1. The Energy Superpower Vision Marshall Kern and our team of authors
Abstract The call for Canada to become and energy superpower is growing and the benefits compelling. However the pathway forward is unclear and no strategy has been defined that will define the trajectory, set goals and measure progress. At times in the past, visions have been established for Canada and mega projects defined that have shaped the future course of the country. Many of these were in the energy sector and were put in place with weak economic drivers. However once in place, they created new opportunities and changed the economics for all future investments in the relevant areas. Canada has a unique opportunity to be a world leader in energy, which exists in no other economic sector. Our leadership position in other sectors such as forest products, mining and minerals processing, automotives, and aeronautics and space have waxed and waned. We have missed past opportunities in these sectors and must not do the same with the vast energy endowment that nature has provided to us. In this chapter, we review the strength of the consensus for moving forward with the energy superpower vision, identify eight crucial issues that need to be addressed and call for a renewed commitment by both the public and private sector. 1 Canada – An Energy Superpower? Prime Minister Steven Harper introduced the vision of Canada as an emerging energy superpower at the
2006 G8 Summit in St. Petersburg Russia. He was clearly referring to a future state. He compared the
challenge of the oil sands to building the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. These were apt
analogies- new massive infrastructure would be needed to make Canada an energy superpower, as we will
attempt to demonstrate in this book.
The term energy superpower has several potential definitions that might be used relating to
different contexts.[1] In recent years, however, it has come to be used to refer to a nation that
supplies large amounts of energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, etc.) to a significant
number of other states, and which therefore has the potential to influence world markets to gain a
political or economic advantage. This might be exercised, for example, by significantly
influencing the price on global markets, or by withholding supplies.[2][3]
However, this definition does not represent how Canada sees itself in international affairs, as has
been pointed out by Annette Hester (citation needed) Canada is often identified by the three c’s
of consultation, compromise and consensus. Canada will need to establish its own role and
practices if it decides to become, and win, as an energy superpower. The Canadian Academy of
Engineering, in its work over the past five years investigating Canada’s energy pathways, has
sensed that a sustainable, environmentally sound energy superpower would be definition that
would have broad consensus across the country.
We propose some measurable definitions in Chapter 15 that could be used to track Canada’s
progress toward that definition.
Our Energy Assets Canada holds perhaps one of the more ambiguous statuses in international relations when it
comes to its status as an energy power. Supporters of it being included with Saudi Arabia and
Russia will point out that Canada has the world's highest production of uranium, producing over
a quarter of the world's uranium in 2006.[25] Canada also ranks number one in the world
regarding energy produced via hydroelectricity, and exports large amounts of electricity to the
U.S. from hydroelectric production.[26] Some Canadian institutions have taken to even calling the
country an energy superpower, but these claims are almost all predicated on its oil production
rates.[27] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper has continued to call the country an energy
superpower in Summer 2006.[28][29][30] Currently, Canada ranks 3rd in the world in terms of the
production of natural gas (behind Russia and the U.S.), and also listed seventh in regards to
global oil production.[26] This was declared by its Prime Minister Stephen Harper in a speech to
the Canada-UK. Chamber of Commerce, and later in the speech to the Economic Club of New
York.[29][30] The Prime Minister has also criticized Russia's alleged use of energy as a direct tool
to increase the national government's power as "self-serving", stating that Canada believes "in
the free exchange of energy products based on competitive market principles, not self-serving
monopolistic political strategies".[29] Canada has however threatened during Prime Minister Paul
Martin's government to use oil shipments as a tool to help Canada negotiate a better softwood
lumber trade deal with the United States. It is the world's fifth largest energy producer overall,
2 ranking first in hydroelectric power production, third in natural gas production, and seventh in oil
production.[31]
However, there are a number of critics of this view, who feel that Canada has not really
established itself as an actual energy superpower. Critics, like Shawn McCarthy of the Torontobased newspaper The Globe & Mail feel that in comparison to already existing energy
superpowers like Russia, Canada is more like a "energy superstore" compared to Russia, which
he says is the "real deal".[32] Still others feel that Canada has not yet achieved the status, but
rather is emerging as its production rates in oil grow, like the Oxford Analytica independent
scholarly consulting firm.[33] However, even proponents like Oxford Analytica acknowledged the
incredible amount of investment that would be necessary to bring this about, and that Canada's
growing energy production could precipitate a confrontation between the US and China over
access to Canada's energy assets. Canada's potential status as an energy superpower is discussed
in further detail below.
Still others like Dr. Raymont of EnergyINet Inc. are concerned that environmental principles will
be sacrificed in the pursuit of Canada being an energy superpower, and wish it to set a standard
as the world's only "clean" or "responsible" energy superpower.[33]
We examine Canada’s energy assets in more detail in Chapter 2 of this book. The parade has started! The inexorable march to the future is underway. Which energy future will we, and our children, and our grandchildren have? The parade towards Canada’s future as a sustainable energy superpower has started. We need only look at the statements by business and academic leaders since at least the beginning of the millennium – seeking collaboration and cooperation for new energy sources, better transmission of energy, and calls for recognizing the value our resources. Consider as well the white‐papers and proposals, and debates, and demonstrations, all calling for changes in the greenhouse‐gas intensity of Canadian society and real reductions in greenhouse‐gas emissions. There is movement towards a lower‐carbon future, there is movement towards energy conservation. There is movement towards more diverse sources of renewable and non‐renewable energy. There is movement towards collaboration between many levels of government ‐‐ municipal, provincial, and federal ‐‐ because no single level of government has complete jurisdiction over current and future energy states. The decisions we make today set and reinforce the trajectory to the future. Yes, some small decisions can be made easily, and can be changed if needed. But the choice to build a hydroelectric dam, or a natural‐gas power plant, or new nuclear capacity, commits Canada to that asset for many decades to come. Likewise, policy decisions by companies regarding their investment dollars, and policy decisions by governments regarding their priorities, will be with us for years to come; and we will have to live with those decisions. 3 The parade has started with many movements towards what can properly be called sustainable energy future for Canada. But where is the parade going? How can we define Canada as a sustainable energy superpower? Canada requires a Canadian Energy Strategy to show direction for the parade. Canadians deserve a clear vision of what Canada will be when we become a sustainable energy superpower. At a meeting of the Energy Ministers in July 2011, at least the outline and process to get to a Canadian Energy Strategy was announced. This step brought the politicians from the sidelines into the parade. The politicians recognized that the parade participants are diverse, and the parade route is complex. And there may not be clear agreement yet on the definition of Canada as an Energy Superpower. The first steps are behind us. Even if we don’t hold a clear vision of the future, we know that there is something that can inspire us and guide us. One aspect of our future state as a sustainable energy superpower is quite clear. Canada has many opportunities to achieve an optimal mix of sources of energy. Indeed, others have described Canada’s sources of energy in glorious sweeping language. “Within Canada, there is a large, unique and diverse energy endowment. Canada ranks second in
global production of hydro electricity. Canada is also the second largest global producer and
exporter of uranium. These are both clean energy sources that are essential to economic
development and efforts to address climate change. It has the world’s third largest oil reserves. It
is the only OECD country with growing oil production and is the world’s third largest exporter of
natural gas. Canada’s nuclear generating stations operate with strong regulatory oversight
nationally and adhere to the highest safety standards internationally. We are also leaders in clean
electricity with 75 percent of our power generation coming from non-emitting sources, contributing
to both economic and climate change objectives. Notably, the country is well positioned to
generate energy from other renewable sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, marine, and
biomass. As well, Canada’s northern regions are relatively untapped, extremely energy-rich
areas, with higher costs of living and where having affordable energy is a challenge.
Development of these energy resources will ensure a vibrant northern economy and sustainable
communities. These endowments provide an unparalleled economic advantage to secure our
place as a global energy leader.”
Canada As A Global Energy Leader: Toward Greater Pan-Canadian Collaboration. Ministers of Energy, June 2011
Canada is blessed with large quantities of diverse sources of energy, including hydro, wind, solar,
oceans (tidal and wave), biomass, uranium, oil, natural gas, coal, oil sands-bitumen, and coal bed
methane. Canada is an “energy superpower” on the world stage. We generate more hydroelectric power and produce more uranium than any other country on earth and rank second in
natural gas exports. Canada has some of the largest and safest nuclear generating stations in the
world and several important nuclear research facilities. With proven oil reserves second only to
Saudi Arabia, Canada is the 8th largest oil producer - and growing.
A Shared Vision For Energy In Canada; The Council of The Federation, 2007 Canada is blessed with a wealth of natural resources, which have and will continue to power a
great deal of Canada’s future prosperity. We have the second largest reserves of oil in the world,
are number two in global uranium output, represent the number three natural gas producer in the
world and are sitting on coal reserves sufficient for 100 years at current production rates. As well,
various parts of the country offer significant potential in new sources of hydroelectricity as well as
biofuels, wind and tidal power.
4 Clean Growth 2.0, How Canada Can Be A Leader In Energy and Environmental Innovation; Canadian Council of Chief Executives, November 2010 What is missing from these declarations is the reality that most growth of new sources of energy is from small installations of a local or regional scale. There are subsidy programs to encourage putting solar panels on roofs of buildings in Ontario. There are approvals for small hydro‐electric generation sites in British Colombia. There are demonstration sites for tidal power in the Atlantic Provinces. And there are agreements with foreign manufacturers to build wind turbines in Ontario. “Canada realized $5.6 billion invested in its clean energy sector in 2010, a 61 percent annual
increase and ranking 7th place among G-20 members. Fifty-two percent of 2010 clean energy
investment was directed to the wind sector, with solar attracting 24 percent. Canada has 7.6 GW
of renewable energy, placing it in the 12th spot among G-20 members. Canada is 4th in the world
for dollars of GDP invested in clean energy. Wind and small-hydro are the leading clean energy
sectors and benefit from strong support from provincial governments, which play a much more
significant role in energy policymaking than the national government.”
Who’s Winning The Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition
The Big Issues Need for Mega Projects. We cannot point to significant investment in Canada’s energy infrastructure for new mega‐projects in hydro‐electric, nuclear, nor even innovative clean‐coal commercial plants, Ironically for the energy sector in Canada, inertia has set in. The definition of a sustainable energy superpower is one where there is an optimal mix of distributed and centralized energy sources. A sustainable energy superpower has distinctive renewable and non‐renewable energy generation assets. Yet the current and planned mix of energy sources will be sub‐optimal because the decisions for new or renewed generating capacity are typically being made for short‐term considerations and not guided by a Canadian Energy Strategy. Monitoring the parade by tracking the decisions for new and renewed generating capacity and showing how each decision takes Canada a step towards being a sustainable energy superpower is an important task. Government, industry, academia, and NGOs, must be involved in monitoring and tracking each decision. It isn’t enough to track total generating capacity. We need the details to show the type of generating capacity and how new capacity fits for the long‐term with Canada becoming an energy superpower. Canada has been built in the past around large projects that have served to interconnect the country and we have examined twelve of these in Chapter 6 to illustrate how new visions were created the public and private sector consensus to turn these into reality. The Environment. We must also show how the use of our energy assets protect air/water and air quality. Our ability to do this will be visible to all, and can be readily shared with other nations. 5 GCanada’s current and short‐term future emissions are significantly based on the current stock of emitters. Some reductions are achievable through changing consumer behaviour. This was demonstrated through the 2008‐09 financial meltdown and subsequent impact on manufacturing activity. But to achieve a structural and permanent change in GHG emission we need to shift our energy sources to lower‐emitting technologies, in additional to applying demand‐side changes in behaviour. A combination of clear and consistent incentives and penalties are needed to connect, integrate, and re‐
capitalize Canada’s energy sources and demands. There is an inherent complexity when connecting and integrating our energy sources and demands. Neither scale nor complexity need intimidate and prevent us from seeing the grand scope of connecting Canada. It has been done already with the railway, with pipelines, with microwave and satellite communications. In our sustainable energy superpower future we will truly be thinking globally and acting locally. We will connect the dots between generating capacity sites and demand to lower GHG emissions in each region. And we will meet all current and future international expectations. The Alberta Oil Sands have become the international focal point on the air/water/land issues. We examine the magnitude of the challenge and the progress that has made in Chapter 8. Electricity. We know that energy sources in Canada are scattered from sea to sea to sea. And our cities are concentrated along the southern part of the dominion. How do we get energy from where it is generated to where there is demand? That is a weakness in Canada. Overcoming this weakness will show that Canada is a sustainable energy superpower. There are a number of North‐South energy transmission lines and corridors. But few pan‐Canadian or East‐West energy transmission corridors. Energy distribution in Canada is mostly a responsibility of provincial utilities, not private investment nor federal direction. The vast distances from major energy sources to major demand centres also poses technical issues. There are certain laws of nature that must be respected that deal with the energy lost while pushing electricity through the wires. So it is best to match energy transmission with energy demand. This can be achieved through improved communication and control, which is a key component of a national smart grid. Thus, our sustainable energy superpower future will be described by the connections we make between energy sources, and from those energy sources to the points of demand. We will manage our energy assets as a system for the long‐term. An additional aspect of this future will be how well we are able to export our technology to build sustainable energy futures around the world. The route forward to build a national electrical SMARTgrid that can ultimately be tied into a continental grid is examined in Chapter 11. In our sustainable energy superpower future we will truly be thinking globally and acting locally. We will connect the dots between generating capacity sites and demand to lower GHG emissions in each region. And we will meet all current and future international expectations. Prosperity. Canada has enjoyed considerable GDP growth in the past century. We should see this growth become more resilient to external economic shocks as we move from disjointed and disconnected sources of energy to a new normal of greater consistency of supply of energy. In our sustainable energy superpower future we will see our resources extracted in a responsible way to feed value‐adding processes. Our resources will provide us with energy and the full range of other high‐value products that make Canada one of the best places in the world to live. We must show technological and 6 manufacturing excellence to take our primary and raw energy products and upgrade them to a full array of value‐added products for national and international markets. This is simple and fundamental economic theory, our Canadian reality, and a key aspect of our sustainable energy superpower future. Two global energy objectives for 2050 are seemingly in conflict and creating a lot of ‘heat’. In September 2010 the World Energy Congress in Montreal presented two contrasting energy scenarios as the pathway to 2050. In the first, the singular focus was on dramatically lower carbon dioxide emissions, primarily using renewable energy sources. In the second scenario, the goal was a more prosperous world, including for the billion and a half people who currently have no access to electricity. Are these mutually exclusive scenarios? What would the world look like if we achieve only one? Meeting both the environmental and prosperity scenarios at the same time is a greater technological challenge than mankind has ever faced. We examine this dilemma in Chapter 3. Waste not, want not. This old maxim is not only valid for energy consumption, it is measurable and demonstrable. For Canada to be a sustainable energy superpower we must achieve energy efficiency at all points, and proper conservation of our finite resources. There is a general understanding that consumers should conserve energy. A promotional slogan from several years ago encouraged us to think about “nega‐watts”. As is typically the case, first‐adopters of conservation practices are already seeing benefits. Indeed, some utilities and some companies built a business of reducing the total demand of a facility, and using the savings to fund both the cost of the effort and their profit. Energy efficiency at all points from generation to use will describe how Canada is a sustainable energy superpower. This requires more than a change of behaviour by consumers. There will be measurable and demonstrable structural changes too. It is also true that Canadians sometimes think we are as big as our country, not as small as our population. We do have finite resources. We must respect that and recognize their value. A sustainable energy superpower will make sure that there are resources for the future. We must be mature in the conservation of our energy assets to be recognized as a global leader. Energy Security. At the St. Petersburg meeting of the G7 leaders the topic of energy security was limited to non‐proliferation of nuclear weapons capability. That was germane due to the tensions between India and Pakistan and the concern that nuclear weapons were built using technology from nuclear power plants. For Canada to be a sustainable energy superpower, with both the supply of uranium as a raw material, and CANDU reactor technology to deliver electricity, we must demonstrate vigilance that when nuclear power is used, it is used for peace. Energy security has also come to mean the integration of electrical grids for consistency, resilience to unplanned outages, and having robust capacity to receive and deliver to meet demand. The technical community has come together to achieve significant agreement on standardizing the equipment, and the control systems, for our existing grids. This must continue as we bring on‐line the optimal mix of distributed and centralized, renewable and non‐renewable sources of energy generating capacity. And there must be continuing agreement on how to achieve energy efficiency at all points in the system. 7 These are the technical opportunities that can be defined, and measured, and delivered as Canada becomes a sustainable energy superpower. More recently, energy security is being described as a basic human right. Energy security is being compared to the right to clean water, clean air, and food. As the world’s population increases, securely delivering enough energy to all is being presented as a great global opportunity. As Canada becomes a sustainable energy superpower, our experience with a mix of energy sources, a national smart grid, and resource conservation, will enable us to engage with other nations as they look to our example for the use of appropriate technology. Canada should develop the capabilities and capacity to serve our own market, and as a sustainable energy superpower contribute to the elimination of energy poverty. We will meet our international obligations and responsibilities. Challenges to get there. In the years leading up to the Copenhagen meeting regarding the Kyoto Convention, there were repeated calls for Canada to set GHG emission‐reduction targets. Various governments and NGOs issued goals, set against baseline dates in the past. There were calls for metrics on everything from energy‐intensity, absolute reduction of emissions, and even the carbon footprints of families. All that was really proven by this was how easy it is to be distracted from the future by defining and re‐defining and arguing about the criteria. A challenge in becoming a sustainable energy superpower is avoiding the distractions of redefining the criteria. We must agree on the trajectory. We must agree that we want Canada to keep becoming a sustainable energy superpower. Canada has weathered the global financial downturn of 2008‐09, and appears to be positioned to deliver relatively more GDP growth than other G8 and G20 countries in 2011 as the global slowdown and various debt crises hit our neighbours. But finances are a challenge as the reality of infrastructure spending needed to become a sustainable energy superpower is made clear. We must agree where the money will come from to build the sources of energy, and the national smart grid. Canadians are often identified by the 3 ‘c’s of consultation, compromise, and consensus. We are polite enough to try to bring all interested parties together. But inertia can set in as the multiple interests involved in energy supply, distribution, and demand, put their own interests ahead of the common goal of becoming a sustainable energy superpower. The challenge to becoming a sustainable energy superpower will probably be championed by someone with other ‘c’s –charisma and conviction. As we look at connecting Canada so energy can be moved from sea to sea to sea, we can see there are also some laws of politics to contend with. Conflicting and competing jurisdictions are a reality in Canada. There should be inexpensive legal and political remedies found as politicians and bureaucrats join the parade to a sustainable energy superpower future. Continuing the discussions at all levels, and being aware of the urgent calls for not only a Canadian Sustainable Energy Strategy, but immediate action too, should provide the impetus for decisions that take Canada towards being a sustainable energy superpower. The technical and environmental issues of how to distribute our energy wealth, what corridors to follow, and how to respectfully conserve our natural resources, may be controversial. There is a cost to engage in controversy. But doing nothing is even more costly. 8 Path Forward: Thus far this chapter has set out a definition of Canada as a sustainable energy superpower by giving descriptions of our future state in 8 aspects: a vision of the future, our energy sources, distributing our energy, reducing GHG, delivering prosperity, achieving energy efficiency at all points, conserving and respecting our natural resources, and understanding energy security. Keeping these aspects in mind will avoid distractions and delays of debate over criteria and goals. The aspects of our future in this chapter reflect changes that must be made in our values, our infrastructure, and our behaviour. Our future state depends on the combination of social discourse, technology, and economics. Our path forward to become a sustainable energy superpower depends on actions by individual Canadians, and actions by our governments and businesses. We must keep our focus on that sustainable future. Rather than track how far we have come from baselines set in the past, we must evaluate our progress and commitment to achieving the future state. All the while we should enjoy the journey, enjoy the parade, with all the other participants. Just as there are benefits to early adopters of technology, there will be benefits to those who are at the front of the parade to being a sustainable energy superpower. And the greatest benefits for all will be delivered as the vision becomes a reality. For Further Reference: Kananaskis 2011: Building An Agenda For A Sound Energy Future; Canadian Council of Chief Executives, 2011 A Shared Vision For Energy In Canada; Senate, 2007 Clean Growth 2.0, How Canada Can Be A Leader In Energy And environmental Innovation; Canadian Council of Chief Executives, November 2010 Canada As A Global Energy Leader Toward Greater Pan‐Canadian Collaboration Council of The Federation, Ministers of Energy and Mines, June 2011 Who‘s Winning The Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition The Pew Charitable Trusts 2. Notes 1. ^ How Russia's energy superpower status can bring super‐security and super‐stability, Civil G8, 2006 2. ^ "Russia Won't Act Like an Energy Superpower": Making Promises that Can't Be Kept, Global Events Magazine, September 15, 2006 3. ^ The Emergence of Russia as Potential Energy Superpower and Implications for U. S. Energy Security, Düsseldorfer Institut fur Aussen‐und Sicherheitspolitik, 22.01.2005 4. ^ Greatest Natural Gas Reserves by Country, 2006 5. ^ http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Saudi_Arabia/Oil.html 6. ^ Russia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis ‐ Energy Information Administration (U.S. Govt) 9 7. ^ "Russia 'to top record 2009 oil output' next year". AFP. October 27, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hOPP‐pzAD7Jl3T_BAnEZAf8JFiWA. Retrieved 2009‐10‐25. "Russia, which has surpassed Saudi Arabia as the world's largest oil producer, expects to top record 2009 output next year due to production from new oil fields, the deputy energy minister said on Tuesday." 8. ^ "Russia's oil renaissance". BBC News. 2002‐06‐24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2058214.stm. Retrieved 2007‐05‐19. 9. ^ Beware Russia, energy superpower[March 8, 2008] 10. ^ Key World Energy Statistics. 2006 Edition, International Energy Agency 2006 11. ^ Russia takes heat over energy supply, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune, 12 February 2006 12. ^ Beware Russia, energy superpower, by Philip Delves Broughton, The First Post, 16 October 2006 13. ^ How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?, by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006 14. ^ Russia: The 21st Century's Energy Superpower?, by Fiona Hill, The Brookings Institution, 5 October 2002 15. ^ How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower? 16. ^ Boris Shiryayev, Großmächte auf dem Weg zur neuen Konfrontation?. Das „Great Game“ am Kaspischen Meer: eine Untersuchung der neuen Konfliktlage am Beispiel Kasachstan, Verlag Dr. Kovac: Hamburg 2008, p.111 17. ^ TNK‐BP warned of Russian gas shortage in 2007, by Tarmo Virki, SignonSanDiego.com, 24 November 2006 18. ^ Russia Poised to Dominate European Energy October 11, 2001 19. ^ Gazprom 20. ^ What if Russian Gas Runs Low?, by Edward Lucas, The Economist, 23 November 2006 21. ^ Gas from Shtokman to be piped to Europe, press release by Gazprom, 9 October 2006 22. ^ Saudi vows to keep oil flowing, by CNN 31 May 2004 23. ^ Saudi Arabia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis ‐ Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal 24. ^ a b Canada: The next oil superpower?, by Manik Talwani. The New York Times 2003 25. ^ "Canada's Uranium Production & Nuclear Power. Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper # 3". Australian Uranium Association Ltd. March 2007. Archived from the original on 2007‐02‐08. http://web.archive.org/web/20070208022036/http://www.uic.com.au/nip03.htm. Retrieved 2007‐04‐06. 26. ^ a b "Canada. Energy and power". Encyclopedia of the Nations. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Canada‐ENERGY‐AND‐POWER.html. Retrieved 2007‐04‐06. 27. ^ "Canada – Energy Superpower in the Global Oil Market Context. CERI 2007 Oil Conference". The Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI). 2007. http://www.ceri.ca/Conferences/conferences=oil_conference.asp. Retrieved 2007‐04‐06. 28. ^ "FED ‐ Canada to be 'superpower' in energy, Harper says". University of Alberta. 2006‐10‐20. http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/govrel/news.cfm?story=51787. Retrieved 2007‐04‐06. 29. ^ a b c Harper calls Canada “energy superpower”, by Mike Blanchfield, CanWest News Service, 14 July 2006 30. ^ a b Canada an emerging energy superpower: Harper, by CTV.ca News Staff, 20 September 2006 31. ^ Canada ‐ Energy and Power, Encyclopedia of the Nations 32. ^ "Russia, pumped". Shawn McCarthy, theglobeandmail.com. 2007‐03‐02. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070302.wxrussia0303/BNStory/Fron
t/home. Retrieved 2007‐04‐06. 10 33. ^ a b "Canada To Compete In Oil Market". Oxford Analytica. 2005‐02‐17. http://www.forbes.com/energy/2005/02/17/cz_0217oxan_canadaoil.html. Retrieved 2007‐04‐
06. 34. ^ www.cia.gov 35. ^ www.cia.gov 36. ^ www.cia.gov 37. ^ www.cia.gov 38. ^ www.cia.gov 39. ^ The EU should be playing Iran and Russia off againsta each other, by Julian Evans, Eurasian Home, 8 November 2006 40. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2009/iran‐090303‐irna02.htm 41. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/mines.htm 42. ^ http://www.tcf.org/publications/internationalaffairs/leverett_diplomatic.pdf 43. ^ Investing to Obtain Energy Security 44. ^ http://www.newamerica.net/files/070110leverett_testimony.pdf 45. ^ http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18954/irans_islamic_revolution_and_its_futur
e.html 46. ^ "We'll be an energy superpower: PM". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2006‐07‐18. http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/well‐be‐an‐energy‐superpower‐
pm/2006/07/17/1152988475628.html. 47. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g50L8MS1mXxDa_wvin9F6y1d_Iqg 48. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_reserves 49. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_reserves 50. ^ a b "Al‐Qaeda calls for attacks on Canadian oil facilities". Ian MacLeod, CanWest News Service. 2007‐02‐17. http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=c7352232‐1809‐44a8‐9006‐
f269b0d623ea&k=0. Retrieved 2007‐04‐06. 11