographies and memory
The changes affecting how young people construct
their life courses are influencing not only their relationship with the future, but also with the past and
memory. More specifically, the entire range of relationships between the past, present and future is now
being challenged. Among the various elements that
are shaping the temporal outlines of young people’s
biographies, a key role is played by the acceleration
of time, doubly bound up with the spread of ICT in
daily life. This acceleration not only asserts instanta-
43
neous interaction as the new norm, but also directly
contributes to redefining relationships with the past,
both historic and personal, as well as the future and
life plans. This goes hand in hand with the redefined
categories of time and space that are the legacy of the
Enlightenment.
The paper explores these transformations, focusing
not only on the flipside of these processes – the loss of
historic and collective memory now deemed to be a
widespread trait of the younger generations – but also
on the other side of the coin, namely the new attention
to personal memories, mediated through emotional
bonds, often also from a family-based, intergenerational perspective.
VIII Stream: Youth and sexualities
8.1. Rethinking difference in sexuality research: from cultural inclusivity to normative
diversity
YIP, Andrew Kam-Tuck. Young adults’ management
of sexual and religious idenes in Brish society
This paper is based on a recently-completed
mixed-method project entitled ‘Religion, Youth and
Sexuality: A Multi-faith Exploration’ (www.nottingham.ac.uk/sociology/rys). The research involves 693
young adults (aged between 18 and 25) of diverse sexual identifications and from diverse religious backgrounds (i.e. Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Jewish,
Hindu, mixed-faith). Drawing from quantitative and
qualitative data collected through an online questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and respondent-led video
diaries, the paper will focus on three issues. It will
start with a discussion of the key challenges that the
respondents identified as significant to their everyday
negotiations as religious young adults in contemporary
British society (e.g. stigmatisation of religion and religious actors; sexualised culture; consumerism). The paper will then examine closely the respondents’ perceptions and management strategies of the stigmatisation
of religion, and particularly young religious actors who
are assumed to be uninterested in religious matters.
Finally, the paper will discuss how the respondents positioned themselves in what they generally considered
a highly sexualised culture, fuelled by a rampant drinking culture, particularly amongst youth. In sum, this
paper will enrich current understandings about how
young people negotiate young adulthood within the
context of an increasingly fragmented and risk-laden
social landscape.
SPRUYT, Bram. Gender atudes among urban
youngsters
This paper compares the social determinants of
youngsters’ gender belief system and their attitudes
towards cross-gender behavior and homosexuality. We
rely on data from a survey conducted in 2011 in 33
secondary schools in the two largest cities of Flanders
(the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium), Antwerp (n:
2156) and Ghent (n: 1711). Pupils from the 3rd - 7th
grade (theoretical age: 14-18) filled out a questionnaire in class. This sampling frame yielded a diversified
sample both in terms of ethnicity and religious denomination which allows us to scrutinize the relations
between the relevant attitudes and different religious
denominations. After first having assured that the three attitudes are empirically distinguishable in a measurement model, we use multilevel regression models
to assess the specific determinants of these attitudes.
The results show that a strong religious conviction
(irrespective of the specific denomination) goes along
with high levels of prejudice towards homosexuals, rejecting cross-gender behavior and a more traditional
view on gender roles. More interestingly, we find significant interactions for homophobia and the gender
belief system between religious conviction and gender
indicating that differences according to denomination
are much more pronounced among boys as compared
to girls. We also find that the presence of Muslims in
school increases prejudice towards homosexuals irrespective of the personal characteristics of the pupil.
All in all, then, social differences with respect to attitudes homosexuals are substantially larger than those
related to cross-gender behavior and the gender belief
system.
PELTOLA, Marja. Sexuality, family life and otherness.
Young people with migrant background negoang
gender and sexuality in family context
In my presentation, I approach the questions of
youth and sexuality in the context of migration and
family life. Family is a key cite for socialization, where
culturally shaped conceptions of decent ways of being
a girl or a boy and expressing one’s sexuality are first
encountered. In youth, other formal and informal
local, national and transnational groups come to shape
and control young people’s sexuality, alongside with
the family sphere.
44
As shown by Beverley Skeggs (1997, 2004), sexuality intertwines with the categories of class and
ethnicity: controlling sexuality and defining ‘respectable’ sexuality are among the mechanisms of defining
individuals’ and groups’ worth. Public discussion on
migrant families tends to be homogenizing and strongly gendered, representing the families through
lack of gender equality and democratic tradition. Regarding sexuality of girls and young women, migrant
families are represented as especially backward, overtly
controlling and suffocating. Thus, in order to appear
‘respectable’ (in the Western standards), the sexuality
of young women living in migrant families needs to
be ‘liberated’, i.e. to be directed towards the Western
norms of sexuality.
With the help of my data, covering interviews with
young people with migrant backgrounds and their parents, I examine how gender and sexuality of young
women are talked about, controlled and negotiated
in migrant families and what kinds of contradictions
the family members need to address when seeking to
reconcile the different conceptions of decent sexuality
deriving from transnational, national and local social
spheres.
tion of (post)soviet resistant masculinity surrounded
by remarkably changing and rather patriarchal Estonian society.The main topic of this presentation is the
concept of romantic masculinity in musical creation
and performance of Vennaskond as an reflection of resistant principles of subcultural generation why? and
alternative identity constructions in a milieu of soviet
and post soviet punk in 80s and 90s. On one hand, the
research focuses on the musical creation (lyrics, voice,
sounds, structure) and on the other hand, to the body
performance. As a background question, however, I’m
interested in how the formation of generation why?
have been influenced by the local-specific understandings and meaning of anarchy and utopia in Estonian
punk during the decades in issue.
The research utilizes the ideas from theories of
gender, subculture and performance.
The research is based on a study of 17 albums,
several music videos and documentaries about Vennaskond, open-ended interviews and spontaneous
discussions with musicians from the band, which were
recorded in 2013. In addition, the fieldwork comprised
regular visits to concerts in various Estonian clubs and
cultural centres.
KOHO, Satu. Abusive sexuality or true love?
LIONG, Chan Ching Mario. Walking a sightrope on
In this paper I will discuss the boundaries between sexual awakening-abusive sexuality, responsibility-authority and childhood-adulthood in Riikka
Pulkkinen’s debut novel Border (Raja, Finland 2006),
which is a story of forbidden love and a cultural taboo: a clandestine (even an illicit) sexual relationship
between teachers and students. The main characters
are a 16-year-old girl Mari and her teacher, an adult
man Julian. I will examine representations of gendered
power, dominance and control over girls’ sexuality. The
paper will also deal with the issues of topophobia/topophilia and insideness/outsideness.
The questions asked will be the following: How
is Mari’s body observed and construed in the novel?
What kind of use of power is focused on a young girl
in different places and situations? How does Mari define her own borders? How are the ethical and moral
boundaries constructed and who draws them?
The theoretical and methodological framework
of my paper consists of gender and sexuality studies
added with feminist geography and violence research.
Although Pulkkinen’s novel represents namely Finnish contemporary literature, the theme it touches –
young girl abuse – is topical and universal and is in
an ongoing dialogue with today’s culture, media and
society without national or linguistic borders.
UUSMA, Hannaliisa. Romanc masculinity: one of
the possible strategies of rebellion in (post-)Soviet punk
The presentation relays on the sociological research
of Estonian romantic-punk band Vennaskond (Brotherhood) as an vivid empirical example of construc-
sexuality: a Bourdieuian delineaon of Chinese young
masculinies
With a changing gender order, young heterosexual
men were found to hold more gender-equal expectations in their romantic relationships but continue to
make objectifying comments on women in general
(Maxwell 2007, 539-558). Both patriarchal and gender-equal values prevail and are available as discursive resources in the society and among young men,
allowing the possibility for more diverse young masculinities (Allen 2005, 35-57). Meanwhile, the objectification of sexuality driven by consumerist urban culture and the commercial media is rapidly pushing the
boundary of sexual expression; more than before, Chinese young men are compelled to respond to sexual
identification regardless of social settings. At the same
time, young men are aware of the fact that they are
both subjects and objects of desire ( Johansson 2007).
They also measure themselves against standards that
they are judged upon - class, embodiment, and masculinity. Under such circumstances, this paper, using the
focus group data with college men, is an attempt to
illustrate how young men strategize their masculine
practice on heterosexuality in the homosocial circle
with Bourdieu’s analytical framework of field-specific
habitus, capital, and strategy. In order to survive and
obtain relevant capitals for recognition, young men
acknowledge the need to police their masculinities in
particular social space, which simultaneously reproduces the gender structure.
45
LEHTONEN, Sanna. Cosplay or crossplay? Discourses
of gender and sexuality on cosplay.
Cosplay is a performance art where players take on
the role of a fictional character usually from Japanese
popular media through costume and behaviour. While originating in Japan, cosplay has become a popular
activity among the transnational otaku fandom at various parts of the globe (cf. Lamerichs 2011, Norris &
Bainbridge 2009, Okabe 2012, Valaskivi 2009). This
paper discusses cosplay in Finland where cosplayers are
mainly girls and young women. The paper investigates
fannish identity positions that are discursively constructed on a Finnish cosplay discussion forum, cosplay.
fi, that hosts a community sharing experiences of and
tips for cosplay and crossplay (performing a character
of the opposite sex). The data of this paper consists of
selected discussion threads dealing with crossplay and
the pressure to look good where the participants address both the transgressive possibilities and limitations
of cosplay/crossplay in regard to gender and sexual
identities. While cosplay/crossplay offers possibilities
to play with identity and challenge normative ways
of doing gender and sexuality, conventional norms
also emerge on the discussion threads. By drawing on
feminist discourse analysis (Mills 1995), queer theorisations of identity (Butler 2004, Halberstam 2005),
and netnography (Kozinets 2010), this paper discusses
how gendered performances are negotiated in a context where fictions of Japanese culture offer inspiration
for Finnish girls and young women. The purpose is to
consider the possibilities that the concept of superdiversity (Blommaert & Rampton 2011, Leppänen et al.
2009) offers for examining the intersections of subcultural identities and gender and sexuality in social media.
VOIPIO, Myry. My body, my rules
The novels for the youth function as an important source of cultural information for their readers,
while they portray adolescents negotiating the social
and sexual standards of the dominant culture. Thematically sexuality is the most prominent one in contemporary girls’ literature. The way the recent Finnish
girls’ literature describes the sexuality of girl characters has changed from hidden to visible, even when
handling difficult topics such as ‘reprehensible’ love
and sexual violence. In this presentation I will study
how four contemporary Finnish girls’ novels depict
adolescent female sexuality. Through these texts it is
possible to unravel what it is like to be a girl in modern day Finland; what are the questions adolescent
girls are coming to terms with within contemporary
cultural pressures? As contemporary Western culture
has a wide impact on the perceptions of sexuality that
consist of the cultural representations all around the
world, I argue that even if the girlhood experiences
are not the same in different countries, through these
novels it is possible to draw some guide-lines of what
adolescent girls are thinking about their sexuality.
The protagonists in the analyzed novels are between
14-18-years-old; and the themes handle liberally heterosexual, lesbian and bisexual desire. The works at
hand are Leena Leskinen’s The April Garden (Huhtikuun puutarha) (2003), Terhi Rannela’s Amsterdam,
Anne F. and I (Amsterdam, Anne F. ja minä) (2008),
Henrika Andersson’s Emma Gloria with Feel and Beauty (Emma Gloria med lust och fägring stor) (2011),
and Vilja-Tuulia Huotarinen’s light light light (valoa
valoa valoa) (2011).
IX Stream: Subcultures
9.1. Subculture online: media, meanings,
and practices
WILLIAMS, Patrick. Straight edge was always mediated: an interaconist analysis of subcultures
The well-known Birmingham School tradition
of subcultural studies predicated the emergence and
spread of youth subcultures in terms of macro-oriented theories of class and ideology, while the American
symbolic interactionist tradition of subcultural studies, which remains relatively unrecognized within
the field of youth studies, works from the other end
of the sociological spectrum. Starting with the theoretical premise that culture emerges in small groups
of interacting individuals and then spreads outward,
this paper analyzes the ways in which straight edge
has always been a mediated subculture. To do this,
I will develop the concept of ‘communication interlock’, which highlights how cultural information flows
among groups and across time and space, becoming
the building-blocks for an identifiable subculture. I
argue that music, song lyrics, album liner notes, and
band imagery were among the first subcultural goods
communicated through pre-digital interlocks. Later,
with the emergence of usenet, internet, and subsequent
digital technologies, straight edge became even further
globalized. As the subculture spread, so did it’s ‘core’
values and norms, taking on unique instantiations in
different times and places.
46
DRIVER, Chris. ‘Hardcore lives’: new representaons
9.2. Subcultural authenticities
of (Australian) straightedge idenes online
Nearly a decade after considerations of ‘virtual scenes’ entered debate in the field of subcultural studies,
new forms of online sociality are changing enormously
the parameters of virtual interaction. In particular, the
emergence of social networking sites and/alongside
mobile internet access, and the convergence of ICTs
into a single mobile device, has made negotiating these
spaces an increasingly necessary aspect of subcultural
life. Drawing on data collected during recent ethnographic research into the Hardcore music scene in
Queensland, Australia, this paper analyses some of the
ways in which local Straightedge adherents develop
online identities that communicate a ‘straightedgeness’
while negotiating a complex politics of authenticity
that leaves little room for open displays of discursive
subcultural literacy. At the same time, these shifts may
carry real implications for geographies of subcultural
capital, as need to constantly maintain online identities has meant an emphasis on the everyday, ‘clean-living’ aspects of straightedge and pushed participation
at live music events (overwhelmingly the province of
urban youth) increasingly into the background.
WHELAN, Andrew. Subcultural dileansm and online visibility
It is standard practice in music-oriented subcultures for commitment to the scene to be expressed through knowledge of the musical history of that scene,
as that is articulated, notably, through ownership of
the recordings which form ‘the canon’. Typically, this
collecting extends also to ‘paratextual’ material produced by musicians, labels, journalists, and other devotees: zines, books, T-shirts and other ephemera.
In relation to ‘niche’ scenes, this practice of collecting is complemented by the relative rarity of the goods
so collected. We can understand this interest in terms
derived from Pierre Bourdieu, and developed latterly
by Sarah Thornton and others. It is not uncommon,
for instance, for contemporary recordings released on
cassette in some scenes to be limited to 250 or even 50
copies. To own such artefacts, and to participate in the
networks of exchange through which they are distributed, is a sign of scene immersion. What happens,
then, when ‘the canon’, previously restricted in access
because of the rarity and obscurity of its physical manifestations, becomes publicly available in the course
of its digitisation?
This question is framed here specifically in terms
of subcultures with highly developed idioms for the
expression of transgressive themes, where these themes and idioms may appear morally reprehensible to
those outside the scene who have not been acculturated into the ‘correct’ ways to ‘read’ the material. This
generates a conundrum, for scene participants on the
one hand, as to how to ‘compete’ internally, and on the
other, for those tasked with regulating this material.
WILLIAMS, Patrick. Subcultural authencies: disnguishing between existenal and dramaturgical selves
In the classic era of sociology, the authenticity of
subcultural participants was not of theoretical interest;
scholars studied subcultural groups assuming unproblematic categorical identities. With the development
of dramaturgical, constructionist and postmodernist
perspectives, however, it has become clear that identities are in fact complex and contingent. In this paper, I focus on the personal and social dimensions of
authenticity. Utilizing data from many different studies, I argue that authenticity has relevance for both
existential and dramaturgical sociology. I suggest that
authenticity is a key dimension of all subcultures and
generalize from a variety of studies in different times
and places. I then go on to show how the presentation
of an authentic self is mitigated by sets of cultural, institutional, and situational variables.
HANNERZ, Erik. Construcng ‘real punks’ and pretenders: subcultural authencies and plural mainstreams
Drawing from investigations on punks in Sweden
and Indonesia this paper deals with the relationship
between the subcultural construction of the authentic
and the mainstream. Arguing from a late Durkhemian
perspective that the ideal is set apart through the prohibitions concerning the undifferentiated profane, the
author points to subcultural authenticity being a matter of ordering and validating experiences in relation
to the underlying subcultural distinction against a mainstream. The authentication of objects, both human
and social, refers to extending and projecting this background text, through an object, to a subcultural audience. However, as the definitions of the mainstream
among the punks studied were plural, the tropes of
authenticity that were enacted by participants differed,
as did subcultural performances and the validations of
these. Consequently the author stresses that the definition of the mainstream is central to understanding
subcultural authenticity, as the latter refers to the validation of affiliation and commitment to patterned
representations that is conceived of as setting it apart
from the former.
DRIVER, Chris. The hardcore masculine: ‘sweaters’
and the spaal imperaves of a hardcore music scene
In the field of subcultural studies, much of the
debate surrounding discourses of authenticity centre
upon a reading of subcultural identity as an expressive
device – as a way of communicating meaning through
the reflexive deployment of particular style tropes (embodied or objectified, or both) – or on the sustained
adherence to ‘alternative’ ideological positions in the
negotiation of everyday life. Yet subculturalists themselves rarely construct authenticity by such measures,
47
instead emphasising the ways in which the ‘inauthentic’ reveal themselves through corporeal dispositions
that preclude competent interaction in subcultural
places. In recent research carried out on the Hardcore
scene in Queensland, Australia, such participants –
widely referred to amongst the powerful as ‘sweaters’
– were often positioned as obstacles in the production
of subcultural experience, their presence seen as detrimental to the visceral, transcendental potential of
the Hardcore music event. Taking this kind of ‘spatial imperative’ of authenticity as a starting point, this
paper discusses how such perceptions foreground the
distribution of cultural capital by privileging certain
relations of class and gender.
a ‘tough’ front. The researcher analyses his experiences,
including his thoughts, emotions and behaviour, of
being a middle-class and male researcher in this space.
He also examines how he was perceived by the young
men in the area. In particular, the paper discusses
at length an incident involving the researcher and a
young man. The paper shows how the researcher’s behaviour was coded as effeminate and ‘posh’, and thus
failed to perform according to the codes of masculinity prevalent in the area. Yet it also shows how he
gradually appropriated such masculine codes during
fieldwork. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates the
importance of analysing the ethnographic self for understanding the role of class and masculinity during
fieldwork with young men.
MARTINEZ, Roger. The paradoxes of authencity
There are many researches on youth and popular
culture that deal with the issue of ‘authenticity’, but the
concept remains elusive and difficult to use. Engaging
in the discussion of classic and recent contributions
to the notion (Trilling, 1972; Taylor, 1989; Sennett,
1977; Thornton, 1995; Guignon, 2004; Lindholm,
2008; Potter, 2010), this article attempts to clarify the
notion in order to operationalize it. It contends that
by making it more central, we can better understand
the articulation, in young people’s bounder work, of
stylistic and socioeconomic differentiations and identifications.
Through a theoretical discussion illustrated with
both our own and other researchers’ empirical examples, we will uncover several of the crucial aspects underling young people’s ‘authenticity-work’: its competitive character; the relational character and central
importance of the underground-versus-mainstream
distinction; the ‘class-mirroring’ as a source of authenticity; and the tension between reflexive and unreflexive relationship with the ideal of authenticity.
9.3. Subcultures and class
le GRAND, Elias. Notes on subcultural readings of
‘chav’ culture
This paper addresses the reflexive turn in ethnographic research in the field of youth studies. In the
context of research with marginalised young men, the
paper discusses how an analysis of the ethnographer’s
emotions, identity-work as well as the roles in which
she is positioned during fieldwork, can inform our understanding of how class and masculinity are performed in the field. To this end, it draws on the author’s
experiences of long-term ethnographic fieldwork of
white working-class youths residing in a deprived area
located on the outskirts of South London, in which
he lived and also worked as a youth worker. The paper shows that codes of interpersonal behaviour, particularly apparent among young men in the area, were
tied to issues of respect, deference and the display of
WAECHTER, Natalia. New kids on the blog: how social
class shapes the use of social networking sites
The presentation connects to the subculturalist/
subpostculturalist debate, if and how subcultures and
youth cultural behavior is influenced by social class.
Our study with teenagers aged 12 to 19 investigated
how the use of social networking sites (SNS) differs by
different educational backgrounds and migration background. Using quantitative and qualitative methods
(online questionnaire, focus groups and individual
qualitative interviews) we were able to show that the
social background does make a difference.
The quantitative results showed, above all, that the
young people with higher educational background
employ a more diverse use of social networking sites;
they reported having several profiles each on different
SNS platforms while those young people with lower
education are more concentrated on a particular SNS
platform. The qualitative results shed a more detailed light on the different uses: Teenagers with lower
education and/or migration background seemed to
apply a quite risky behavior, adding as many people as
possible onto their friends’ list and trying to get in touch with them offline. Their main goal was to evaluate
others (mainly other gender) by their pictures and to
start romantic affairs. In contrast, teenagers with higher education/no migration background use social networking sites only for a short period in the same way
while they mainly connect more intense with fewer
friends they know from offline contexts.
MARTÍNEZ, Roger. Understanding class through a
relaonal approach to youth styles: toughness, niceness and other types of boundary work
This paper analyses the social, theoretical and epistemological reasons that help to understand why the
articulation of cultural and class differences has been
marginalised, during the last two decades, in youth
cultures studies. Although many scattered contributions have insightfully addressed the issue, and even
if youth transitions research clearly shows that socioeconomic differences remain crucial in determining
young people’s life chances, the most visible post-su-
48
buculturalist approach focusing on fluidity, fragmentation, omnivourness and reflexive individualization has
made class generally absent from the field.
The paper will analyse the reasons of this invisibility with the aim to identify the way class can be
brought back into youth cultures research. Attention
will be paid to the social development of consumer
culture, the academic field’s reluctance to discuss the
work of authors such as Bourdieu, Skeggs, Reay, Devine, Savage or Bottero, and the methodological and
epistemological focus on particular youth styles and
on a simplistic conception of identity and reflexivity.
This clarification, supported with empirical examples
from my own and other’s research about the centrality
of class-related boundary work among young people,
will help to isolate several aspects that must be taken
into account to bring class back into youth cultures
research: a relational approach to youth styles, a solid
understanding of reflexivity and meaning-making, and
an engagement to identify the historical continuity of
the articulations between cultural and socioeconomic
differentiations amidst the contemporary cultural
complexity.
AAGRE, Willy, Stephen MINTON & Arnbjørg ENGENES. Towards a psychosocial understanding of youth
sub-culture: a study of body suspension pracce
An interdisciplinary research group involving
Norwegian and Irish universities (‘Munchgruppen’)
is attempting to develop a coherent psychosocial approach to the study of sub-cultures in the context of
common human meaning-making; to understand why
some young people are misunderstood; and, to disseminate such knowledge to teacher and youth work
practitioners. The group’s approach to sub-culture itself draws from two academic fields – sociology and
psychology. Sociologically, we draw from theorists
that base their work on down-to-earth fieldwork in
different sub-cultures, such as the classical studies of
Howard S. Becker’s Outsiders (1963) and Paul Willis’ Learning to Labour (1977). Psychologically, issues
of belongingness and identity that pertain to involvement of youth subculture are approached through
the developmental ‘lenses’ of Erikson and Bronfenbrenner; methodologically and ethically, the principles
behind the design of the group’s data collection strategy are understood via Laingian social phenomenology.
Data from the empirical investigation of an exemplar
sub-culture is presented here: eight Norwegians who
practice body suspension, who were recruited for two
in-depth interviews via invitations made in preliminary fieldwork. The qualitative material derived from
theparticipants responses’ was explored via structured
thematic analysis, and yielded information on participants’ (i) entrance into, (ii) shared aesthetics and values of, and (iii) the ‘magic’ of the sub-culture; (iv) the
‘counter-magic’, or contrasts of the sub-culture with
the mainstream culture; (v) participants’ experiences of
prejudice and aggression directed towards the sub-cul-
ture from the mainstream culture; and, (vi) retention
within, and exits from, the sub-culture.
Keywords: sub-culture; psychosocial approach;
body suspension, ethnographic fieldwork
9.4. Subcultures studies and music
FEIXA, Carles. Rock is youth! Musical pracces, tastes
and enjoyments on the cies, a typological essay on
the audiences of a scene
We are going to trace a trend portrait of the audience who frequented and enjoyed spaces of musical
promotion and the night-life of Porto and Lisbon between 2007 and 2008, leading us to discuss if we’re
before a group of social agents where the generational
effects of a ‘going out culture’ are visible, due to having
more time available before reaching adult age. This
exercise will be improved by the identification and
clarification of musical belongings and linking, and its
connection to an age and generational condition, demonstrating the relevance of questioning a unique and
absolute musical orientation when it comes to youth
going out. Complexifying the analysis, we will deepen
the analysis of how what we call a ‘happy encounter’
between dispositions of a socially constituted arbitrary to design what youth is and the objective positions available in the social space of urban culture are
anything but fortuitous. It comes precisely from the
youth’s predisposition to see itself in this type of culture because it’s the young people who are given the
resources (interests, purposes) and the opportunity (as
what comes with the purpose), but also the predispositions that foster the appropriation of these products
as adequate to them.
HOIKKALA, Tommi. Roots and tradions of subcultural
studies and the digital age
The paper will first map and discuss the major roots
of subcultural studies in sociology: the Chicago school
and methodologically symbolic interactionism. William Foot Whyte is one key figure, also Albert Cohen’s
Delinquent Boys will be scrutinized. The exploration
jumps via Howard S. Becker’s works to approahces
found among the studies and theories of the Birmingham school (CCCS); a critical question will be asked,
why so much theorizing, why so sparse empirical research. Then it will be described what happened in the
research field after Birmingham: the post-subcultural
research (and what came after it).
There are at least two key questions: (1) What are
the challenges of digital age faced by various subcultural approaches. (2) the relation subculture – youth
group.
One of the subtexts in the paper will be stories
(perhaps autobiographical) of developments in Finnsh
youth research at this research field. What threads led
49
to ideas and conception of cultural youth as defined
by this: Young people produce diverse forms of social
worlds, phenomena, styles, groups; they are omitting
values, argots, mentalities and experiences of their own
(or not). They are socialized but they also construct individual paths according to different capitals. They will
also be interpreted by adults, parents, experts, journalists and moral entrepreneurs, all this whit stitches of
communication and relations (and their breakdowns).
They are formed by discourses but also form discourses
by using discourses as resources.
SIMÕES, José & Ricardo CAMPOS. Youth subcultures, parcipaon and digital media: the case of underground rap in Portugal
In this paper we intend to examine how digital
media and technologies are used in youth subcultures
as resources for participation and cultural expression.
To do so, we have chosen a particular case study: underground rap. The findings we would like to present
are the outcome of a decade of research regarding
hip-hop culture in Portugal. More precisely, we will
focus on the practices of rappers within this broader
subcultural movement. The methodology adopted was
mainly qualitative (participant and non-participant
observation, in-depth interviews and visual methodologies), both in distinct urban settings (including performances, rehearsals, etc.) and on the internet. We
intend, first of all, to present our most recent findings,
bearing in mind the accumulated knowledge through
successive research projects and, secondly, to deepen
the theoretical debate regarding the relation between
contemporary youth subcultures and digital media. In
this discussion we are particularly interested in understanding the role of digital media in youth subcultures
not only as vehicle for existing practices but also as
resource for organizing new forms of participation and
creativity. Does the adoption of different digital technologies substantially alter the nature of these subcultures? Does it contribute to major transformations
in the way these groups organize their practices and
participate publicly? As our findings have shown, the
internet and other digital devices not only gave voice
to rather invisible youth groups, supporting alternative
formats and channels of communication and public
discussion, but also helped bring together otherwise
disperse individual efforts around the same activities.
X Stream: Socialisation and generations
10.1. Socialisation, identity, and family relations: negotiations in digital online environments
DÉRI, András. O to #Estonia with my baby: a look
into youth displays of familial es on the Internet
Changing patterns of family life have called into
question traditional notions about family. Recent
theories about family formation have turned attention
towards the ‘doing’ of family life through family practices. According to the influential works of David Morgan and Janet Finch, family life needs to be constructed and maintained through family practices and must
be displayed to the family members themselves and to
relevant others. One of the most important spaces for
young people to display family ties is the Internet, as
social networking sites not only facilitate interaction
but also function as a space for self-representation and
for explicit displays of family ties. Through a smallscale content analysis of family display on Facebook
and other online spaces, such as blogs and microblogs, I show the importance of investigating online family displays among young people. The phenomenon
of displaying friendship ties as family ties indicates
an important shift in young people’s understandings
of family, and the concept of family practices offers a
useful framework for interpreting the effects of social
media and young people’s online presence. The main
findings, which are based primarily on Hungarian
data but include some reference to English-language
microblogs, show that social activities related to online
family practices play an important role in reinforcing
shared beliefs in the existence of family relations and
displaying close, family-like friendship ties.
BAYRAKTAR, Fah. Perceived parental mediaon
pracces and on-line risks: comparison of young people from discriminated and non-discriminated groups
across 25 European countries
Digital inclusion may facilitate the social integration of minorities through enhanced communication
opportunities (Geißler, & Pöttker, 2009; Warschauer,
2004). Besides, facilitated integration to the majority
can decrease the risks both in real and virtual life. Therefore, the main aim of this research was comparing
the parental mediation practices and on-line risks of
young people which was discriminated in terms of ethnicity, language, religion or other factors with nondiscriminated groups; all sampled from EU Kids On-
50
line II Survey which was conducted across 25 European countries, where 25,142 children aged 9-16 years
were interviewed together with their parents (Lobe,
Livingstone, Ólafsson, & Vodeb, 2011).
The parental reports on the questions about the
language used in the house (using a foreign language)
and the belongingness of the child to a group that is
discriminated against yielded a sample of 148 participants (82 males, 66 females; Mage:12.32, SD: 2.33).
This discriminated group was compared with other
two predetermined groups (i.e. the group using a foreign language at home but not perceiving discrimination and non-discriminated group) by conducting a
series of One-Way ANOVA.
The results showed that the parents in the discriminated group used internet more often and felt
more confident while using internet than the other
two groups. According to children’s and adolescents’
reports, the parents in the discriminated group had
better parental mediation practices. Parallel to these
practices, the children and young people in this group
had less on-line risks. These findings will be discussed
by using Digital Inclusion Framework.
SMETS, Aurélie. The intergeneraonal transmission
of polical trust
Over the last decades, the role of family members
is recognized as one of the most important roles in the
socialization process. In this line of literature scholars
have a growing interest in the transmission of political
values. Although political trust is an important subject
in political science, political trust seems to be overlooked by the intergenerational transmission literature.
Nevertheless, low levels of political trust could have
severe influence on the legitimacy and stability of the
society and democracy.
In this paper, we like to contribute to this body
of literature by examining the intergenerational transmission of political trust. Jennings and Niemi (1974)
already confirmed that the level of political trust is
transmitted through socialization. This has, to our
knowledge, not been confirmed by other, and more
importantly, more recent studies. It is therefore important to confirm these findings and in addition get
a clear overview of mechanisms that influence this
process.
In this paper we would like to answer the following
questions: ‘Is there an intergenerational transmission
of trust?’ and ‘Which characteristics enforce this
process?’ To answer these questions we will use data
from the Parent-Child Socialization Study. This is a
Belgian survey conducted among 3400 adolescents
and both their parents in 2012. First analyses indicate that there is a significant level of intergenerational
transmission. We also find that talking about politics
within the family, the level of political interest and the
social economic status of the family have an influence
on the transmission process.
SVATO GILLÁROVÁ, Kateina. Fostering the social.
Informaon and communicaon technologies and
communicaon of group of teenagers
Spending dozens of hours being on internet, lost
in cyberspace and loosing off-line social links, on the
edge of internet addiction: this is a popular image of
Czech teenager and her/his relationship to information and communication technologies. What is behind
this cyber pessimistic labelling of youngsters? There is
still few evidence.
In my paper, I will present findings of my PhD research project ‘The role of ICT in the communication
practices of the social group of teenagers’. The objective of my research was to map the interaction of teenagers with new ICT (mobile and smart phone, internet,
applications included) in the context of group communication. I approached this topic from the social
shaping and domestication of technology perspective.
I covered my research project with semi-ethnographically applied qualitative and partly quantitative methodology. The project has had a nature of two case
studies having quasi-longitudinal character – the data
have been collected two and a half consecutive years.
The sample has been constituted by two natural Czech
social groups of 15-19 years old students.
The nurturing and strengthening of friendship –
from school or leisure time activities outside of school,
or the leisure time activity institution - have shown to
be the key aspects of the participants’ ICT usage. ICT
seemed to function as the facilitator of social interaction within the peer microsystem. It took on various
forms: exchanging the music tracks at school, calling a
friend when one is going home at night and is scared,
arranging after school program with friends on Facebook and so on. In all cases, the purpose of it was to
be with the peer group members – be it intermediated
on-line or prospectively off-line using ICT as a tool to
make it happen.
TALVES, Kairi. Does gender make a dierence? Parents
mediaon strategies of children internet use across Europe
The internet has become major part in people’s lives. Especially, it influences children and adolescents
who are eager to use internet on different platforms,
but often lack social skills and experiences to cope with
negative consequences that may enforce on the internet. For parents children’s growing interest to internet
means double trouble: firstly, most of the parents are
from the generation, who did not grow up in internet
boost period, secondly, they have to cope with internetization of their children’s lives as well as provide
guidance for them about safe use of the internet. The
aim of the following study is to analyze parents mediation of children internet use in gender perspective.
Do parents use different strategies for boys and girls?
According to EU Kids Online survey in 2010, where European children between 9-16 and their parents
were studied, parents use five types of different mediation strategies, which can be grouped as active me-
51
diation of use, active mediation of safety, restrictions,
monitoring and technical solutions. Parents use ‘active’
strategies (both of use and safety) more often on girls
compared to boys and ‘passive’ strategies (restrictions,
monitoring and technical solutions) more extensively
on boys compared to girls. Similarly, the analyses show
a tendency of countries with later internet saturation
(time when reached to the level of 50 per cent internet
use in the country) having less gender differences and
countries with earlier saturation having more gender
differences in parental mediation.
10.2. Socialisation and inter-generational
relations in the digital age
SIIBAK, Andra. Should we be ‘friends’? Estonian teachers’ reecons about student-teacher relaonships in
social media
At the area of ‘public surveillance’ (Nissenbaum
2004) and due to the ‘context collapse’ (Marwick &
boyd 2011) in networked publics, students and teachers have suddenly gained access to each other’s information which previously was considered private. This
never-ending tension between imagined audiences,
actual receiving audiences and invisible audiences
(Marwick & boyd 2010), however, is one of the main
aspects which could potentially lead to online risks.
Furthermore, social media users may sometimes fail
to uphold the ‘contextual integrity’, i.e. ‘compatibility
with presiding norms of information appropriateness
and distribution’ (Nissenbaum 2004: 137).
Focus group interviews with Estonian teachers were carried out in spring 2013 to analyse their
perceptions, encounters, and experiences in relation to
privacy and publicity in the digital area. The aim of the
study was to explore teacher’s attitudes and perceptions
about student’s content creation practices on networked publics and to find out how these practices have
affected teacher-student relations. For instance, we
aimed to study teacher’s perceptions about ‘googling’
and social media screening of each other’s accounts; as
well as their opinions about the possible consequences
of disclosing personal information. Furthermore, projective techniques were used so as to explore what kind
of behaviours and practices teachers’ considered to be
inappropriate on social media for students and teacher
alike.
RUNNEL, Pille. I didn’t like this gi
: presents as a reflecon of children`s wishes and dislikes in the context
of social relaons and cultural values
Children’s genuine gift wishes are a reflection of
what is valuable in their eyes: what they admire as well
as what they disapprove in the context of complex
social communication, relationships between children,
their peers and family, and cultural values. This paper
stresses this issue by looking at what children desire
and disapprove based on their gift wishes and how
children and young people themselves, as active consumers and audience members, interpret and explain
their preferences of gifts.
The paper is based on data from an experimental quantitative study (with the sample size of 3225)
that was carried out by the Research Department of
the Estonian National Museum through the drawing
competition for children ‘My present’. Children and
young people from grades 1 to 12 in Estonian schools
were asked to draw their most favoured or disliked
presents along with short written explanation about
their preferences. Quantitative research on children’s
and youngsters’ consumption habits in Estonia is rather limited and less so is the work regarding young
people as active agents of meaning making in the
consumption process. The data allow us to make inferences about how gift preferences are shaped by
children’s personal motivation, family relations and
social communication with peers.
Keywords: family relations, peer relations, gifts-giving, consumerism, values
KIILAKOSKI, Tomi. Youth work in schools: co-operaon, border-crossings and new professional constellaons
Youth work and schools are traditionally seen as
two separate professional cultures, one promoting
non-formal learning, another formal; one creating
voluntary relationships, another creating relationships based on authority etc. Yet the idea of organizing
youth work in schools manifests itself in many different countries. This has led some authors (Bradford &
Byrne 2010) to claim that school-based youth work
creates anomalous pedagogies, meaning that the combination of informal and formal learning creates new
forms of educational practice which cannot be grasped
by using dichotomous concepts.
The presentation analyses the results of an ongoing
action-based research (Kemmis 2009) conducted in
five Finnish cities. In the research five cities are trying
to develop new forms of school-based youth work,
concentrating on the new learning environments, participation, community pedagogies and creating mutual
pedagogical understanding. The presentation analyses
the results from the perspective of school communality: what is the signifigance of the school-based youth
work in creating a school culture which emphasizes
peer support and peer learning and inter-generational
relationships based on trust?
The study triangulates different methods to gain a
wide perspective on the subject. The adult professionals, both youth workers and teachers, are examined
by using single interviews (N=20) and ethnographical
observation. The works perspective is dominant in the
study. However, the worker perspective is contrasted
with the opinions of the young. These are gathered
by using focus-group interviews conducted in schools
and observation. Reports prepared by municipalities
are also used.
XI Stream: Educational transitions
11.1. Restorative approach and conict
management in schools
and the European Forum for Restorative Justice in the
period from 1st January 2011 and 31st October 2012.
HONKATUKIA, Päivi. Vicm oender encounters as
SARA-AHO, Ulla. From conicts towards soluons.
Conict management in Solvik Daycare Center and Kirkonkulma Primary School
intergeneraonal negoaon on moral quesons
During the last decades, measures based on restorative justice theory, including victim-offender mediation (VOM), have been developed as a form of an
early intervention in young people’s problematic behavior. The aim of the VOM procedure is to provide
the parties an opportunity to meet each other confidentially and to discuss in the presence of a non-partial mediator of the possibility of reconciliation and
possible agreement. For offenders, mediation can be
seen as a possibility to assume responsibility and for
victims as a chance to get the harm done to them
recognized and made up. Hence, mediation is seen to
offer a significant opportunity for young offenders to
develop a sense of responsibility, to prevent recidivism
and to break the cycle of crime in its early stages. This
development has been inspired by critical criminological research (Chicago School and interactionist approaches, i.e labeling theory) which have emphasised
the stigmatising effects of the formal official criminal
justice interventions.
In this presentation, mediation meetings are analysed as intergenerational encounters dealing with moral issues. The analysis is done from the point of view
of adult parties who have been victimized by a young
persons. What are the motives of adults for participating in mediation when the offender is a young person?
What do they expect from the encounters and how are
their expectations fulfilled? To what extend are moral
emotions such as being angry, feeling empathy, forgiveness or remorse involved in the meetings and what
are their functions? Do the encounters have a potential
to increase the adult victims’ understanding towards
the young people’s realities and ways of acting from
the young people’s perspectives. Can the meetings be
considered as reciprocal dialogue in which listening to
and respecting the other is possible? These are values
that have been suggested e.g. in the discussions on cultural criminology when dealing with conflicts between
youth cultures and the mainstream society. The cultural criminological approach positions itself as an alternative to contemporary individualized and labeling
risk discourse on young people and social problems.
Does mediation have potential for this? Or can signs
of intergenerational miscommunication be observed
in these morally loaded contexts?
The analysis is based on a data on 48 interviews
with victims of crime who have been involved in
VOM. The data has been collected in an EU-funded
project ‘Victims and restorative justice’. The project
has been co-financed by the European Commission
Kirkonkulma Primary school has been using peer
mediation since 2008. Since 2010 the staff has been
joining in Restorative School training, given by Finnish Forum for Mediation/School Mediation programme. The Solvik Daycare Center has used mediation as a conflict management system since April
2012. The results have been encouraging.
The pedagogical co-operation between Solvik and
Kirkonkulma has long traditions. A common need was
to find a method for learning social skills and solving
conflicts. The teachers thought that maybe also the
younger children could use mediation with the help
from the adults.
Early prevention and proactive work are the key issues when learning how to take care of own active role
in conflict situations. We have noticed that using restorative approach the focus is in relationships and restoring them. The stigmatisation of victims or offenders
doesn’t build up the future. Instead, skills of communication, sense of empathy and participation are the
most important values we can teach our children. We
also believe that these are issues that create constancy,
security and sense of community in changing society.
In our communities we emphasize that we adults
are modelling what we teach. We think that every opinion is valuable – both adults and children – and we
want to learn to work together.
In this presentation we are comparing the traditional way of conflict managing and restorative mediation. If a conflict is seen as a learning possibility, the
mediation can be a starting point of learning.
GELLIN, Maija & Eeva SAARINEN. Restorave approach and conict management in schools
When discussing about conflict management
in schools, we usually still lean on adults’ authority.
Adults take care of order and peace by using discipline with punishments and sanctions. Definitions done
only by adults limits youngsters’ participation. Isolating a pupil from peer group or stigmatizing him with
some negative role, makes his integration back to own
group difficult, and can even lead to social exclusion.
At the same time the recent research of juvenile
values tells that the most important values are responsibility and promise-keeping. Punishment culture does not support these values. Sanctions may keep
youngsters away from misbehaviour, but what do they
learn? Avoiding punishments by not-getting caught.
53
What about the promise-keeping? 95% of school
mediation cases lead to kept promises. Mediation
works also as early prevention. Pupils themselves estimate the seriousness of a conflict. Every harmful issue
can lead to mediation without an adult giving the definition for that. In mediation parties meet face-to-face,
talk about opinions and feelings, create a common
solution. No labels of bully or bullied, bad or good are
given. Promises are made between peers – not for the
authority – and that’s why promises are carefully kept.
What do pupils learn in mediation? Encountering, listening, empathy and responsibility.
Many schools have started to implement restorative approach. Restorative approach means not only
mediation but also circles and conferencing in daily
learning situations. In these schools daily conflicts are
seen as learning opportunities and participation as a
tool to learn social skills. Pupils are still building up
their identity, but at the same time they really should
be understood as experts of their own peer societies.
REISKA, Epp. The meaning of internship in the view of
students, universies and employers
The paper looks at the differences in the perceived
purpose of internship in the views of university graduates, employers and representatives of higher education institutions. Studies dealing with this subject,
which include all three involved parties, are rare and
the current paper aims at adding to this knowledge.
The importance of internship as a way to gain
access to labour market is emphasized in governmental strategies for higher education as well as public
discourse. However, this is only one side of the internship experience as there are two very broad meanings when talking about internship- it’s educational
purposes and the connection that internship builds
between educational context and future employment
of the student. The current paper looks for the answer
of following questions: which meanings of internship
are more widely spread and if and how do graduates,
employers and university representatives see the purpose of internship differently. The findings presented
are based on semi-structured interviews with university graduates, employers and representatives of tertiary education institutions.
Neither of the two broader meanings of internship
mentioned before dominates in the interviews; however the parties see the purpose of internship somewhat differently. Students want both: they hope to learn
something new and they see the possible benefits of
internship relating to labour market entry. For universities the link between internship and work is less
recognized (and favored) compared to the two other
parties and for them the main goal of internship is the
possibility of applying theoretical knowledge in real
life situations. Although employers also see the possible educational benefits internships offer they more
often stress recruitment goals.
XII Stream: Youth inequalities
12.2. Rural youth
OLIN-SCHELLER, Chrisna. Out of coverage – on the
net, in research and in media
This paper describes and problematises the experience of growing up in rural districts with focus on
media and media use. The aim is partly to draw attention to the growing need for research in this area, partly to discuss some preliminary results. The overriding
aim of the research project is to describe the context
and daily life of a group of rural children. The study
focuses on how environmental, social, pedagogical and
technological changes form and transform, support
and restrict children and families in sparsely populated areas. We ask how their everyday learning and life
style are affected over time. Specifically, the study investigates the children’s knowledge development and
identity-creation, inclusion and participation as well as
their future prospects. The study has an ethnographical
approach with interviews, video and sound recordings
and visual methods. The research is located in a newly
started independent school, an adjacent after-school
centre and pre-school and during three years follow
and observe activities in and outside of the institutions. The target group consists of about 65 children
(aged 1-13), their parents and 15 adults working in
the institutions. Among other things, preliminary results show that Internet and mobile phones are used
considerably more seldom than compared to the figures of average children shown by the Swedish Media
Council. Results also show hesitant and negative attitudes among parents, children and teachers towards
using digital devices such as the computer and mobile
phone at home and at school.
PAULGAARD, Gry. Rurality and inequality at the margins of the Northern European periphery
Falling labour markets and decreasing working
possibilities causes severe challenges for young people
54
many places, also in peripheral areas in the northern
part of Norway and other countries in the Barents region. Education often serves as a protection when it
comes to individual risks of failing on the labour market, as formal education constitutes a valuable asset at
any labour marked in our post-industrial knowledge
societies. Despite restricted labour markets and a more
overall agreement of the importance of education, the
drop-out rates from high school are significant higher
among young people in rural areas, particularly among
young men. In Norway the drop-out rates are significantly higher in peripheral areas in the north than
in other areas. Even though there is controlled for other variables as grades from primary school and social
background, geography seems to have an independent
effect on the drop-out rates.
There has been limited research on how geography
influences on youth and education. Based on a geographical approach combined with theories on social
learning the paper will discuss some of aspects that
can contribute to the geographical difference in dropour rates among young people. The empirical basis for
the paper is interviews with young people in secondary
school in the northern part in Norway and also interviews with unemployed youth in the Barents Region,
the northern areas of Sweden, Finland, Russia and
Norway.
RYE, Johan Fredrik. Transnaonal rural youth
Since the 2004 EU enlargement, large numbers of
migrant workers and their families have left Eastern
Europe and settled in rural districts in Norway and
other Western European countries. Among these are
many young people, who arrive in Norway in order to
work in their own capacity or because their parents
migrate to Norway, for shorter or longer stays. There are
also some rural youth that are raised in Norway, however with families that originally out-migrated from
Eastern Europe for work reasons. This study analyses
these rural youth’s everyday life from the perspectives
of transnationalism and ‘the new mobilities paradigm’
in the social sciences (Urry 2007). In particular, we
ask how migrant rural youth connects to their ‘home
societies’ by use of communication technologies and
how these connections influence their identities, sense
of belonging and participation in society. The analysis
builds on a qualitative material consisting of in-depth
interviews with transnational rural youth in one case
area, the Hitra/Frøya region in Mid-Norway.
SCHMIDT, Joshua. Fringe benets: locang recreaonal culture among youth in the periphery
The presentation focuses on Mitzpe Ramon,
Israel’s most isolated town, which is located in the remote Negev desert. It draws on ethnographic research
of the town’s six core communities: low-income North
African veterans immigrants, middle-class, mainly
Ashkenazi, ‘neo-bohemian’ newcomers, idealistic National Religious settlers, ‘Russi’ emigrants from the
former Soviet Union, Black Hebrew Israelites and
Bedouin tribespeople. Although these six groups typically exist in parallel to one another, when viewed
as a single entity, they constitute an approximate
microcosmic configuration of greater Israeli society.
Until recently, Mitzpe Ramon was physically and thus
culturally disconnected from the rest of Israel. Yet the
recent availability of ubiquitous and affordable digital
tele-communication technologies have rendered this
distance obsolete by enabling real-time connection
with emerging nation-wide popular narratives.
Presented in an audio/visual format, the talk examines the recreational trends among the young people
of these communities as a way of assessing their relationship to mainstream culture in general and their
attitude towards living in the margins of Israeli society
in particular. What constitutes recreational culture in
the periphery? How do youth living outside the center
of the country spend their free time when they are not
working? Do their leisure interests match those of their
more centrally located counterparts, or are peripheral
youth engaged in alternative kinds of locally oriented
recreational pursuits? Cultural theories are juxtaposed
with ethno-linguistic methodologies to address these
issues and suggest how they are connected to ongoing
debates on the relationship between cultural performance and identity formation in the digital age.
HARINEN, Päivi. On the verges – youth in a Finnish
double periphery
In our paper we present a manifold research project dealing with youth and young adults who live in
sparsely populated rural villages in Eastern and Northern Finland. Finland has nowadays faced a strong
economical and sociopolitical wave of urban centralization, which has meant that especially the fringes
of the country have depleted from the most of their
active-aged inhabitants. There still live some young
people in the periphery, within the scarce opportunity
structures in terms of social, economic and youth-cultural integration. In our research project we ask: What
are their possibilities to education, to collective leisure
activities, or to employment ‘in the middle of nowhere’? How the concrete obstacles of kilometers effect on
their peer relationships, everyday choices, and future
plans? Are virtual ways only ways for them to participate in the contemporary youth culture? What is
the sociopolitical history and interest that have led to
this situation where young people’s residential district
is becoming an ever more important definer of social
inequality of youth in Finland? Why also the Finnish
youth research – when paying no attention to these
young ones - is continuously marginalizing a group of
young people?
XIII Stream: Youth migration and mobility
13.1. Youth migration and mobility
CAIRNS, David. An undiscovered country? Youth mobility within youth studies: the case of Portugal during
the economic crisis
While the theme of youth mobility has grown
in prominence in terms of the volume of studies and
recognition of Youth on the Move at European Policy
level, at a theoretical level the place of geographical
movement within educational and occupational trajectories remains under-developed. This article seeks
to address this deficit, with particular focus on youth
mobility during the present economic crisis. Empirical
evidence is drawn from research conducted in Portugal during 2011 and 2012 with students in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (N=800). Given the evident
hardships of the economic crisis, the question is asked
as to whether these respondents are contemplating leaving Portugal for work or further study, and whether
or not adverse economic conditions have contributed
to their decision-making. Results show that while the
majority are contemplating moving, for the most part
decisions are not directly related to the economic crisis
but rather a combination of personal and professional
factors. In conclusion, it is argued that given the widespread popularity of the idea of being mobile for work
and study purposes, it is an appropriate time for Youth
Studies to incorporate mobility when conceptualising
contemporary educational and occupational trajectories, particularly in contexts of limited or declining
opportunities.
OBORUNE, Karina. The impact of the ERASMUS programme on promong European identy
Despite the acclaimed fact that the Erasmus programme promotes European identity, it has not been
proved yet. In the previous studies there was analysed
single Western country or even university, used different samples. Besides, this is the first longitudinal research using triangulation method.
According to qualitative interviews held by van
Mol (2009), mobile students understand European
identity as both cultural and political, but non-mobile students – only as political. Therefore I test this
conclusion in Eastern Europe: the Erasmus programme promotes (cultural) European identity in students
of the Baltic States.
So far the analysis of factors that foster the development of a European identity has been vague.
Scholars point to such factors as experience abroad
(Medrano, 2008), a strong national identity (Duchesne & Frognier, 1995), euro-optimism (Vassallo, 2008),
young (Licata, 2002), being citizen of small member
state (Licata, 2000), more educated (Fligstein, 2011),
knowledge of foreign language (Fligstein, 2008), men
(Checkel&Katzenstein, 2009), high income (Petithomme, 2008). Thus, the second hypothesis is: the factors that promotes European identity are 1) previous
experience abroad; 2) knowledge of foreign languages;
3) the host country (euro-optimistic); 4) age (younger); 5) gender (men); 6) income of parents (high); 7)
nationality of parents (different); 8) national identity
(strong); 9) the host university (international).
In this research using opportunity method there
were surveyed 300 mobile, future mobile and non-mobile students and interviewed 10 students from every
Baltic state. The results will be available in June.
SACHSE, Holger. High aspiraons or reacon to poor
prospects on the training market? The formaon of school leavers’ aspiraons for further general educaon
in Germany
The study examines the educational decisions of
15- to 17-year-old school graduates of lower and intermediate secondary schools in Germany. It addresses
the question if students face different opportunities to
develop their decision for either vocational training
or further general education according to social origin and migration background. According to theory
of rational educational decisions, it is expected that
students with little financial and cultural resources in
their family or origin aspire lower vocational tracks
in vocational training rather than higher education.
However, students aiming for a vocational training
position have to pass the standards and selective recruitment on the training market. Due to negative response in their search process, they may have to adopt
their aspirations and further general education may
become an attractive alternative. The study pays particular attention to young migrants as they more often
come from families with little resources than nonmigrants; but they are also known as a social group
that face discrimination on the training market. Are
they therefore more likely to switch to further general
education when they experience limited chances on
the vocational training market?
The analysis uses data from our panel survey that
followed about 800 students in the city of Nuremberg
over their last compulsory year of schooling in lower
and intermediate school from fall 2011 to fall 2012.
Data give information on career plans, job search activities and responses from the market, school performance and individual characteristics. About half
of the respondents have a migration background. In
addition we interviewed parents on social background.
Multivariate regression models will be applied in order to examine which subgroups of students wanted to
follow further general education from the beginning
of their last school year and or switched to further general education after several unsuccessful applications
on the training market.
56
NGAI, Steven Sek-yum. Rural-urban migraon and
social exclusion: the case of young migrant workers in
Hangzhou, China
This paper investigates the social exclusion of
young rural-urban migrant workers and its characteristics in terms of social insurance based on interviews
conducted in Hangzhou, a coastal city in China. Our
research findings indicate that the social exclusion of
these workers is a result of total and structural surplus in the Chinese labor market. Such exclusion is
further intensified by systemic problems in the social
insurance system and by problems in its regulation and
implementation. Based on these results, this paper argues that the social exclusion of Chinese young migrant workers is different from the new poverty in the
West: it is intake exclusion within the labor market in
the context of globalization. In China’s present socioeconomic environment, informal employment, which
has resulted in the social exclusion of this population,
still has a positive effect on both young migrant workers and the wider society. As a result, measures that
address the problem of social exclusion should also
place more emphasis on the development of the social
insurance system and the use of investment policies,
including human capital investment, to facilitate the
empowerment of the target group and achieve the goal
of social insurance for all.
ZUEV, Dennis. Self-transformaon through work and
travel in USA: civilising and decivilising consequences
of a summer abroad
In this paper I wish to examine the process of personal transformation among Russian participants of
the program ‘Work and Travel USA’. Several families of transformation are delineated: relational transformations, physical transfiguration and attitudinal
transformations. I argue that the transformations that
occur with individuals during the contact with another
culture or as an consequence of the trip are part of
the (de)civilizing process of the individual. I use the
conceptual framework of figurational sociology of N.
Elias to analyze the empirical data collected over the
period of 2008-2012.
The effect of decreased regulation from the side of
parents and close friends leads to personal emancipation (short-term). Some of the effects of the trip have
civilizing effect in the sense that they touch the structures of habitus and modes of knowledge. Through
lived-in experience young people transit to the stage
or reevaluation of their distance with parents and intimate partners. One of the important configurational
changes is the reevaluation of the relationship with
parents who initially serve the primary instance in
regulating the trip (through financial and emotional
support).
The physical changes in perception of one’s body
and emotional management are reflected with ambiguous reaction: the body reaction to the contact with
the fast-food culture resulting in weight gain increa-
ses refutation of American civilization, however the
behavioural patterns of everyday communication can
be adopted and attempted to be transplanted in home
culture. One of the leading emotional changes concern
the feeling of embarrassment for the behavior practiced or observed before the trip and after the trip:
accepting money from parents became embarrassing
for some respondents and seeing people behaving rude
towards them was also considered embarassing.
The findings also suggest that the trip to the Far
Abroad does not make respondents feel more cosmopolitan or open to diversity in their home culture.
HAIKKOLA, Loa. Second generaon young people,
return visits and cosmopolitanism
This paper examines second generation young
people’s return visits to parental places of origin as a
source of emerging cosmopolitan consciousness. Current literature of transnationalism focuses mostly on
how ethnic identities and sense of ethnicity is altered
on the transnational social fields and particularly during return visits (Baldassar 2001; Louie 2006, Kibria
2002, Purkayastha 2005). In this paper, the focus is
on how return visits and physical travel in particular
impact selves in other ways. The paper uses Hannerz’s
(1995) controversial formulations of cosmopolitanism
to explore how travel and concrete physical, sensual
and emotional experiences in parent’s places of origin
alters second generation young people’s perceptions of
their place of residence (Helsinki, Finland in this case)
as well as the place of origin. They create a comparative perspective with a sympathetic attitude towards
both places. This is interpreted as cosmopolitan ethicalness. In most discussions cosmopolitanism is seen
as disengagement of local/particular ties, but in this
case a cosmopolitan orientations emerges from rooted
experiences in two or more places. The paper is based
on interviews with 29 mostly second generation young
people in Helsinki, Finland with different ethnic backgrounds.
NIKUNEN, Minna. Employability strategies for fast
and slow young subjects
It has been claimed that in the ‘risk society’ the responsibilities and rights of people, especially in connection to work, are different from that they used to be.
While individuals have become freer from traditional
social constrains, they have acquired more responsibilities relating their future prospects. One is responsible
for one’s employability. Internationalization (spatial
mobility relating work and education, networking,
language skills etc.) has been viewed as a key strategy to do build the employability. Though, at the same
time other strategies exist, such as lowering one’s standards in relation to education and work and fulfilling
the needs of the larger society. In other words, there
are fast and slow subjects, global and local future perspectives.
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In my paper I will examine the expectations and
hopes directed at young people by the governing elites
in Finland. I ask what is expected from young people and why? On one hand, I examine spatial mobility
and so called internationalization as expected forms of
agency, on the other, the relation between of education and employment. I ask, which practices of spatial
mobility are encouraged and why? Who is expected to
be mobile? Then again, who is expected to take care
of other’s needs, and limit her/his mobility and future
prospects?
In order to inspect elites’ hopes and expectations,
I examine documents that deal with young people,
education and 1) the spatial mobility and 2) the future
of work: EU’s and Cimo’s green papers on youth mobility, and ministry of Finance’s paper on relation of
education and work.
ØKLAND, Øyvind. Immigrants and the media: Norwegian-Somali youth in a world of global media
The study focuses on Norwegian-Somali youth in
Norway. Because of modern media, it is possible to
keep in touch with relatives in their home country and
other Somalis in other countries. This transnational
flow of meaning has been in focus in recent research,
and shows the significance of the homeland media.
The paper will discuss how this contact takes place through different media, as well as the concept of culture
in this setting.
These young people live in a cluttered media world
with meaning flows that go and come in many different directions and shapes. They live in a tension between all these different influences and opportunities.
The media is important as a link to others in the same
situation, and to be able to follow what is happening in
the world and in Somalia. In that way they can keep in
touch with other Somalis and help them keeping their
Somali identity.
In such a transcultural situation something new is
created, and it is on such a complex media situation
that the Norwegian-Somali youth must be understood.
Keywords: youth culture, globalization, transnationalism, transculturalism, diaspora, identity, immigration, media use.
XIV Stream: Alcohol and drug cultures
14.1. Alcohol and drug cultures
LENNOX, Jemma. ‘Doing it for the likes’: a qualitave
exploraon of young adults, gendered idenes and
the blurring of o-line and on-line drinking cultures
Alcohol consumption is a key aspect of identity
construction for many young adults, influenced by
what is considered culturally gender appropriate. Rising social network site use has seen alcohol based
gendered identity construction move on-line, with sites such as Facebook being used to plan, record and
share drinking events, stories and photographs. There is growing concern that sharing such alcohol related content on-line establishes and promotes alcohol
norms and influences identity construction through
modelling acceptable behaviour. However, research
into how young adults navigate such environments or
use alcohol to construct gendered identities on-line is
lacking. This paper investigates gender differences in:
talk around alcohol use; alcohol use in gendered identity construction both off-line and on-line; and how
behaviours in these two environments may influence
each other. It draws on qualitative data from young
adults (aged 18-25) occupying a range of social positions and involvement in various cultural ‘scenes’. Data
were obtained from focus groups of friendship groups
and individual interviews using participants’ Facebook
profile as discussion prompts. Preliminary analysis suggests Facebook plays a central role in young adults’
alcohol consumption practices but engagement is influenced by gender and identity management concerns.
Young adults’ behaviour during drinking occasions is
shaped by a desire to create alcohol related content to
share on-line in order to have both their socialising
and the construction of their gendered identity validated by their peer group: doing it for the ‘likes’. Results
will be discussed with reference to Connell’s relational
theory of gender.
PARDER, Mari-Liisa. “I don’t want to drink, but I’m
afraid to lose my friends.” Alcohol consumpon and
norms of the youth subculture
The paper examines peer group pressure to consume alcohol among adolescents, by focusing on the
different ways adolescents normalize alcohol consumption in their conversations with each other. It
draws on empirical evidence from ethnographic research conducted in one of the youth centers in Estonia
and qualitative text analysis of the topic-related forum
postings in a special communication environment for
youngsters. The ways that adolescents construct proalcohol norms in their subculture, such as linking
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alcohol consumption with ritual events in their lives
- graduation from basic school, celebrations of reaching certain ages and different holidays, and events
linked with their peers (especially school events, such
as excursions) - are explored. The specific focus of the
analysis is the risks related to alcohol (over)consumption (e.g. behaviors damaging the subjects’ health and
self-esteem), reflected in the youngsters’ “normalizing”
conversations. The analysis focuses on the question of
how pro-alcohol practices are connected with nonconsumption practices. How do peer pressure and
the norms of the subculture influence adolescents’
decisions to consume alcohol? Are those who refuse
alcohol excluded from rituals? Are they considered abnormal? How do those refusing alcohol normalize
their choice?
The paper discusses the possibilities of resisting the
normalization of alcohol in the youth culture, both on
the individual and the collective/institutional levels,
and ways of (re)normalizing refusal and non-consumption practices.
HAIKKOLA, Loa. Alcohol use by Russian, Somali and
feature of their socialization – no family environment
and lack of parental role in their socialization. Teachers
and social workers are the major adults with whom the
socialization takes place.
In residential care boarding schools on one hand,
adolescents have higher autonomy on their use of leisure time than mainstream youth; on the other hand,
due to financial restrictions, they have much more
restricted consumption opportunities, including drug
and alcohol use.
The study is based on three data sources: survey
data (adolescents aged 13-16), expert interviews and
interviews with adolescents residing in various types
of long term residential institutions.
First part of paper is related to the characteristics
of the specific group of youth residing in the institutions and the main aspects of their socialization.
The second part describes the data and examines
relation between institutional setting and alcohol consumption of the adolescents of the residential and institutional care.
The third part discusses the necessary policy interventions for the specific groups of adolescents.
Kurdish youth in Finland – preliminary results
Alcohol use is an integral part of youth cultures and
growing up in almost all Western European countries. This is so also in Finland, where alcohol consumption is common across all youth groups. On the other
hand, at the same time youth population is changing
rapidly due to increasing immigration. A large part
of this immigration comes from countries with different patterns of youth alcohol consumption. This is
likely to both create cleavages in youth cultures and
alter both native and immigrant-origin youth’s alcohol
consumption patterns. This paper presents preliminary
results from a survey on alcohol consumption (alcohol use and heavy drinking) of Russian, Somali and
Kurdish young people (N=380) in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. It examines this in relation to gender,
immigrant generation and ethnic composition of close
friends. The paper aims at starting a discussion of alcohol consumption in immigrant origin groups.
TRAPENCIERE, Ilze. Adolescents from residenal
care, social correcon instuons and boarding-schools in Latvia – socialisaon aspects and paerns of
alcohol and drug use
The objective of the paper is to develop the analytical basis on prevalence of alcohol and drug use among
adolescents from residential and institutional care.
The paper is based on a study on alcohol and drug
use among adolescents (13-16) residing in three types
of institutional settings. Although the institutions vary
according to type of institution (orphanage and crises
centre are for youth without parents or parental care),
boarding schools – for youth who might have parents
or without them), youth in correctional institutions
have committed an offence, might have parents or no.
All those institutions are characterized by a common
HENRIKSEN, Øystein. Communicaon between parents and youth in alcohol prevenon programs in school
In recent years cooperation with parents has become an increasingly common part of prevention strategies towards children and youth. This includes universal alcohol prevention strategies in school. Such programs include meetings where only parents participate,
but also meeting between parents and youth. In this
paper I will analyze group discussions between parents
and young people and discuss what characterizes the
pattern of this communication.
The data materials in this study consist of audio
recordings of conversations at parents’ meetings on
four Norwegian schools under the auspices of a national prevention programs which is directed towards
young people in 8th grade (13-14 years) and their parents. The key issue in the group discussions is norms
for young people’s use of alcohol and strategies to delay and limit the use of alcohol and other drugs. The
purpose for the parent’s participation is to develop a
stronger community between parents, strengthen parental authority to set limits towards the young and
increase skills to communicate about alcohol problems. The central values of the meeting are everyone’s
active participation, involvement and equal dialogue.
The study is inspired by discourse analysis, and
I find that the communication between parents and
youth within such programs are formed in combinations and contrast between different discourses. On
the one hand a prevention discourse where mediation,
governing and influence characterizes the parents position. And on the other hand a participant democratic
discourse characterized by active participation, involvement and dialogue between generations.
XV Stream: Methods in youth studies
15.1. Methods and methodology in youth
research
HANSSEN, Jorid Krane. The autobiography as an actor in the meeng between author and researcher
The vast quantities of autobiographies existing give
the impression that many people enjoy to write about
their own lives. We know the autobiography from literature studies, but only to a small extend as an applied
methodological approach in social sciences. Autobiographies can be interpreted as a kind of conversation
the author has with himself, and they differ in form as
well in content. They are written in the present tense,
but their focus is on the past.
In studying adolescents/young adults growing up
in lesbian and gay families, one of my methodological
approaches was to ask the participants whether they
preferred to be interviewed or to write their autobiography. The ones who wanted to write were told to
concentrate their writing on three main topics; a) my
family now and then, b) stigmatization /problems, and
c) how is my life/who am I? This guidance some of
them chose to follow, while others did not. Therefore,
their autobiographies were very personal and different
both in terms of design and content.
As a researcher you are absent when the author
writes the autobiography, but present when it comes
to reading, interpreting and analyzing. It is in the
meeting between proximity and distance, between the
researcher’s research focus and the author’s autonomy,
the autobiography emerges as an actor and thus exposes an exciting methodological approach in studying
adolescents/young adults.
LAINE, Soa. Team ethnography on youth polical engagement in the World Social Forum Tunis 2013
A research team of 4-7 ethnographers will conduct
collective ethnographic study on conditions of youth
political engagement in the World Social Forum that
takes place in Tunis from 26th to 30th of March 2013.
In the previous World Social Forums (e.g Kenya,
Brazil, Senegal, India) the young participants have
used multiple forms of creativity to express their opinion (e.g. arts, protests, forming novel spaces inside
and outside the venue site). What is more, this space
has different kind of economic opportunities for the
youth as well. Similar to earlier forums, tens of thousands of participants are expected to engage in the forum, coming mainly from Tunisia and surrounding
Arab countries but also from the Sub-Saharan Africa
and even other continents.
The researchers have individual field interests (activist groups, water sellers, politics of space, lack of
politics, donor politics, interaction with police etc.).
Also, various ethnographic methods will be explored
(mapping, shooting video and photographs, kinaesthetic analysing tools, etc.) to reflect different aspects
(forms, contents, experiences) of what ‘politics’ may
mean in the WSF Tunis venue site and its surroundings – including potential de-politicization, professionalization, consumerism and struggles for mundane
livelihood. For us ‘youth’ is perceived as a fluid social
category that reflects social, economic and political
predicaments and processes.
What makes this team ethnography is our collective planning of the fieldwork, collective reflective moments during the fieldwork, sharing of individual data
with each other, analysing the data jointly and finally
writing this paper together.
STRÖMPL, Judit. Construcon of internet danger in
context of teenagers’ focus group interview
The aim of this paper is to analyze narratives that
young people (14-16) active Internet users produce
talking with each other in context of focus group interview. The data consist from four focus group interviews carried out in 2011 and form the Estonian
data of an international research project called ROBERT. The data include both stories about personal
experiences and events narratives about danger that
young people can meet in Internet. Both the process
of co-construction of narratives and the content of
meanings produced by young people as ‘the internet
dangers’ are in the focus of analysis. A typical way
how teenagers start to discuss on the topics of Internet’ danger is rejecting of any danger at all. Soon after
that first statement they, however, took many examples
from their own and even more from their friends’ or
acquaintances’ cases who had bad experiences communicating due Internet. These examples in fact rebut the
first statement. As the membership of groups was different (girls and boys participated in separate groups
and young people who live at home and those who
stay in out-of-home care institutions were interviewed
separately), one can compare the differences in narrative construction process of these different groups of
young people. There are differences between the ways
how girls and boys talk about possible online dangers
and also young people living in institution talk differently about both the role of Internet in their life and
its dangers.
BRUSELIUS-JENSEN, Maria. Young people researching their meengs with health related messages in
everyday virtual spaces – discussing the value of a parcipave research
This paper presents the first conclusions on a research and development project piloting approaches
on how young people deal with health related messa-
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ges in the everyday virtual spaces. The research will be
conducted in two 7th grade classes in Danish public
schools during March and April 2013. During a three
day period the pupils document all messages related to
food intake and physical activity that they meet on TV,
mobile phones and the internet. The results are categorised and discussed in class. Finally they young people
develop their own campaign based on their knowledge
of what works on them. The aim of the research is twofold; firstly to develop approaches to support young
people’s abilities to reflect on how they are addressed
with health issues in their everyday visual spaces, and
how that affects their health identity and practices.
Secondly the aim is to develop scientific insight into
young people’s tactics to deal the excessive and often
contradictory messages on health and the good life
represented in virtual spaces.
Through a presentation of the first findings from
the pilot study this paper will discuss the methodological issues of combining research and participative
learning processes in the same approach. There will
be a specific focus on; what kind of knowledge about
young people’s everyday life practices and perspectives is produced when young people generate the data?
What kinds of insights are built by the young people
through the participation and is it empowering? And
finally, what are the ethical implications of combining
school based learning and research?
KYNTÖLÄ, Laura. Immigraon and social engagement
in Finland – methodological and ethical challenges
faced
In my dissertation I construct the concept of social
engagement as an alternative way to study immigrant
youth in Finland. Social engagement, as I define it,
is not a synonym for integration, but it encompasses
various actors and actions that influence individual’s
process of engaging with the different groups and
structures of his social environment. Focus is on the
social networks the youth form with groups outside the majority culture. In my presentation I will be
discussing the methodological and ethical challenges
faced in my study.
Studying and developing a vast concept like social
engagement poses methodological challenges. How to
capture the myriad of networks and social connections
people engage in? Before entering the field one has to
have a deep knowledge of the theoretical concept at
hand, but at the same time a certain grounded theory
approach also has its advantages in developing a wholly new theoretical approach. How to find a balanced
combination between the theoretical and empirical
approaches? There are also linguistic and cultural challenges to be met.
In addition, studying young immigrants presents
its own ethical challenges. How to study a group of
individuals without compressing them all to a one
faceless mass of homogeneous ‘immigrants’? How to
define ‘an immigrant’? Or how to make sure that one
does not overemphasise the ‘immigrant’ status of individuals?
In my presentation I will discuss meeting these
challenges and hope to raise further discussion on these themes.
YIP, Andrew Kam-Tuck. Researching young adults’ sexuality and religiosity: some reecons from a mixedmethod project
This paper presents some methodological reflections drawn from a recently-completed mixed-method project entitled ‘Religion, Youth and Sexuality:
A Multi-faith Exploration’ (www.nottingham.ac.uk/
sociology/rys). The research involves 693 young adults
(aged between 18 and 25) of diverse sexual identifications and from diverse religious backgrounds. Taking
its cue from Onwuegbuzie and Leech’s argument that,
‘meaning is not a function of the type of data collected (i.e. quantitative vs. qualitative). Rather, meaning
results from the interpretation of data, whether represented by numbers or by words’ (2005: 379), this paper begins with a discussion of the rationale for the
mixed-method research design. The design consists of
three stages: (1) an online questionnaire (which collected primarily quantitative, but also qualitative data).
In totally, 693 respondents took part in this; (2) individual face-to-face interviews (61 in total); (3) video
diaries, recorded over a period of approximately seven
days (24 in total). The paper also discusses the diverse
sampling strategies employed (e.g. publicity postcards/
posters/e-mails to a wide range of groups such as those working with religious young people, university
religious and cultural student groups, cultural associations, and support groups for sexual minorities; snowball sampling, personal networks, advertisements in
printed and online media, a project website, as well as
a Facebook page), as well as our management of the
different challenges in the sampling process. In sum,
the paper will enrich current understandings of studying young adults’ diverse meanings and lived experiences quantitatively and qualitatively, recognising the
strengths and limitations of different data collection
methods and sampling strategies.
LANDABIDEA URRESTI, Xabier. An accessible leisure
oer as a decisive factor for the quality of life
This paper is part of an investigation that analyzes
disabled young people’s leisure in the Basque Country.
The study has an integral nature, constructed on a humanistic perspective of leisure and on the defense of
the right to leisure for all citizens.
The project is based on the analysis of the reality of
three concepts: leisure, youth and disability. The main
purpose of the investigation is to improve the wellbeing and quality of life of disabled youth, through the
development of a type of leisure with the following
characteristics: being an integral experience for the
person, a basic human right; a field of quality intervention, inclusive, participatory, relational and sustainable
and, a factor for social human, economic, cultural and
environmental development.
61
The study aims to propose a global strategic of
intervention, for which it is necessary to take into
account all the aspects of the reality in which we want
to intervene: ranging from the regulatory frame to the
demands of the users and the leisure supply. This paper
is presented based in the better known reality of the
leisure of young people with disabilities in the Basque
Country: in the analysis and diagnosis of the leisure
offer directed to this group, ranging from the private
and public (both profit and nonprofit) agents taking
part in leisure, as well as from the associations that
work in the field of disability. Without an appropriate
supply for this group, their quality of life could be worse compared to the rest of the population.
BOONEN, Joris. Do children know how their parents
vote and vice versa? The dierence between perceived
and actual vong intenons and the implicaons for
socialisaon research
In political socialization research, researchers often use quantitative household panel data to determine causal paths of influence between children and
their parents. Thanks to the availability of these rich
data sources (such as the British Household Panel
Survey or the German Socio-Economic Panel) they
can be routinely used for this kind of research. These
datasets are evaluated more favorably because all family members individually self-report their own preferences (Fitzgerald, 2011; Jennings & Niemi, 1981;
Kroh & Selb, 2009). Although these self-reported data
obviously create a more correct picture of the preferences of individual family members, we should bear
in mind that it is equally important to take perceived
preferences into account. Children should for instance
know the preferences of their parents before being able
to adjust their own party preferences to this information (Smith, 1982; Whitbeck & Gecas, 1988).
For a better understanding of the (sometimes limited) research findings in political socialization research, we therefore believe that it is essential to analyze
both self-reported data (actual measures) and perceived measures to present a clear picture of the socialization process. Using survey data from the first wave
of the Parent-Child Socialization Study (2012-2013),
conducted among 3,426 adolescents and both their parents in Belgium, we focus on the difference between
perceptions and actual measures of voting intentions
and investigate whether children know their parents’
voting intentions and vice versa. For every respondent
in the survey (both adolescents and parents) we thus
have information on the actual voting intention, and
an estimate of the voting intention of the other family members. Next to this, we examine how children perceive the correspondence between themselves
and their parents and more generally – how the use of
perceived and actual measures can influence research
results. With these analyses, we hope to contribute to
the broader empirical socialization literature by clearly
presenting the difference between perceived and actual
measures in survey research.
RANNIKKO, Anni. Researching alternave youth
sports – methodological consideraons
In our paper we discuss challenges concerning
research on alternative sports as youth culture. We
approach this issue by presenting our ongoing multidisciplinary research project concerning alternative sports and their meanings. The field of alternative sports is dynamic and constantly changing. Youth
cultures aim at breaking away from ‘freeze-frame definitions’ youth researchers attach to them. Therefore,
researchers’ attempts to capture these phenomena empirically, conceptually and methodologically are often
resigned to somewhat unsatisfying conclusions.
Alternative sports do not take straightforward
geographic locations: local groups practising alternative sports are often a part of the global universe
of youth cultural meanings. These two together form
the world where the meanings of activities are produced and exchanged. This is also the sphere where
researchers are negotiating with their field of research. The manifold location of alternative sports raises
challenges which we are trying to resolve by applying
interdisciplinary approach and by combining different methods. In order to conceptualise and form a
diverse understanding on alternative sport we find it
necessary to combine human geography (spatiality,
use and meanings of cityscape), public policy (cultural, social and regional equality of participation), youth
research (alternative sports as youth culture), gender
studies (gendered aspects of sports) and sociology of
education (significance of peer sociality and free time
activities of the youth). In addition to interdisciplinary
approach, we combine both quantitative and qualitative research methods. We are consciously aiming at a
situation where people practising alternative sports are
voluntarily and actively in interaction with researchers
during the whole project.
NOWAK, Raphaël. Analysing the relaonship between youth and music through the sound environment
In this paper, we discuss a new way of theorizing
the relationship between young people and and music.
Indeed, while the concepts of ‘subculture’, ‘neo-tribe’
or ‘scene’ account for the relationship that a group of
individuals maintain with a particular music genre,
there exists no theory that depicts the relationship
between individuals and the entirety of music they listen to in their everyday life. Thus, this paper looks at
‘mundane’ music practices - in contrast to ‘spectacular’
forms of subcultures.
In the age of ubiquitous music, young people hear
or listen to music in various configurations, whether they choose to do so (for example, by mobilizing
a particular music technology and content), or not
(for example, hearing music in a department store, a
friend’s place, in an elevator). Drawing on the concept
of the ‘sound environment’, this paper aims to establish a link between young people and the various mu-
62
sic they listen to. However, the emphasis is not placed
on the idea of belonging, but rather on the notion of
space and questions of mobility. This ‘spatial turn’ in
music studies suggests a ‘looser’ connection between
young people and particular music styles, and therefore a greater fragmentation of music listening practices
in everyday life. In this paper, we seek to understand
the meaning of music through youth’s experiences of
various everyday sound environments.
FOLLESØ, Reidun. Youth@risk – magic moments
Young people on the brink of society face several
challenges in their transitions to adulthood. Some
needs a lot of follow-ups, as well as adapted interventions and measures. These helping efforts are mainly
planned and carried out by professionals and adults,
while the youth themselves seldom are invited inn
as participants neither in knowledge building nor in
planning of efforts.
My presentation explores possibilities and challenges in involving youth as active participant in research, based on a recently closed Norwegian project
conducted by the University of Nordland, carried out
in a partnership between the Directorate of Labour
and Welfare, Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs, The Directorate for Health Affairs and
the County Governor of Nordland (Norway).
I will concentrate on a road movie called ‘Magic
Moments’, made in cooperation between researchers
and youth at risk. The goal was to develop new and
better knowledge about central transitions for young
people in especially vulnerable life situations, and the
title refers to one of the boys portrayed in the documentary who claims that a magic moment is when you
meet someone and instantly know that this is someone you can trust. He states that it might be this very
moment that make the most important difference in a
young person’s life. Throughout the movie this young
boy invites us on a journey, searching for magic moments.
The film challenges several interventions and measures made towards youth at risk, as well as our traditional way of conducting research.
SHARPE, Darren. The online plaorm will engage
young people as ethical detecves in an interacve and
evolving Sherlock Holmes type narrave
The project is beyond the concept idea stage and
now entering the prototype phase.
The online platform will engage young people as ethical detectives in an interactive and evolving Sherlock
Holmes type narrative. It will be game infused only.
The target audience (or one per cent) will be young
people and adults aged 14-21yrs of mixed ability, who
are confident and motivated to go online, recruited
through schools as well as active childhood and youth researchers and academics. They will constitute the
virtual community who will populate the site with (a)
research protocols, (b) participants information sheets
and (c) vignettes which need ‘youth proofing’. The online platform will consist of (1) an animated short film
which describes what is meant by research ethics in a
fun and accessible way, (2) a research ethics training
game that takes the format of avatars that inhabit the
triangular island of children and young people’s life
world: home, school and leisure. Different vignettes
will be played out where ethical or moral decision making is required by the gamer in order to score points
and proceed successfully through the game, and lastly
(3) a set of online surveys to score and comment on
documents uploaded by researchers for review pitched
at levels one, two and three. Gamers are only able to
proceed up the different levels and collect more points
on the satisfactory completion of each staged survey.
le GRAND, Elias. Wring the ethnographic self in research on marginalised youths and masculinity
This paper addresses the reflexive turn in ethnographic research in the field of youth studies. In the
context of research with marginalised young men, the
paper discusses how an analysis of the ethnographer’s
emotions, identity-work as well as the roles in which
she is positioned during fieldwork, can inform our understanding of how class and masculinity are performed in the field. To this end, it draws on the author’s
experiences of long-term ethnographic fieldwork of
white working-class youths residing in a deprived area
located on the outskirts of South London, in which
he lived and also worked as a youth worker. The paper shows that codes of interpersonal behaviour, particularly apparent among young men in the area, were
tied to issues of respect, deference and the display of
a ‘tough’ front. The researcher analyses his experiences,
including his thoughts, emotions and behaviour, of
being a middle-class and male researcher in this space.
He also examines how he was perceived by the young
men in the area. In particular, the paper discusses
at length an incident involving the researcher and a
young man. The paper shows how the researcher’s behaviour was coded as effeminate and ‘posh’, and thus
failed to perform according to the codes of masculinity prevalent in the area. Yet it also shows how he
gradually appropriated such masculine codes during
fieldwork. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates the
importance of analysing the ethnographic self for understanding the role of class and masculinity during
fieldwork with young men.
15.3. Exploring visual sphere of youth
FARINA, Gaia. Young girls in mulcultural suburbs: visual gazes on social relaons and uses of public spaces
My paper will present a methodological reflection
on my research focused on young girls and boys (from
13 to 17 years old) with and without migrant background. Following a specific interest in daily life of
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young girls, the research focused, with a gender and generational perspective, on three issues: social relations
and use of urban spaces; practices and representations
of femininity and masculinity; aspirations, perspectives and ideas for the future of the girls. In addition
to use traditional ethnographic research methods (1
year of participant observation and 20 qualitative interviews), I employed visual methods and ‘virtual ethnography’. At first, I used participatory visual methods (walkabout, video-documentation techniques) to
attract young girls and give them the opportunity to
participate in give their subjective vision of their daily
lives. Then I focused on the way in which the relationships with (cultural, gender, economic) diversities
are experienced in daily life of young girls and boys,
for example in the construction of limits and boundaries, in the discourses about security and danger in
their neighbourhood. In this paper I will present some
results of my study and I will show 2 short videos produced during the research (one hop-hop video-clip,
shot with boys and a video-walkabout shot with girls).
I will also focus on my methodological and strategical
steps in order to adapt the methodology to the concrete context of analysis and I will reflect on what added
value can visual data give to delve deeper in understanding youth.
BADERMANN, Mandy, Mareike OEHRL & Hien
NGUYEN. The visual capital of youth – Bourdieu on
social network sites
Bourdieu’s theories on habitus, economic, social
and cultural capital remain highly relevant in the
digital era. Within social networking sites (SNS)
adolescents and young adults express who they are.
Especially photographs on SNS provide a perfect stage to demonstrate the amount of the three capital types a person possesses. Unlike textual self-reports they
hold great credibility, as they cannot be manipulated
easily. They implicitly or explicitly show the capital a
person possesses instead of just telling. Thus we focus
on the expression of economic, social and cultural capital within photographs uploaded by Facebook users
and the impressions those photographs trigger in significant others.
Our methodology involves a (A) preliminary study
and (B) a qualitative survey:
(A) In the preliminary study we identified authentic photographic material that expressed economic,
cultural and social capital. Selected pictures were rated due to their adequacy by an independent sample
of 80 undergraduate students. Six photographs which
fulfilled the requirements best were chosen to serve as
stimulus material in the master study.
(B) Fifteen guided interviews were rolled out within a student sample quoted by theoretical consideration. The impressions others frame from the visual
material were explored, as well as ratings of social attractiveness.
While photographs representing social capital lead
to immediate positive evaluation and approval, visuals
displaying economic capital are predominantly rejected by recipients. Photographs indicating cultural
capital receive mixed ratings; depending on the raters
own prerequisite condition. The presentation will close
in a back reference to habitus theory.
MATHISEN, Rune. Film and risk
Reflecting on their own life forms part of the
adolescents’ identity process. In this context their stories become important – in a world where identity
creation is increasingly left to the individual.
Telling parts of this story using a film can be considered in a process, expressional or personal perspective. Focusing on the personal means a lot – to consider self-representation, identity formation, etc. This is
another form of reflection than when the focus is on
technique, fps, lighting, etc.
This proposal looks at what research data such a
method gives us, and furthermore if it offers us increased understanding of youth at risk? What advantages
does the film method possess compared to other methods used in such social work?
It is challenging to use film as a method of social
work with vulnerable children and young people.
Whether film is suitable for this, involves several considerations. It is about already being at risk and then
risking even more by telling your story through a film.
How does the film method function when compared
to direct conversation? Such questions change the risk
picture for or against participation for these young
people, and must also be included as risk for the researcher collecting data. The risk of using film as a method is what I am especially interested in.
The data comes from several completed film projects in which young people have made films with very
limited help from adults.
XVI Stream: Youth unemployment
16.1. The agency of young unemployed
people in today’s societies + Youth unemployment and measures against it
KYLKILAHTI, Eliisa. Acng out, failing or breaking loose – young people confronng the work-life ideals in
autobiographical texts
In Finland there are high expectations that young
people are participating in labor market if not studying. While discussing young people’s willingness
to enter work-life it is often forgotten that finding a
job is not that easy and that recession hits hardest on
young people. The ethos of work has a strong influence
on the concept of “good life” in Finland. To be living
up to the norm, one should not only have a job but also
make a career by proceeding to better positions.
My data consists of 51 stories written by young
people under 25 year. In their autobiographical texts
they discuss being young in today’s Finland. In my
presentation I focus on the analysis of how they see
themselves corresponding to their own expectations
and societal norms of work-life.
I’ve constituted three ways to present oneself
in consideration with the cultural expectations and
norms. With acting out I mean the way how young
people are telling about their succeeding in their striving for a cultural goal, even if they might simultaneously tell how something else didn’t go as they wished. They might also contribute to the story of failing by telling how they are constantly trying to live
as expected, but they just don’t manage and they feel
ashamed. Whereas they can also tell the story of breaking loose. Then they set own goals despite of cultural
norms. This ‘voice’ is the most fragmented: goals set by
young people themselves have a broad variety.
SAAR, Maarja & Adrià ALCOVERRO. Young graduates negoang their role in Estonian labour market
Estonian labor market is one of the most flexible in
the world and has been praised for its capacity to adapt
to the changing conditions of present day capitalism.
Nevertheless, the current economic crisis has affected
young and educated labor force in Estonia, a segment
of labor market that was highly favored in the recent
past. In this paper we will focus on young graduates
to understand how they deal with the changing labor
market conditions and the prevalence of neoliberal
ideas. Several of them, whereas believing on neoliberal
ideology and trying to behave according to its ideals,
have encountered problems in labor market. Such a
situation brings up questions of agency, responsibility,
individuality and impact of structures that we will examine. Using the concepts of risk society and precariat
we attempt to understand how these questions are
solved and how youngsters negotiate their identity in
these changing conditions. We suggest that different
experiences in the labor market have led to the generational gap when it comes to understanding one’s
opportunities and limitations. Our material includes
seven in depth interviews with unemployed young
graduates and twelve focus group interviews and media sources.
HYGGEN, Christer. Paradoxes in translang knowledge into pracce. Lessons from research on youth
unemployment and high-school dropout in the Nordic
countries
A recent review of research on youth unemployment, marginalization and high-school dropout in the
Nordic countries reveals several paradoxes important
for the translation of knowledge into action in the
field. Studies from two different traditions, the quantitative effect study tradition and the qualitative tradition, reach opposite conclusions in regard to the effects
of measures directed at youth. In this paper we strive
to explain this paradox by presenting Nordic research
from the past 5 years and discuss the consequences
this insight should have for translating knowledge into
practice. The paradox identified is explained in terms
of differences in scope, methodological and analytical
tools employed within the two traditions. The paper
ends with suggestions for future research on measures directed at youth in marginalized positions in the
Nordic countries.
GUÐMUNDSSON, Gestur. Unemployed drop-outs.
Do they have any chance?
In 2008-9 Iceland went from a long period of full
employment to 10% unemployment, and since 2010
a tripartite cooperation of state and the organisations
of labour and employers launched an ambitious program against youth unemployment. This paper reports
from an ongoing research project that follows the development of the overall program and examines specific measures. This paper will draw from participation
observation and interviews in two measures that aim
at the activation of unemployed drop-outs aged 1822, and focus group interviews from one measure that
offers 20-30 years a second chance in upper secondary
education.
The preliminary results indicate clearly that the
success of activation measures depends primarily on
their relation to the labour market, whether the participants receive practical training which they experience as job qualification, and whether they can continue to practical training spots on the labour market.
The focus group interviews with earlier drop-outs who
65
return to upper secondary education after a spell of
unemployment reveal that they all have reconsidered
their own drop-out history in the light of later experience from the labour market and return to education
with aims that are strongly influenced by this experience.
These preliminary results point to the policy implication that the Nordic countries currently overemphasise the reduction or even abolition of drop-out in
upper secondary education. A considerable segment
of youth needs rather opportunities to experience real
jobs on the labour market and later a second change to
enter upper secondary education.
and unemployment during the period October 2005
to January 2006. In short-term perspective, negative
lock-in effects can be observed. However, the results
also show that program participation rather improves middle-term employment chances than vocational training prospects. Participation in ‘one-euro jobs’
moderately raises the rate of regular employment for
young mothers, while for young fathers adverse or
non-significant effects are dominating. Though, the
employment effects are lower when considering jobs
that facilitate households’ exits from welfare recipiency.
DIBOU, Tanja. The role of the EU tackling against youth unemployment
ACHATZ, Juliane. ‘One-euro job’ workfare scheme
for young adults: Do eects dier due to family background and why?
Labor market programs are often targeted at
unemployed youths to enhance their chances to find
employment or start vocational training. In Germany,
a major reform in 2005 emphasised the activation of
welfare recipients and introduced a new workfare scheme for needy jobseekers. The central aim of so called
‘one-euro job’ measure is to improve the employment
prospects of disadvantaged and very hart to place welfare recipients. ‘One-euro jobs’ are temporary, mainly
part-time placements mostly in the public or non-profit sector. Participants earn an extra income of one or
two Euros per hour in addition to their welfare benefit.
Evidence on the impact of this workfare scheme is still
scarce, in particular for young unemployed who live
with a partner or children and therefore have to arrange care requirements with programme participation as
well as employment entry.
We investigate employment outcomes of program
participation of young adults with different family
backgrounds by applying methods of propensity score
matching. The sample comprises young people aged
from 18 up to 30 years, who entered welfare recipiency
The study subject of the paper is measures of
the European Union against youth unemployment.
Nowadays youth is one of most vulnerable group in
our society. Due the crisis, on average in the EU, more
than 20% of young people are unemployed. However
each the EU member has own measures and strategies
to tackle with unemployment, the role of the European Union should not be diminished in the formation of the recommendations and actions for national
policies in field of youth unemployment. The ,,youth
employability” was promoted in the main EU level documents as the White Paper on Youth (2011),
the European Youth Pact (2005), and Youth Strategy
2010-2018 (2009), that were launched in the youth
field. The recent measure of the EU the Youth Employment Package is adopted on 5 December 2012.
The idea of the discussion is toscreen the history of
EU actions preventing youth against unemployment
and to study the impact of the EU actions for tackling
with youth unemployment, trying to answer the question how these European instruments in youth field
help to solve the problem, what are the main challengers to implement EU recommendations and actions
against youth unemployment at national level?
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