World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013
The Growth of the Watermelons with Geometric
Shapes and Comparing Retention between Cubic
and Hexagonal Forms
M. Malekyarand, M. Shariati Ghalehno, A. Mokhber Dezfuli, H. Saebi Monfared, S. R. Ghoraishi K.
International Science Index, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16953
Abstract—Shape and form of the watermelon fruits are important
factors to save spaces and reducing damage during storing of the
fruits. In order to save spaces and prevent fruit damage in watermelon
the following experiment was carried out in the farm. The fruits were
boxed when they were approximately one cm less than the box
diameter. The cubic, hexagonal forms were compared in this
research. To do this, different boxes were designed with different
holes on the sides to holes the watermelons fruits for shaping. The
shapes of the boxes were hexagonal and cubic. The boxes holes sizes
were the same with 10mm diameter each. Each side of the boxes had
different holes including: without holes to 75 holes. The result
showed that the best shape for watermelon storing to save space and
prevent fruit damage was hexagonal form. The percentages of the
fruit damage were 33 to 80 respectively.
Keywords—Cubic form, fruit damage, hexagonal, watermelon
shape.
W
I. INTRODUCTION
ATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) belong to
cucurbitacea family require a long, warm growing
season the variety is Crimson Sweet. In order to FAOSTAT
102,889,076.00 ton at 2011 was produced. IRAN had
3,250,000.00 ton in this year [1]. Watermelon was first
harvested in Egypt 5,000 years ago [2].There is 1,200 varieties
of watermelon grown in 96 countries. It grow best under
temperatures of 21 to 29oC, tolerating temperatures up to 32oC
[3]. The plant also tolerates high humidity [4]. Although
watermelons are produced on a number of soil types, the crop
does not do well on muck soils [5]. The optimum pH range for
watermelons is 6.0 to 6.5, although the plant will tolerate soils
with pH as low as 5. Watermelon production is also affected
by soil temperature. Seedlings are easily damaged by frost,
and germination is very slow when soil temperature is less
Malekyarand, Morteza is educational instructor at the Department of
Agricultural Engineering and Machinery, Institute of Applied Scientific
Higher Education of Jihad-e-Agriculture & (IHEC), Tehran, 3177777411 Iran
phone: 00989121374841; fax: 00982636700880; e-mail: malekyarand.m@
gmail.com).
Shariati Ghalehno, Masoumeh is agricultural mechanization student at the
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Machinery, Imam higher
education Karaj, Alburz, Iran (phone: 00989109366419; fax:
00982636660703; e-mail: [email protected]).
Abdollah Mokhber Dezfuli is manager of Imam Higher Education Center
(IHEC), Karaj, Iran.
Saebi Monfared, Hadi is educational instructor at the Institute of Applied
Scientific Higher Education of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran.
Ghoraishi Khorasani, Seyed Reza is professor assistant at the Imam Higher
Education Center, Karaj, Iran.
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(5) 2013
than 21EC [6], [7]. Melons have historically been preferred
during the summer picnic season. June and July are the
primary months, accounting for 40 percent of the annual
supplies [8].
To show a profit, a grower must produce good yields of
high-quality melons, something that can be obtained only with
careful management. [9]
Fruit shape and appearance are quite varied, ranging from
round to cylindrical and a single color to various striped
patterns on the fruit surface. Watermelon fruit is very large,
smooth and oval to round. The skin can be solid green or
green striped with yellow. The edible flesh is usually pink
with many flat, oval, black seeds throughout [10].
Symptoms of Phytophthora fruit rot begin as a watersoaked, often depressed and spot. Frequently, the area of the
fruit in contact with the moist ground is affected first, but
symptoms also can develop on the upper surface, following
rain or overhead irrigation which provides splashing water to
disperse the pathogen. In older lesions, a mass of white
mycelium that contains sporangia may develop. Infected fruit
can decay rapidly and collapse. Fruit decay may continue after
harvest.
Phytophthora
fruit
rot
is
caused
by
Phytophthoracapsici and other Phytophthorasp [10].
Management of soil moisture by selecting well-drained
fields, avoiding low-lying fields, and not over irrigating is an
effective management strategy [11].
Sun scald (burn) results from exposure to intense solar
radiation that leads to dehydration and overheating damage of
the rind tissue. Sun scald can be alleviated by covering the
fruit with vines or straw material. Sunburn occurs most
frequently in varieties that have dark-green rinds. Charleston
Gray types and other melons with grey-green rinds rarely
suffer from sunburn. Good, healthy foliage will minimize
sunburn damage as well as favor good yields and quality.
Strong winds can blow unprotected vines away from the
developing fruit along the edges of the rows and cause full
exposure of the fruit to the sun. Loss of foliage covering the
melons can increase sunburn. Exposed melons should be
covered with vines, straw, or excelsior as they start to mature
to prevent sunburn. Each time the field is harvested, the
exposed melons must be re-covered. Most fields are picked at
least twice. The tops of the containers should be covered to
prevent sunburn in transit. Watermelon sales usually are based
upon a 1% to 2% shrink, because of breakage. The buyer is
responsible for supplying bins and lids or the shipper will send
a bill for the cost of these items [12], [13].
335
scholar.waset.org/1999.1/16953
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013
International Science Index, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16953
II. STORAGE
Temperaturee managemennt is imporrtant for opptimum
watermelon quuality. The ooptimum storaage temperatuure for
w
m
melons
is 15.6°°C. Transit teemperatures off 12.8° to 22°°C with
veentilation are recommendedd. Whole wattermelons shoould not
bee refrigeratedd. Watermelonns are not addapted to lonng-term
storage. Normaally the upperr limit of suitaable storage is
i about
thhree weeks. However,
H
this will vary from
m variety to variety.
v
Sttorage for more
m
than twoo weeks trigggers a loss in flesh
crrispness [14]-[[16]. Storing m
melons for seeveral weeks at
a room
temperature wiill result in pooor flavor. Hoowever, when fruit is
w days at warrmer temperattures, the flessh color
heeld just a few
tends to intensify. Sugar conntent does not change after harvest.
h
W
Watermelons’
f
flesh
will tennd to lose its red
r color if held
h
too
loong at temperaatures below 10
1 °C [17].
III. MATER
RIALS &METH
HODS
The followinng steps were ccarried out to shape the
w
watermelon
fruuits:
A. Planting
onnce a week. At first whiile the weathher was cooller the
irrrigation was eaach 7-8 days, but during thee July and Auugust in
waarmer weatheer it is donee each 5-6 days.
d
Unfortuunately,
unnexpected rainnfall for two tiimes that occurred in this period,
p
leaading to increaased downtim
me on watermeelons.
Fig. 2 Thee growth stages
B. Shaping
Fruits were boxed before rreaching to thee box sized diiameter
(appproximately one cm less) in
i 10-15 July..
Preliminary experiments with Glass,, Wood, Cooncrete,
Trransparent Pllastic and Plexiglas show
wed that thee best
maaterial for Booxes was polycarbonate which
w
is a lonng life
maaterial. Surelyy a shatterproof materiall that is 30 times
strronger than glass
g
and 122 times stron
nger than "A
Artylic"
.A
ARTYLIC is a kind of a hhard and tran
nsparent plasttic that
maade by polym
merized of accrylic acid essters. Polycarrbonate
dooes not break.. But the preessure from growing
g
waterrmelon
fruuit makes thee box separatted from the seams too slowly.
s
Allthough the Wooden
W
boxess were cheapeer, but they ch
hanged
thee color of waatermelon skiins due to lacck of sunlighht. The
cub
ubic die weighht design 1/3335 kg and hexagonal
h
weiight 1/
1772kg. Boxes allow
a
water annd excess mo
oisture to get off. In
ordder to ventilaate properly several holess were installed on
booxes sides. It is important to note that the over num
mber of
ventilation holes on the surfaace of the box, caused bodyy frame
tooo weak andd likely to break
b
it. Teemplates to ensure
consistency holees diameter 10mm and thicckness of 8 mm
m was
considered. Thee number of holes in each frame
f
was from
m zero
to 75 with thee same diam
meters were also
a
investigaated to
obbserve the effeect of aerationn (skin respirration) on fruiit skin.
Thhis experimennt was carrieed out in a factorial
f
com
mpletely
ranndom designn with two factors: A. number of holes
(inncluding: no ventilation or withoutt any holess, low
ventilation, 100-25, medium
m ventilationn 25-50 and
d high
b surface) and
a B. shape of box
ventilation 50-770 holes per box
t
andd three
inccluding cubic and hexagonaal with eight treatments
repplications.
Fig. 1 Farm
m of watermeloon
ment was carrried out in a farm of the higher
This experim
edducational ceenter (ihec) in
i Karaj cloose to Tehraan. The
reegion's climatte is relativeely temperatee. The plantinng and
haarvesting was done by studdents of (ihec)) and was suppervised
byy the farm maanager. In ordeer to prevent moisture dam
mage for
fruuits they werre slightly thaan the others. Watermelon variety
Cr
Crimson
Sweett seeds whichh are more suiitable to this climate
w
were
sowed onn the rows with
w
100cm annd 70cm from
m each
otther in 25, Appril, 2012. Thhey also have relatively thiin skins
w
which
make thhem easier too form. The plants
p
were irrrigated
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(5) 2013
ome of die with different shapees & materials
Fig. 3 So
In order to drain
d
extra waater caused by
b skin evapo
oration,
whhich can lead to rot waterm
melon, some off 3-4 mm holees were
336
scholar.waset.org/1999.1/16953
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013
International Science Index, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16953
made in the botttom of framees. Since the strength
m
s
of thee box is
veery important,, the boxes weere designed and
a assembled
d by the
stu
udents. Immaature watermeelon fruits weere boxed as soon
s
as
th
hey reached approximately
a
y 1-2cm less than the bo
ox size.
Boxing the fruiits sooner thaan that, they were
w
damaged
d due to
hiigher temperatture of greenh
house effects in
i the boxes. In
I order
to
o reduce sunshine, the box
xes were shad
ded by cut pllants or
paapers. On the other hand llater, was nott possible to box
b the
fru
uits. The fruiits were consstantly monito
ored every daay. The
co
onditions prov
vided for bothh cubic and heexagonal shapees were
saame.
whhere:
=Observatio
ons
= Mean
δ = Effect of shaape
= Effect of nu
umber of holess (ventilation))
=Interaction effect
e
=Error
d
in
The factorial test incompletely random design has done
wiith SPSS softw
ware, by GLM
M procedure analyze
a
and co
ompare
meeans of differeent groups in D
Duncan metho
od.
Source
Corrected Model
C
Intercept
No.Hole
Shape
N
No. Hole * Shape
Error
Total
C
Corrected
Total
Fig. 4 Watermelon
W
fru
uits in die durin
ng the growth
C. Harvestingg
After shapin
ng the fruits pproperly, they were removeed from
th
he top end of the
t box. The best time of harvesting
h
fru
uits was
w
when
all of thee box cornerss were almostt filled. Of co
ourse it
w be better and faster foor hexagonal form, becausse it is
will
clloser to its natural form
m, spherical. Watermelonss were
haarvested abou
ut 60-80 dayss after plantin
ng. They weree about
on
ne fourth of th
his time in boxx. As the sym
mptom of wateermelon
fru
uit ripening iss blackened sttem junction, so staying mo
ore than
th
hat caused to more
m
damage.
TA
ABLE I
ANALYSESS OF VARIANCES
SS
df
MS
6533.2922a
7
933.327
76727.0442
1
76727.042
7
5706.4588
3
1902.153
782.0422
1
782.042
44.792
3
14.931
456.6677
16
28.542
83717.0000
24
6989.9588
23
F
332.701
26688.247
666.645**
277.400**
ns
0.523
0
The results Table I reveealed that th
here are sign
nificant
diffferences bettween the treatments inccluding shapees and
nuumber of holess per frame suurface.
TA
ABLEII
DUNCAN TEST
E FOR MEANS CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER
U
OF HOLES
S
Level of (ventilaation) No. Hole N
mean
Std. Error CV%
C
1. no ventilatioon
0
6
80.1667a
3.18
9.7
9
2. Low
10-25
6
60.0000b
4.26
17
7.38
3. Med
25-50
6
45.6667c
2.9
15.5
4. High
50-75
6
40.3333c
2.45
14
4.92
The results in
n the Table II sshows that as the number of
o holes
per boxes increeased the fruitt damage deccreased. But th
here is
d
bettween L3 and
d L4. It mean
ns that
noo significant difference
inccreasing the number
n
of hooles causing to higher venttilation
ressulted to less the
t fruits dam
mage.
TA
ABLE Ш
DUNCAN TEST
E FOR MEANS CLASSIFIED BY TH
HE FRAME SHAPES
S
shappe
Meann
Std. Errorr
CV%
1- Cuube
62.2599 a
5.02
27.91
2- Hexaagonal
50.833 b
4.74
31.83
Fig. 5 Two ro
ows of formed fruits
f
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
Th
he statistical model
m
is:
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(5) 2013
The results in
n Table III sh
how that the shape of box
xes has
sig
gnificant effeect on fruitt damage in
n this experriment.
Heexagonal sign
nificantly wass better than cubic shape in the
casse of fruit dam
mage.
As the mostt researches hhave been caarried out on
n cubic
geometric form
m, this research is going to find out a new
hexagon form.
ween the otheer polygons th
here are
For choosing hexagon betw
b for better explanation itt is inspirit beeehives
maany reasons, but
strructure. Bees have been deesigned with an inbuilt ability to
buuild perfect heexagonal shappes which hav
ve been shown
n to be
thee most efficieent use of spaace. It also makes
m
the com
mb very
337
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013
strrong. Two reeasons First, bees want to
o enclose the largest
po
ossible spacee with the least
l
amountt of wax. Because
B
heexagons are th
he shape with the most sidees that “tesselllate”. In
otther words, iff is put a buncch of hexagon
ns next to eacch other
th
here will be no
n spaces betw
ween them. No
N shape witth more
th
han six sides will
w do this. Why
W bees buiild complex patterns
p
lik
ke hexagons for
f their honeyycombs when simpler patterns like
ciircles, trianglees and squares are an optio
on. According
g to the
beeeologists reesearch, beess are masters of naviigation,
co
ommunication
n and engineeering, making
g use of all sorts
s
of
naatural phenom
mena or laws. One
O of those laws
l
is the geo
ometric
tru
uth that the laargest number of sides that will fit togeth
her with
leaving gaps is
i six, makinng the hexago
on a popularr shape
th
hroughout natture and speccifically in th
he honeycomb
b. Bees
acchieve the fun
nctional confiiguration of th
he comb by creating
c
eaach cell as a simple cyliinder and alllowing the fo
orce of
prressure from close
c
packingg to flatten thee round shapee to the
m
more
efficient hexagon. Itt is somethin
ng similar to
o what
haappens to bub
bbles when th
hey get togeth
her. Isolated bubbles
b
arre spherical but
b have a flaat side wheree they stick together
[1
18]-[21].
Su
urface in contact& decreasee
strress concentraation
Fig. 7 The ccubic watermelo
on
Fig. 8 The hexxagonal waterm
melon
Unused spacees
Point of sttress
Fig. 6 The sp
pherical waterm
melon
ms of watermeelons occupy a large
The sphericaal natural form
am
mount of spacces to store. The
T new form
m not only saaves the
sp
pace (in natu
ural form) bbut also it prevents
p
fruits from
daamaging. In addition
a
to sav
ve the space, it also has different
d
sizzes diameter it caused thee most damag
ged rather thaan other
sh
hapes. There is one poin
nt of stress concentration. The
m
maximum
crush
h cause to fru
uit damage is on the contacct point.
Th
he contact points in cubiic form is much
m
more th
han the
sp
pherical form, so less presssure is on fruits,
f
becausee every
diimension is exactly
e
the saame as the next
n
one. Thee better
sh
hape after cub
bic form is hexxagonal form. This arrangeement is
sim
milar to bee hive.
h
The onlly waste spacces in the latteer form
arre at the angles.
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(5) 2013
m
the suurface of the decade
d
waterm
melon’s
In order to measure
skiins meshed paper
p
with on
n mm diametter square 74%
% was
useed the paper was completeely attached to
o the skins where
w
it
waas decade, theen by countingg the square mm
m of the pap
per the
surrface decade was
w measuredd.
Fig
g. 9 Compare cuubic & hexagon
nal fruits
To make bettter results of retention the different num
mber of
hooles tried. So we
w made a boox without any
y holes. This kind
k
of
boox made fruitts corrupt. In the same tim
me we try diifferent
nuumber holes. In four leveel: 0- no ven
ntilation, 1- low
l
2meedium 3- high
h ventilation.
This diagram
m shows that the least daamage in belo
ong to
booxes with 75 holes.
h
Surly iit can be morre than this nu
umber,
buut according to
o the box size it is the best rate.
r
338
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013
REFEERENCES
100
[1]
[2]
[3]
80
60
Cube
40
[4]
Hexago
onal
20
[5]
0
0
25
50
0
75
[6]
International Science Index, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol:7, No:5, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16953
Fig. 10 The raates of damage percentage to the
t number of holes
h
TA
ABLE IV
THE PERCENTAGE
E
OF DAMAGE IN DIFFERENT SHAPES
No holes
Cube
Hexag
gonal
0
25
50
75
80
68
50.33
45
74.67
52
2
41
35.67
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10
0]
[11
1]
[12
2]
(aa)
(b)
[13
3]
Fig
g. 11 (a) Lack off ventilation (b)) Sunburn
In this project impact of factors such as
a lighting, aeration,
m
material
and mold
m
to grow w
watermelon haas been investigated.
A
After
the growiing number off watermelon that was obseerved in
th
hose with few
wer holes weere most affe
fected by corrruption
faactors and desstroyed. Temp
plates that weere exposed to
o direct
su
unlight were also sunburneed. Horizontaal formats weere also
m
more
corrupt.
[14
4]
[15
5]
[16
6]
V. CONCLUSION
O
[17
7]
In this invesstigation it waas concluded that for wateermelon
storage the best
b
shape was
w
hexagon
nal having medium
m
d
veentilation (witth 25-50 holees) that it doees not have different
sig
gnificant by high ventillation (with 50-75 holess). The
peercentage of damage fruitts significantlly decreased as the
nu
umber of holees in the boxess increased (frrom 33% to 80
0%).
[18
8]
[19
9]
[20
0]
[21
1]
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ACKNO
OWLEDGMENT
The authors would like too thank these students that helped
in
n farm: Shariaati Sounghori, Afkhami, Haaj Hasani, Bazzregari,
M
Molaee,
Zaman
ni, Kababayan
n. Mr Sanei the
t farm man
nager of
ceenter. Mr Beh
heshti, the Innstructor of (IIHEC) for staatistical
prrocedure. Mr
M Rahimi The head of Mechan
nization
Department, Mr
M Mokhber the manageer of Imam Higher
Ed
ducation Centter (IHEC).
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(5) 2013
339
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