Climate and Energy Responsive Housing in Continental Climates
The Suitability of Passive Houses for Iran's Dry and Cold Climate
Farshad Nasrollahi
Table of Contents
Abstract
XIV
German Abstract
XVI
Introduction
Research Problem
State of Knowledge
Research Questions
Research Area
Methodology and Structure
Chapter One: Climate and Architecture
1
1
2
2
2
3
6
Introduction
7
Energy
9
Climate
Macro Climate
Meso Climate
Local Climate
Microclimate
Climatic Factors
Air Temperature
Wind
Solar Radiation
Components of Solar Radiation
Amount of Solar Radiation
Cloudiness Index
Precipitation
Atmospheric Humidity
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
12
13
14
14
14
Indoor Climate
Comfort Zone
Difference in Comfort Zones
15
15
17
Climate Responsive Buildings
Building
Building Shape
Compactness and Elongation
Orientation
Floor Plan Design (Room Location and Arrangement)
Thermal Envelope
Windows
Walls
Roofs
Colours of the Wallsand Roofs
Materials
Thermal Insulation
Bioclimatic Chart
Building Bioclimatic Chart
19
19
19
20
20
21
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
26
26
Heating
External Gains
Solar Heating
Passive Solar Heating Systems
Direct Gain
28
.28
28
29
29
IV
Non-Diffusing Direct Gain System
Diffusing Direct Gain System
Direct Gain Sunspace
Indirect Gain
Mass Wall
TrombeWall
Water Wall
Remote Storage Wall
Simple U-Tube Collector
Thermosiphoning Wall
Roof Pond
Shaded Storage Roof
Isolated Gain
Sunspace System
Barra-Costantini System
Black Attic System
Thermosiphon System
Dual Gain
Internal Gains
Household Appliances
Lighting
Occupancy Heat
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
33
33
33
33
Cooling
Passive Cooling
Solar Control
Shading Devices
Shading Coefficient
Typology of Shading Devices
Positional Typology of Shading Devices
External Shading Devices
Internal Shading Devices
Mid-Pane Shading Devices
Moveability Typology of Shading Devices
Fixed Shading Devices
Movable Shading Devices
Retractable Shading Devices
Overhang
Awning
Vegetation
33
33
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
38
38
39
39
39
40
Tree
Vine
Venetian Blind
Exterior Venetian Blind
Interior Venetian Blind
Louver
Roller Blind
Sunscreen
Drapery
Egg-crate
Conclusion
Thermal Mass
Natural Ventilation
Single Side Ventilation
Cross Ventilation
Stack Ventilation
Wind Scope
Evaporative Cooling
40
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
43
45
45
46
46
46
47
48
V
Water
48
Vegetation
49
Evaporative Cooling and Natural Ventilation
49
Natural Ventilation over Water Ponds and Vegetation
49
Wind Tower with Water Pond
50
Earth Cooling and Natural Ventilation
51
Earth Cooling, Natural Ventilation, and Evaporative Cooling
51
Green Roofs
51
Night Cooling
52
Night Structural Cooling (with Thermal Mass)
52
Night Radiative Cooling
52
Green Roofs, Evaporative Cooling and Natural Ventilation
53
Natural Ventilation and Evaporative Cooling (Wind Towers, Windows and Vents with Wet Surfaces)
53
Hybrid Cooling
53
Subsoil Heat Exchanger (Earth Cooling)
54
Night Cooling (with Storage of Night-Cooled Water)
54
Green Roof and Evaporative Cooling
55
Night Cooling and Evaporative Cooling
55
Chapter Two: Iran
57
State of Knowledge
Iranian Fuel Conservation Organization (IFCO)
Iran Energy Efficiency Organization (IEEO)
Renewable Energy Organization of Iran (SUNA)
Literature Analysis
Building Energy Regulations
Practical Experiences
Result
58
58
58
59
59
59
60
60
Climate
Climatic Zones
General Climatic Regions
Winter and Summer Climatic Regions
Cold Climatic Zone
Climate of the City of Tabriz
Climatic Parameters of Tabriz (Climatic Data)
Air Temperature
Air Humidity
Solar Radiation
Orientation and Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation Incident for Tilted South-Facing Surfaces
Orientation and Solar Radiation in Heating and Cooling Periods
Precipitation
Wind
61
61
61
62
63
63
64
64
65
66
68
69
70
70
71
Energy
Natural Gas
Electricity
Renewable Energy
Energy Consumption by Sectors
Energy Consumption by Buildings
Residential and Commercial Energy Consumption by Fuel Type
Energy Price
72
73
74
75
75
77
77
78
Building
Introduction
Traditional Housing in Tabriz
80
80
80
VI
Traditional Housing Examples for Tabriz
House 1
House 2
House 3
House 4
Results
New Individual Low-Rise Houses of Tabriz
Houses and Neighbourhood Typology
Privacy
Construction Materials
Energy Saving Regulation in Buildings
Heating and Cooling
Chapter Three: Germany
State of Knowledge
Comparison of Iran and Germany
82
82
83
84
85
85
86
88
89
90
90
91
93
94
95
Climate
Climatic Zones
Solar Radiation
Precipitation
Climate of Munich
Climatic Parameters of Munich (Climatic Data)
Air Temperature
Comparison of Surfaces with Different Orientations
96
96
100
102
103
104
104
104
Energy
Energy Consumption
Electricity Generation
Energy Import
Renewable Energy
106
106
106
107
108
Building
Normal Buildings
Low Energy Houses
Passive Houses
Heat Loss
Insulation
Thermal Bridge
Air Tightness
Blower Door Test
Air Change with Ventilation Systems
Heat Exchanger
Subsoil Heat Exchanger
Heating System
Windows
Window Orientation
Window Glass
Solar Heat Gain of Windows
Window Frame
Passive House Windows
Advantages of Passive House Windows
External Doors
Passive House Characteristics
Passive House Standards
Energy Supply of Passive Houses
Use of Passive Solar Heating System in Passive Houses
Use of Direct Gain in Passive Houses
109
109
110
Ill
112
113
113
114
115
115
116
119
120
120
120
120
121
122
122
122
123
123
124
125
126
126
VII
Use of Indirect Gain in Passive Houses
Remote Storage Wall System
Use of Remote Storage Wall Systems in Passive Houses
Simple U-Tube Collector
Use of U-tube Collectors in Passive Houses
Passive Houses in Summer
Energy Use of Household Appliances
Chapter Four: Analysis
126
127
127
127
128
128
128
129
Introduction
130
Comparison of Iran and Germany
Climate
Comparison of Climate of Tabriz and Munich
Air Temperature
Relative Humidity
Solar Radiation
Wind
Heating and Cooling Degree Days
Psychrometric Chart Comparison
Climate Comparison Results
Heating (Winter)
Cooling (Summer)
Energy
Building
Indoor Air Temperature (Comfort Zone)
Energy Consumption of Buildings
Building HVAC System
Economy
131
131
131
133
133
135
136
137
140
141
141
142
143
145
145
146
146
147
Building Energy Simulation in Iran
Building Energy Software Tools
EnergyPlus
DesignBuilder
Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)
Climate Consultant
GAEA
Economic Evaluation (Oeko-Rat)
Input Data
148
148
149
150
151
151
151
152
152
Climate Data Analysis
Psychrometric Analysis
Heating
Cooling
Temperature Timetable Plot
Sun Chart and Sun Shading Chart
153
153
154
154
155
156
Passive Houses in the Cold Climatic Region in Iran
Introduction
Energy Demand of Buildings with the Same Insulation
Comparison of Buildings 4 and 5
Comparison of Buildings 4 and 5 with Equal Insulation Thickness
Comparison of Buildings 4 and 5 with Equal Energy Needs
Effect of the Number of Stories on Insulation
Insulation Material of Single-Level Passive Houses
Insulation Material of 1 and 3-Story Passive Houses
Insulation Material of Multi-Story Passive Houses
Comparison of Buildings with and without a Basement
159
159
161
162
162
164
164
164
165
167
168
VIII
Building Components of Passive Houses
Windows
Effect of Triple Glazed Windows on Energy Need
Effect of Double Glazed Window on Energy Need
Comparison of Double and Triple Glazed Windows
Use of Conventional Masonry Materials for Walls of Passive Houses
Thickness of Brick Walls in Passive Houses
Use of Hollow Clay Tile or Solid Brick in the Walls
Proportion of Wall and Roof Insulation Thickness
Thickness of Insulation Material in Iran's Passive Houses
Depth of Subsoil Heat Exchanger
A Simulation of the Subsoil Heat Exchanger
Results of Simulations
Simulation of Architectural Elements
Introduction
Windows
Different Window Area for a Single Orientation
Triple Glazed Window with External Blind
Matching Window Ratio at Every Orientation
Double Glazed Windows with External Shading Devices
Varying Amounts of East, West and North-Facing Window Areas in Buildings with a 100% SouthFacing Window Ratio
East and West-Facing Windows
North-Facing Windows
Shading Devices
Effect of Shading Devices on Energy Demand in Triple Glazed Windows with Same Window Ratio
Different Orientations
Effect of the Size of External Shading Devices on Energy Demand
Comparison of Different External Shading Devices
Comparison of Internal and External Blinds
Operation Type of Shading Devices (External Blinds)
Effect of External Blinds and Overhangs
Effect of Overhang Size on Buildings with External Blinds
Result of Shading Devices
Elongation
Orientation
Roof
Roof Pitch
Skylights on Flat Roofs
169
169
169
170
171
172
172
173
174
175
175
177
179
180
180
181
181
181
185
185
186
186
187
188
in
188
190
192
193
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
199
200
Simulation of Buildings w i t h Different Architectural Designs
201
Introduction
201
Comparison of Energy Demand of All Simulated Buildings
208
Comparison of Energy Demands of Similar Buildings
208
Effect of Insulation on Energy Consumption
208
Comparison of Building 2 and Similar Buildings
209
Comparison of Building 3 and a Similar Building
209
Comparison of Building 4 and a Similar Building
210
Comparison of Building 5 with a Similar Building
210
Comparison of Building 6 with a Similar Building
211
Comparison of Building 7 with a Similar Building
211
Comparison of Building 8 with Similar Buildings
212
Comparison of Building 9 and Similar Buildings
212
Comparison of Heating and Cooling Energy Demands
213
Comparison of an Existing Building and Other Insulated Buildings
213
Comparison of Insulated and Uninsulated Existing Buildings and Other Insulated Designed Buildings
213
Comparison of Insulated Designed Buildings (in Four Groups)
214
IX
Comparison of Heating, Cooling and Total Energy Demands of Insulated Buildings
Comparison of the Least and the Most Efficient Buildings
Results
Economic Analysis
Economic Evaluation with the Energy Price in Iran
Economic Evaluation with the Average Energy Price of other Countries
221
223
224
Heating and Cooling Mechanical Equipment (HVAC System)
Introduction
Heating Systems
Classification of Central Heating Systems Based on Fuel Type
Classification of Central Heating Systems Based on the Type of Medium
Cooling Systems
Classification of Cooling Systems Based on Cooling Medium
Heat Pump
Choosing an Appropriate HVAC System for Passive Houses of Iran
Ventilation System
Results
Heater-Cooler System
Heat Pump System
226
226
226
226
226
227
227
227
228
230
232
232
233
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation
X
214
215
219
235
Conclusion
Technological Evaluation...
Economic Evaluation
Results
Windows
Shading Devices
Results of Simulation
Recommendations
Recommendations to the Government and Energy Authorities
Recommendations to the Researchers
Discussion
236
237
237
238
239
239
240
243
243
243
244
References
24S
Appendix
Climate
Cloudiness Index
Energy Consumption of Buildings in Tabriz and Munich
Atmospheric Comfort and Danger Zones
Daily Graphs of Simulated Buildings
EnergyPlus output data of simulation of one of simulated buildings
258
258
259
261
262
263
272