xiv
PREFACE
and Hugh W. S. Philp who brought to the task the perspective
of distant Jands. To all these generous helpers I express my
gratitude, and especially to Mrs. Eleanor D. Sprague who skillfully helped pilot the project at each successive stage.
G. W.A.
CONTENTS
September, 1953
FOREWORD TO ANCHOR EDITION
ix
PREFACE
PART 1.
CHAPTER 1.
PREFERENTIAL THINKING
What Is the Problem?
Two Cases
Definition
Is Prejudice a Value Concept?
FunctioiUtl Significance
Attitudes and Beliefs
Acting Out Prejudice
Notes and References
The Normality of Prejudgment
The Separation of Human Groups
The Process of Categorization
When Categories Conflict with Evidence
Personal Values as Categories
Personal Values and Prejudice
Summary
Notes and References
CHAPTER 2.
3. Formation of In-groups
What Is an In-group?
Sex as an In-group
The Shifting Nature of In-groups
In-groups and Reference Groups
Socittl Distance
The Group-Norm Theory of Prejudice
Can There Be an In-group without an Out-group?
Can Humanity Constitute an In-group?
and References
CHAPTER
v
:;
4
6
10
12
12
14
16
17
17
19
22
24
24
26
27
28
30
31
33
35
37
38
40
41
45
xvi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
4. Rejection of Out-groups
Verbal Rejection
Discrimination
Conditions of Physical Attack
Riots and Lynching
The Essential Role of Rumor
Notes and References
CHAPTER
5. Patterning and Extent of Prejudice
Prejudice as a Generalized Attitude
What Imperfect Correlations Mean
How Widespread Is Prejudice?
Demographic Variations in Prejudice
Notes and References
CHAPTER
PART
n.
47
48
50
56
59
61
63
66
66
71
7'2.
77
78
GROUP DIFFERENCES
6. The Scientific Study of Group
Differences
Would Differences, If Discovered, Justify Rejection?
The Well-Deserved Reputation Theory
Methods of Studying Group Differences
Types and Degrees of Differences
The Interpretation of Differences
Notes and References
CHAPTER
7. Racial and Ethnic Differences
Why Race Is Emphasized
True Racial Differences
Cultural Relativity
National Character
Who Are the Jews?
Conclusions
Notes and References
CHAPTER
8. Visibility and Strangeness
The Young Child
Visible Differences Imply Real Differences
Degrees of Visibility
The Condensation of Attitudes around Visible Cues
Sensory Aversion
CHAPTER
83
85
85
86
93
103
105
106
106
109
113
115
116
12 3
124
127
128
129
131
1 33
134
xvii
Discussion
Notes and References
9. Traits Due to Victimization
Ego Defenses
Obsessive Concern
Denial of Membership
Withdrawal and Passivity
Clowning
Strengthening In-group Ties
Slyness and Cunning
Identification with Dominant Group: Self-hate
Aggression against Own Group
Prejudice against Out-groups
Sympathy
Fighting Back: Militancy
Enhanced Striving
Symbolic Status Striving
Neuroticism
The Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Summary
Notes and References
CHAPTER
37
1
139
14 0
142
143
144
145
14 6
147
148
149
15 0
151
15 2
153
154
155
15 6
157
PART III. PERCEIVING AND THINKING
ABOUT GROUP DIFFERENCES
The Cognitive Process
Selection, Accentuation, Interpretation
Directed and Autistic Thinking
Cause and Effect Thinking
The Nature of Categories
The Principle of Least Effort
The Dynamics of Cognition in the Prejudiced Personality
Conclusions
Notes and References
CHAPTER 10.
Linguistic Factors
Nouns That Cut Slices
Emotionally Toned Labels
The Communist Label
CHAPTER 11.
161
161
163
16 5
166
16 9
17 0
17 1
173
174
174
177
179
xviii
CONTENTS
Verbal Realism and Symbol Phobia
Notes and References
Stereotypes in Our Culture
Stereotypes versus Group Traits
Stereotype Defined
Stereotypes concerning the Jew
Stereotypes concerning the Negro
Comparison of Jewish and Negro Stereotypes
Mass Media and Stereotypes
Stereotypes Change in Time
Notes and References
CHAPTER 12.
Theories of Prejudice
Historical Emphasis
Sociocultural Emphasis
Situational Emphasis
Psychodynamic Emphasis
Phenomenological Emphasis
Emphasis on Earned Reputation
Final Word
Notes and References
CHAPTER 13.
PART IV.
182
183
184
185
187
188
192
194
195
19 6
199
201
204
206
20 9
210
211
212
212
Social Structure and Cultural Pattern
Heterogeneity
Vertical Mobility
Rapid Social Change
Ignorance and Barriers to Communication
Size and Density of Minority Groups
Direct Competition and Realistic Conflict
Exploitative Advantage
Social Regulation of Aggression
Cultural Devices to Ensure Loyalty
Cultural Pluralism vs. Assimilation
Summary
Notes and References
233
Choice of Scapegoats
Meaning of Scapegoat
Historical Method
235
23 6
23 8
CHAPTER 15.
16. The Effect of Contact
Casual Contacts
Acquaintance
Residential Contact
Occupational Contact
Pursuit of Common Objectives
Goodwill Contacts
Conclusion
Notes and References
CHAPTER
239
244
247
25 0
25 1
25 2
25 6
261
26 3
266
26 7
26 7
208
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS
CHAPTER 14.
as :SC(11Jc~f!.0(jts
Reds as Scapegoats
Scapegoats for
OCC(iJ)iorts
Summary
Notes and References
21 5
216
216
218
21 9
220
222
226
228
229
23 1
233
PART V.
ACQUIRING PREJUDICE
Conforming
Conformity and Functional Significance
Social Entrance Ticket
The Neurosis of Extreme Conformity
Ethnocentric Pivots in Culture
Basic Psychology of Conformity
Conflict and Rebellion
Notes and References
27 1
27 1
273
274
275
27 6
279
The Young Child
Child Training
Fear of the Strange
Dawn of Racial Awareness
Linguistic Tags: Symbols of Power and Rejection
The First Stage in Learning Prejudice
The Second Stage in Learning Prejudice
Notes and References
282
CHAPTER 17.
CHAPTER 18.
Later Learning
Conditioning
Selective Perception and Closure
Learning by Subsidiation
The Need for Status
CHAPTER 19.
281
28 3
286
28 7
28 9
29 2
294
295
297
29 8
3 00
301
302
xx
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Direct I-'w"m»<'~'M
The Mote-Beam lvlechanism
Complementary Projection
Conclusion
Notes and Refe-rences
Caste and Class
Subsidiation of Attitudes to Caste and Class
Conclusion
Notes and References
Inner Conflict
Prejudice with and without Compunction
Theory of the "American Dilemma"
The Inner Check
How the Conflict Is Handled
Notes and References
CHAPTER 20.
PART VI.
PART VII.
Frustration
Sources of Frustration
Responses to Frustration
Further Discussion of the Scapegoat Theory
Meaning of Psychodynamics
Notes and References
32 5
326
329
33 0
333
Aggression and Hatred
Nature of Aggression
The Problem of "Drainage"
Social Patterning of Aggression
The Nature of Hatred
Notes and References
335
335
337
33 8
Anxiety, Sex, Guilt
Fear and Anxiety
Economic Insecurity
Self-esteem
Sexuality
Guilt
Notes and References
345
345
347
348
CHAPTER 22.
CHAPTER 23.
Projection
Jealousy
Extropunitiveness as a Trait
Repression
Living Inkblots
CHAPTER 24.
The Prejudiced Personality
Methods of Study
Functional Prejudice
Ambivalence toward Parents
Moralism
Dichotomization
Need for Definiteness
Externaliution
Institutionalism
Authoritarianism
Discussion
Notes and References
CHAPTER 25.
THE DYNAMICS OF PREJUDICE
CHAPTER 21.
CHARACTER STRUCTURE
334
340
344
349
355
358
360
360
361
362
36 3
26.
Demagogy
Sample Materials
The Program of the Demagogue
The Followers
The Demagogue as a Person
Paranoid Bigotry
Notes and References
CHAPTER
The Tolerant Personality
Early Life
Varieties of Tolerance
Militant and Pacifistic Tolerance
Liberalism and Radicalism
Education
Empathic Ability
Self-insight
Tolerance for Ambiguity
Philosophy of Life
Notes and References
CHAPTER 27.
37 1
37 1
37 2
374
374
37 6
37 6
379
380
382
38 3
384
38 5
38 5
389
39 2
393
394
397
39 8
399
401
402
40 3
40 4
40 7
408
40 9
4 10
411
xxii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
28.
Religion and Prejudice
Realistic Conflict
Divisive Factors in Religion
Do Religious Groups Differ in Prejudice?
Two Kinds of Religiosity
The Case of Simon Peter
Religion and Character Structure
Notes and References
PART VIII.
41 3
413
41 5
4 18
420
422.
424
42.5
REDUCING GROUP TENSIONS
29. Ought There to Be a Law?
A Brief History of Legislation
Types of Legislation
Does Legislation Affect Prejudice?
Legislation and Social Science
Summary
Notes and References
CHAPTER
42.9
43 0
432.
437
44 0
442.
442
Evaluation of Programs
The Research Approach
Formal Educational Programs
Contact and Acquaintance Programs
Group Retraining
Mass Media
Exhortation
Individual Therapy
Catharsis
Notes and References
444
44 6
448
453
31. Limitations and Horizons
Special Obstacles
The Social System
Positive Principles
Imperatives of Intercultural Education
Final Word on Theory
Final Word on Values
Notes and References
46 3
4 64
465
CHAPTER 30.
CHAPTER
455
45 6
458
459
460
461
Index of Names
468
472
47 6
477
480
481
Index of Subjects
486
REFE
EN
IA
THINKING