EFFECT OF BRISK WALKING ON HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF SEDENTARY COLLEGE STUDENTS A T H E S I S SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION By KRISHNAKANT Under the Supervision of : DR. K.M. VALSARAJ M.P.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Physical Education Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW LUCKNOW 2013 DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER AND FATHER ii Dr.K.M.VALSARAJ,M.P.Ed.,M.Phil.,Ph.D., Associate Professor and Head Department of Physical Education, Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow Certificate This is to certify that the work entitled “Effect of brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables of sedentary college students” is a piece of research work done by Shri KrishnaKant who has worked under the guidance of the undersign during 2010-2013 for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education from University of Lucknow, Lucknow. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree to any other University. This thesis is an original accomplishment Lucknow (Dr.K.M.Valsaraj) Date: - Supervisor iii DECLARATION I declare that the thesis entitled “Effect of brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables of sedentary college students” is my own work conducted under the supervision of Dr. K.M.Valsaraj, Reader, Lucknow Christian Degree College, Lucknow (U.P.) India, approved by the Research Degree Committee. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, the thesis does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any degree either in this University or in other University, Deemed University without proper citation. (Dr.K.M.Valsaraj) (Krishnakant) Supervisor Research Scholar iv VITA NAME OF AUTHOR : KRISHNAKANT PLACE OF BIRTH : Sakaldiaha, Chandauli,(U.P) India DATE OF BIRTH : April 21, 1983 PRIMARY, SECONDDARY SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY AND INSTITUTE ATTENDED: Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mughal Sarai, Uttar Pradesh, India. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India. DEGREE AWARDED: Bachelor of Physical Education from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India in the year 2004. Master of Physical Education from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India in the year 2006. Master of Philosophy in Physical Education from Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University, Chennai (T.N.) India in the year 2007. AWARDS & HONOURS Qualified NET conducted by UGC in the year December 2007. v V I T A (Contd....) AREA OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Teaching physical education classes. Officiating & coaching in cricket and other games. Administration of physical education programme. Organization of competitions, seminars, conferences and attending seminars and conferences in physical education and allied subjects. Research in physical education. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Lecturer, Department of physical education CSJM University, Kanpur (U.P.) India since 6th February, 2010. Lecturer, Department of physical education Lucknow Christian Degree College, Lucknow (U.P.) India since 1st November, 2008. Lecturer, Department of physical education Major SD Singh PG College, Farukhabad (U.P.) India since 2nd July, 2007. SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS Represented Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in cricket for East zone Intervarsity tournament held at T.M.Bhagalpur University in the year 2001. vi V I T A (Contd....) Represented Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in cricket for East zone Intervarsity tournament held at KolKotta University in the year 2002. Represented Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in cricket for East zone Intervarsity tournament held at Pandit Ravi Sankar University Raipur in the year 2003. Represented Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in cricket for East zone Intervarsity tournament held at Kalyani University Kolkotta in the year 2004. Represented Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in cricket for East zone Intervarsity tournament held at Banaras Hindu University in the year 2005. Represented Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in cricket for Rohington Bariya Trophy tournament held at Jiwaji University Gwalior University in the year 2006. Represented East Zone Vizzy Trophy Cricket team as a Captain and Secured Runner-up in the tournament held at University of Bombay in the year 2006. Attended NCA Camp (National Cricket Academy) from 6th march to 21st march 2006. vii V I T A (Contd....) Represented Combined Indian University Cricket team for Colonel Hemu Adhikari Trophy in the year 2006. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS Paper published in the journal of movement education and sports, July, 2010, volume-II, Punjabi University, Patiala. Paper published in the PERSIST. vol. - 02, No.-01 August, 2010 – January, 2011, BHU, Varanasi. Paper published in the PERSIST: 1, No. 1, Aug- 2009 Jan 2010, BHU, Varanasi. Paper published in the VSRD-TNTJ Journal, Vol;1(2)2010 Paper Published in the Journal of Human Kinetics vol. 2, No. 1, January –April 2011. Paper published in the "WELLNESS" journal vol.-I No. 01, JanuaryJune, 2009, JNV University, Jodhpur. Paper published in the “Shodh Prerak” journal Vol.-II, Issue-3, July 2012. Presented paper in national seminar on Yoga for Holistic Health on 10th March, 2007 at Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University, Chennai. viii V I T A (Contd....) Presented paper in national seminar on awareness towards wellness through educational physical activities on 20-21st march, 2009 at Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur. Presented paper in national conference Physical education sports and yogic science in present millennium on March, 2009 at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Presented paper in conference on current status and challenges in Pharmacy and health care march 28, 2010 at Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research scholar extends his sincere gratitude to the Vice Chancellor of Lucknow University, Lucknow for giving the opportunity to work on this study and providing the facilities. A deep sense of gratitude is expressed to Dr. Kunnath Mathai Valsaraj, Associate Professor, Lucknow Christian Degree College,Lucknow for his encouragement, valuable guidance, and precious suggestions in the formulation and completion of this study. Sincere thanks are offered to Professor Dileep Dureha, Ex HOD, Department of Physical Education, BHU, Varanasi (U.P.), who generously offered assistance in finalizing this research at different phases and time. His excellence and commitment helped me throughout the process. The research scholar conveys his sincere thanks to Dr. Binayak Dubey, Assistant Professor, Physical Education, Sakaldiha P.G College, SakaldihaChandauli for his helpful suggestions from time to time. The research scholar is especially indebted to Dr. Gopal Krishna, Ex HOD Department of Physical Education,Lucknow Christian College,Lucknow, Dr.Joseph Singh and Dr Baiju Abraham Assistant Professor in Physical Education, Lucknow Christian College for their timely assistance and helpful suggestions throughout the study. x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (continued) Sincere thanks are also extended to Mr.Ramesh Chand Yadav, Ms. Ruchi Sah, Lecturers, Department of Physical Education, CSJM University, Sincere appreciation and thanks are also offered to the library officers and staff of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi and Lakhashamibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior for their cooperation and help. The research scholar also express his sincere thanks to Mr. Fakharul Hassan, Rakesh Yadav and Radhey Raman Singh all Ex M.P.Ed. Students of Lucknow Christian College,Lucknow for giving their all possible help and cooperation for this study. The research scholar thankful to Mrs. Jessie Valsaraj Mathai and Mrs.Vandana Singh for their moral support during the research work. The scholar acknowledges the contribution made by the friends Mr. Brijesh Kumar, Mr.Rajkumar, Mr.Akash Diwedi, Mr.Amrendra Pandey and Mr. Asif Kaleem for their help and cooperation The Scholar extended his thanks to the staff of the Department of Physical Education Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow for the assistance rendered. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (continued) It is the proud privilege of a research scholar to express his sentiments of everlasting gratitude, respect and indebtedness to his brother and sister Mr.Pawan Kumar and Mrs Manisha Yadav . The research scholar would wish to extent heartfelt thanks to all the Subjects who performed so willingly and effectively. Extremely sincere thanks from the inner soul of the heart is also extended to Smt. Niranjana Yadav (wife) for her loving and tireless support and cooperation during the research work. K.K. xii TABLES OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES Chapter: I INTRODUCTION Statement of the problem Delimitations Limitations Hypotheses Definition and explanation of terms Significance of the study XXXVII X 1-17 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 18-59 III PROCEDURE Selection of subjects Selection of variables Reliability of data Administration of the test and collection of data Analysis of data 60-76 IV ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY Findings Discussion of findings Discussion on Hypotheses 77-134 V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Summary Conclusion Recommendation 135-138 BIBLIOGRAPHY 139-148 xiii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) APPENDICES ABCDEFGHI J K 149-159 Age and Weight of the subjects. Scores of subjects on pulse rate Variable. Scores of subjects on Respiratory Rate Variable. Scores of subjects on Systolic Blood Pressure. Score of subjects on Diastolic Blood Pressure. Scores of subjects on Vital Capacity variable. Score of subjects on Flexibility Variable. Score of subjects on Fat Percentage Variable. Score of subjects on Cardiovascular Variable. Score of Subjects on Abdominal Muscular strength and Endurance Variable Score of subjects on Pull-ups Variable xiv LIST OF TABLES Particulars Table No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Page No. Criterion Measures for the Study. 61 Reliability coefficient of test, retest scores. 63 Periodisation of training protocol and collection of data. 65 The order of Collection of data on particular day. 66 Training Protocol. 68 Classification of Body Fat Chart. 70 Mean and Standard deviation of Health Related Physical Fitness 78 variables and selected Physiological variables. 8 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Flexibility. 9 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of 86 Flexibility. 10 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Flexibility. 87 11 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Body Fat percentage. 89 12 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Body 90 Fat percentage. 13 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Body Fat 91 percentage. 14 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Aerobic/cardiovascular 93 function. 15 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of 94 Aerobic/cardiovascular function. 16 Pair wise Comparison of Observation Aerobic/cardiovascular function.. 17 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Abdominal Muscular strength 97 and Endurance. xv 85 in relation to 95 18 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of 98 Abdominal Muscular strength and Endurance. 19 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Abdominal 99 Muscular strength and Endurance. 20 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Pull-ups. 21 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Pull- 102 ups. 22 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Pull-ups. 103 23 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Pulse Rate. 105 24 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Pulse 106 Rate. 25 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Pulse Rate 107 26 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Respiratory rate. 109 27 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of 110 Respiratory rate. 28 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Respiratory 111 rate. 29 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Systolic Blood Pressure. 30 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Systolic 114 Blood Pressure 31 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Systolic 115 Blood Pressure. 32 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Diastolic Blood Pressure. 33 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of 118 Diastolic Blood Pressure. 34 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Diastolic 119 Blood Pressure. 35 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Vital Capacity. 36 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Vital 122 capacity. 37 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Vital 123 Capacity. xvi 101 113 117 121 LIST OF FIGURES Fig.No 1. Particulars Graphical representation of means Page No on repeated 88 on repeated 92 on repeated 96 observation in relation to Flexibility. 2. Graphical representation of means observation in relation to Fat Percentage. 3. Graphical observation representation of means relation to Aerobic/cardiovascular representation of means in function. 4. Graphical on repeated 100 observation in relation to Abdominal muscular strength and endurance. 5. Graphical representation of means on repeated 104 on repeated 108 on repeated 112 observation in relation to Pull-Ups. 6. Graphical representation of means observation in relation to Pulse rate. 7. Graphical representation of means observation in relation to Respiratory rate. xvii 8. Graphical representation of means on repeated 116 observation in relation to Systolic blood pressure. 9. Graphical representation of means on repeated 120 observation in relation to Diastolic blood pressure. 10. Graphical representation of means observation in relation to Vital capacity. xviii on repeated 124 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Chapter I INTRODUCTION In today's times, people are leading a very unhealthy lifestyle. Inadequate sleep, eating disorder, lack of proper regular exercise, increasing rate of obesity and other health diseases, shooting stress levels are some of the facts that define the contemporary world's lifestyle. It can be said that in the present era, human beings have got so engrossed in earning money, that they have virtually stopped paying attention to their physical and mental fitness. People do not realize the fact that money cannot buy them happiness. There is a saying that "if wealth is lost, something is lost, but if health is lost, everything is lost." So, it is high time, we start giving importance to our health and make a constant effort to work towards maintaining our all round fitness. There are distinctive types of workout that one can perform in order to keep fit, but one exercise that is suitable for all age groups is brisk walking. Exercise is like a generic medicine, and all exercise has some benefit According to Ayushveda (2008) walking is one of the most relaxing, refreshing and enlivening form of exercise which reaps numerous physical, emotional arnd psychological benefits. To stay fit and healthy one does not need to spend a bounty on gym facilities as the natural way of remaining healthy can be achieved by indulging in the healthy practice of brisk walking. Brisk walking can reap numerous health benefits which range from keeping one’s heart in a healthy shape, to helping in the process of weight management. Further, walking helps in refreshing and rejuvenating the mind along with reducing stress and fatigue. Brisk walking implies picking up a pace which is faster than normal leisure speed but something which is not exhausting. Thus, if somebody wants to reap the numerous benefits of brisk walking one should pick up a pace which is fast, involving the work out of the entire body but that pace should be within comfortable range and should not exhaust you in a couple of steps. Walking is one of the best things you can do for your health. It's good for your heart, blood pressure and weight management. When you're walking to get or stay fit, your form, pace, and breathing is especially important. Mastering a good walking technique takes some time. But with practice, it will become second nature and will help you increase and maintain your pace comfortably. “Long-term walking is your best prospect for a lifetime exercise” According to Mayer (2007) the anthropologist who made the discovery officially labeled the skeleton A.L.288-1 but affectionately called her Lucy, a name taken from the Beatles song “Lucy in the sky with Diamonds,” which was popular in the expedition’s camp at that time. Lucy was a small adult female, 3 feet 8 inches tall and weighing about 65 pounds. Lucy’s skeleton reveals that she was as adept at upright walking as we are, and it proved 2 conclusively that bipedality was fully in place three million years ago. Bipedal walking became the primary gait of locomotion for all of the species that followed Lucy and ultimately for us humans. “Lucy could walk, but she could not talk” She did not have the ability to form words, since there was as yet no language. She had to forage for her food every day; there was no agriculture. According to Mayer (2007) the walking gait is fundamental to the survivability of all terrestrial animals. We humans are biomechanically designed to walk and walk and walk. “A quadruped has a greater amount of horizontal forward thrust than a biped; that’s why we lose speed and agility when we became upright. In the quadrupedal posture, the centre of mass lies well forward of the hind limbs. Our upright posture, in contrast, places our centre of mass almost directly over the foot. We lose horizontal thrust and thus lose speed,” explained Dr.Lovejoy the Center of mass is like a point on the body where, if you strike a rod through it, the body would be evenly balanced in all directions, just as a wheel is around its axle. Brisk walking essentially means walking at a fast pace. It is believed that walking briskly burns almost as many calories as running or jogging for the same distance, and poses less risk for injury. Brisk walking is also considered aerobic activity. No unpleasant side effects either. One might be wondering if there are any disadvantages. 3 According to Mason (2010) “If everyone were to walk briskly, 30 minutes a day, we could cut the incidence of many chronic diseases by 3040%.” Brisk walking exercise has been proposed as a less expensive alternative, with a good clinical outcome when patients are frequently counseled by motivated, supportive physicians. However, brisk walking programmes mainly consist of endurance type exercise activities. As combined endurance and resistance type exercise training has been reported to be of greater clinical benefit. According to Mayer (2007) Stroll is a term familiar to everyone. Strolling constitutes most of our normal daily walking. It starts as slow as 30 minutes per mile and increases to about 18 minutes per mile at the top end of its range. Part of the definition, “as inclination directs,” accurately describes how people arrive at their normal walking pace in the course of their daily activities. Strolling is the pace recommended for most people who are starting an exercise-walking program from a sedentary state. It is particularly recommended for the obese, cardiac rehabilitation patients, and the elderly. Brisk is also a term familiar to most people, and it is used frequently to designate an accelerated walking pace. In the direction it is defined as “quickly 4 and active; lively: a brisk walk.” The brisk pace starts at about 17 minutes per mile at the slow end of the range and stops out at 14 minutes per mile. The brisk walk-18 to 14-minutes miles is the pace that most long term exercise-walkers use. It delivers enough cardiovascular improvement and caloric expenditure for the time spent to be the best all-around exercise on a risk- reward basis for all people who do not have physical impairment in their walking gait, it cannot be beaten. The brisk pace is related as a moderate-intensity exercise and because of this it has great sustainability for people of all ages even some in their eighties. Equally important, it delivers an adequate amount of perceived exertion for most people. By that I mean that brisk walker’s feel physically and mentally challenged enough that they do not become bored. Each walk is a rewarding exercise for mind and body. There are innumerable benefits of brisk walking, especially for obese people, as it helps them a great deal in increasing their weight loss program. Talking about the fact, as to how fast should the pace of your aerobic exercise brisk walking be; the answer to it is that the right pace is the one, which is fast but not exhausting. The ideal brisk walking speed is one in which you are capable of talking with your walking companion, while carrying on with your walking session. 5 Brisk walking helps to fight against stress, by providing complete relaxation to mind. It protects from the clutches of diseases like osteoporosis, colon cancer, constipation etc. It increases the longevity of life, by maintaining fitness. It helps in reducing the problem of depression, thus enabling to derive mental peace. It relieves from backache trouble and also acts as a great remedy for arthritis problem. It helps in increasing flexibility, by strengthening your muscles, bones and joints, thereby toning the body. It ensures that you have a proper sleep at night. One of the important, remarkable, beautiful, valuable and priceless things that God has created particularly on the earth is human life. Therefore, it is necessary to protect and maintain human life in order to achieve higher goals and objective and also to live a happy and meaningful life. To develop health and fitness and to lengthen life, the scientists and researchers have devoted their lives to invent medicine that protect life from various diseases; and health related equipment that measure the physical, physiological and psychological parameters of individuals. Their dedication, determination and will to discover new things in these fields are highly remarkable and admirable in the history of man and civilization. According to an Arabic proverb, “Health is a crown on the well person’s head but only the sick seem to see it”. Nieman (1968) rightly said, “Health promotion is defined as the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move towards a state of optimal health”. This modes emphasis on 6 the health promotion was inspired in the past by World Health Organisation’s definition of Health: “Health is a physical, mental and social well being, not merely an absence of disease and infirmity”. These four aspects of health may be achieved through physical education because the main objective of physical education is to make an individual physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally balanced and socially adjusted within the society. Anderson said, “Health promotion is a recognised component of present day in school education which is designed to prepare each youngster to deal with life’s academic, cultural and practical needs. He further mentioned that as an achievement in living, health is integrated with all aspects of school life, which contribute to the effectiveness and enjoyment of life for each youngster. Health in the school is an outgrowth of man’s constant for more effective and more enjoyable living. According to Hastad & Lacy (1994), “The health related physical fitness domain is characterized by those aspects of physical fitness that affect on individual’s functional health & physical well being. It is becoming an accepted practice for physical fitness testing to emphasize health related components, including body composition (ratio of leanness to fatness), cardiovascular efficiency, muscular strength and endurance and flexibility of lower back and posterior thigh area”. To measure health related physical fitness components at the school level children is the right step because children are said to be the citizens of 7 tomorrow and builders of the nation. They must be given right guidance and training to promote health and fitness at the right time. Today everyone is concerned with school health and health related fitness of school going children. Health related physical fitness is not only significant in general aspect but also from the sports point of view. A large number of national and international level players are coming out from school level. Research has proved that the potential of a child can be gauged when the child reaches early teenage. World class athletes and their performance can be picked up at the age of 12 to 15 years in some of the sports like Gymnastics, Swimming, Diving, Badminton, Table-Tennis, Lawn-Tennis etc. Moreover, potentialities and anthropometric characteristics of children at different stage of their growth and development, physical appearance and mental caliber help to guess or channelize them in different games and sports. Thus, the research scholar is interested to verify and justify the findings of medical research which states that brisk walking programme are equally effective in improving body fat and Cardio vascular disease as expensive medical fitness programs, one can adopt simple and effective way of walking to remain fit and healthy. In today's times, people are leading a very unhealthy lifestyle. Inadequate sleep, eating disorder, lack of proper regular exercise, increasing rate of obesity and other health diseases, shooting stress levels are some of the facts that define the contemporary world's lifestyle. It can be said 8 that in the present era, human beings have got so engrossed in earning money, that they have virtually stopped paying attention to their physical and mental fitness. People don't realize the fact that money cannot buy them happiness. There is a saying that "if wealth is lost, something is lost, but if health is lost, everything is lost." So, it’s high time, we start giving importance to our health and make a constant effort to work towards maintaining our all round fitness. There are distinctive types of workout that one can perform in order to keep fit, but one exercise that is suitable for all age groups is brisk walking. The present study was therefore undertaken for better understanding of the effect of brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables of sedentary college student. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables of sedentary college students. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. The first objective of the study was to determine the Health Related Physical Fitness and Physiological variables in sedentary college students. 2. The second objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on Flexibility of sedentary college students. 9 3. The third objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on Body fat percentage of sedentary college students. 4. The fourth objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on Aerobic/cardiovascular function of sedentary college students. 5. The fifth objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on abdominal muscular strength and endurance of sedentary college students. 6. The sixth objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on upper-body muscular strength (pull-ups) of sedentary college students. 7. The seventh objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on pulse rate of sedentary college students 8. The eighth objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk walking on respiratory rate of sedentary college students. 9. The ninth objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) of sedentary college students. 10. The tenth objective of the present study was to determine the trend and effect of Brisk Walking on Vital capacity of sedentary college students. 10 DELIMITATIONS 1. The study was confined to the thirty male college students of Lucknow Christian College and their age ranged between 18 to 25 years. 2. The study was further restricted to health related physical fitness and physiological variables. HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES i) Lower-back flexibility. ii) Body fat percentage. iii) Aerobic/cardiovascular function. iv) Abdominal muscular strength and endurance. iv) Upper-body muscular strength. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES i) Pulse rate. ii) Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic). iii) Vital capacity. iv) Respiratory rate. 11 LIMITATIONS 1. The subjects were urged to put up their best performance and no other motivational technique was employed by the investigator in particular and that could be considered as a limitation of this study. 2. The subjects were from different socioeconomic status, different dietary habits and their differences in terms of practice, which could not be controlled by the researcher might have affected the performance was also considered as one of the limitation. HYPOTHESES 1. The first hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in flexibility of sedentary college students. 2. The second hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in total body fat percentage of sedentary college students. 3. The third hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in aerobic/cardiovascular function of sedentary college students. 4. The fourth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in abdominal muscular strength and endurance of sedentary college students. 12 5. The fifth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in upper-body muscular strength (pull-ups) of sedentary college students. 6. The sixth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in pulse rate of sedentary college students. 7. The seventh hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in respiratory rate of sedentary college students. 8. The eighth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in blood pressure (Systolic and diastolic) of sedentary college students. 9. The ninth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in vital capacity of sedentary college students. DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS Brisk Walking (1) Walking is the most popular forms of exercises for all age groups. However, as age reduces endurance and strength, making an effort to take a brisk walk will help to regain the lost strength (in small proportions). Health Related Physical Fitness (1) Sharon A Plowman, Denise L Smith (2008).That portion of physical fitness directed toward the prevention of or rehabilitation from disease 13 as well as the development of a high level of functional capacity for the necessary and discretionary life tasks. Cardiovascular fitness (1) The definition of cardiovascular fitness is the capacity of the cardiovascular system (heart, lungs and vessels) to efficiently supply oxygenated blood to working muscles, as well as the muscles to use the oxygen delivered by the blood supply as a source of energy for movement. In other words, the definition of cardiovascular fitness is how well and efficiently your blood circulates through your body. (2) Cardiovascular fitness refers to the ability of your heart, lungs and organs to consume, transport and utilize oxygen. The maximum volume of oxygen your body can consume and use is your VO2 Max. When you exercise regularly, you can increase your cardiovascular fitness as your heart becomes more efficient at pumping blood and oxygen to the body, and the body becomes more efficient at using that oxygen. Body fat percentage (1) A person’s total body fat percentage is the total weight of the person’s fat divided by the person’s weight. The resulting number reflects both essential fat and storage fat. 14 Essential fat is that amount of fat necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive functions. The percentage for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of childbearing and other hormonal functions. Essential fat is 2-5% in men, and 10-13% in women. Storage fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue part of which protects internal organs in the chest and abdomen. The minimum recommended total body fat percentage exceeds the essential fat percentage value reported above. (2) According to Paul Roger (2009) Body fat is a lipid (fat) produced in the body, and this may be influenced by diet, exercise and genetics. Body fat percentage is that percentage of body mass that is not made up of bone, muscle, connective tissue and fluids; that is, everything else. (This is referred to as 'fat-free mass'.) Blood pressure (1) According to Gandolfi (2012) Measurement of the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries. (2) According to the free dictionary (2012) the pressure of blood against the walls of any blood vessel. 15 Pulse rate (1) According to Medical Dictionary (2012) the number of pulsations noted in a peripheral artery per unit of time. (2) The rate of the pulse as observed in an artery, expressed as beats per minute. Vital capacity (1) The greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation. (2) According to Arstand and Rodhal (1970) the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration is called vital capacity. Respiratory rate (1) Respiratory rate is the inspiration and expiration in one minute. (2) The rate at which a person inhales and exhales; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health. Sedentary Male (1) Sedentary lifestyle is a medical term used to denote a type of lifestyle with a lack of physical exercise. 16 (2) According to Wikipedia (2010) Sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The results of this study may be useful in the following ways: 1. It may act as a guideline for the, teachers, coaches and regular walkers to make their own walking schedule. 2. Present study may help the fitness expert professional to prescribe appropriate brisk walking programme. 3. It will contribute to the existing knowledge of Exercise and Fitness. 4. Score of Health related physical fitness may act as a yardstick. 5. It will show the pattern of improvement due to walking schedule. 6. It will give the overall health profile of the boys of Lucknow Christian Colleges. 17 Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Chapter-II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter deals with literature related to the present study. The research scholar has gone through all the available literature from library of Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi and Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur and the materials available from the web sites thereafter; the literature found relevant to the present study from the references of the library has been presented in this chapter. Hardman Adrianne E et al. (1994) were conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of brisk walking as a means of improving endurance fitness and influencing serum lipid and lipoprotein variables in previously sedentary women. Walkers (n = 10, mean (s.e.m.) age 47.3(2.0) years) followed a programme of brisk walking (mean (s.e.m.) speed 1.76(0.03) m s-1) for 12 weeks, after which the training stimulus was withdrawn. Controls (n = 10, mean (s.e.m.) age 41.6(1.2) years) maintained their habitual sedentary lifestyle throughout. Endurance fitness was determined using laboratory measures of responses to treadmill walking. Serum lipid and lipoprotein variables were determined in venous blood (12-h fasted). Body fatness was assessed by anthropometry and dietary practice using the 7-day weighed food intake technique. Measurements were repeated after 12 and 24 weeks. Brisk walking resulted in a decrease in heart rate and blood lactate concentration during exercise, while detraining was accompanied by a reversal of these changes. Changes in body mass and the ratio of circumferences at the waist and hip did not differ between groups but the sum of four skinfolds decreased with brisk walking and increased with detraining. High density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2 cholesterol increased with walking and decreased with detraining but no between group changes (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) were found in other lipid and lipoprotein variables. These findings suggest that regular brisk walking can improve endurance fitness and increase HDL cholesterol concentration in sedentary women. Ghosh Arnab (2006), in his longitudinal study was undertaken to study the effect of brisk walking on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55–64-year-old obese Asian Indian men. A total of 45 obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) men took part in the study. They were monitored for 20 weeks. Obesity measures, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 30 min of brisk walking were recorded for each participant. Brisk walking was defined as 2 km of walking by 30 min with moderate sweating. A general linear model (GLM) repeated-measures analysis procedure with Scheffé's post hoc test revealed that group I (up to 5 weeks of exercise) had significantly greater means compared to groups II (6–10 weeks), III (11–15 weeks), and IV (16–20 weeks) for body mass index (P < 0.01), waist-hip ratio (P < 0.001), 19 percent body fat (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and FPG (P < 0.001), whereas group I had a significantly lower mean than groups II, III, and IV for frequency of brisk walking (P < 0.01). It was also observed that change in Δ blood pressure and Δ FPG had a significant positive association with Δ obesity measures, independent of age effect. Therefore, brisk walking is recommended to lower blood pressure, blood glucose, and obesity (particularly central obesity) in middle-aged obese individuals. Chiriac S et al. (2002) in his study noted that Hypertension is present in epidemic proportion and is associated with a markedly increased risk of developing numerous cardiovascular disorders. All current treatment guidelines emphasis the role of non pharmacological interventions, physical activity included, in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. A large number of studies have demonstrated that regular exercise reduces the incidence of hypertension. In addition to preventing hypertension, regular exercise has been found to lower blood pressure (10 mmHg average reduction in both systolic and diastolic pressure), improve lipoprotein-lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity. As part of the initial treatment, exercise is recommended for 12 months in patients with stage 1 hypertension, with no other coronary risk factors and no evidence of cardiovascular disease, and for as long as 6 months in those with other risk factor, but not diabetes. In patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease or with stage 2 or 3 hypertension, drug therapy should be initiated first. Dynamic exercise of moderate intensity, 50-75% VO2max, 20 (e.g. brisk walking, cycling) for 50-60 minutes, 3-5 times per week, is preferable to vigorous exercise because it appears to be more effective in lowering blood pressure. In addition to reducing hypertension, physical activity improves other cardiovascular risk factors. Chanudet X et al. (2006) had conducted a study to determine Regular physical activity is especially appropriate for hypertensive patients. Although its effect on individual blood pressure may be modest, its benefits at a population level are substantial. It is a method of choice for preventing hypertension. The levels of activity to be recommended remain uncertain, but intensive workouts are not required. Thirty minutes of brisk walking daily is beneficial. Benefits are not limited to blood pressure. Physical activity provides cardiovascular protection by reducing risk factors such as overweight and metabolic abnormalities. It also improves endothelial function, platelet activation and inflammatory response. More than simple physical exercise, we must promote the inclusion of healthy behavior into daily routines. R Mendes, N Sousa and J L Barat (2011) had conducted a study during the last half century scientific data have been accumulated, through epidemiological and clinical studies that clearly document the significant health benefits associated with regular physical activity. This paper will analyse the latest recommendations for prescribing exercise in all age groups in healthy subjects and to individuals with chronic non-communicable diseases such as overweight, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular 21 disease and cancer that contribute to the leading causes of global mortality. A search in the Pub med database was performed and were also searched the recommendations of the World Health Organization and scientific organizations in Portugal. Most health benefits occur with at least 150 minutes of aerobic exercise of moderate intensity, accumulated over the week, which can be split into periods of at least 10 minutes. Brisk walking seems to be the preferred aerobic exercise. Vigorous intensity aerobic exercise and resistance exercises for muscle strengthening, at least two days a week are also recommended. Children, youth, older adults and people with overweight have particular needs for physical activity. Additional benefits occur with increasing quantity and quality of physical activity through the proper manipulation of the exercise density (intensity, frequency and duration). However, some physical activity is better than none. The role of health professionals in prescribing appropriate exercise to their patients is fundamental to their involvement in increasing their physical activity levels and thus contributing to their health promotion and prevention and treatment of major non-communicable chronic diseases. Byron's (2008) studies of many example: Thomas spring, ASCM etc .A comments on the Brisk walking studies by Byron’s If walking seems too simple to be an effective fitness method, think again: taking a stroll is an easy way to lower pressure and for the obese to increase aerobic fitness, according to three researchers who presented findings at the 55th Annual Meeting of the 22 American College of Sports Medicine. A study of 14 morbidly obese patients was designed to determine if brisk walking alone was sufficient to serve as an aerobic training stimulus, increasing heart rate to at least 70 percent of maximum. Patients were asked to determine their own brisk walking pace, and walked for one mile. All 14 achieved at least 70 percent of maximum heart rate.“Obese patients have more body mass to move, causing the heart and cardiovascular system to have to work harder than a normal-weight person’s would,” Thomas Spring, M.S., said. “Walking is a great way for the overweight and obese to begin an exercise program, because it can be done with little instruction or equipment and is low in cost.”Benefits of brisk walking also extend to people at-risk for high blood pressure. A British study looked at borderline hypertensive middle-aged men after they walked at various intensities and durations, to determine which type of walking reduced blood pressure the most. Andrew Scott found that walking 30 minutes at 50 percent effort was most effective, reducing blood pressure for at least four hours.“Our study found that walking for longer than 30 minutes or at a higher intensity had no additional effects on lowering blood pressure,” Andrew Scott, M.S., said. “Those needing to lose weight may want to exercise for a longer period of time, but our findings show that ACSM’s recommendations have significant health benefits.”ACSM recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity five days per week for healthy adults. The guidelines also state that physical activity can be broken up into 10-minute bouts and be as effective as one longer session, a recommendation confirmed by another study on the 23 effects of brisk walking on hypertension. The Korean study measured decreases in blood pressure in 23 hypertensive men following 40-minute brisk walking sessions and four, 10-minute brisk walking bouts. Blood pressure was lowered by similar amounts after each type of exercise session.“Accumulating brisk, 10-minute walks appear to be very effective for lowering blood pressure,” said Saejong Park, Ph.D., lead author. “Those with time crunches and busy schedules can fit bits of exercise in throughout the day to reap health benefits.” Kaukab Azeem (2011) had conducted a study to examine Obesity is a major health risk issue in the present day of life for one and all globally. Obesity is one of the major concerns for public health according to recent increasing trends in obesity-related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. (Kazuya, 1994)and hyperlipidemia, (Sakata, 1990) which are more prevalent in Japanese adults with body mass index (BMI) values Z25 kg/m2. (Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1997). The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of twelve weeks of brisk walking on blood pressure and body mass index, anthropometric measurements of obese males. Method: Thirty obese (BMI= above 30) males, aged 18 to 22 years, were selected from King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia. The subject’s height (cm) was measured using a stadiometer and body mass (kg) was measured with an electronic weighing machine. BMI was subsequently calculated (kg/m2). The blood pressure was measured with standardized sphygmomanometer in mm of 24 Hg. All the measurements were taken twice before and twice after the experimental period. The pre and post anthropometric measurements of waist and hip circumference were measured with the steel tape in cm. The subjects underwent walking schedule two times in a week for 12 weeks. The 45 minute sessions of brisk walking were undertaken at an average intensity of 65% to 85% of maximum HR (HR max; calculated as 220-age).Results & Discussion: Statistical findings revealed significant changes from pre test to post test in case of both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the walking group. Results also showed significant decrease in their body mass index and anthropometric measurements i.e. (waist & hip circumference).Conclusion: It was concluded that twelve weeks brisk walking is beneficial for lowering of blood pressure, body mass index, and anthropometric circumference of obese males. Murphy M H et al. (2002) had examine Brisk walking has been identified as an activity suited to meet American college of sport medicine/centers for disease control and prevention recommendations for moderate intensity exercise (55- 69%HR (max) , 40-59% VO(2)R) and concluded that the speed and intensity selected by this group of walkers meets current recommendations for moderate intensity exercise. Murphy conducted a Meta analysis to test the hypothesis that regular brisk walking improves cardiovascular risk factors in healthy sedentary adults. The mean length of the walking programmes was 35 weeks (range 8–104 wk). 25 On average, walking was done 4.4 days/week for 38 minutes per session. The mean intensity of the walking interventions was 70% of predicted maximum heart rate or 56% of VO2 max. Quality of individual studies was assessed based on allocation concealment. Anderson Ailsa G et al. (2006) conducted a study on An 8-week randomized controlled trial on the effects of brisk walking, and brisk walking with abdominal electrical muscle stimulation on anthropometric, body composition, and self-perception measures in sedentary adult women In comparison with the control group, both walking groups had significant reductions in a number of anthropometric measures and improvements in selfperception measures. The improvements on both anthropometric measures and self-perceptions were greater for the walking+EMS condition, which indicated that changes in self-perception might be mediated by body changes. However, an assessment of the mediation effect between changes in anthropometric measures and self-perception changes did not support this finding. Paul A. Ford, Gill Perkins & Ian Swaine, et al (2012) has conducted study to establish whether an accumulated brisk walking programme, performed during the school day, is effective in changing body composition in primary school children aged 5–11 years. Altogether, 152 participants (79 boys and 73 girls) took part in this repeated-measures intervention study, divided into groups of walkers and controls. The walkers took part in the intervention during school time, which involved brisk walking around the school grounds 26 for 15 min in the morning and afternoon, at least three times a week for 15 weeks. This represented an additional 90 min of moderate physical activity per week. The controls undertook their usual school day activities. Pre- and postintervention anthropometric and body composition measures were taken. Body fat (−1.95 ± 2.6%) and fat mass (−0.49 ± 1.0 kg) were significantly reduced in the walkers after the intervention, whereas the controls showed no significant changes in these measures. Our results show that regular accumulated bouts of brisk walking during the school day can positively affect body composition in primary school children. Suenaga T (2002) has examine in his study, the relationship of physical activity with aerobic capacity and health checkup results were examined among 288 men aged 45.7 (mean) +/- 8.13 (SD) years. Physical activity was evaluated from a 3-day activity record and expressed as metabolic-equivalent (MET) (/day). Total caloric intake was evaluated from a 3-day dietary record. VO2 max was measured as the index of aerobic capacity, and body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), % fat, and increase in body weight from 20 years old were used as indices of body composition. In multiple regression analysis, MET value, % fat, WHR and increase in body weight from 20 years old were independently and significantly associated with VO2 max. As MET value was a significant predictor, it may be important to evaluate physical activity not only during leisure time, but also throughout the whole day. In addition, preventing total body fat and abdominal fat increase seemed 27 important to maintain and to increase aerobic capacity. To grasp the pattern of physical activity more precisely, subjects were classified into 6 groups (A: sedentary, B: sedentary + walking, C: sedentary + brisk walking, D: sedentary + exercise, E: active, F: active + exercise), and each variable was compared using one-way analysis of variance and post-hock test analysis (Tukey method). MET value increased in the order of groups A, D, E and F. Groups D and E showed no significant difference in the VO2 max and MET value, while both groups showed significantly higher values than those of group A. Therefore, aerobic capacity differed not only according to the presence of habitual exercise, but also according to whether the subjects had an active daily life. When sedentary, it seemed important to be active for about 1-hour/day. Regarding body fat, group F showed the lowest value in each variable. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and blood triglyceride levels were highest in group A and lowest in group F, suggesting the effects of an active daily life and habitual exercise. In group A, the total caloric intake was also highest. Therefore, improving the total lifestyle, including diet, was also considered necessary classification of subjects according to their pattern of physical activity may be useful in health education settings to increase physical activity and to prevent life-style-related diseases. Titze S, Marti B (1997) has examined in his study the risk to health posed by a sedentary lifestyle is a problem of our times. In contrast to the previous assumption that only fairly high-intensity sporting exercise undertaken over a minimum period of 20 min produces health-related benefits, 28 recent studies have shown that even everyday activities (climbing stairs, brisk walking and cycling) can have a beneficial effects on health, particularly in those who take little exercise. So now the recommendation is: exercise of moderate intensity lasting 30 min at least 5 times a week, corresponding to an energy consumption of about 150 kacl/day or 1000 kcal/week. The results of experimental studies on sport and arthritis and sport and osteoporosis point to the advisability of taking up or maintaining an active sporting lifestyle. For one thing, it can be assumed that a moderate amount of movement does not increase the risk of developing arthritis: for another, sporting activity during early and late childhood produces a high maximum bone mass, thereby delaying the development of osteoporosis in later life. The new guidelines on the extent and intensity of health-giving exercise make it easier to advocate exercise and sport for disease prevention and health promotion because they appear to implement. More difficult, however, is deciding on a suitable method for motivating inactive individuals to increase their level of physical activity. A model that has proved effective in smoking cessation programmes, and one that can also be applied to exercise counseling (transtheoretical model), can help in the selection of an appropriate counseling strategy. Depending on whether an individual is inactive, or sporadically or regularly active, each one employs his or her own strategies primarily to maintain this lifestyle. Assuming that the counseling is adapted to the level of activity, the patient's attitude and behaviour can be influenced both more effectively and more economically. 29 Murphy M H et al. (2000) compared the effects of different patterns of brisk walking on day-long plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in sedentary adults. A three-trial, repeated measures design in which subjects were studied in the fasted state and throughout a day during which they consumed three standardized, mixed meals. On different occasions, subjects undertook no exercise (control), walked briskly for 10 min before each meal (short walks) or walked briskly for 30 min before breakfast (long walk).Seven postmenopausal sedentary women and three sedentary men aged between 34 and 66 y, with body mass index between 24 and 35 kg/m2. Plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and insulin, metabolic rate and whole-body substrate oxidation in the fasted state and at hourly intervals for 3 h after each meal. Postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were lower (P=0.009) during the walking trials than during the control trial (average values: control 2.080.28 mmol/l; short walks 1.830.22 mmol/l; long walk 1.84±0.22 mmol/l (means.e.) but did not differ between the two patterns of walking. The difference between control and walking trials increased as successive meals were consumed (interaction of trialmeal P=0.03). Plasma triacylglycerol concentration increased during the 3 h after breakfast, changed little after lunch and decreased after the evening meal (interaction of mealtime P=0.001). When both walking trials were treated as one condition, walking increased postprandial fat oxidation (average values: control, 0.0660.009 g/min; walking 0.074 0.008 g/min;P<0.01).Thirty minutes of brisk walking, undertaken in one session or accumulated throughout 30 a day, reduces postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and increases fat oxidation. Kukkonen-Harjula K. et al. (1998) had conducted a study to examine the effects of walking training on VO2max, serum lipoproteins and plasma fibrinogen were studied in 119 healthy middle-aged persons. Training prescription was 65–75% of VO2max, 50 min/session, four times a week for 15 weeks. The net difference (between pre-posttraining changes in the walking and control group) was statistically significant for VO2max (0.14 1 · min−1, 95% CI 0.04, 0.23), total cholesterol (−0.20 mmol · 1−1, CI −0.34, −0.06), LDL cholesterol (−0.17 mmol · 1−1, CI −0.29, −0.05), ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol (0.014, CI 0.005, 0.023), and triglycerides (−0.15 mmol · 1−1, CI −0.26, −0.04). No statistically significant changes occurred in fibrinogen. The findings indicate that walking training of moderate intensity resulted in a modest increase in VO2max and minor but consistently favorable changes in serum lipoproteins. Lengfelder W (2001) had conducted a study on physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and for increased cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this review article was to demonstrate whether increased physical activity can safely reduce the increased cardiovascular mortality due to physical inactivity. A further aim was to derive recommendations for physical activity. The effect of physical activity on indirect and direct cardiovascular parameters and clinical endpoints was 31 analyzed by means of an inquiry of the literature. Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and overall mortality. Many epidemiologic studies could demonstrate with high consistency that regular physical activity is associated with a lower cardiovascular mortality and overall mortality. There is an inverse relationship between physical activity and mortality. Even moderate physical activity (30 min brisk walking or 15 min jogging) on most days of the week can increase the wellness and reduce the cardiovascular and overall mortality. Regular physical activity can contribute to an enormous health benefit in the general population. Therefore the promotion of adequate physical activity should be a major aim of the policy of health. Leppaluto J, Ahola R et al. (2012) had studied the Physical inactivity and overweight are important risk factors for several diseases. Brisk walking or jogging recommended currently for physical exercise may be too demanding for subjects having overweight or poor physical condition. The recommendations do not take daily physical activity into account either. Recording of the total amount and intensity of ambulatory physical activity by the accelerometers allows objective assessment of dose-response relations between physical activity and health. By using threshold values of the intensity of physical activity or step counts, more accurate and effective recommendations for physical exercise can be suggested. Woolf-May K, Kearney E M and Owen A. et al. (1999) had conducted a study on Fifty-six subjects (19 men and 37 women) aged between 32 40 and 66 completed the study. They were allocated into three walking groups and a control group (C). The three walking groups performed the same total amount of walking for 18 weeks, but completed it in bouts of differing durations and frequencies. These were Long Walkers (LW; 20–40 min/bout), Intermediate Walkers (IW; 10–15 min/bout) and Short Walkers (SW; 5–10 min/bout); with the IW and SW performing more than one bout of walking a day. Following the 18 week walking programme, compared to the C group all walking groups showed similar improvements in fitness as determined by a reduction in blood lactate during a graded treadmill walking test (LW 1.0 mmol/l; IW 0.8 mmol/l; SW 1.2 mmol/l; C 0.2 mmol/l;P = 0.003) and reduction in final heart rate (LW 8 beats/min; IW 6 beats/min; SW 10 beats/min; C 0 beats/min; P = 0.056). Also compared to the C group, the LW and IW groups recorded statistically significant decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LW 0.29 mmol/l; IW 0.41 mmol/l; P = 0.024), whereas the control group showed a mean increase of 0.22 mmol/l. The LW and IW groups also showed significant reductions in apolipoprotein (apo) A-II (LW 0.05 g/l; IW 0.02 g/l; SW 0.01 g/l; C 0.00 g/l;P = 0.012) with the LW recording a statistically significant increase in the ratio of apo A-I/A-II (LW, 0.19, P = 0.044). In conclusion, some health benefits were achieved from all walking programmes. However, whilst the changes in aerobic fitness were similar, the effects upon blood lipid profiles were not. The findings from this study suggest that the LW regimen was most effective in benefiting blood lipid profile, followed by the IW regimen, with the SW being least potent. Nevertheless, for 33 the sedentary/low-active members of society, any improvement in health may be considered as important. Therefore accumulated bouts of moderate intensity exercise, which according to theories of exercise behaviour may be more easily incorporated into an individual's lifestyle than single prolonged bouts, may be advocated for health promotion but may not be as effective as the traditionally prescribed 20–40 min bouts. Singer R B (2009) has conducted the source study to determine if a brisk corridor walks of 400 meters could be used to classify the performance of active older adults and relate this performance to mortality and other outcomes over a 6-year follow-up. The cohort consisted of 3075 adults resident in designated ZIP codes in Pittsburgh, Pa, and Memphis, Tenn, participating in the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Out of this cohort, 395 subjects were excluded after evaluation revealed abnormal vital signs or ECG findings, recent cardiac symptoms, recent surgery, recent chest pain, shortness of breath or fainting. Another 356 subjects were unable to complete the 400meter walk. The 2324 subjects who completed the walk were divided into quartiles according to the time in seconds required for completion (the overall time required ranged widely from 201 to 942 seconds). These 3 groups were designated as "excluded," "stopped," and "completed." Outcomes reported for the 3075 subjects in the total cohort included mortality, new cardiovascular disease events, mobility limitation, and mobility disability. Cardiovascular events were reported for the 2234 subjects (73% of the total) who were free of cardiovascular disease at entry. Results in the article were given in tables and 34 figures and included numbers of entrants, exposures, and events, annual event rates and hazard ratios with SDs. Out of the 3075 entrant subjects, 430 died in the 6 years of follow-up (FU). Excess mortality measured as excess death rate (EDR) was much higher in the excluded and stopped groups (about 22 per 1000 per year) compared with an EDR of 6.4 per 1000 in the completed group. The corresponding mortality ratios (MR), designated as a hazard ratio in the article were about 220% and 135%. Results for comparative morbidity are also given in this abstract. Parise C, Sternfeld B, Samuels S, et al. (2004) in his study found that the older adults who report that they walk briskly for exercise do so at a pace considered moderate or greater in absolute intensity as indicated by their walking speed (4.83km/h). Ninety eight percent of men (93/95) and 97% of women (113/117) had an observed walking speed equivalent to 3 or more METs based on their calculated walking speed. Kim C et al. (2012) has conducted a study to evaluate the effects of power walking (PW) training on a treadmill in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and to compare the cardiovascular effects of PW with usual walking (UW).Patients were recruited as participants in phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation program after receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to acute coronary syndrome from our hospital. The participants were divided into the PW group (n=16) and UW group (n=18). All participants received graded exercise test (GXT) and significant difference in maximal 35 oxygen consumption (VO(2Max)) was not observed between the groups. Aerobic exercise training on treadmill was given for 50 minutes per session, three times a week, for six weeks. Physiological and hematological parameters were tested before and 6 weeks after the cardiac rehabilitation program. Exercise duration, VO(2Max), heart rate, blood pressure, and rate pressure product were evaluated through graded exercise test. Hematological measurements included serum lipid profile, and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP).There were no significant differences in resting heart rate, maximal heart rate, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures, lipid profile, hs-CRP, VO(2Max), and RPP between the PW group and UW group. However, after 6 weeks of the intervention, VO(2Max) in the PW group (36.03±5.69 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher than that in the UW group (29.73±5.63 ml/kg/min) (p<0.05).After six weeks of phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation program, the PW group showed significant improvement in VO(2Max) than the UW group. Thus, it will beneficial to recommend power walking in cardiac rehabilitation program. Morris J N et al. (1997) had conducted a study on Walking is a rhythmic, dynamic, aerobic activity of large skeletal muscles that confers the multifarious benefits of this with minimal adverse effects. Walking, faster than customary, and regularly in sufficient quantity into the 'training zone' of over 70% of maximal heart rate, develops and sustains physical fitness: the cardiovascular capacity and endurance (stamina) for bodily work and 36 movement in everyday life that also provides reserves for meeting exceptional demands. Muscles of the legs, limb girdle and lower trunk are strengthened and the flexibility of their cardinal joints preserved; posture and carriage may improve. Any amount of walking, and at any pace, expends energy. Hence the potential, long term, of walking for weight control. Dynamic aerobic exercise, as in walking, enhances a multitude of bodily processes that are inherent in skeletal muscle activity, including the metabolism of high density lipoproteins and insulin/glucose dynamics. Walking is also the most common weightbearing activity, and there are indications at all ages of an increase in related bone strength. The pleasurable and therapeutic, psychological and social dimensions of walking, whilst evident, have been surprisingly little studied. Nor has an economic assessment of the benefits and costs of walking been attempted. Walking is beneficial through engendering improved fitness and/or greater physiological activity and energy turnover. Two main modes of such action are distinguished as: (i) acute, short term effects of the exercise; and (ii) chronic, cumulative adaptations depending on habitual activity over weeks and months. Walking is often included in studies of exercise in relation to disease but it has seldom been specifically tested. There is, nevertheless, growing evidence of gains in the prevention of heart attack and reduction of total death rates, in the treatment of hypertension, intermittent claudication and musculoskeletal disorders, and in rehabilitation after heart attack and in chronic respiratory disease. Walking is the most natural activity and the only sustained dynamic aerobic exercise that is common to everyone except for the seriously 37 disabled or very frail. No special skills or equipment are required. Walking is convenient and may be accommodated in occupational and domestic routines. It is self-regulated in intensity, duration and frequency, and, having a low ground impact, is inherently safe. Unlike so much physical activity, there is little, if any, decline in middle age. It is a year-round, readily repeatable, selfreinforcing, habit-forming activity and the main option for increasing physical activity in sedentary populations. Present levels of walking are often low. Familiar social inequalities may be evident. There are indications of a serious decline of walking in children, though further surveys of their activity, fitness and health are required. The downside relates to the incidence of fatal and nonfatal road casualties, especially among children and old people, and the deteriorating air quality due to traffic fumes which mounting evidence implicates in the several stages of respiratory disease. Walking is ideal as a gentle start-up for the sedentary, including the inactive, immobile elderly, bringing a bonus of independence and social well-being. As general policy, a gradual progression is indicated from slow, to regular pace and on to 30 minutes or more of brisk (i.e. 6.4 km/h) walking on most days. These levels should achieve the major gains of activity and health-related fitness without adverse effects. Alternatively, such targets as this can be suggested for personal motivation, clinical practice, and public health. The average middle-aged person should be able to walk 1.6 km comfortably on the level at 6.4 km/h and on a slope of 1 in 20 at 4.8 km/h, however, many cannot do so because of 38 inactivity-induced unfitness. The physiological threshold of 'comfort' represents 70% of maximum heart rate. Shah Ebrahim et al. (1997) has conducted a study to evaluate the effects of brisk walking on bone mineral density in women who had suffered an upper limb fracture. Randomized placebo-controlled trial. Assessments of bone mineral density were made before and at 1 and 2 years after intervention. Standardized and validated measures of physical capacity, self-rated health status and falls were used. District general hospital outpatient department 165 women drawn from local accident and emergency departments with a history of fracture of an upper limb in the previous 2 years. Women were randomly allocated to intervention (self-paced brisk walking) or placebo (upper limb exercises) groups. Both groups were seen at 3-monthIy intervals to assess progress, measure physical capacity and maintain enthusiasm. The briskwalking groups were instructed to progressively increase the amount and speed of walking in a manner that suited them. The upper limb exercise placebo group were asked to carry out a series of exercises designed to improve flexibility and fine hand movements, appropriate for a past history of upper limb fracture. drop-outs from both intervention and placebo groups were substantial (41%), although there were no significant differences in bone mineral density, physical capacity or health status between drop-outs and participants. At 2 years, among those completing the trial, bone mineral density at the femoral neck had fallen in the placebo group to a greater extent than in 39 the brisk-walking group [mean net difference between intervention and placebo groups 0.019 g/cm2, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.0026 to +0.041 g/cm2, P= 0.056]. Lumbar spine bone mineral density had increased to a similar extent (+0.017 g/cm2) in both groups. The cumulative risk of falls was higher in the brisk-walking group (excess risk of 15 per 100 person-years, 95% CI 1.4–29 per 100 person-years, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in clinical or spinal x-ray fracture risk or self-rated health status between intervention and placebo groups. the promotion of exercise through brisk-walking advice given by nursing staff may have a small, but clinically important, impact on bone mineral density but is associated with an increased risk of falls. Self-paced brisk walking is difficult to evaluate in randomized controlled trials because of drop-outs, placebo group exercise, limited compliance and lack of standardization of the duration and intensity of walking. Further work is needed to evaluate the best means of safely achieving increased activity levels in different groups, such as older women and those at high risk of fractures. Masashi Miyashita (2008) has conducted a study to determine Physical activity recommendations promote the accumulation of aerobic activity in bouts of ≥10 min. It is important to determine whether shorter bouts of activity can influence health. We compared the effects of accumulating ten 3-min bouts of brisk walking with those of one 30-min bout of brisk walking on postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and resting blood 40 pressure. Fifteen healthy young men completed three 2-d trials ≥1 wk apart in a randomized, repeated-measures design. On day 1, subjects rested (no exercise) or walked briskly in either ten 3-min bouts (30 min rest between each) or one 30-min bout (gross energy expenditure: 1.10 MJ/30 min). On day 2, subjects rested and consumed high-fat test meals for breakfast and lunch. On day 2 area under the plasma triacylglycerol concentration over time curve was 16% lower on the accumulated and continuous brisk walking trials than on the control trial ( ± SEM: 9.98 ± 0.67 compared with 9.99 ± 0.76 compared with 11.90 ± 1.02 mmol·7h/L, respectively; P = 0.005, one-factor ANOVA). Resting systolic blood pressure was 6–7% lower throughout day 2 on the accumulated and continuous trials than on the control trial (109 ± 1 compared with 110 ± 1 compared with 117 ± 2 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.0005). Accumulating 30 min of brisk walking in short (3-min) bouts is equally effective in reducing postprandial lipemia and systolic blood pressure as is one continuous 30-min bout. Rowe David A. et al (2012) has examine in his study to determine selfselected brisk walking pace in currently inactive adults and investigate the efficacy of rhythmic auditory stimuli to regulate moderate intensity walking. A single-sample controlled laboratory design. Currently inactive adults (N = 25; 76% female; age = 34 ± 13 yr) completed a moderate intensity treadmill walking trial, during which cadence and steady-state O2 were measured. Participants then completed a 10-min self-paced “brisk” walk followed by a 10-min moderate-paced walk, prompted by a clip-on metronome matched to 41 the treadmill cadence. Data were analyzed using RM t-test, Cohen's d, Bland– Altman plot, and one-way RM ANOVA.Mean energy expenditure and cadence during the treadmill trial were 3.88 ± 0.53 METs and 114 ± 8 steps min−1. During self-paced brisk walking cadence was 124 ± 8 steps min−1. Cadence during metronome-paced walking was slower for all participants (114 ± 8 steps min−1; p < 0.05, d = 1.23). From the Bland–Altman plots, 23 participants walked within ±3 steps min−1 of the metronome cadence, and the other 2 participants were within ±10 steps min−1. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the minute-by-minute cadences across the 10 min of either condition.Energy expenditure during 2.7 mph treadmill walking was higher than 3 METs. Inactive adults walk at a higher cadence during “brisk” walking, compared to walking at a metronome-guided moderate pace. While the natural walking pace of inactive adults was at an intensity known to produce health benefits, and was maintained for 10 min, the use of rhythmic auditory feedback is an effective method for regulating walking at a prescribed intensity in inactive adults. Kawaguchi Akito et al (2007) had conducted a study to investigate High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) shows cardioprotective function. Japanese have relatively high HDL-C levels and more intake of fish oil, which may explain the low incidence of coronary artery disease in Japan among industrialized countries. We estimated whether therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) for Japanese induces more increased HDL-C level. Sapporo lifestyle 42 study is a community-based, prospective, randomized controlled study to improve coronary risk profile by TLC consisting of exercise and dietary modification for 12 months. Three hundred nineteen residents aged 40 to 69 years without symptom were recruited with informed consent. After 3 persons were excluded by inclusion criteria, 316 eligible residents (male 111, female 205) were allocated into 3 groups such as 105 control (A), 106 exercise intervention (B), and 105 exercise with dietary intervention group. Brisk walking (near 3 METs) for 150 minutes a week was introduced for B and C groups, and a nutritional intervention consisting of appropriate energy intake for ideal body weight, increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) up to 2.9gram a day and additional 2.0 gram increase of fiber intake a day, was instructed for C group in training sessions. All participants were estimated body composition, lipid profile, physical fitness, and nutritional status (by diet history questionnaire made in Japan NIH) at the begining and end of the study, and monitored on daily physical activity by pedometer during the study. Computerized randomization by minimization method was successful, resulting in no significant differences of major risk factors. Total of 249 residents (A: 87, B: 78, C: 84) were followed up for 12 months (follow-up rate 79%). B and C group had significant increased brisk walking than that of A group. Lipid profile was improved in all groups. Above all, HDL-C level increased by 0.31, 2.47 and 3.62 mg/dl in A, B and C groups (P<.05). Although intake of total energy and cholesterol per 1,000 kcal a day were reduced in all groups, n-3 PUFA per 1,000 kcal is significantly increased in only C groups 43 (P<.05). Brisk walking improved lipid profile, especially increase HDL-C level, which was augmented by increased intake of n-3 PUFA. Cremers Julien et al. (2012) had examine in his study Brisk walking, a sensitive test to evaluate gait capacity in normal and pathological aging such as Parkinsonism is used as an alternative to classical fitness program for motor rehabilitation and may help to decrease the risk of cognitive deterioration observed with aging. In this study, we aimed to identify brain areas normally involved in its control.We conducted a block-design blood oxygen level dependent function magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) experiment in 18 young healthy individuals trained to imagine themselves in three main situations: brisk walking in a 25-m-long corridor, standing or lying. Imagined walking time (IWT) was measured as a control of behavioral performance during fMRI.The group mean IWT was not significantly different from the actual walking time measured during a training session prior to the fMRI study. Compared with other experimental conditions, mental imagery (MI) of brisk walking was associated with stronger activity in frontal and parietal regions mainly on the right, and cerebellar hemispheres, mainly on the left. Presumed imagined walking speed (2.3 ± 0.4 m/s) was positively correlated with activity levels in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal lobule along with the vermis and the left cerebellar hemisphere.A new finding in this study is that MI of brisk walking in young healthy individuals strongly involves processes lateralized in right fronto-parietal regions along with left cerebellum. 44 These results show that brisk walking might be a non automatic locomotor activity requiring a high-level supraspinal control. Nakaya N (1999) had conducted a study to investigate the Dietary therapy and physical activities are cornerstones for lipid lowering and prevention of cardiovascular disease. The efficacy of dietary therapy has been established in several primary and secondary prevention studies. Exercise is believed to be useful to prevent atherosclerosis, but there has been no mega trial performed. The beneficial effect of physical activity may be mediated in several ways, such as reduction in VLDL, increase in HDL, reduction in body weight and reduction in blood pressure. According to the guideline of Japan Atherosclerosis Society, dietary modification is recommended to perform in three steps and practical use of the guideline was described. For exercise, aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling are recommended. Intensity, amount and frequency of exercise were described. Oppert J M, Balarac N (2001) had conducted a study on Physical activity is recognized as an integral part of obesity treatment, in association with other therapeutic means. A major benefit of physical activity is the association with better long-term maintenance of weight loss. Physical activity has also positive psychological effects and increases quality of life. An evaluation of the usual level of physical activity and inactivity is needed for each patient. Physical activity counselling should be individualized and graded, in a perspective of individual progression. In subjects with massive obesity, 45 remobilization based on physiotherapy techniques is the first step. All patients should be given simple advice to decrease sedentary behavior: use the stairs instead of the escalators, limit the time spent seated, etc. In general, current physical activity recommendations for the general population fit well with a majority of obese patients, i.e. a minimum of 30 minutes/day of moderate intensity physical activity (brisk walking or equivalent) on most, and preferably all, days of the week. Physical activities of higher intensities (endurance training programme) can be proposed on an individual basis. The type of physical activity required for long-term weight maintenance, and the question of adherence to physical activity recommendations in obese patients should be further investigated. Paterson D H , Jones G R , Rice C L. (2007) has examined in his study an abundance of epidemiological research confirms the benefits of physical activity in reducing risk of various age-related morbidities and allcause mortality. Analysis of the literature focusing on key exercise variables (e.g., intensity, type, and volume) suggests that the requisite beneficial amount of activity is that which engenders improved cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, power, and, indirectly, balance. Age-related declines in these components are such that physical limitations impinge on functional activities of daily living. However, an exercise programme can minimize declines, thus preventing older adults (age 65+ years) from crossing functional thresholds of inability. Crosssectional and longitudinal data demonstrate that cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with functional capacity and independence; strength and, 46 importantly, power are related to performance and activities of daily living; and balance-mobility in combination with power are important factors in preventing falls. Exercise interventions have documented that older adults can adapt physiologically to exercise training, with gains in functional capacities. The few studies that have explored minimal or optimal activity requirements suggest that a threshold (intensity) within the moderately vigorous domain is needed to achieve and preserve related health benefits. Thus, physical activity and (or) exercise prescriptions should emphasize activities of the specificity and type to improve components related to the maintenance of functional capacity and independence; these will also delay morbidity and mortality. An appropriate recommendation for older adults includes moderately vigorous cardiorespiratory activities (e.g., brisk walking), strength and (or) power training for maintenance of muscle mass and specific muscle-group performance, as well as "balance-mobility practice" and flexibility (stretching) exercise as needed. Michael Y L, Carlson N E (2009) had undergone a study to Using data from the SHAPE trial, a randomized 6-month neighborhood-based intervention designed to increase walking activity among older adults, this study identified and analyzed social-ecological factors mediating and moderating changes in walking activity .Three potential mediators (social cohesion, walking efficacy, and perception of neighborhood problems) and minutes of brisk walking were assessed at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months. One moderator, neighborhood walkability, was assessed using an administrative GIS database. The mediating 47 effect of change in process variables on change in brisk walking was tested using a product-of-coefficients test, and we evaluated the moderating effect of neighborhood walkability on change in brisk walking by testing the significance of the interaction between walkability and intervention status.Only one of the hypothesized mediators, walking efficacy, explained the intervention effect (product of the coefficients (95% CI) = 8.72 (2.53, 15.56). Contrary to hypotheses, perceived neighborhood problems appeared to suppress the intervention effects (product of the coefficients (95% CI = -2.48, -5.6, -0.22). Neighborhood walkability did not moderate the intervention effect.Walking efficacy may be an important mediator of lay-lead walking interventions for sedentary older adults. Social-ecologic theory-based analyses can support clinical interventions to elucidate the mediators and moderators responsible for producing intervention effects. Brooke Wavell K et al. (2001) had conducted a study to find out that the regular walking is associated with reduced risk of fracture and, in our recent randomized trial, reduced calcaneal bone loss relative to controls. The present follow-up study compared the effects on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound and biochemical indices of bone density and metabolism of (i) taking up (ii) continuing with and (iii) ceasing brisk walking for exercise. Subjects were 68 postmenopausal women aged 60-70 years. Twenty previously sedentary women remained sedentary (Sed/Sed) whilst 17 took up brisk walking (Sed/Walk). Fifteen women who had been walking regularly for 1 year returned to their former sedentary lifestyle (Walk/Sed), whilst 16 continued 48 brisk walking over a second year (Walk/Walk). Bone mineral density (BMD), broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA), and biochemical markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin, C-terminal propeptide of type I collagen and bone alkaline phosphatase) and resorption (urinary deoxypyridinoline) were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Women in the Sed/Walk and Walk/Walk groups completed a mean (SEM) of 16.9 (0.7) and 20.8 (1.2) min of brisk walking per day, respectively. Changes in BMD did not differ significantly between groups. Calcaneal BMD decreased significantly in Walk/Sed women [by 2.7 (1.4)%; p = 0.01] whilst changes in other groups were not significant. Calcaneal BUA increased significantly (p = 0.02) in Sed/Walk women [by 7.4 (3.3)%] relative to other groups. Urinary deoxypyridinoline increased over the year in the Sed/Sed group but there were no significant changes in biochemical markers in other groups. Women taking up brisk walking for exercise showed no change in BMD but a significant increase in calcaneal BUA. There was no significant effect on BMD or BUA of continuing brisk walking but calcaneal BMD declined on ceasing brisk walking. Bone resorption increased in sedentary women but not exercisers, suggesting the effect on exercise on bone in postmenopausal women could be through amelioration of this increased turnover. Wang C, Yang Z, Chen Y (2009) had investigated the effects of different exercises on middle-aged and old women's bone mineral density (BMD), on the metabolic indexes of bone, on the levels of serum elements, and on the correlation between body components and the indexes. On the basis of 49 informed consent, 90 cantonal women pursued three types of exercises (Taijiquan, Swimming and brisk walking) in Chengdu City. BMD indexes of calcaneus were tested by Osteospace quantitative ultrasound instruments; The serum levels of Mg, Ca, P elements and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined by full-automatic biochemical analysis instrument; The serum level of osteocalcin (BGP) was determined by radioimmunoassay. There were no obvious differences of anthropometric indexes between Taijiquan, Swimming, Brisk walking and Control groups. In comparison with control, the serum levels of Mg element increased significantly in the three exercise groups, and the serum levels of Ca and P element increased significantly in swimming group and brisk walking group. The serum levels of BGP and ALP were lower than those of control group, but no statistically significant differences were observed. Speed of sound (SOS) and stiffness index (STI) of BMD indexes in Brisk walking group were significantly higher than in Taijiquan group, Swimming group and Control group, and the prevalences of osteopenia and osteoporosis were the lowest in the Brisk walking group, but no obvious decreases of osteopenia and osteoporosis were observed in Taijiquan group and Swimming group. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BLIA), SOS, STI of BMD indexes were positively correlated to serum levels of Mg, Ca, P, and were negatively correlated to the serum levels of BGP and ALP, and were positively correlated to body weight, BMI, lean body mass and body fat percentage. In conclusion, brisk walking is a fitting type of exercise for middleaged and old cantonal women; it maintaines normal levels of bone metabolism. 50 Yu D, Zeng G et al. (2010) had studied to investigate the energy expenditure at physical activities of young and middle-aged adults in southern China.64 healthy young and middle-aged adults living on light physical activity intensity were recruited by questionnaire and physical examination. A Cosmed k4b2 portable metabolic unit was used to measure the oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2) at a status of basic metabolism and during seven physical activities, including slow walking, brisk walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, watching TV, jogging and bicycling. The urinary nitrogen excreted in 24 hours was detected by a standard Kjeldahl method. Energy expenditure at physical activities was calculated by Weir equation.The energy expenditure (kJ x h(-1) x kg(-1)) at physical activities were 14.77 +/- 2.47 for slow walking, 22.18 +/- 3.68 for brisk walking, 41.34 +/- 7.32 for jogging, 18.41 +/- 3.89 for bicycling, 26.11 +/- 4.18 for walking upstairs, 13.68 +/- 2.89 for walking downstairs and 5.06 +/- 1.09 for watching TV. The energy expenditure of males at physical activities was higher than those of females (P < 0.05).There is a significant difference among energy expenditures at different physical activities; watching TV is a physical activity in light intensity; slow walking, brisk walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs and bicycling are physical activities in moderate intensity, and jogging is a vigorous physical activity. 51 Jovancevic, Rosano C et al. (2012) had Conducted a study on Physical exercise has the potential to affect cognitive function, but most evidence to date focuses on cognitive effects of fitness training. Cognitive exercise also may influence cognitive function, but many cognitive training paradigms have failed to provide carry-over to daily cognitive function. Video games provide a broader, more contextual approach to cognitive training that may induce cognitive gains and have carry over to daily function. Most video games do not involve physical exercise, but some novel forms of interactive video games combine physical activity and cognitive challenge. This paper describes a randomized clinical trial in 168 postmenopausal sedentary overweight women that compares an interactive video dance game with brisk walking and delayed entry controls. The primary endpoint is adherence to activity at six months. Additional endpoints include aspects of physical and mental health. We focus this report primarily on the rationale and plans for assessment of multiple cognitive functions.This randomized clinical trial may provide new information about the cognitive effects of interactive videodance. It is also the first trial to examine physical and cognitive effects in older women. Interactive video games may offer novel strategies to promote physical activity and health across the life span. Martin Kopp, Maria Steinlechner and Gerhard Ruedl et al. (2012) had conducted a study to investigate the effects of an acute exercise bout on affect and psychological well-being in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Sixteen patients (mean BMI 28.6 kg/m2) took part, on separate days, in two randomly 52 ordered conditions, in a within-subject design: a 20 min semi-self-paced brisk walk or passive control (sitting with the opportunity of reading). Ten minutes before, during (5, 10, 15, 20 min) and following (5, 10, 15, 20, 180 min) each, participants completed the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) for affective activation and the Feeling Scale (FS) for affective pleasure/valence. The Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List (Tense Arousal and Energetic Arousal) was also completed before and after each condition. Heart rate and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were assessed during exercise. Glucose levels were obtained from participants before and after exercise and control.Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant condition by time interaction effects for FS, FAS, Energetic Arousal (EA) and Tense Arousal (TA). Brisk walking increased FS (15 min after exercise p = 0.020; 20 min after exercise p = 0.034) and FAS (all time points after baseline). EA was significantly higher 5 min after the exercise session (p = 0.029) in comparison to the control situationThis study demonstrated that an acute exercise bout has positive influences on affect and psychological well-being. The usefulness of exercise to elevate affective responses (activation and pleasure) should be highlighted when promoting exercise interventions in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Praet S. F. E. et al. (2008) had examine in his study a Structured exercise is considered a cornerstone in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, adherence to combined resistance and endurance type exercise or medical fitness intervention programmes is generally poor. Group-based brisk walking may represent an attractive alternative, but its long-term efficacy as compared 53 with an individualized approach such as medical fitness intervention programmes is unknown. We compared the clinical benefits of a 12-month exercise intervention programme consisting of either brisk walking or a medical fitness programme in type 2 diabetes patients. We randomised 92 type 2 diabetes patients (60 ± 9 years old) to either three times a week of 60 min brisk walking (n = 49) or medical fitness programme (n = 43). Primary outcome was the difference in changes in HbA1c values at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were differences in changes in blood pressure; plasma lipid concentrations, insulin sensitivity, body composition, physical fitness, programme adherence rate and health-related quality of life. After 12 months, 18 brisk walking and 19 medical fitness participants were still actively participating. In both programmes, 50 and 25% of the dropout was attributed to overuse injuries and lack of motivation, respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no important differences between brisk walking and medical fitness programme in primary or secondary outcome variables. The prescription of group-based brisk walking represents an equally effective intervention to modulate glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in type 2 diabetes patients when compared with more individualised medical fitness programmes. Future exercise intervention programmes should anticipate the high attrition rate due to overuse injuries and motivation problems. Taylor A, Katomeri M. A review and meta-analysis by Hamer et al. (2006) showed that a single session of exercise can attenuate post-exercise 54 blood pressure (BP) responses to stress, but no studies examined the effects among smokers or with brisk walking. Healthy volunteers (n=60), averaging 28 years of age and smoking 15 cigarettes daily, abstained from smoking for 2 h before being randomly assigned to a 15-min brisk semi-self-paced walk or passive control condition. Subject characteristics, typical smoking cue-elicited cravings and BP were assessed at baseline. After each condition, BP was assessed before and after three psycho-social stressors were carried out: (1) computerised Stroop word-colour interference task, (2) speech task and (3) only handling a lit cigarette. A two-way mixed ANCOVA (controlling for baseline) revealed a significant overall interaction effect for time by condition for both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Univariate ANCOVAs (to compare between-groups post-stressor BP, controlling for pre-stressor BP) revealed that exercise attenuated systolic BP and diastolic BP responses to the Stroop and speech tasks and SBP to the lit cigarette equivalent to an attenuated SBP and DBP of up to 3.8 mmHg. Postexercise attenuation effects were moderated by resting blood pressure and selfreported smoking cue-elicited craving. Effects were strongest among those with higher blood pressure and smokers who reported typically stronger cravings when faced with smoking cues. Blood pressure responses to the lit cigarette were not associated with responses to the Stroop and speech task. A self-paced 15-min walk can reduce smokers' SBP and DBP responses to stress, of a magnitude similar on average to non-smokers 55 Morabia Alfredo and C. Costanza Michael. (2004) had conducted study small physical activity increases may prevent weight gain in most populations. Geneva residents completed validated quantitative physical activity frequency questionnaires from 1997 to 2001. Fifteen minutes per day of moderate or brisk walking, or 30 minutes per day of slow walking, could increase physical activity at the population level; however, if the specific goal is to approach expending 420 kJ/d (100 kcal/d) through walking, the duration should be closer to 60 minutes for slow walking and 30 minutes for moderate or brisk walking. We used a unique monitoring system for measuring the total energy expenditure of the adult resident population of Geneva, Switzerland, to simulate the potential effect of campaigns promoting different combinations of duration and intensity of daily walking on the population’s total energy expenditure. As recently described in detail, the Bus Santé is an ongoing, community-based surveillance project designed to monitor chronic disease risk factors among Geneva’s approximately 100 000 male and 100 000 female, primarily French-speaking, non institutionalized residents aged 35 to 74 years continuously since 1993. Since 1997, the Bus Santé survey has included a validated, self-administered quantitative physical activity frequency questionnaire to measure total and activity-specific energy expenditures, with special attention to light- and moderate-intensity activities. We used the 1997 to 2001 physical activity frequency questionnaire data first to estimate the existing population distribution of total energy expenditure (kJ/d). We then simulated the potential effects of a hypothetical public health campaign to 56 persuade all adults to walk at least 15 minutes per day at various recommended intensity levels on the total energy expenditure. In the calculations, we assumed that (1) adults who already walked 15 minutes or more per day at a given recommended intensity level (prevalent compliers) would continue to do so with no change; (2) adults who did not walk at least 15 minutes per day at a given recommended intensity (nor at a higher intensity level) (eligible adults) would be persuaded to walk at exactly the minimum campaign-recommended level (unless noted otherwise); and (3) the individual basal metabolic rate multiples were 3.1 for slow walking, 3.9 for moderate walking, 4.7 for brisk walking, and 6.0 for athletic/brisk walking. Prevalence, Weekly Frequency (Performers Only), and Daily Duration (Performers Only) of Slow, Moderate, and Brisk Walking by 3014 Men and 2996 Women: Geneva, Switzerland, 1997–2001.Results of The estimated (mean) population energy expenditure gain for slow walking would be only around +38 kJ/d, even if the campaign were 100% successful, and only +19 kJ/d if the campaign were 50% successful. Furthermore, a 100% (or 50%) successful campaign to promote slow walking for 30 minutes per day would provide only a modest +105 (or +53) kJ/d gain. Population Gains in Energy Expenditure and Reductions in Population Prevalence of Sedentarism for Hypothetical Intervention Campaigns of Varying Degrees of Recommended Walking Intensity and Duration and of Population Compliance: General Adult (35–74) .Assuming 100% campaign success, the gain achieved by walking moderately for 15 minutes per day is +150 kJ/d or for 30 minutes per day is +356 kJ/d. However, if only 50% of the 57 eligible men and women walked moderately for 15 minutes per day, the population energy expenditure would increase by only +76 kJ/d. If only 50% of the eligible adults walked moderately for 30 minutes per day, the population energy expenditure gain would be +178 kJ/d Population distributions of (a) daily total energy expenditure (1 kJ/d = 4.2 kcal/d) for 30 minutes of daily moderate walking, (b) gains in energy expenditure for 30 minutes of daily moderate walking, (c) daily total energy expenditure for 30 minutes .For brisk walking at 100% compliance, the gains would be +255 kJ/d for 15 minutes per day and +541 kJ/d for 30 minutes per day. If the brisk walking recommendations were adhered to by only 50% of the eligible adults, the population energy expenditure gains would be +127 kJ/d for 15 minutes per day and +264 kJ/d for 30 minutes per day. For athletic-brisk walking at 6.0 basal metabolic rate and 100% compliance, the energy expenditure gains would be +326 kJ/d for 15 minutes per day and +690 kJ/d for 30 minutes per day. With only 50% compliance by eligible adults, these gains would be reduced to +165 kJ/d and +336 kJ/d, respectively. Fifteen minutes per day of moderate or brisk walking, or 30 minutes per day of slow walking, could increase physical activity at the population level. However, if the specific goal is to approach expending 420 kJ/d through walking, the duration should be closer to 60 minutes for slow walking and 30 minutes for moderate or brisk walking. Moreover, to actually meet the goal of a +420 kJ/d gain in the population, total energy expenditure would require that at least 50% of the eligible adults perform athletic/brisk (6.0 basal metabolic rate) walking, which is clearly an 58 unrealistic goal. We have used these data to promote brisk walking and to compute the statistical power to monitor its effect in collaboration with the Geneva Public Health Department. Brisk walking is a high energy expending activity, and it can be almost universally performed in populations. In addition, changes in urban environments can be conceived to promote walking rather than other means of transportation in the population. This campaign will allow us to assess the validity of our simulation because changes in physical activity and other health-related behaviors will be monitored. It may well be that the effect of the intervention is greater than expected under our linear model. The walking habit may grow more rapidly once it has been adopted by a minority (i.e., a snowball effect), and it may stimulate weight-reducing dietary changes. The population-based simulation approach proposed here can be extended to other candidate activities that can be integrated easily into everyday life by the whole population (e.g., bicycling instead of driving, climbing stairs instead of taking elevators) or by subgroups (e.g., sports). 59 Chapter III PROCEDURE Chapter-III PROCEDURE In this chapter the selection of subjects, criterion measures, reliability of data, administration of test, collection of data and statistical techniques employed for the analysis of the data have been presented. SELECTION OF THE SUBJECTS For the purpose of the study thirty (N=30) male sedentary college students of Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow between 18 to 25 years of age were selected as subjects for the present study and the subjects were briefed in details about the study. CRITERION MEASURES For the purpose of the present study following variables and their criterion measures were selected and given in Table-1 Physical Fitness Table-1 List of selected variables and criterion measures for the study Variable Name of test Tests(unit) Lower-back flexibility Sit and Reach test In c.m Body fat Three site of the body In % i.e. chest, thigh & abdomen Health Related Aerobic/Cardiovascular 1 Miles walk/run test In min/sec Sit-ups Test In maximum function Abdominal muscular Strength and endurance Upper-body muscular numbers. Pull-ups Physiological Variable Strength In maximum numbers Pulse rate Manual method Pulse/min. Respiratory rate Manual method No. of inspiration & expiration per min. Blood pressure (Systolic Sphygmomanometer mmHg Dry spirometer In liters & diastolic) Vital capacity 61 RELIABILITY OF DATA The reliability of data was ensured by establishing the instrument reliability and the tester‟s reliability. INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY The instruments used for the study were calibrated and tested prior to the collection of the data. Thus, these were considered accurate enough for the purpose of this study. TESTER’S RELIABILITY The tester‟s reliability was established with the help of test retest method, the performances of thirty subjects were recorded several times under identical conditions by the research scholar. Intra-class coefficient of correlation was used to find out the reliability of the data taken by the tester as suggested by Johnson and Nelson (1982) and the results are presented in Table 2. 62 TABLE 2 Physiological variable Health Related Physical Fitness Intra class co-efficient of correlation on selected dependent variables Variable „r‟ Lower-back flexibility 0.99 Body fat 0.96 Aerobic/Cardiovascular function 0.88 Abdominal muscular Strength and 0.89 endurance Upper-body muscular Strength 0.93 Pulse rate 0.99 Respiratory rate 0.94 Blood pressure (Systolic & diastolic) 0.98 Vital capacity 0.94 For all the variables co-efficient value was between o.88 to 0.99, which shows that the tests were reliable enough for further work . 63 ORIENTATION TO THE SUBJECTS The investigator explained the purpose of the training programme and their part in the study to the subjects. For the collection of data, the investigator explained the procedure of testing on selected dependent variables and gave instruction about the procedure to be adopted by them for measuring. Five sessions were spent to familize the subjects with the techniques involved in undergoing brisk walking programme. It helps them to perform the brisk walking without any problem. The subjects were sufficiently motivated to perform their assigned tasks during the training protocol. PILOT STUDY A pilot study was conducted to assess the initial capacity of the subjects to fix the load and also to design the training programme. For that purpose, ten sedentary college students were selected at random and they were given different frequency of brisk walking under the watchful eyes of the investigator. The initial loads of the subjects were fixed based on the results of the pilot study and the direction given by Dan Wathen and William B. Allerheibigen (1994).while constructing the brisk walking programme the basic principles of sports training (progression of overload and specificity) were followed. During construction of the brisk walking programme,the individual differences were also being considered. 64 Periodisation of training and collection of data presented in Table 3 Table- 3 Periodisation of training and collection of data Note: - obs = observation; 65 The Total research period was of 84 days. obs A=day1, obs B=21st day, obs C=42nd day, obs D=63rd day and obs E=84th day). One group was formed which participated in Brisk walking programme (6days in a week except national holidays in which subjects assured that they will continue the training programme of their own). After obsB six week brisk waking was prescribed to the subjects‟ upto ObsD. The whole programme of brisk walking was carried out in the morning session approximately from 7am. The Total research period was 84 days. Initial data of all the variables were collected as obs A on day1. Again on the 21st day the second observation (obs B) was collected. Similarly on 42nd, 63rd and 84th day obs C, obs D and obs E was collected respectively. The order of collection of data on a particular day was given in table 4. TABLE 4 Collection of data on a particular day Variables Session Lower-back flexibility Morning Body fat Morning Abdominal muscular Strength and endurance Morning Upper-body muscular Strength Morning Pulse rate Morning Blood pressure (Systolic & diastolic) Morning Vital capacity Morning Respiratory rate Morning Aerobic/Cardiovascular function Evening 66 TECHNIQUE OF BRISK WALKING Good posture helps to walk faster and longer, increasing the fitness level more quickly, and tire less easily, use more of core (stomach and back) muscles, and improve the overall efficiency of workout. The following instructions were given while administering the walk: The subjects were asked to strike the ground with heel first with shorter steps, arms bent at 90 degree angle with a swing towards the centre of the body. The subjects were asked to stretch their spine with their head resting comfortably in line with their spine. The Subjects were asked to contract their stomach to avoid straining their lower back. 67 Training protocol used for the study was presented in table 5 Table-5 Training protocol Week Distance covered Duration walk Week-1 - - Week-2 - - Weeks-3 - - Weeks-4 1 mile 17 min Week-5 1 mile 17 min Week-6 1 mile 16 min 45 sec Weeks-7 1 ½ mile 16 min 45 sec Weeks-8 1 ½ mile 16 min 45 sec Week-9 1 ½ mile 15 min Week-10 - - Weeks-11 - - Weeks-12 - - 68 ADMINISTRATION OF THE TEST MEASUREMENT OF HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES Lower-Back Flexibility Test: - The Sit and Reach Test Equipment: - Flexibility measuring Box and mat Procedure:-The lower-back flexibility was measured by sit and reach test. The subject sit on a mat with his legs extended. Your feet should rest against the base of a box on which a yard stick is mounted with the 9 inch (23cm) mark on the near side of the box. After a general warm-up that includes stretching of the lower back and thighs slowly reach forward with both hands as far as possible and hold the position momentarily. Record the distance reached on the yard stick by your fingertips. Scoring: - Use the best of four trials as flexibility score. Body Fat Percentage Test: - Measurement of Fat folds Equipment required: - Skinfold caliper Procedure: - The body fat percentage was measured by skinfold caliper of fat folds: the fat folds measurements are: MEN: chest, abdomen, and thigh. 69 Chest: a diagonal fold taken one-half of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple. Abdomen: vertical fold measured 1 inch to the right of the umbilicus. Thigh: vertical fold measured at the anterior midline of the thigh, midway between the knee cap and the hip. The body fat percentage was calculated from particular web site via feeding the data on the site www.linear-software.com/online.html. Classification of body fat chart presented in table 6 Table-6 Body Fat Chart Classification Women Men Essential Fat 10-12% 2-4% Athletes 14-20% 6-13% Fitness 21-24% 14-17% Acceptable 25-31% 18-25% Obese 32% plus 25% plus 70 Aerobic/Cardiovascular function Test: - The 1-Mile Run Equipment required: - stop watch Procedure:-The aerobic/cardiovascular function was measured by 1-mile run. Aerobic-cardiovascular performance during exercise can be measured by a running performance over a distance of 1 mile. Warm-up for several minutes, then run/walk as rapidly as possible for 1 mile. Scoring: - times recorded to the nearest of second. Abdominal Muscular Strength and Endurance Test: - The Modified Sit-Up Test. Equipment required: - Mat and stop watch. Procedure:-The abdominal muscular strength and endurance was measured by modified sit-up test. The subject were lie on his back with his knees flexed, feet flat on floor, and heels between 12 and 18 inches from the buttocks. Crossed his hands over his chest with the hands on opposite shoulders. Partner holds his feet to keep them in touch with the floor. Curl to the sitting position; arm contact with the chest must be maintained, and the chin should remain tucked to the chest. The sit-up is completed when his elbows touch thighs. Return to the starting position until his mid-back contacts the floor. His partner gives the 71 signal “Ready, Go” The subject started on the word “Go” and ceases on the word “Stop”. Scoring: - score is number of correctly executed sit-ups performed in 60 seconds. Upper-Body Muscular Strength. Test:-Pull-up Test. Equipments required: - A horizontal bar positioned at a height that allows the student to hang without touching the ground. Procedure:- The bar was be adjusted to a height that permitted the students to hang free from the floor from the hanging position with an overhand grip (palm forward), the body is pulled upward until the chin rests over the bar, and then lowered until the arms are straight. This movement was repeated to exhaustion. The student was not allowed to kick, jerk, or use a “kip” movement. Scoring: The students score was the number of correctly executed chins. 72 MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE Pulse rate Objective: To measure Pulse Rate. Equipment required: Stop watch. Procedure: Pulse rate will be measured by Radial Pulse (wrist) – index and middle fingers will be placed together on the opposite wrist, about ½ inch on the inside of the joint, in line with the index finger. Once pulse is found, number of beats is counted for a period of one minute. Scoring: Score was recorded in numbers of pulse per minute. Resting Respiratory Rate Objective: To measure Respiratory Rate. Equipment required: Stopwatch. Procedure: The Resting Respiratory Rate of each subject was recorded in the morning session. Before recording the Resting Respiratory Rate, the subject was instructed to remain for five minutes in supine lying position. The tester then recorded the rate of respiration in unit counts per minute by carefully watching the movements of the subject‟s abdomen. Similarly, the respiration rate was counted during the game and at the termination of the game (three minute recovery). Score: The total number of respiratory movements per minute was the final score. 73 Blood pressure Objective: To measure Blood Pressure (systolic and diastolic). Equipment required: sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Procedure: A sphygmomanometer (dial type) and a stethoscope were used to measure the blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) of the subjects. Each subject was asked to sit relaxed on a chair. The cuff of the sphygmomanometer was wrapped around the left upper arm of the subject just above the elbow. The cuff was connected to the pressure pump and manometer. After closing the outlet valve of the pressure pump, the pressure in the inflatable runner bag is rapidly raised to 180 mmHg by pumping which was sufficient to sheet off the practical artery, which is arrested, and radial pulse disappeared. Keeping the „chest piece‟ of the stethoscope over the brachial artery will monitor the sound of palpitation and listening to the sound through the earpiece of the stethoscope as the pressure over the artery is being manipulated. The pressure will gradually be lowered by opening the valve. As soon as the pressure in the cuff fells just below the systolic pressure, it allowed passing the small amount of blood through the compressed artery into the distal segment. This produced a clear sharp sound and the pressure shown on the dial is noted. This denotes the measure of systolic blood pressure. As this cuff pressure is lowered still further more blood flowed through due to rebound relaxation of the arterial vessel and this will be indicated by louder sound. The pressure at which the sound is muffled by manipulation the pressure 74 pump is read on them manometer dial. This denotes the measure of the diastolic blood pressure. Scoring: Score was recorded in mmHg. Vital Capacity Objective: To measure Lung Capacity. Equipment required: Dry Spirometer. Procedure: Vital Capacity was measured in milliliters by using a Dry Spirometer. The Spirometer was brought the zero position. The subject inhale to his maximum capacity and after closing both the nostrils, the air inside the lungs was blown out as intensely as possible into the mouthpiece of the Dry Spirometer. Score: The amount of expired air was read directly from the calibrated scale in liters and that was the score for Vital Capacity. Experimental Design Time series design was used Nelson 2005. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DATA 1. To determine the level of Health related physical fitness and physiological variables, descriptive statistics was applied. 75 2. To determine the effect brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables in sedentary college students one factor repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compute the data. 76 Chapter IV ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY Chapter – IV ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY The data collected on Health Related Physical fitness and Physiological Variable have been analyzed and presented in this chapter. The purpose of the present study is to determine the health related physical fitness and physiological variable of sedentary college students. The data on thirty subjects has been presented in this chapter. The data on selected criterion measures for the group was collected under similar conditions. The Total research period was of 84 days. Observation (obs) A=day1, Observation (obs) B=21st day, Observation (obs) C=42nd day, Observation (obs) D=63rd day and Observation (obs) E=84th day. FINDINGS The results are presented in this chapter in tabular form and discussion of findings was made. The findings and discussion of findings with regard to the present study have been presented in two sections. Section one deals with the mean and standard deviation of all the Variables. Section two deals with the one factor repeated measures Analysis of variance of Health Related Physical Fitness and Physiological Variable. SECTION ONE The findings pertaining to brisk walking group mean and standard deviations were computed and data pertaining to that have been presented in table -7 Table-7 Mean and Standard deviation of Health Related Physical Fitness Variables and selected Physiological variables Observation Variables obs A obs B obs C obs D obs E Flexibility(cm) 9.91 (2.76) 9.90 (2.82) 10.74 (2.83) 11.60 (2.89) 10.70 (2.88) Fat percentage (%) 14.32 (2.13) 14.37 (2.14) 13.07 (1.73) 12.48 (1.69) 12.79 (1.54) Aerobic/cardiovascular function (min/sec) 21.70 (1.83) 21.65 (1.95) 19.12 (1.75) 16.89 (1.25) 19.48 (1.37) Abdominal muscular strength 26.86 (5.87) 26.20 (5.70) 30.23 (6.02) 32.10 (5.88) 30.33 (5.57) Pull-ups(No) 4.63 (1.82) 4.80 (1.47) 5.50 (1.47) 5.93 (1.41) 4.86 (1.25) Pulse rate(b/min) 72.93 (5.2) 71.1 (4.39) 65.8 (3.28) 63.57 (2.97) 68.63 (3.46) Respiratory rate (r/min) 19.37 (1.9) 19.53 (1.81) 17.23 (1.87) 14.7 (2.23) 18.03 (1.56) Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) 126.20 (5.33) 125.10 (4.41) 123.13 (4.54) 124.73 (5.74) 126.20 (5.24) Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) 81.03 (4.60) 82.03 (4.88) 81.40 (5.66) 80.93 (5.33) 83.23 (4.16) Vital capacity(liter) 2.35 (0.18) 2.39 (0.18) 2.58 (0.17) 2.91 (0.22) 2.72 (0.26) and endurance (No) Note: Aerobic/cardiovascular endurance value is taken in min/sec but for purpose of calculation of data, min/sec was converted in decimal form 0.00 to 0.99. 78 The Mean of Flexibility in Table-7 shows that there was slight decrease in Flexibility from observation one to observation second (obs A 9.91(Cm), obs B 9.90(Cm), whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential increase in Flexibility till the training phase obs C 10.74(Cm), obs D 11.60(Cm). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in Flexibility 10.70 (Cm). It was evident from the mean of Fat Percentage in Table-7 that there was slight increase in Fat Percentage from observation one to observation second (obs A 14.32, obs B 14.37, whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential decrease in Fat Percentage till the training phase obs C 13.07, obs D 12.48). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in Fat Percentage 12.79. The Mean of Cardiovascular Endurance in Table-7 reveals that there was sequential reduction in the mean of Cardiovascular Endurance from observation one to four (obs A 21.70(m/sec), obs B 21.65(m/sec), obs C 19.12(m/sec), obs D 16.90(m/sec). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in aerobic/cardiovascular function 19.48 (Cm). The Mean of Abdominal muscular strength and endurance in Table-7 shows that there was slight decrease in Abdominal muscular strength and endurance from observation one to observation second (obs A 26.86, obs B 79 26.20, whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential increase in Abdominal muscular strength and endurance till the training phase obs C 30.23, obs D 32.10). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in abdominal muscular strength and endurance 30.33. It was observed from the mean of Upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups) in Table-7 that there was sequential increase of Upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups) from observation one to four (obs A 4.63, obs B 4.80, obs C 5.50, obs D 5.93). Whereas at obs E 4.86 of detraining phase there was slight decrease in the mean of upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups). The Mean of Pulse rate in table-7 reveals that there was sequential reduction of pulse rate from observation one to four (obs A 72.93(b/min), obs B 71.1(b/min), obs C 65.8(b/min), obs D 63.57(b/min)). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in the mean of pulse rate (68.63 b/min). The Mean of Respiratory rate in Table-7 shows that there was minor increase in respiratory rate from observation one to observation second (obs A 19.37(r/min), obs B 19.53(r/min), whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential decrease in respiratory rate till the training phase obs C 17.23(r/min), obs D 14.7(r/min)). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in the mean of respiratory rate (18.03 r/min). 80 The Mean of Systolic Blood Pressure in Table-7 shows that there was sequential reduction of B.P from observation one to three (obs A 126.20 (mmHg), obs B 125.10 (mmHg), obs C 123.13 (mmHg), whereas from obs D 124.73 (mmHg) to obs E 126.20(mmHg), there was slight increase in Systolic blood pressure. It was evident from the Mean of Diastolic Blood Pressure in Table-7 that there was fluctuation of Blood Pressure from observation one to two (obs A 81.03 (mmHg), obs B 82.03 (mmHg), and from obs C 81.40 (mmHg) to obs D 80.93 (mmHg) slight reduction due to training phase. The Blood Pressure was more close to normal and then after obs E 83.23(mmHg) .There was slight increase in diastolic blood pressure. It was observed from the mean of Vital Capacity in Table-7 that there was sequential increase in vital capacity from observation one to four (obs A 2.35 (liters), obs B 2.39(liters), obs C 2.58(liters), obs D 2.91(liters). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in the mean of vital capacity 2.72 (liters). 81 SECTION TWO The findings pertaining to brisk walking group one factor repeated measure analysis of variance was computed and data pertaining to that have been presented in tables. Field A (2012) Repeated measure is a term used when the entities takes part in all conditions of an experiment. In simple terms we can say that when the same test administered on the same subject for more than 2 times is known as repeated measures. Sphericity: - As parametric tests based on the normal distribution assume that data points are independent. This is not in the case in a repeated measures design because data for different conditions have come from the same entities. This means that from different experimental conditions will be related because of this we have to make an additional assumption those of the independent ANOVAs we have so far knows. Put simply (and not entirely accurately), we assumes that the relationship between pairs of experimental conditions is similar (i.e. the level of dependence between pairs of group is roughly equal). This assumption is known as the assumption of sphericity. Effect of violating the assumption Sphericity The effect of violating sphericity is a loss power (i.e. an increase probability of committing type II error) and a test statistics (F-Ratio) that 82 simply cannot be compared to tabulated values of the F-distribution. (Field, 2009, 13) Assessing the severity of departure from Spericity Departures from sphericity can be measured in three ways: 1. Greenhouse and Geisser (1959). 2. Huynh and Feldt (1976). 3. The lower Bound estimate (the lowest possible theoretical value for the data). The Greenhouse-Geisser and huynh-Felgt estimates can both range from the lower bound (the most severe departure from sphericity possible given the data) and 1 (no departure from sphericity at all). Mauchly’s test, which tests the hypothesis that the variances of the differences between conditions are equal. If Mauchly’s test statistic is significant at 5% level of significance (i.e. has a probability value less than < 0.05) we conclude that there are significant differences between the variance of differences: i.e. the condition of sphericity has not been met. If Mauchly’s test statistics is non significant (i.e. P > 0.05) then it is reasonable to conclude that the variances of differences are not significantly different (i.e. they are roughly equal). 83 If Mauchly’s test is significant then it cannot trust the F=Ratio vis-à-vis its discriminating power. Correcting violations of Sphericity Fortunately, if data violate the sphericity assumption then simply adjust the degrees of freedom for the effect by multiplying it by one of the aforementioned sphericity estimates. This will make the degree of freedom smaller; by reducing the degree of freedom we make the f-ratio more conservative (i.e. it has to be bigger to be deemed significant). Greenhouse-Geisser estimate of spericity (ε) in SPSS hand out. 1) When ε > 0.75 then use the Huynh-Feldt correction. 2) When ε < 0.75 then use the Greenhouse-Geisser correction. Then use huynh-Feldt correction, if Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (ε) is greater than 0.75 other wise to use Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of correction. 84 FLEXIBILITY Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Flexibility presented in Table- 8 Table-8 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Flexibility Epsilon Within Subjects Mauchly's Approx.Chi- Greenhouse- Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. Observation .270 35.934 9 0.000 Geisser .614 Feldt bound .675 .250 The above table shows that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was significant X2(9) =35.93, p=0.000. (i.e. has a probability value less than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has been violated.Further, as the value of Epsilon of Greenhouse-Geisser correction was less than 0.75, therefore in test within subject effect, Greenhouse-Geisser value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 85 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Flexibility presented in Table 8.1 Table-8.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Flexibility Source BetweenSubject SS Df MS 1152.58 29 9.74 59.99 2.50 24.42 F P 90.78 0.000* within-subject Observation Subject x Observations 19.14 71.24 0.27 *Sig. at 0.05 level of confidence (F (2.50, 71.24) = 90.78, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity had been violated, X2(9) = 35.93, p = 0.00, therefore degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (ε =.61). The results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on flexibility of sedentary college students, (F (2.50, 71.24) = 90.78, P < 0.000). 86 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to Flexibility presented in Table -8.2 Table-8.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Flexibility (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 9.91 2) 9.90 0.01 1.000 2) 9.90 3) 10.74 0.84* 0.000 3) 10.74 4) 11.60 0.86* 0.000 4) 11.60 5) 10.70 0.90* 0.000 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a :- Adjustment for multiple comparison: Bonferroni. Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.01, p=1.000), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=0.84, p=1.000) ,also in third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.86, p=1.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=0.90, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant increase in Flexibility after a certain time interval. 87 12 Flexibility (cm) 11.5 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 obs A Pre-Training obs B obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure: 1 Graphical representation of means on repeated observations in relation to Flexibility (cm). 88 FAT PERCENTAGE Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Fat Percentage presented in Table -9 Table-9 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Fat Percentage Epsilon Within Approx. Subjects Mauchly's Chi- Greenhouse- Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. Geisser Feldt bound Observation .018 109.98 9 0.000 .394 .412 .250 The above table reveals that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was significant X2(9) =109.98, p=0.00, (i.e. has a probability value less than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has been violated. Further, as the value of Epsilon of Greenhouse-Geisser correction was less than 0.75, therefore in test within subject effect, Greenhouse-Geisser value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 89 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Fat Percentage presented in Table- 9.1 Table-9.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Fat Percentage Source SS Df MS 480.40 29 16.56 Observation 94.05 1.58 59.49 Subject x Observations 24.72 45.66 0.54 BetweenSubject F P 90.78 0.000* within-subject *Sig, at 0.05 level of confidence (F (1.58, 45.66) = 110.16, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity had been violated, X2(9) = 109.98, p = 0.00, therefore degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of Sphericity (ε =.39). The results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on Fat percentage, (F (1.58, 45.66) = 110.16, P < 0.000). 90 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to fat percentage presented in Table 9.2 Table-9.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to fat percentage (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 14.32 2) 14.37 0.05 0.49 2) 14.37 3) 13.07 1.30* 0.00 3) 13.07 4) 12.48 0.59* 0.00 4) 12.48 5) 12.79 0.31* 0.01 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.05, p=0.49),whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=1.30, p=0.00) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.59, p=0.00) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=0.31, p=0.01). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant reduction in Fat Percentage after a certain time interval. 91 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 obs A Pe-Training obs B obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure: 2 Graphical representation of means on repeated observation in relation to Fat (%). 92 AEROBIC/CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Aerobic/cardiovascular function presented in Table 10 Table-10 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Aerobic/cardiovascular function Epsilon Within Approx. Subjects Mauchly's Chi- Effect W Square Observation .710 9.550 Greenhouse- Huynh- LowerDf Sig. 9 0.389 Geisser Feldt bound .867 1.000 .250 It was observed from the above table that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was insignificant X2(9) =9.55, p=0.389, (i.e. has a probability value greater than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was no significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has not been violated. Therefore in test within subject effect, Sphericity assumption value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 93 One Factor Repeated-Measure analysis of variance for aerobic/ cardiovascular function presented in Table 10.1 Table-10.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure analysis of variance for aerobic/ cardiovascular function Source SS Df MS 25.28 29 0.87 Observation 481.22 4 120.30 Subject x Observations 262.97 116 2.226 BetweenSubject F P 53.23 0.000* within-subject *Sig. at 0.05 level of confidence, (F (4, 116) = 53.23, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity has not been violated, X2(9) = 9.55, p = 0.389, the results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on aerobic/cardiovascular function, (F (4, 116) = 53.23, P < 0.000). 94 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to aerobic/ cardiovascular function presented in Table 10.2 Table-10.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Aerobic/ cardiovascular function (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 21.70 2) 21.65 0.05 1.00 2) 21.65 3) 19.12 2.53* 0.00 3) 19.12 4) 16.90 2.22* 0.00 4) 16.90 5) 19.48 2.58* 0.00 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.05, p=1.000), whereas sequential significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=2.53, p=0.000) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=2.22, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=2.58, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant improvement in Aerobic/cardiovascular function. 95 25 Aerobic/cardiovascular function(min/sec) 20 15 10 5 0 obs A Pre-Training obs B obs C obs D Training obs E De-Training Figure:-3 Graphical representation of means on repeated observations in relation to Aerobic/cardiovascular Endurance (min/sec). 96 ABDOMINAL MUSCULAR STRENGTH ENDURANCE Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Abdominal Muscular Strength and Endurance presented in Table- 11 Table-11 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Abdominal Muscular Strength and Endurance Epsilon Within Approx. Subjects Mauchly's Chi- Greenhouse- Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. Observation .375 26.876 9 0.001 Geisser Feldt bound .637 .704 .250 The above table reveals that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was significant X2(9) =26.88, p=0.001 ,(i.e has a probability value less than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has been violated. Further, as the value of Epsilon of Greenhouse-Geisser correction was less than 0.75, therefore in test within subject effect, Greenhouse-Geisser value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 97 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Abdominal Muscular Strength Endurance presented in Table -11.1 Table-11.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Abdominal Muscular Strength Endurance Source SS Df MS 4729..57 29 163.08 Observation 755.77 2.55 296.38 Subject x Observations 171.42 73.94 2.31 BetweenSubject F P 128.30 0.000* within-subject *Sig. at 0.05 level of confidence, (F (2.55, 73.94) =128.30, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity had been violated, X2(9) = 26.88, p = 0.001, therefore degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (ε =0.64). The results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on abdominal muscular strength and endurance, (F (2.55, 73.94) =128.30, P < 0.000). 98 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to Abdominal Muscular Strength Endurance presented in Table-11.2 Table-11.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Abdominal Muscular Strength Endurance (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 26.86 2) 26.20 0.67 0.157 2) 26.20 3) 30.23 4.03* 0.000 3) 30.23 4) 32.10 1.87* 0.000 4) 32.10 5) 30.33 1.77* 0.000 *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.67, p=0.157), whereas significant difference is found in second and third observation (MD=4.03, p=0.000) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=1.87, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=1.77, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant increase in Abdominal Muscular Strength Endurance. 99 35 Abdominal muscular str and end(No.) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 obs A Pre-Training obs B obs C obs D Training obs E De-Training Figure: - 4 Graphical representation of means on repeated observations in relation to Abdominal Muscular Strength and Endurance (No.). 100 UPPER BODY MUSCULAR STRENGTH (PULL-UPS) Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Upper Body muscular Strength (Pullups) presented in Table -12 Table-12 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Upper Body muscular Strength (Pull-ups) Epsilon Within Approx. Subjects Mauchly's Chi- Greenhouse- Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. Geisser Feldt bound Observation .600 14.004 9 0.123 .804 .916 .250 The above table reveals that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was insignificant X2(9) =14.004, p=0.123, (i.e. has a probability value greater than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was no significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has not been violated. Therefore in test within subject effect, Sphericity assumed value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 101 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Pull-ups presented in Table-12.1 Table-12.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Upper-body Muscular Strength (Pull-ups) Source Df MS 281.97 29 9.72 Observation 36.17 4 9.04 Subject x Observations 44.62 116 .38 BetweenSubject SS F P 23.78 0.000* within-subject *Sig. at 0.05 level confidence, (F (4, 116) = 23.78, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity has not been violated, X2(9) = 14.004, p = 0.123, the results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on upper body muscular strength, (F (4, 116) = 23.78, P < 0.000). 102 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to Upper Body Muscular Strength (Pull-ups) presented in Table-12.2 Table-12.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Upper Body Muscular Strength (Pull-ups) (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 4.63 2 ) 4.80 0.17 1.00 2) 4.80 3 ) 5.50 0.70* 0.00 3) 5.50 4 ) 5.93 0.43* 0.07 4) 5.93 5) 4.86 1.07* 0.00 *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a: Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni. Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.17, p=1.00), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=0.70, p=0.00), once again a insignificant difference was found in third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.43, p=0.07) and once again significant difference was found in fourth and fifth observation (MD=1.07, p=0.00). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant increase in Upper Body Muscular Strength (Pull-ups). 103 7 Pull-ups(No.) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 obs A obs B Pre-Training obs C Training obsD obs E De-Training Figure: -5 Graphical representations of means on repeated observations in relation to Pull-ups (No). 104 PULSE RATE Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for pulse rate presented in table -13 Table-13 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for pulse rate Epsilon Within Subjects Mauchly' Approx. Chi- Greenhouse- Huynh- Lower- Effect sW Square Df Sig. Geisser Feldt bound Observations .197 44.602 9 .000 .680 .757 .250 The above table reveals that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was significant X2(9) =44.602, p=0.00, (i.e. has a probability value less than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has been violated. Further, as the value of Epsilon of Greenhouse-Geisser correction was greater than 0.75, therefore in test within subject effect, Huynh-Feldt value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 105 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Pulse Rate presented in Table 13.1 Table-13.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Pulse Rate Source BetweenSubject SS 171.19 Df MS 29 59.04 F P 92.80 0.000* within-subject Observation 1740.49 3.02 576.32 Subject x Observations 545.50 87.79 6.21 *Sig. at 0.05 level of confidence ;( F (3.02, 87.79) = 92.80, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity had been violated, X2(9) = 44.60, p = 0.00, therefore degrees of freedom were corrected using Huynh-Feldt estimates of sphericity (ε =.76). The results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on pulse rate, (F (3.02, 87.79) = 92.80, P < 0.000). 106 Pair wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Pulse Rate presented in Table 13.2 Table-13.2 Pair Wise Comparison of Observation in relation to Pulse Rate (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 72.93 2 ) 71.1 1.83* 0.03 2) 71.1 3 ) 65.8 5.30* 0.00 3) 65.8 4 ) 63.57 2.23* 0.00 4) 63.57 5) 68.63 5.06* 0.00 *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a: - Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that significant difference was found in case of first observation and second observation (MD=1.83, p=0.03), second and third observation (MD=5.30, p=0.00) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=2.23, p=0.00) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=5.06, p=0.00). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program of (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in pulse rate. 107 74 Pulse rate(No.) 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 obs A obs B Pre-Training obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure: - 6 Graphical representation of means on repeated observation in relation to pulse rate (beats/min) 108 RESPIRATORY RATE Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Respiratory rate presented in table -14 Table-14 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Respiratory rate Epsilon Within Approx. Subjects Mauchly's Chi- Greenhouse- Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. Geisser Feldt bound Observation .599 14.058 9 0.121 .771 .873 .250 It is evident from the above table that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was insignificant X2(9) =14.06, p=0.121, (i.e. has a probability value greater than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was no significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has not been violated. Therefore in test within subject effect, Sphericity assumed value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 109 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Respiratory Rate Presented in Table -14.1 Table-14.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Respiratory Rate Source BetweenSubject SS Df MS 44.09 29 15.48 F P 199.65 0.000* within-subject Observation 463.22 4 115.80 Subject x Observations 67.97 116 0.58 *Sig. at 0.05 level of confidence; (F (4, 116) = 199.65, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity has not been violated, X2(9) = 14.06, p = 0.121, the results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on respiratory rate, (F (4, 116) = 199.65, P < 0.000). 110 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to Respiratory Rate presented in Table- 14.2 Table-14.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Respiratory Rate (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 19.37 2) 19.53 0.16 1.00 2) 19.53 3) 17.23 2.30* 0.00 3) 17.23 4) 14.7 2.53* 0.00 4) 14.7 5) 18.03 3.33* 0.00 *Significant at 0.05 level confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.16, p=1.00), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=2.3, p=1.00) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=2.53, p=0.00) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=3.33, p=0.00). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in Respiratory rate. 111 25 Respiratory rate (No) 20 15 10 5 0 obs A obs B Pre-Training obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure:-7 Graphical representation of means on repeated observations in relation to Respiratory rate(r/min). 112 SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Systolic Blood Pressure presented in table -15 Table-15 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Systolic Blood Pressure Epsilon Within Approx. Subjects Mauchly Chi- Greenhou Huynh- Effect 's W Square Df Observation .693 10.060 9 Sig. se-Geisser 0.346 .846 Lower- Feldt bound .971 .250 The above table shows that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was insignificant X2(9) =10.06, p=0.346, (i.e. has a probability value which was greater than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was no significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has not been violated. Therefore in test within subject effect, Sphericity assumed value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 113 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Systolic Blood Pressure presented in Table 15.1 Table-15.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Systolic Blood Pressure Source BetweenSubject SS 217.96 Df MS 29 7.51 F P 2.10 0.085 within-subject Observation 192.56 4 48.14 Subject x Observations 2655.84 116 22.89 Insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence; (F (4,116) = 2.10, P < 0.085). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity has not been violated, X2(9) = 10.06, p = 0.346, the results show that there was insignificant effect of brisk walking on systolic blood pressure, (F (4,116) = 2.10, P < 0.085). 114 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to Systolic Blood Pressure presented in Table -15.2 Table-15.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Systolic Blood Pressure (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 126.20 2) 125.10 1.1 1.00 2) 125.10 3) 123.13 1.97 0.767 3) 123.13 4) 124.73 1.60 1.00 4) 124.73 5) 126.20 1.47 1.00 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction showed that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=1.1, p=1.00), second and third observation (MD=1.97, p=0.767) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=1.60, p=1.00) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=1.47, p=0.13). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically insignificant reduction in Systolic Blood Pressure. 115 126.5 Systolic B.P.(mmHg) 126 125.5 125 124.5 124 123.5 123 122.5 122 121.5 obs A Pre-Training obs B obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure:-8 Graphical representations of means on repeated observations in relation to Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg). 116 DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Diastolic Blood Pressure presented in Table 16 Table-16 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Diastolic Blood Pressure Epsilon Within Subjects Mauchly's Approx. Chi- Greenhouse Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. -Geisser Feldt bound Observation .798 6.188 9 0.722 .887 1.000 .250 The above table shows that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was insignificant X2(9) =6.19, p=0.722, (i.e. has a probability value greater than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was no significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has not been violated. Therefore in test within subject effect, Sphericity assumed value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 117 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of Diastolic Blood Pressure presented in Table -16.1 Table-16.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for Diastolic Blood Pressure Source BetweenSubject SS 207.71 Df MS 29 7.16 F P 1.23 0.301 within-subject Observation 107.42 4 26.85 Subject x Observations 2527.77 116 21.79 Insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence; (F (4, 116) = 1.23, P < 0.301). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity had been met, X2(9) = 6.19, p = 0.722, the results show that there was no significant effect of brisk walking on Diastolic blood pressure, (F (4, 116) = 1.23, P < 0.301). 118 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to Diastolic Blood Pressure presented in Table- 16.2 Table-16.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to Diastolic Blood Pressure (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 81.03 2) 82.03 1.00 1.00 2) 82.03 3) 81.40 0.63 1.00 3) 81.40 4) 80.93 0.46 1.00 4) 80.93 5) 83.23 2.30 0.37 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction revealed that an insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=1.00, p=1.00), second and third observation (MD=0.63, p=1.00), third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.46, p=1.00) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=2.3, p=0.37). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant reduction in Diastolic Blood Pressure. 119 83.5 Diastolic B.P.(mmHg) 83 82.5 82 81.5 81 80.5 80 79.5 obs A Pre-Training obs B obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure: -9 Graphical representations of means on repeated observations in relation to Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg). 120 VITAL CAPACITY Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Vital capacity presented in Table 17 Table-17 Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity for Vital capacity Epsilon Within Subjects Mauchly's Approx. Chi- Greenhouse Huynh- Lower- Effect W Square Df Sig. -Geisser Feldt bound Observation .096 64.151 9 0.000 .515 .555 .250 The above table shows that the Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity was significant X2(9) =64.151, p=0.00, (i.e. has a probability value less than 0.05) and it is concluded that there was significant variance of difference and thus the condition of Sphericity has been violated. Further, as the value of Epsilon of Greenhouse-Geisser correction was less than 0.75, therefore in test within subject effect, Greenhouse-Geisser value of ‘F’ was taken into consideration. 121 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance of vital capacity presented in Table 17.1 Table-17.1 One Factor Repeated-Measure Analysis of Variance for vital capacity Source BetweenSubject SS 4.32 Df MS 29 0.14 F P 104 0.000* within-subject Observation 6.44 2.06 3.12 Subject x Observations 2.02 59.76 0.03 *Sig. at 0.05 level of confidence; (F (2.06, 59.76) = 104, P < 0.000). Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of Sphericity had been violated, X2(9) = 64.15, p = 0.00, therefore degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (ε =0.52). The results show that there was significant effect of brisk walking on Vital capacity, (F (2.06, 59.76) = 104, P < 0.000). 122 Pair wise Comparison of observations in relation to vital capacity presented in Table-17.2 Table-72.2 Pair Wise Comparison of observations in relation to vital capacity (I) Observation (J) Observation Mean Difference (I-J) Sig.a 1) 2.35 2) 2.39 0.04 0.22 2) 2.39 3) 2.58 0.19* 0.00 3) 2.58 4) 2.91 0.33* 0.00 4) 2.91 5) 2.72 0.18* 0.00 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. a:- Adjustment for multiple comparison:Bonferroni Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction shows that insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.33, p=0.226), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=0.190, p=0.000) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.33, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=0.187, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 week) elicits a statistically significant improvement in vital capacity. 123 3.5 Vital capacity(liters) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 obs A obs B Pre-Training obs C Training obs D obs E De-Training Figure: - 10 Graphical representation of means on repeated observations in relation to Vital capacity (liters). 124 DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS Walking is one of the most relaxing refreshing and enlivening form of exercise which reaps numerous physical, emotional and psychological benefits to stay fit and healthy one does not need to spend a bounty on gym facilities as the natural way of remaining healthy can be achieved by indulging in the healthy practice of brisk walking. Brisk walking can reap numerous health benefits which range from keeping one’s heart in a healthy shape to helping in the process of weight management. Further, walking helps in refreshing and rejuvenating the mind along with reducing stress and fatigue. Brisk walking implies picking up a pace which is faster than normal leisure speed but something which is not exhausting, thus, if somebody want to reap the numerous benefits of brisk walking one should pick up a pace which is fast, involving the work out of the entire body but that pace should be within comfortable range and should not exhaust you in couple of steps. Ayushveda (2008). Mean of Flexibility in table-7 reveals that there was slight decrease in Flexibility from observation one to observation second (obs A 9.91(Cm), obs B 9.90(Cm), whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential increase in Flexibility till the training phase obs C 10.74(Cm), obs D 11.60(Cm). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in Flexibility 10.70 (Cm), mean flexibility differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (2.50, 71.24) = 90.78, P < 0.000), insignificant 125 difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.01, p=1.000), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=0.84, p=0.000) ,also in third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.86, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=0.90, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant increase in Flexibility. It was evident from the mean of Fat Percentage in table-7 that there was slight increase in Fat Percentage from observation one to observation second (obs A 14.32, obs B 14.37, whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential decrease in Fat Percentage till the training phase obs C 13.07, obs D 12.48). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in Fat Percentage 12.79. Mean Fat Percentage differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (1.58, 45.66) = 110.16, P < 0.000), insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.05, p=0.49), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=1.30, p=0.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.59, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=0.31, p=0.01). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in Fat Percentage. R Mendes, N Sousa and J L Barata Brisk walking seems to be the preferred aerobic exercise. Vigorous intensity aerobic exercise and resistance exercises 126 for muscle strengthening, at least two days an observation is also recommended. Paul A. Ford, Gill Perkins & Ian Swaine, et al (2012)show that regular accumulated bouts of brisk walking during the school day can positively affect body composition in primary school children. Mean of Cardiovascular Endurance in table-7 shows that there was sequential reduction in the mean of Cardiovascular Endurance from observation one to four (obs A 21.70(m/sec), obs B 21.65(m/sec), obs C 19.12(m/sec), obs D 16.90(m/sec)). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in the mean of Cardiovascular Endurance 19.48 m/sec). Mean Aerobic/Cardiovascular function differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (4, 116) = 53.23, P < 0.000), insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.05, p=1.000), whereas sequential significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=2.53, p=0.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=2.22, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=2.58, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant increase in cardiovascular endurance. Hardman Adrianne E et al. (1994) suggested that regular brisk walking can improve endurance fitness in sedentary women. It was observed from the mean of Abdominal muscular strength and endurance in table-7 that there was slight decrease in Abdominal muscular 127 strength and endurance from observation one to observation second (obs A 26.86, obs B 26.20, whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential increase in Abdominal muscular strength and endurance till the training phase obs C 30.23, obs D 32.10). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in abdominal muscular strength and endurance 30.33. mean abdominal muscular strength and endurance differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (2.55, 73.94) = 128.30, P < 0.000), insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.67, p=0.157), whereas significant difference is found in second and third observation (MD=4.03, p=0.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=1.87, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=1.77, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant increase in Abdominal Muscular Strength Endurance. Mean of Upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups) in table-7 showed that there was sequential increase of Upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups) from observation one to four (obs A 4.63, obs B 4.80, obs C 5.50, obs D 5.93). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in Upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups) 4.86. Mean Pull ups differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (4, 116) = 23.78, P < 0.000), insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.17, p=1.000), 128 whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=0.70, p=0.000), once again a insignificant difference was found in third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.43, p=0.07) and once again significant difference was found in fourth and fifth observation (MD=1.07, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant increase in Upper Body Muscular Strength (Pull-ups). In the present study there was sequential reduction of pulse rate from observation one to four (obs A 72.93(b/min), obs B 71.1(b/min), obs C 65.8(b/min), obs D 63.57(b/min)). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in pulse (68.63 b/min). The mean Pulse rate differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (3.02, 87.79) =92.80, P<0.000. Significant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=1.833, p=0.038), second and third observation (MD=5.30, p=0.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=2.23, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=5.067, p=0.000). Therefore, it was conclude that a brisk walking training program of (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in pulse rate. The Mean of Respiratory rate in table-7 reveals that there was minor increase in respiratory rate from observation one to observation second (obs A 19.37(r/min), obs B 19.53(r/min), whereas after second observation to fourth observation there was sequential decrease in respiratory rate till the training 129 phase obs C 17.23(r/min), obs D 14.7(r/min)). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight increase in respiratory rate (18.03 r/min). The mean respiratory rate differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (4, 116) = 199.65, P < 0.000). Insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.16, p=1.000), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=2.30, p=1.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=2.53, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=3.33, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in Respiratory rate. The mean of Systolic Blood Pressure in table-7 reveals that there was sequential reduction of Blood Pressure from observation one to three (obs A 126.20 (mmHg), obs B 125.10 (mmHg), obs C 123.13 (mmHg), whereas from obs D 124.73 (mmHg) to obs E 126.20(mmHg) .there was slight increase in Systolic blood pressure. mean respiratory rate differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (4, 116) =2.10, P < 0.085). insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=1.1, p=1.000), second and third observation (MD=1.96, p=0.767) , third observation and fourth observation (MD=1.60, p=1.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=1.46, p=0.139). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically insignificant reduction in Systolic Blood Pressure. It was evident from the mean of Diastolic Blood 130 Pressure in Table-7 that there was fluctuation of Blood Pressure from observation one to two (obs A 81.03 (mmHg), obs B 82.03 (mmHg), and from obs C 81.40 (mmHg) to obs D 80.93 (mmHg) slight reduction due to training phase. The Blood Pressure was more close to normal and then after obs E 83.23(mmHg), there was slight increase in Diastolic blood pressure. Mean Diastolic blood pressure differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (4, 116) = 1.23, P < 0.301). Insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=1.000, p=1.000), second and third observation (MD=0.63, p=1.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.46, p=1.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=2.3, p=0.37). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically insignificant reduction in Diastolic Blood Pressure. Ghosh Arnab (2006) recommended that brisk walking is useful to lower blood pressure, blood glucose, and obesity (particularly central obesity) in middleaged obese individuals. Chiriac S et al. (2002) Dynamic exercise of moderate intensity, 50-75% VO2max, (e.g. brisk walking, cycling) for 50-60 minutes, 35 times per observation, is preferable to vigorous exercise because it appears to be more effective in lowering blood pressure. In addition to reducing hypertension, physical activity improves other cardiovascular risk factors. Chanudet X et al. (2006) Thirty minutes of brisk walking daily is beneficial. Benefits are not limited to blood pressure. Physical activity provides cardiovascular protection by reducing risk factors such as overweight and 131 metabolic abnormalities. Byron's (2008). “Accumulating brisk, 10-minute walks appear to be very effective for lowering blood pressure. Kaukab Azeem (2011) it was concluded that twelve observations brisk walking is beneficial for lowering of blood pressure, body mass index, and anthropometric circumference of obese males. Mean of Vital Capacity in table-7 showed that there was sequential increase in vital capacity from observation one to four (obs A 2.35 (liters), obs B 2.39(liters), obs C 2.58(liters), obs D 2.91(liters). Whereas at obs E of detraining phase there was slight decrease in vital capacity 2.72 (liters). Mean vital capacity differed statistically significantly between Observation points (F (2.06, 59.76) = 104, P < 0.000). Insignificant difference was found in case first observation and second observation (MD=0.04, p=0.22), whereas significant difference was found in second and third observation (MD=0.19, p=0.000), third observation and fourth observation (MD=0.33, p=0.000) and fourth and fifth observation (MD=0.18, p=0.000). We can, therefore, conclude that a brisk walking training program (6 weeks) elicits a statistically significant increase in vital capacity. 132 DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESES The outcome of the analysis of data and the findings of the investigation has been presented below. 1. The first hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in flexibility of sedentary college students. The investigator accepted the first hypothesis. 2. The second hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in fat percentage of sedentary college students. The investigator accepted the second hypothesis as the significance difference was found in observation points. 3. The third hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in aerobic/cardiovascular function of sedentary college students. The third hypothesis was accepted as the linear trend as well as significant difference was seen observation points of aerobic/cardiovascular function. 4. The fourth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in abdominal muscular strength and endurance of sedentary college students. The investigator accepted the fourth hypothesis as the results showed that a linear trend exist between observation points of Abdominal muscular strength and endurance. 133 5. The fifth hypothesis of the present study was partially accepted as linear trend was found in upper-body muscular strength (pull-ups) of sedentary college students. 6. The sixth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in pulse rate of sedentary college students. The investigator accepted the sixth hypothesis as the significant difference was found in observation points of pulse rate. 7. The seventh hypothesis of the present study was accepted as linear trend was found in respiratory rate of sedentary college students. As the respiratory rate differed significantly between the observation points. 8. The eighth hypothesis of the present study was rejected as no linear trend was found in blood pressure (Systolic and diastolic) of sedentary college students. 9. The ninth hypothesis of the present study there would be linear trend in vital capacity of sedentary college students. The investigator accepted the ninth hypothesis as the vital capacity differed significantly between the observation points as seen in the result. 134 Chapter V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter-V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables of sedentary college students. Thirty male sedentary college students of Lucknow Christian College between 18 to 25 years of age were selected as subjects for the present study and the subjects were briefed in details about the study. Lower-back flexibility was measured by Sit and Reach test and score was recorded in cm. Body fat was measured by three site of the body i.e. chest, thigh & abdomen and score was recorded in percentage (%). Aerobic/cardiovascular function was measured by 1 Miles walk/run test and the score was recorded in min/sec. Abdominal muscular strength and endurance were measured by Sit-ups test and the score was recorded in numbers. Upper-body muscular strength was measured by pull-ups test and the score was recorded in numbers. Pulse rate was measured by manual method and scores recorded in pulse/min. Blood pressure (Systolic & diastolic) was measured by sphygmomanometer and the scores recorded in mmHg. Vital capacity was measured by dry spirometer and the scores were recorded in liters. Respiratory rate was measured by manual method and the scores recorded in numbers of inspiration and expiration per minute. The reliability of data was established by the instrument reliability and the tester’s reliability. The instruments used for the study were calibrated and tested prior to the collection of the data. Thus, these were considered accurate enough for the purpose of this study. The tester’s reliability was established with the help of test retest method. An Intra class correlation coefficient was computed to analyse the data. For all the variables coefficient value was between 0.88 to 0.99 which shows that the tests were reliable enough. The Time series design was used as experimental design. One group was formed which participated in brisk walking programme (6 days in a week training protocol for 6 weeks, expect national holidays in which subjects assured that they will continue the training programme of their own). After observation B six week brisk waking was prescribed to the subject’s up to observation D. The whole programme of brisk walking was carried out in morning session approximately from 7 am. Total research period was of 84 days. Initial data of all the variables were collected as Observation A on day1. Again on the 21st day second observation (Obs B) was collected. Similarly on the 42nd, 63rd and 84th day Obs C, Obs D and Obs E was collected respectively. To determine the level of health related physical fitness and physiological variables, descriptive statistics will be applied. To determine the effect brisk walking on health related physical fitness and physiological variables in sedentary college students, repeated measures analysis of variance (Trend Analysis) will be used at 0.05 level of significance (one tailed) 136 CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results obtained and within the limitations of the present study the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in pulse rate. 2. A brisk walking training program (6 Weeks) elicits a statistically significant reduction in respiratory rate. 3. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically insignificant reduction in systolic blood pressure 4. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically insignificant reduction in diastolic blood pressure 5. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically significant increase in vital capacity. 6. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically significant increase in flexibility. 7. A brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically significant reduction in cardiovascular endurance. 8. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically significant increase in abdominal muscular strength endurance. 137 9. It was concluded that a brisk walking training program (6 Week) elicits a statistically significant increase in upper body muscular strength and endurance (Pull-ups). RECOMMENDATION In the light of the findings of the study the following recommendations are made: 1. The results of this study may be used by Physical Education teachers, Health trainers and Fitness experts for prescribing the brisk walking programme for different age groups. 2. A similar Study may be conducted on women of different ages. 3. A longitudinal study may be conducted on a large sample with people having cardiovascular problems. 4. Attempt should be made to educate all classes of people (rural, urban, hilly and coastal), the importance of involvement in Physical Education and active life style in life, so as to lead a healthy living devoid of hypokinetic diseases. 5. More geographical areas may be included for further studies on healthrelated physical fitness and physiological variables of sedentary people, other than Lucknow. 6. 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Retrieved on 21st, January, 2012. dictionary.reference.com/browse/respiratory+rate, Retrieved on 23rd, March, 2012. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/sedentary_lifestyle, Retrieved on 24th, January, 2010. 148 APPENDICES APPENDIX-A AGE AND WEIGHT OF THE SUBJECT Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Age 20 19 21 22 19 23 21 24 21 25 23 24 23 21 22 23 23 24 25 24 23 23 18 19 21 22 21 23 24 23 Weight 48 52 56 49 57 56 58 54 51 58 58 62 61 58 53 51 57 54 59 56 51 57 52 54 56 65 53 58 54 59 149 APPENDIX-B SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON FLEXIBILITY (In c.m) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 8 7.8 8.8 13 6.3 7.8 10.6 5.4 7.7 8.2 13.3 10.1 13.2 11.4 13.9 8.2 10.6 8.2 9.1 10.5 10.4 10.1 16.6 11.4 12.9 13.2 5.3 5.7 8.2 10.8 Observation 2 7.8 7.9 9 12.9 5.5 8 10.4 5.5 7.6 8 13.2 10 13.4 11.3 14.2 8.1 10.6 8.3 9.2 10.5 10.5 11.4 16.5 11.3 13 12.9 5.2 5.7 8.1 10.6 Observation 3 9.2 9.9 10.4 13.9 7.2 9.2 11.9 6.5 8.7 8.7 15.1 11.9 14.2 12.4 14.6 8.6 11.5 8.7 9.6 10.8 10.6 12.4 16.7 12 13.6 12.9 5.2 5.5 8.3 11.3 Observation 4 9.7 10.4 11.4 15 8.8 10.6 12.4 7.2 9.5 9.2 15.6 12.5 14.7 12.8 15.3 9 12.2 9.2 10.6 12.4 11.05 13.2 17.9 14.3 14.7 14.7 6.6 6.2 8.8 11.6 Observation 5 9 9.2 10.3 14.3 6.6 8.7 11.4 5.9 8.7 8.5 14.6 11.7 13.9 12.5 14.1 8.8 12.2 8.6 10 11.3 10.5 12.5 17.5 11.5 13.9 13.2 6.1 5.9 8 11.05 150 APPENDIX-C SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON FAT PERCENTAGE (In %) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 14.25 10.6 11.72 15.05 12.98 13.13 15.51 13.24 13.49 12.46 12.24 11.45 13.13 14.07 15.34 15.45 12.24 15.56 16.81 16.42 13.42 14.59 15.74 15 10.22 15.91 16.08 18.81 16.42 18.54 Observation 2 14.25 10.6 11.72 15.05 12.98 13.13 15.51 13.24 13.49 12.46 12.24 11.45 13.13 14.07 15.34 15.45 12.24 15.56 16.81 16.42 13.42 14.59 15.74 15 10.22 15.91 16.08 18.81 16.42 18.54 Observation 3 13.09 9.69 10.82 13.6 12.09 11.94 14.36 12.35 12.32 11.87 11.64 10.55 12.24 13.2 13.31 13.42 11.34 14.12 15.68 15.28 12.24 14.01 14.03 13.56 9.61 14.76 14.94 15.45 14.41 16.31 Observation 4 12.5 9.09 10.22 13.02 11.5 11.94 13.49 11.75 11.12 10.96 11.04 10.24 13.13 12.02 12.43 13.13 11.04 13.53 15.1 14.41 11.64 13.13 13.16 13.27 9 14.48 13.78 15.16 13.83 15.45 Observation 5 13.38 9.39 10.52 13.31 11.5 12.54 13.49 13.83 11.12 11.45 11.34 10.85 13.13 12.02 13.02 13.13 11.64 13.53 15.1 14.41 12.54 13.13 13.16 13.27 9.91 14.48 13.78 14.88 14.12 15.74 151 APPENDIX-D SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR (In min/sec) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 19.40 20.13 18.70 21.25 23.18 22.35 19.70 18.10 23.93 21.71 19.70 22.26 24.38 20.11 24.65 22.63 21.60 18.13 19.41 22.33 23.46 24.56 21.63 22.33 21.00 23.62 20.49 23.48 22.90 24.13 Observation 2 20.10 21.23 21.40 19.28 22.03 25.70 23.95 21.35 23.35 20.20 20.08 21.43 24.48 22.41 23.96 21.95 22.06 20.38 21.31 18.41 22.63 19.48 21.78 19.13 21.13 24.80 21.48 21.52 20.16 22.33 Observation 3 19.56 17.76 18.40 18.56 20.40 17.75 20.03 22.08 17.43 18.56 18.45 17.43 19.58 18.48 20.53 17.30 20.82 18.25 18.68 19.71 21.63 18.05 19.38 18.25 19.67 19.92 18.58 20.31 18.10 20.03 Observation 4 15.73 14.86 15.13 16.93 14.15 15.80 17.26 16.75 13.81 15.76 16.43 16.20 18.70 16.23 18.76 17.10 16.53 16.15 17.06 18.05 16.53 18.20 18.46 17.27 18.56 17.91 18.26 17.06 19.05 18.26 Observation 5 18.20 16.13 20.93 19.46 21.35 18.10 21.88 22.48 19.86 17.58 18.35 17.43 20.26 20.70 22.13 21.33 18.01 20.63 18.01 19.73 17.35 21.80 18.50 19.82 20.58 19.47 18.11 17.10 18.38 20.75 Note: Aerobic/cardiovascular endurance value is taken in min/sec but for purpose of calculation of data, min/sec was converted in decimal form 0.00 to 0.99 152 APPENDIX-E SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON ABDOMINAL MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE (In max. numbers) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 18 19 24 25 27 28 34 17 36 29 34 31 30 19 32 23 26 28 17 27 35 35 24 21 23 25 32 26 24 37 Observation 2 19 18 23 23 28 27 33 16 34 26 34 29 28 21 31 24 25 29 18 26 32 37 23 20 22 23 30 24 25 38 Observation 3 23 22 28 28 32 30 38 19 38 32 35 33 31 24 38 29 29 35 20 29 40 38 26 24 25 27 34 29 29 42 Observation 4 25 25 29 30 37 34 40 20 38 33 37 36 34 25 37 32 31 38 23 28 42 40 29 26 26 29 35 31 31 42 Observation 5 23 24 26 29 35 32 39 21 35 31 34 35 32 26 36 30 28 35 21 26 39 40 25 25 26 26 34 29 29 39 153 APPENDIX-F SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON PULL-UPS (In max. numbers) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 4 3 4 2 6 4 6 3 4 5 4 8 9 9 3 4 5 6 7 5 4 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 5 6 Observation 2 5 3 5 3 5 5 6 4 5 5 4 8 8 8 4 5 6 5 6 4 4 2 3 4 5 4 3 4 6 5 Observation 3 6 4 5 3 6 5 7 6 6 6 4 8 9 9 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 3 3 5 6 6 4 5 5 6 Observation 4 5 5 5 4 6 6 7 5 5 6 5 8 9 9 5 6 6 7 8 6 7 3 4 5 5 7 5 6 6 7 Observation 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 6 4 5 5 4 7 8 8 4 4 5 4 6 4 6 3 3 5 4 6 4 5 5 4 154 APPENDIX-G SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON PULSE RATE (beats/min) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 74 78 77 69 68 82 74 73 64 79 74 68 69 73 70 76 74 67 64 84 80 75 76 68 73 74 64 76 69 76 Observation 2 68 69 73 70 69 74 67 69 65 80 75 71 68 73 72 74 70 64 64 80 75 74 78 64 72 73 65 73 71 73 Observation 3 66 64 67 64 62 72 65 66 62 66 68 64 62 66 68 64 69 63 62 72 71 68 64 59 69 68 61 68 65 69 Observation 4 64 62 64 63 60 68 61 63 63 64 67 62 60 64 65 63 68 62 59 68 68 65 62 58 68 64 58 66 62 66 Observation 5 67 64 70 72 71 76 66 70 65 72 69 64 64 68 69 71 69 66 63 74 72 71 72 65 70 69 62 72 68 68 155 APPENDIX-H SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON RESPIRATORY RATE (No. of inspiration & expiration per min.) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 18 18 19 17 19 20 17 16 19 21 20 19 17 18 19 21 22 18 19 23 20 18 21 22 19 17 18 23 21 22 Observation 2 17 19 20 18 18 21 18 17 19 22 19 18 16 18 19 22 22 19 19 22 21 19 20 23 18 19 19 22 22 20 Observation 3 15 16 17 15 16 18 15 14 17 19 15 16 15 17 17 18 20 16 18 20 19 16 18 21 17 17 16 20 20 19 Observation 4 12 13 14 13 14 16 11 12 14 17 12 14 11 13 12 16 17 15 15 18 17 16 16 19 15 14 13 17 17 18 Observation 5 16 17 17 16 17 19 18 17 18 20 18 17 16 17 18 19 20 16 19 21 19 18 19 20 16 17 16 21 19 20 156 APPENDIX-I SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (mmHg) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3 Observation 4 Observation 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 125 118 129 122 128 126 125 128 129 119 128 121 128 122 116 129 134 136 124 119 123 138 132 128 123 126 120 128 132 130 122 120 126 124 121 128 122 126 126 120 131 128 132 138 118 130 124 126 121 124 120 126 125 122 125 122 128 122 124 132 122 126 118 116 122 124 132 128 120 124 124 129 130 126 124 122 122 122 120 114 128 122 124 116 128 128 116 118 123 126 124 116 120 121 120 122 122 122 124 119 122 136 126 118 146 124 124 132 122 124 122 128 130 124 126 126 126 122 126 128 128 126 122 124 126 124 118 121 128 122 126 124 132 124 119 126 126 132 128 128 126 138 122 132 123 132 118 120 134 137 157 APPENDIX-J SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (mmHg) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 76 78 81 68 87 78 78 86 89 82 88 88 82 74 82 83 78 81 84 78 83 81 82 74 79 84 82 85 79 81 Observation 2 74 82 85 92 83 89 74 76 78 84 90 87 80 76 75 88 83 88 79 80 82 84 76 78 84 86 80 82 84 82 Observation 3 84 90 87 76 82 86 76 72 84 85 78 76 78 77 74 92 87 89 68 84 86 82 81 84 82 88 76 80 78 80 Observation 4 82 82 78 78 78 78 88 78 86 72 88 75 74 75 76 89 88 80 86 76 85 88 82 72 86 82 78 88 76 84 Observation 5 84 84 79 86 92 82 90 76 82 78 85 84 84 78 78 87 80 85 89 88 87 79 88 79 79 78 84 84 82 86 158 APPENDIX-K SCORES OF SUBJECTS ON VITAL CAPACITY (in liters) VARIABLES (N=30) Sr.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Observation 1 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.6 Observation 2 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.5 Observation 3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.6 Observation 4 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.9 3.4 2.8 2.8 3 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.7 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.9 Observation 5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.9 3 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.1 2.8 3.1 3 2 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.8 159
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