Paper to be presented at the
DRUID Society Conference 2014, CBS, Copenhagen, June 16-18
The Construction of a New Technological Innovation System in a Follower
Country: Wind Energy in Portugal
Nuno Bento
ISCTE-IUL
DINÂMIA'CET
[email protected]
Margarida Fontes
LNEG and ISCTE-IUL
DINÂMIA'CET
[email protected]
Abstract
This article analyzes the process of construction of a new innovation system based on wind energy in a ?follower?
context. The technological innovation systems framework is used to analyze and explain the emergence of a new wind
industry in Portugal, where this renewable energy technology knew a spectacular development in the past decade. This
framework highlights the main processes or functions that intervene in the diffusion of a new technology. The evidence
obtained demonstrates that the fulfillment of these functions, which were mostly studied in the context of pioneer
countries, is still pertinent to explain the formation of a wind energy system in this follower country. Yet the type of
resources and the nature of the activities needed to adopt the technology in the latter will often differ. This case provides
new insights about the importance of functions that enhance the follower?s capacity to assimilate the new technology
(e.g. local knowledge development, experimentation), creating conditions for a fast move as soon as innovations
become sufficiently mature in the core.
Jelcodes:O33,O38
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Abstract
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1. Introduction
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2. The process of formation of new energy technology innovation systems
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2.1 Technological innovation systems
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2.2 The dynamics of historical diffusion of energy technologies
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23452BC5F2B82)E6EF7+52EE7F*27C2F4527F5EF952B82F452B+5CEC52B82A9AFE7CE77F2FECA7F7BCA20D7F425F2E(2-'2585A2FB2
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F54C7E2EC628BDE7756'29F2EAB2E257BCFA2EFF7F9652FBE6A25EC7C25((2C5FBA254E+7B27CAF7F9F7BCA'(2
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2
3. Methodological issues
2
347A25A5E42E7DA2FB25ED7C52F452BCAF9F7BC2B82C527CCB+EF7BC2AAF5DA27C28BB52B9CF75A2
8B9A7C2BC2F452EA52B827C625C5265+5BD5CF(20FEF7C28BD2F45247AFB7E25+765C52BC2F452
E55EF7BC2B82AEF7E2BF42B+7656225D77E267889A7BC2AF9675A2F452E527C+5AF7EF5A2F452
B5AA5A2EF2B27C2F452EA52B82E28BB52DE5F2EC62EFF5DFA2FB29CB+52F452D54EC7ADA2EAAB7EF562
7F427CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D29767C2F4EF2EC2A9BF28EAF2F54CBB267889A7BC(22
CB2F47A29BA527F29A5A2EA2ECEF7E28ED5B2F452F54CBB7E27CCB+EF7BC2AAF5DA2EBE42
5F5C65622F452EFB6B75CF562ECEA7A247428B9A5A2BC2F45252BEC77EF7BCA2EC62C5FBA2F4EF2E2
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FE5A2E52EC62F4527D7EF7BCA28B2F452F7D7C2EC62EF5A2B8267889A7BC(22
L9ECF7FEF7+52EC6289E7FEF7+526EFE2EA2B5F5628BD2B8877E2AFEF7AF7A2A942EA2"%&23EC7A42%C52&5C2
BF995A52CEF7BCE2AFEF7AF7A2BF995A52375FBEF5655C5E28B2%C52EC6255BB235%5'(2
"C8BDEF7BC28BD2A5BC6E2AB95A25((2A75CF7872EF75A2B726B9D5CFA2EA2C5AE52
6B9D5CFA'2EA2EAB29A56(2"CF5+75A2552BC69F5627F4252EFBA2B82F4527C62EC625C52A5FB27C2
BF9E28BD2F4527C69AF25((25897D5CF2DEC98EF95A265+5B5A255F77F2B695A'2EE65D7E2
EC62B72DE7C(2
2C2F452EA7A2B82F4526B9D5CFE2ECEA7A2EC627CF5+75A2F452E52B+765A2E2A4BF247AFB7E2B+5+752
B82F4525+B9F7BC2B82F4527C62AAF5D27C2BF9E2765CF787C2F452DE7C25+5CFA2EC6252EFBA(23E7C2BC2
F47A289E7FEF7+527C8BDEF7BC2F452E529A5A2F4523"028ED5B2EA2EC2ECEF7E2AF9F952FB29CB+52F452
AAF5D29767C2B5AA5A2EF2B2B+52F7D52EC62EFF5DFA2FB2B+7652EC25ECEFB2EB9CF2B82F4528EAF2
67889A7BC26B9D5CF5622F4526EFE2BC27C62EE7F2BF4(2
2
2
12
2
4. The development of a new TIS in a follower country: The case of Portugal
2
4.1 The diffusion of wind power in Portugal
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4.1.1 The early development of wind energy in Portugal
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EC62BC24E82E265E652EF527F2EA25F5C6562FB2BF4525C52AB95A(-2#BCA5895CF2E2852C9D52B82
ADE27C62F97C5A2552557D5CF562DE7C27C2F452&7B5A2EC629E657E27AEC6A2#EAFB211'(2345A52
5E2B>5FA25529C65FE5C229725A5E427CAF7F9F5A2F4529729F77F2EC628B57C27C+5AFBA2
%AFEC8957B21$'(2&F2F47A2B7CF27C62B52EA2AF72E2F54CBB29C65265+5BD5CF(234552EA27FF52
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4.1.2 Factors influencing the take-off of investments
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F452)/5C5E5A2375F7+5*2F75562E2E+52B827C+5AFD5CFA27C25C5E525C575A(23452675F7+52
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55F77F2BCA9DF7BC221(2"[email protected]
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EFFEF7+525D9C5EF7BC28B255F77F2B695628BD27C6(2
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-
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97255F77F2AAF5D20%'2EC62EC27C655C65CF255F77F2AAF5D20%"'25C67C2F452DBCBB2B82F452BF995A52
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05BC62F452B5AA5A2DE65227C62F54CBB2697C2F4521?@A2EC621@@A25E5627F28B2
765A5E6267889A7BC(23EC7A42DEC98EF95A2552E5E62BDD57E777C2$29427C62F97C5A22F452
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7DBFECF2569F7BCA27C2F452E+5E526BCF7D52EF5A2FB25AA2F4EC2.'2EC62F97C52CB7A52;57>2EC62
&C65A5C21'(2&F2F452AED52F7D527C+5AFD5CF2BAFA27C27C62F97C5A25529F224E825F55C21@?2
EC622C7(21'(247C625C524E6287CE25BD52E2DEF952F54CBB25E62FB2A92A7C787ECF2
EDB9CFA2B825C52EF2E2BD5F7F7+52BAF(2
34528E+BE525+B9F7BC2B82F4525BCBD7A2B827C62F54CBB75A2EA297E28B2F452BF995A52657A7BC2
FB27C+5AF27C2F47A25C52AB95(2"C2F452EF521@@A27C62F54CBB75A2552D942DB52E6+EC562EC62
45E52F4EC2EF5CEF7+525C5E52F54CBB75A2A942EA2ABE24BFB+BFE7(23452E+5E52BAF2B82
9767C27C62EE7F27C2BF9E2EA2BA52FB2F452BC527C235CDE(2C795212A4BA2F4EF27C+5AFD5CF2BAFA2
E52+5252B5EF5627C2BF42B9CF75A25+5C27827C2EAB9F52F5DA2F4552E52ABD52678855C5A25F55C2
F45D24742DE252EF7E25E7C5622F452678855CF2AB95A29A562FB2BCAF9F2F452E4(
2345671891AB76C471DEFF1E13FC7131DCCD31317C61C1E654C1777181C1 81
Sources: (Portugal) IEA Annual Wind reports - various years; (Denmark) Grubler et al., 2012.
2
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4.1.3 Growth of the installed capacity and international comparison
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4428B22892BE624B9A2O2$23AA2NF2
$'28B2B+57C2F452EEC7C2BAFA(2378855CF28B2
ECFA287CEC56229F77F75A
2
55DEC22
:(1'21@(?2
$?(:2
1(:2
1@2
C55667C2FE78822
NF2 (?12P2?(@$252442EB67C2FB269EF7BC2B82
ED5CF'2O25B57C2BC9A2B82NF2(-252442
EC62ECF2A5+752BC9A2B82NF2( ?25244
E654C11
& 898(112901
31
849 1
027+1
0E7C22
1 ($'2$($2
2
1 (?2
12
2
277.31C6311
5D1491.91761,#1E61 17C6F1
+7
C55667C2FE7882 2
NF2?(1125244!28BD2F4521AF25E2BCE6AD2
NF2:(1@1252442
QA22
$( '2@(-2
$12
($2
12
C55667C2FE78822
525244'2
14262-4D2(1? 2
-42621(-94D2(@1@2
R21(-94D2( 1-
2
i
ii
Sources: DGEG (2013, p.12); data directly collected from the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) of the European Member
States: Beurskens et al. (2013, Table 3 and 10a/b); iii Ren21 Map <http://map.ren21.net> (accessed in September 17, 2013); iv Plano Nacional de
Acção para as Energias Renováveis (PNAER 2012); v RES-legal at <www.res-legal.de> (accessed in September 17, 2013), and for Portugal Peña
(2013) citing ERSE; vi the new energy reform announced by the Spanish government in July 2013 intends to significantly reduce the remuneration
of renewable energy sources, namely from wind technologies.
2
"F27A2F4558B527DBFECF2FB29C65AFEC62F4525EABCA2F4EF25E7C2F452A5FE9E27C5EA52B827C62
EE7F27C2F47A28EAF28BB52B9CF(2292E9D5CF27A2F4EF27F2EA2BAA752F4ECA2FB2F452A95AA892
8BDEF7BC2B82E2BE2F54CBB7E27CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2EA562BC27C62F54CBB75A(23452BCF5F2EC62
BC67F7BCA2F4EF25CE562F4525D55C52B82F4523"02E52AF9675627C2F452C5F2B7CFA(2
2
2
12
2
4.2 The emergence of a local wind innovation system
347A2A5F7BC2ECEA5A2F4525D55C52EC62BF42B82E2BE27CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2EA562BC27C62
F54CBB75A27C2BF9E27F42F452452B82F452F54CBB7E27CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2EBE425525F2E(2
?E!2,55F25F2E(212@'(2&A2B7CF562B9F2EB+52F47A27F5EF9524EA2765CF787562A5+5E252
B5AA5A2B289CF7BCA2F4EF2E5258975628B2E2A95AA892DEF9EF7BC2B82F4523"0(2345247AFB2B827C627C2
BF9E27A25ED7C562AFE522AFE52628BDEF7+5296AE7C2EC62BF424EA5262F4B942F4525A5CFEF7BC2
B82F452DBAF255+ECF28EFA2F4EF27C895C562F4528987D5CF2B82F45A5289CF7BCA27C25E424EA5(2
4.2.1 Formative phase
345287AF25BEFB2EF7+7F75A27C27C62F54CBB75A25EC27C2BF9E27C2F4521@?A(2"CF5CEF7BCE2F452
BC67F7BCA2552E5E625EF562FB2AE56927C62F97C5A27C235CDED27C2F4525E21@@A2F4523EC7A42
7C69AF2EA2E5E625E7C28B2F452BCAF9F7BC2B82F97C5A27F42EE7F75A2EB+52-24(2"C2
BF9E2F47A257B62EA26BC2F452EA7A28B2F4525D55C52B82F452C52F54CBB7E27CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D(2
3B2DE7C289CF7BCA2B827CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2552EF79E27DBFECF27C2F4525DBC72EC628BDEF7+52
4EA5D2CB56525EF7BC28BD2F452EF77EF7BC27C27CF5CEF7BCE25A5E42B>5FA2EC625CF55C597E2
557D5CFEF7BC27F42ADE27C62B>5FA(2
a) Knowledge creation
345287AF255+ECF2EF7+7F75A27C2F45287562B827C62B525525EF5627F4276A5CABB5BBAFBC8(2
"C2F4521@?A2F4525C52B727C2BF9E27A2AF729C652F4527C895C52B82F452FB2B72A4BA2B82F452
5+7B9A265E65(2"F2585FA2E265A752B8267+5A787C2F4525C52AB95A2EC625697C2F452655C65C52BC2
7DBFA2B828BAA72895A(2"C2F47A2BCF5F2E2852CEF7BCE25A5E42B9A25BD527C+B+5627C2%9B5EC2>B7CF6
B>5FA2CED527C2F452E5E2B827C624EEF577EF7BC29EFBA21$'(2347A25D7FF562F4525EF7BC2B82BE2
CB5652BC2F452EAA5AAD5CF2B827C625AB95A2EC62F54CBB75A2EF2F4525+52B829725A5E42
BEC77EF7BCA2%AFEC8957B21$!29EFBA21$'(2"C2F4525E21@@A2";%3"2E29725A5E425CF52
97A45A2E265FE75625+E9EF7BC2B82F4527C625AB952BF5CF7E27C2BF9E2"/%;&654%#21'(22"C2F452
D7661@@A2AF9675A2BC27C62BF5CF7E257C2FB25287CEC56227+EF5289C6A2EF79E22F452972
9F77F2%32#BAFE2 '(2&A2E25A9F2F4527CAFEEF7BC2B82F45287AF27C628EDA2EA26BC527F4B9F2F452C5562
8B2477C27CF5CEF7BCE2BCA9FECFA2BC2F452F97C5A25527DBF5629EFBA21$'(2
34525EF7BC2B828BDE2EC62E7562CB5652EC252EAA5AA5622F452EDB9CF2B827C+5AFD5CF27C2
7CCB+EF7+52EF7+7F75A2B+52F7D5(2C795225A5CFA2F452FBFE255C67F9527C25A5E4265+5BD5CF2EC62
65DBCAFEF7BC2/3J3'2EF7+7F75A2BC27C625C527C235CDE2EC62BF9E25A5F7+525F55C21@1 2
EC621(2QCA97A7C2F452EDB9CF2B82/3J327C2F4528BD527A2EEA2BC52FB2FB2B65A2B82DEC7F9652
E52F4EC27C2F452EFF5(2,B5+527F27A2DB527CF55AF7C2FB2BDE52F4525+B9F7BC2B82F45255C67F95A27C2
F452FB2B9CF75AD2/3J327A2AF5E6727C5EA7C27C2F452EA52B8235CDE2455EA27F25EA27C2BF9E27C2
F4521@?A2EC62EE7C27C2F452A258B52E2DE>B2E7A527C2F4527CAFE562EE7F2A552C7952$'(2347A2D74F2
EAB252EC27C67EFB2B82F452/3J32B75CFEF7BC27C2BF9E2FBE6A2E2DB52E7562F52B82CB5652
675F562FB2AB+52EF7E2B5DA2EAAB7EF5627F42F452E6BF7BC2B827C62F54CBB(2"C28EF2F452
5A5E42EF7+7F75A2BD7A5627C62EAA5AAD5CF2DECE5D5CF2B82F4527625C5FEF7BC2B827CF5D7FF5CF2
5C5E525C52EC6265+5BD5CF2B82ADE29EC27C62F97C5A2"%&21'(22
112
2
2345671 91!EC1767356713167F7C6D#717B7E71C17EF6C3E1&)8(1CD3B337F131317764131
7C61C1E654C1841. 8 7131933E1$56EF1& 8 163D7F1C176D#C4716C7F(2
Source: IEA, 2013.
2
b) Experimentation
3452A5BC62DBAF27DBFECF289CF7BC27C2F4525D55C52B82F452BE27CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2EA562BC27C62
F54CBB75A2EA2BC87BF7BCB736A5BFB73BC8683C(23452557D5CFE2F7EA2FBB2E528BD2D7661@?A2FB2
5E21@@A2EB7C2F45287AF2BCFEF27F425E2BFBF5A2B827C62F97C5A(234528BB7C25EA2AE2E2
C9D52B82ADE2F97C5A2EB9C62124'257C2F5AF562EC62557D5CF5627C2678855CF2EFA2B82F452
B9CF23E52'(2345287AF2A7C787ECF2EE7F27CAFEEF7BC2B95627C21@@27F4212DE47C5A2B821-242
5E427C2E2FBFE2B821(?294(2347A2)5BEFB*24EA52EAFA29CF721@@:245C2F45287AF2-42EC6247452
EE7F2F97C5A2AFEF257C265B5627C2F452B9CF(22
!C71 91,31E761FDC341C1E#135F61C17D#EE417B7F131E654C1771821C181
2
186A596F6938D5
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47C62F97C5A2CB('2
07F5A2CB('2
2
&B76B596F6938D5"'(#5
CEDA2
&5B5C5EFBA2
&5B5C5EFBA2622ECC9E2
E667F7BCA2
1@?-2
2
@2
12
2
2
2
1-2
$2
1@?:2
2
@2
12
2
2
2
1-2
$2
1@?12
2
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12
2
2
2
1-2
$2
1@??2
2
-$2
1?2
$2
2
2
1?2
$2
1@?@2
2
-$2
1?2
$2
2
2
1?2
$2
1@@2
2
-$2
1?2
$2
2
2
1?2
$2
1@@12
2
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2
2
2
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2
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2
12
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112
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112
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112
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62
62
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62
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62
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62
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0B95D2";%5"262&/%;211'(2
2
3452557D5CFA2BCF79F562FB2F45265+5BD5CF2B82E7562CB5652EC625D7FF562FB28BB2F452
F54CBB2B5AA5A2FE7C2E52EBE6(23452552657A7+528B2F452DE7C2EFBA2FB2E897525575C52
BC27C62F54CBB75A25697C2F4529C5FE7CF28B289F952B>5FA(2,5C52F4525C587FA27C2F5DA2B82
)5EC7C229A7C*28B27C628ED2B5EFBA2552A7D7E2FB2F4BA525+7B9A2BA5+5627C27BC552
B9CF75A2,EBC52EC62,5C62@'(2,B5+52F452DE>B2B52E5622F4525C529F77F2%3'27C2F452
F7EA2EC627C2DE5F265+5BD5CF27A2E267AF7CF7+5285EF952B82F47A2EA5245C2BDE562FB2F452A7F9EF7BC27C2
12
2
55DEC2B235CDE207DD7521!2AECB52EC625E9621!2GEBAABC2EC62=E952:'(234525E2
F7EA27C2BF9E2552EAB27DBFECF2FB25EF52B5F7+525AB95A28B2F4523"02EC62BDBF52AB7E2
4EC52,5C62EC62,EBC521'(2"C2F4EF2A5CA52F452552CBF2>9AF2E52FB2E665AA2F452B5D2B82
F452)9C5FE7C2D7665*25F55C2F452F54CBB2FECA852EC625E2BDD57E77EF7BC29F2EAB2F452
)9C5FE7C2BCF5F*22E7C26BC2F4528B9C6EF7BCA28B2F45265+5BD5CF2B82E2BDD9C7F2B8287DA2EC62
9A5A2F4EF245562FB257F7DEF52F452F54CBB2EF52BC(2
2F45289CF7BCA2B827CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2552E69E28987562697C2F47A28BDEF7+52B5AA(23452
B+5CD5CF2BDBF5625C5E525C52EA2E289C6ED5CFE255D5CF2B82F45289F95255F77F25C5EF7BC2
D727DD567EF52457C2FB25AFE7A427FA2AB38369D(2"F25DB+562F54C7E2EC625E2E75A2FB2F452762
BCC5F7BC2B825C5E525C525C5EFBA2CED522A5FF7C2E2IA57E257D5I27F427B7F2
67AEF47C28(23=21?@M??'(6234523C6C93C2B825E2B>5FA2EA2A9BF5627F427C+5AFD5CF2A9A7675A2
4BA5289C6A2ED528BD2F452972965F2EC628BD2%9B5EC2BEDA23E52$'(23452CEF952B82F452
A9BF5627C7F7EF7+5A28BBA2F45255F5625+B9F7BC28BD2DB52EA72EC62A75C56B75CF5625A5E42FB2
DB52E7562EF7+7F75A27C562FB2F4527D5D5CFEF7BC2B82F452F54CBB(2"C2E667F7BC2F45255+EC52
EFF79F562FB25C5E525C575A2A942EA27C62B523CABC9B582B537B983C554B67922EC62EFFEF562
A96A7652EFBA2FB2F4523"0(2345287AF2EFBA2EF7+527C2F452875625BC62F452E8B5D5CF7BC562972
5A5E425525C529F77F75A25((2%32%3&6&7B5A'2EC627CF5CEF7BCE265+5B5A2F4EF287CEC562A5+5E2
5E2557D5CFE2B>5FA(2C7CE2F452DC63955F4383B5B8B7C6A383B42EA289F452BBAF5627F42F452
5EF7BC2B82F452C5FB2B825C5E525C52B695A2&/%;'27C21@??2EC62F452C525C5E525C52
67+7A7BC2B82F4529F77F2%32%C5CB+E'27C21@@$(23452EF7BC2B82F45A52FB2BEC77EF7BCA2EA2657A7+528B2F452
7D5D5CFEF7BC27C2F452EF521@@A2B82F452A9BF2A45D5A2F4EF2556562F452FE56B882B827C625C52
"/%;&654%#21'(2
22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
:
23452CEF7BCE255F77F2AAF5D27A2BDBA5622F45297255F77F2AAF5D2EC62F4527C655C65CF255F77F2AAF5D(2345287AF2
BD7A5A2F45259E2EF7+7F75A2FB25CA952F45255F77F2A927C2F452B9CF27C967C2972A5+752B7EF7BCA2EC629C7+5AE2
657+5(23452A5BC62BD7A5A2F452A57E257D52B695A2EC62F452CBC27C67C255F77F2AAF5D2EB67C2FB2F45257AEF7BC(2
1$2
2
Table 3. Policies supporting the development of renewable energy positioned within the respective
European & National Framework Programmes (European programmes marked with an asterisk), by phase of
development of the local innovation system
)!1
26C7E61
6E46C7F1:1
;+A1&+E561
26C7E61
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281.181.842
1
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671;+A1&8 .
8(1
1
2
2
2
;+A1<1&8.0(1
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9
A56BCDEF29C829 201.18.812
211.181.82
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2
2
0"Q/%23=(1??M??'2A9A76775622F452%9B5EC22
S&=2/%;T(2G2Q=%T2
"CFB69F7BC2B82E2)A57E257D5*28B25C5E52
5C575A23=21?@M??'2
2
25EF7BCE2BEDD522
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8B2%C523=(1@-M@ '2
2
2
BEDE2% 2%;%12 9&%23=(1M'2
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1
"5E617CF567F1E61776411
B27C967C2A9AFECF7E2C9D525C52
B>5FA'1
$7641F7D33D11
E76C3EC11
6E46C7F11
%;%2;&%/2
972F5C6528B2F452EFF79F7BC2B8274FA2BCC5F7BC2
3/(1 M-'2C9C62FB209BF2"CCB+EF7BC2
0"9%"J3323%93%#2
2
2
4.2.2 Up-scaling and growth phases
3452C5F2AFE52B5ABC6A2FB2E257B62B824E62DE5F265+5BD5CF2B827C62B527C2BF9E2
5CBDEAA7C2BF42F45296AE7C2EC62BF424EA5(234528BD52B942BD7A5A2F4525EA25F55C2
F4527CAFEEF7BCA2B82F45287AF2-2A42F97C5A27C21@@:29CF72F45265BD5CF2B82$2942F97C5A27C2$2
455EA2F452EFF52AFEFA2EB9C62 2EC62B7C765A27F42F4527C5EA7C2E52B8265BD5CFA(2347A2FBB2
E52E8F52F4527CFB69F7BC2B827C5CF7+52B775A2EC62F452BEC77EF7BC2B82E2972F5C6527C2B652FB2
EE62BCC5F7BC274FA2FB2C527C62B527CAFEEF7BCA(2347A2A5F7BC25ED7C5A24B257F7DE2EA297F2
EB9C627C62B52EB7C2F4527CAF7F9F7BCE2E7CD5CF27F42F452C556A2B82F452F54CBB2F4EF28BAF5562
F45265+5BD5CF2B82F452DE5F(2
&F2F4527CF5CEF7BCE25+52F4528B9A2B82F54CBB265+5BD5CF27C2F4521@@A2EA2BC296AE7C27C62
F97C5A27C2B652FB27DB+5258BDEC5A2EC62EA25BCBD75A2B82AE52EF29C7F25+5247ABC21!2
,5C62EC62,EBC5211'(29EC25BCBD72EC62B7AF724E5C5A24E6255C2AB+562697C2F47A2
B5AA2A942EA2F452E+E7E77F2B82EC5A28B2F45255F7BC2B82E52F97C5A2;57>2EC62&C65ABC21$'(2
&A2E2BCA5895C52F452F54CBB2B5AA5625CBDB9A2EC622F4525C62B82F45265E652F4523EC7A42
DEC98EF95A2552BDD57E777C2C52DB65A2B82F97C5A2F4EF2552D942E52F4EC2F4525+7B9A2
5C5EF7BCA2EC624E62A7C787ECF27DB+56258BDEC5A2EC62569562BAFA2;57>25F2E(2$!2;5D5F2
@'(23452F54CBB7E2E475+5D5CFA27C235CDE24E627CA7562BF452B9CF75A2EBAA2%9B5(2347A2EA2
F452EA52B8255DEC2F4EF256B75CF562F452F54CBB2B72FB257EF52F452BC67F7BCA2547C62F4523EC7A42
A95AA(255DEC2DEC98EF95A2AFEF562FB28B9A2BC2ADE52$6E65A2F97C5A2EC625C587F5628BD2F452
BCFEFA27F423EC7A42BDEC75A28B2CB5652FECA852;57>2EC62&C65ABC21$'(2&CBF452EA52EA2
0E7C24742FBB2E6+ECFE528BD2F452>B7CF2+5CF9525AFE7A45625F55C2F452BE2F97C5A2DEC98EF952
5ED5AE2EC62F452DBAF27DBFECF23EC7A42DEC98EF952S5AFEA2FB2AFEF2B697C2F452EFF5FA2F54CBB2
9C65275CA528B2F4526BD5AF72DE5F2=57A2EC6247A521'(295EC475255DEC2EC620E7C2
7CFB695627C+5AFD5CF2EC62B69F7BC27C5CF7+5A2FB2BDBF52DE5F28BDEF7BC2GEBAABC2EC62=E952
1 2
2
:!2652/VB2EC6259E21'(234528BD52A5F292E2855667C2E2E7622F45255F77F29F77F75A2FB27C62
5C52B695A27C21@@24752F452EF52EB+562E2A7D7E2E28B925EA2EF5(22
354CBB27DB+5D5CFA27C2B52B9CF75A2B5C562E2)7C6B2B82BBF9C7F*28B2F45265+5BD5CF2B82
7C62B527C2BF9E(2"C28EF2F452A95AA2B8267889A7BC27C235CDE255DEC2EC620E7C23CABC9B582B5
37B983C554B67922F4EF2562FB2F4525CF2B82DE7C2EFBA27CFB2F452A5FB(2345287AF27C628EDA25527CAFE562
7C21@@:M@122EC62%32E8877EF52%C5CB+E'27F42BD7A7C25A9FA(2347A25E562F452BC67F7BCA28B2F452
7CF5CA52BF42B82EE7F27CAFEEF7BCA2F4EF28BB562E8F52F452F9C2FB2F452C52D75CC79D(2
a) Legitimation and institutional alignment
3452B+5CD5CFFA27CF55AF27C27C62B52EA2AFBC27C895C5622F452E5E62D5CF7BC562%9B5EC2
375F7+528B2/5C5E52%[email protected]+7A562FB2
-.'2B827FA2BAA2CEF7BCE255F77F2BCA9DF7BC28BD25C5E525C52AB95A221(2"C2F4525E2
A2F452B9CFFA25C5E525C52B69F7BC2ED52EDBAF259A7+528BD246BB5247424E62
E27D7F562BF42BF5CF7E26952FB2F452678879F27C29767C2C52E526EDA7(2&F2F452AED52F7D527C62
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Source: DGEG, 2013
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Assumption: 12 MW wind farm, producing in average 2,640 hours equivalent per year. The values represent the feed-in tariffs that would be
expectable with wind conditions in April 2005, according to the law in force.
(1) Tariffs by output blocks: first 2,000 hours: 9.1 1 cents/kWh; 2,000-2,200h: 7.8 1 cents/kWh; 2,200-2,400h: 6.6 1 cents/kWh; 2,400-2,600h: 5.6
1 cents/kWh; beyond 2,600h: 4.7 1 cents/kWh.
(2) Allows the installation of 20% more capacity, in return for a reduction on the feed-in tariff proportional to the power increase up to 2.4%.
(3) Wind independent power producers can extend the feed-in tariff period by five or seven years upon the payment of an annual compensation of
5,000 1/MW or 5,800 1/MW, respectively. In the first case, the feed-in tariff is extended by five more years and they can select either a tariff
between 74 - 98 1/MWh or a guaranteed minimum of 60 1/MWh, starting 2020. In the second case, the additional period extends for seven years
maintaining the alternatives as in the previous case.
Adapted from Ferreira and Araújo (2007). Other source: Peña (2013).2
2
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F54CBB2EC62FB297627CF5CEF7BCE257F7DE(22C2F452BF4524EC62F452E77F2FB2EF952F4527CF55AF2B82
7CF5CEF7BCE2DEC98EF95A2P2EFFEF5622E28EAF2B7C2DE5F2P2EA27CAF9D5CFE2FB2F4528BDEF7BC2B82
BE2B69F7BC2BD5F5C5A(22
345A525EF7BCA47A25525AFE7A4562EAA9D7C287AF2F4528BD2B8275CA7C2E55D5CFA2EC62EF52B82
B69F7BC2EC62BDD57E2EFC5A47A2B2>B7CF6+5CF95A2B8F5C28E77FEF5622BE2BD5F5C5A2EC62
BEC77EF7BCAF256777F(22C2F452BC524EC62F452B5C562F452E5AA22BE2BDEC75A2FB2F452DBAF2
E6+EC562F54CBB2EC62E+52F45D2F452E77F2FB2B6952F452525897D5CF2BE2F757C2BE2
5EC7C2B5AA5A2EC62F452BCAF9F7BC2B82EC27CF5EF562+E9524E7C(22C2F452BF4524EC62F4525D7FF562
FB265B2F452F54CBB2F7D52EF2E2DBD5CF245C27C69AF7E2EE7F2EA254E9AF562B67652EC62
F4552552E7F7C27AFA2B82A5+5E25EA27C2F4527CF5CEF7BCE2DE5F(234525EF7BC2B82BE2B69F7BC2
EE77F75A262BD7C5627F42EC25E265+5BD5CF2B82BD5F5C5A2EC625575C527C2F452A5F2B82EF7+7F75A2
5897562FB27D5D5CF2EC62DECE527C62AAF5DA262EAB25D7FF562BE2EFBA2FB28972E6+EC52FB2F452
5BEF7BC2B825D57C2BBF9C7F75A27C2EE62B9CF75A2F49A25EC67C2F4572EF7+7F75A25BC62F452
7D7F5627CF5CE2DE5F(22"C2BF452B6A27F2EB562F45D2FB25885F7+52EAA9D52F452AFEF9A2B828EAF2
8BB5A2EC62FB252BD5F7F7+527C2C52DE5FA2EF2E2AFE5245C2BD5F7F7+5C5AA2AFEF562FB2655C625AA2
BC2)7C+5CF7+5C5AA*2EC6245C2BDD57E77EF7BC2EE77F75A2AFEF562FB26BD7CEF52=552@'(2
&27C2E2F47A2EA52A4BA2F4EF27C2B652FB25BD52E28EAF28BB52BF9E2C556562FB2BD7C52E2AFBC2
B7F7E2BDD7FD5CF2FB2BDBF52F4525EF7BC2B82E27C625C52A5FB27F42F452EE7F2FB2EAA7D7EF52
F452F54CBB265+5B5627C27BC552B9CF75A29767C2BC2F452B9CFFA2BD5F5C5A25AB95A2EC62
7CF5CEF7BCE2C5FBA(2345A52588BFA2562FB2F45265+5BD5CF2B82E2A95AA8927CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2
A95AF7C2F4EF2F47A2EC252BC525885F7+52EF428B28EAF2F54CBB2E6BF7BC(2
2
Conclusions
2
3452B>5F7+52B82F47A2E52EA2FB27C+5AF7EF52F452BC67F7BCA28B2F45265+5BD5CF2B82E2C527CCB+EF7BC2
AAF5D27C2E28EAF28BB52B9CF25CF5562EB9C62E2C52F54CBB24BA525E265+5BD5CF2EC6287AF2
65BD5CF2FBB2E527C2F452F54CBB7E2B529F2EA28972E6BF5622F4528BB5(2347A27A2E2
12
2
55+ECF2B5D287AF2B82E25E9A52F4528BB5272C5562FB2EBDDB6EF527C27FA2AB7B6F54CBB7E2
BCF5F2E2C52F54CBB2F4EF2EA25+7B9A265+5B5629C65267AF7CF2BC67F7BCA(29B5B+52F47A2
B5AA2B82F54CBB2)EABF7BC*26227(5(2765CF787EF7BC2EAA7D7EF7BC2EC627D5D5CFEF7BC2B82F452
7CCB+EF7BC2#B45C2EC62=5+7CF4E21@?@21@@!2CE552EC625B67C4B2-'2627A29A9E25E775627C2
BCFEF27F42F452B5258977C2E2E5892BCA765EF7BC2B82F4527CF5EF7BC27D7EF7BCA(2,5C52F452
5D55C52B82F4527CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D27C2E28BB52EA255F562FB252678855CF28BD2F4EF27C2F452B52
EC62752FB252BCAFE7C5622F4525C6B5CB9A2EE7F75A2B82F452A9A5895CF2DE5F(234527C665F42
ECEA7A2FB2F452B5AA2B82BCAF9F7BC2B82F4527CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2EA562BC27C62F54CBB75A27C2BF9E2
5CE562FB2F5AF2F45A524BF45A5A2EC625+5E562E667F7BCE2EFF5CA2F4EF27DB+52F4529C65AFEC67C2
EB9F2F45265+5BD5CF2B82C527CCB+EF7BCA2AAF5DA27C2C5F2DE5FA(2
3452BCAF9F7BC2B5AA2B82F4527CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D27C2F4528BB52B9CF2678855628BD2F452BC527C2F452
B527C2ABD525A5FA(234528BDEF7+52AFE527A2DB528B9A562BC2F45265+5BD5CF2B82BD5F5C5A2EC62
5AB95A2F4EF2725D7F2FB2EAB2F452F54CBB2EF452F4EC2BC2F45265+5BD5CF2EC625E2
7D5D5CFEF7BC22F7E2EC625B2588BFA'2B82F452F54CBB2F4EF2FE5A2E527C2F452B5(2,B5+52F47A2
8BDEF7+5257B62EA2E2A7D7E2BCAF7F9F7+52B527C2F4528BB5(2"F2BD7A5A252AF9F9E2B5AA5A2
F4EF25C4EC52F452EE7F2FB2EAA7D7EF52F452F54CBB2EC627D5D5CF27F27C2EA2F4EF2FE52E6+ECFE52
8BD2F452B9CF2BD5F5C5A27C2BD5D5CFE2E5EA(22C2F452BF4524EC62EA27C2F452B52F452B7F7E2
657A7BC2FB2BDBF52EC62A9BF27C625C527A2657A7+52FB25EF52E2DE5F28B2F452F54CBB(2
9B5B+52ABD5252EFBA24E+52589E2E562EC27DBFECF2B527C2F452B5AA(2K5F2F4527C+B+5D5CF2B82
E525C527C9D5CFA27C2EF79E2F4525E65A472B+765622F452DE7C25C529F77F2E5EA2FB252E2
85EF952B82F47A2EF79E2EA5(234525D5562EA27+BFE2FB25EF5257F7DE2DB777525AB95A2EC62E7C2
BD5F5C5A28BD2678855CF2E5EA247425527CAF9D5CFE2FB2F45265+5BD5CF2B82F4527CCB+EF7BC2
AAF5D(22
347A25A5E42B+765A2C527CA74FA28B2F4523"02ECEA7A2B82F452BCAF9F7BC2B82E2C527CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D27C2
8BB52B9CF75A2697C2F45257B6A2B82F54CBB265+5BD5CF2EC627D5D5CFEF7BC(2"F2A4BA2F4EF2F452
EBE422F45289CF7BCA2B827CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D27A2AF7255+ECF27C2F452EA52B828BB5A29F2F4552E52
ABD52678855C5A27C2F452E2F4529C8B6(2347A27A2CED52F452EA52B828BDEF7+52B5AA5A2DB528B9A562
BC2F452E7625ECA7BC2B82F4527CCB+EF7BC2AAF5D2BC52F452F54CBB25FA2DEF9527C2F452B5(2CB2F452
89F9527F2B962527CF55AF7C2FB2BDE527F42BF4528BB52B9CF75A27C2B652FB2ECE75245F452F452
7CF5+5CF7BC2B82EFBA28BD2F45257D527A2E285EF952F4EF2E55EF5A2F452FECA7F7BC27C2A9A5895CF2DE5FA(2
2
Acknowledgments
452EF5892ECB5652F45289C67C2B82F47A25A5E422F452C#32C9C6EWXB2EE2E2#7\C7E252E2
35CBB7E'2F4B942F4525A5E42ECF2/58]20C/,M3M@11?$M12EC62F4525A5E42B>5F2
/58]233#M#06%#0M11$-:?M@(23452E9F4BA2B962752FB2F4EC2&CE2%AFEC8957B2GBA^2#EBA29EFBA2
&5EC652A7AA7C52/972#EAFB2SVFB29E895A20^7B2CE7EA2&C9825952EC62#4E75247ABC(2
2
2
2
References
2
&6742,(%(2C7B2#(9(21@@ '2)CBBA29A427CE234527CAF7F9F7BCE2BCF5F2B827C69AF25EF7BC*2&E65D2B82
9ECE5D5CF2/5+7521@2 'D2: -P1(2
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