P1 Learning Outcome Questions
1.
2.
3.
Question
Do hot things or warm things cool down more
quickly?
In which direction does heat energy always
move?
Answer
Hot things cool down more quickly
What is the name of a photograph that shows
different temperatures as different colours?
What colours are the hottest and coldest
temperatures on a thermogram?
What is heat measured in?
What does the temperature of a substance
tell us about the particles?
What is the difference between temperature
and heat?
thermomgram
From a warmer object to a cooler object.
8.
Describe three factors that affect the amount of
energy needed to raise the temperature of an
object.
• hottest parts: white/yellow/red
• coldest parts: black/dark blue/purple.
Joules
Temperature tells us the average kinetic energy of the
particles
Temperature – a measurement of hotness on an arbitrary
or chosen scale.
Heat – measurement of energy on an absolute scale
• mass
• the material from which it is made
• the temperature change.
9.
Describe what you need to measure in an
experiment to measure the energy required to
change the temperature of a body.
 temperature change
 mass of material
 specific heat capacity of material
4.
5.
6.
7.
10. What is the difference between a material with a
high specific heat capacity and a material with a
low specific heat capacity.
11.
Describe and explain what happens to the
temperature of an object when it is boiling,
melting or freezing?.
12. Explain the meaning of: ‘the specific latent heat
of a material’.
13. Explain how energy is transferred in terms of:
• conduction
• convection
•
radiation
14. Describe how energy is transferred by:
• conduction
• convection
• radiation
15. Explain how there will be energy loss in a
cavity wall and what further measures could
be taken to limit this loss.
16. Describe everyday examples of energy saving
methods in the home.
17. Explain why trapped air in a material is a very
good insulator
18. Explain how the property that air is a very good
insulator is used to keep homes warm:
19. What happens to infra-red radiation when it hits:
a) a shiny surface?
b) a dull surface?
A material with a high specific heat capacity will:
 need more energy to make it get hotter
 need to lose more energy before it gets colder.
 store more energy
 take longer to heat up
 take longer to cool down
Temperature stays constant (even though energy is still being
transferred)
For melting and boiling, the energy is being used to break
bonds.
For freezing, energy is being released when the bonds are
made.
How much energy is needed to melt or evaporate 1kg of the
substance
Conduction: energy is transferred from particle to particle
Convection: Hot air rises and cool air falls
Radiation: Infra-red waves are absorbed and emitted by hot
objects
• conduction – transfer of KE between particles. Free
electrons in metals transfer energy between particles.
• convection – how expansion when a liquid or
gas is heated causes a change of density which
results in (bulk) fluid flow
• radiation – infrared radiation is an electromagnetic
wave and needs no medium.
Energy is lost by convection and conduction between the
warm air and the walls. Foam or polystyrene stops the
air moving and this reduces the heat loss.
• loft insulation
• double glazing
• cavity wall insulation.
• reflective foil in or on walls
• draught-proofing.
The particles are far apart and so energy cannot be
transferred between the particles
• fibreglass, mineral or rock wool in loft insulation
• double glazing in windows
• insulation foam or fibreglass in cavity walls
• curtains at windows.
• reflected from a shiny surface
• absorbed by a dull or rough surface.
20. If heat is lost from the home, what is the heat
source and what is the heat sink?
21. If a person buys loft insulation for their house,
what is meant by the payback time?
22. Name and label the main features of a
transverse wave:
Heat source – the home
Heat sink – the surroundings
The time taken for the person to save the cost of the loft
insulation on their energy bills.
• trough and crest
• amplitude
• wavelength.
Use your exercise book or revision book to check the diagram
23. What does frequency mean?
24. Give two facts about how electromagnetic waves
travel
The number of waves per second
 In straight lines (unless they change what they are
travelling through)
 at the same high speed in space or a vacuum
Use your exercise book or revision book to check the diagram
25. Draw a diagram to show how a wave is
reflected.
26. When is a wave refracted?
27. Explain why refraction occurs at the boundary
between mediums.
28. What is diffraction?
29. Draw diagrams to show waves being diffracted
at wide and narrow gaps.
30. For maximum diffraction, how wide should the
gap be?
31. How does diffraction affect the use of telescopes
and microscopes?
32. Describe an example of a communications use
for radio, microwave, infrared and visible light
33. State the seven types of electromagnetic waves
that comprise the spectrum and place them in
order of frequency or wavelength.
34.
Why are radio aerials longer than mobile
phone aerials?
35. Describe how, historically, light was used as a
means of communication
A wave will change direction when it passes from one medium
to another.
Because the speed of the wave changes
When waves spread out at an opening or gap
Use your exercise book or text book to check the diagram.
About the same width as the wavelength
The light is diffracted by small gaps. This can make the
image blurred.
Radio – radio stations
Microwave – mobile phones
Infra-red – TV remote controls
Visible light – morse code
Radio waves (longest wavelength, shortest frequency)
Microwaves
Infra-red
Visible
Ultra-violet
X rays
Gamma rays (shortest wavelength, highest frequency)
Because the receiver needs to be about the same size as the
wavelength of the radiation they are receiving.
• signals sent in the form of Morse code which is a
series of on off signals
• signals relayed between stations to cover larger distances.
36. Is morse code an analogue or digital signal?
Why?
37. Draw a diagram to show light travelling along an
optic fibre. Label where total internal reflection
occurs.
Digital because it can either be on or off.
38. Draw diagrams to show refraction and total
internal reflection, and explain the importance of
the critical angle
Use your exercise book or text book to check the diagrams
39. What type of light does a laser produce?
produces a narrow beam of light of a single colour
(monochromatic).
• waves have the same frequency
• waves are in phase with each other
• waves have low divergence.
40. Explain why most lasers produce an intense
coherent beam of light:
Use your exercise book or text book to check the diagram.
41. Explain how a laser beam is used in a CD
player
42. State 4 uses of lasers
43. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
using light, radio and electrical signals for
communication.
44. Explain how the properties of surfaces affect the
emission and absorption of infrared radiation.
45. How do microwaves heat up food?
46. Which type of radiation do mobile phones use?
47. Describe 2 properties of infrared radiation.
48. Describe 4 properties of microwaves.
49. Describe and explain how signal loss with
microwaves happens
50. Describe how the problems of signal loss are
reduced.
By reflection from the shiny surface:
• information is stored on the bottom surface
• information is stored digitally
• information in the form of patterns of bumps
(known as pits)
• a CD will contain billions of pits.
• surgery and dental treatment
• cutting materials in industry
• weapon guidance
• laser light shows.
• surface (temperature)
• colour (black or white)
• texture (shiny or dull).
The microwaves are absorbed by fat or water in the food and
this heats it up.
microwaves
• heats the surface of the food
• is reflected by shiny surfaces.
• penetrate (about 1cm) into food
• are reflected by shiny metal surfaces
• can cause burns when absorbed by body tissue
• pass through glass and plastics.
• adverse weather and large areas of surface water
scatter signals
• loss of line of sight due to curvature of the Earth
• no diffraction of microwaves around large objects
• interference between signals
• limiting the distance between transmitters
• high positioning of transmitters.
51. Explain how microwaves and infrared
transfer energy to materials.
• infrared is absorbed only by particles on the
surface of the food increasing their KE
• KE is transferred to the centre of the food by
conduction or convection
• microwaves are absorbed only by water or fat
particles in outer layers of the food increasing
their KE.
52. Describe how the energy associated with
microwaves and infrared depend on their
frequency and relate this to their potential
dangers.
High frequency = higher energy
Higher energy = higher potential danger
53. List the key points about the possible dangers of
mobile phones.

54. Describe uses of infrared radiation.
55. Explain how passive infrared sensors and
thermal imaging cameras work.
There may or may not be dangers:
- to residents near the site of a mobile phone transmitter
mast
- to users of mobile phones (especially children)
 Potential dangers may be increased by frequent use.
 Publishing scientific studies into the effects of mobile
phone microwave radiation enables results to be
checked.
 In the presence of conflicting evidence individuals and
society must make choices about mobile phone usage
and location of masts in terms of balancing risk and
benefit.
• in remote controls (TV, video and DVD players,
automatic doors)
• short distance data links for computers or mobile
phones.
• infrared sensors detect body heat.
56. Explain how different remote controls are
programmed to control different devices
57. Describe the differences between analogue and
digital signals
58. Draw graphs to show analogue and digital
signals
59. Explain why it is easier to remove noise from
most digital signals.
60. Describe advantages of using optical fibres
to allow more information to be transmitted.
61. Why is digital TV better than analogue TV?
62. Describe the transmission of light in optical
fibres.
63. Describe the advantages of wireless technology.
64. Draw diagrams to show how radiation can be
reflected and refracted.
65. Explain how reflection and refraction can be an
advantage or disadvantage for good signal
reception.
66. Explain how the refraction and diffraction of
radiation can affect communications.
67. Describe common uses of wireless technology.
68. Explain the role of the ionosphere and
satellites in long-distance communication.
69. Explain why nearby radio stations use different
transmission frequencies.
70. Describe advantages and disadvantages of DAB
broadcasts.
71. How can shockwaves caused by earthquakes be
measured?
72. What are the possible effects of shockwaves
caused by earthquakes?
73. Name the two types of seismic wave and
describe their properties.
the signal from an infrared remote control uses a set of
digital signals (or codes) to control different functions of
electrical or electronic devices.
• analogue signals have a continuously variable
value
• digital signals are either on (1) or off (0).
Slight variations of signal will not affect whether at signal is
either on or off.
• multiplexing
• lack of interference in the final signal.
 less noise or interference (a clearer picture)
 multiplexing = more channels
• optical fibres allow the rapid transmission of data
• optical fibres allow the transmission of data
pulses using light.
• no external/direct connection to a telephone line
needed
• portable and convenient
• allows access when on the move but an aerial is needed to
pick up the signals.
Use your exercise book revision guide to check the diagrams
Advantages
Radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere.
Satellite dishes reflect TV signals to focus them.
The atmosphere refracts radio waves so they can curve
around the horizon.
Disadvantages
Mobile phone signals reflect off mountains, causing lack of
signal.
Refraction of radio waves by the layers of the atmosphere can
cause signal loss
• refraction at the interfaces of different layers of Earth’s
atmosphere
• diffraction by transmission dishes results in signal loss
• TV and radio
• mobile phones
• laptop computers.
• the refraction and resulting reflection of waves
from the ionosphere (similar to TIR for light)
• being received by and re-transmitted from
satellites.
To prevent interference between the different signals
• more stations available
• less interference with other broadcasts
• poorer audio quality compared to FM
• not all areas covered.
• be detected by seismometers
• be recorded on a seismograph
• cause damage to buildings and the Earth’s
surface
• cause a tsunami.
• longitudinal P waves which travel through both
solids and liquids and travel faster than S waves
• transverse S waves which travel through solids
but not through liquids and travel slower than P
waves.
74. Describe how data on seismic waves
transmitted through the Earth can be used to
provide evidence for its structure.
75.
76.
State the effects of ultraviolet radiation
What are the advantages of using higher factor
sunscreens?
77. Explain how darker skins reduce cancer risk.
78. Explain how to calculate how long a person can
spend in the Sun without burning from
knowledge of the sun protection factor (SPF) of
sunscreens (eg sun block or suncream).
79. Describe and explain how scientists have
discovered a hole in the ozone layer and the
effects this has had on society.
• P waves travel through solid and liquid rock (ie all
layers of the Earth)
• S waves cannot travel through liquid rock (ie the
outer core).
• suntan
• sunburn
• skin cancer
• cataracts
• premature skin aging.
• less damage when higher factors are used
• high factors allow longer exposure without
burning.
• absorb more ultraviolet radiation
• less ultraviolet radiation reaches underlying body
tissues.
The SPF tells us how many times longer a person can stay in
the sun without burning.
 The discovery of the reduction of ozone levels over
Antarctica was unexpected.
 Scientists used existing scientific ideas to explain their
measurements
 Scientists verified their measurements of ozone reduction,
and the took steps to increase confidence in their
explanation:
measurements repeated with new equipment
measurements repeated by different scientists
predictions tested based on the explanation
 people have been informed of the risk of exposure to
ultraviolet radiation, including from the use of sun beds, in
order to improve public health.
 The ozone layer protects the Earth from ultraviolet
radiation.
 Environmental pollution from CFCs has depleted the
ozone layer
this allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth
the potential danger to human health increases
because of this.
 The discovery of the hole in the ozone layer over
Antarctica changed the behaviour of society at an
international level.