Phonology
With phonological knowledge...
Representation of the sounds and sound
patterns in a speaker’s mental grammar
• produce meaning utterances
• recognize accent
• make up words
• apply (the same) phonological rules in the
Chinese names for
Phonology
• Travis
• Vimbayi
NCTU FLL Phonetics and Phonology sp13
Y. Lai
•
• The study of sound patterns in a language
(or in human language)
same contexts
• know different phonetic strings may
represent the same morpheme
/ŋ/
English words with /ŋ/ as onset?
Mandarin words with /ŋ/ as onset?
Taiwanese words with /ŋ/ as onset?
/t/
• [ t]
• [t ]
• [ɾ]
• [ʔ]
• [t˺]
h
saved in your brain database
Phoneme and Allophone
Phoneme and Allophone
•
/
In the mind
Phonemes (phone + -eme)
mental representation of a sound
In the mouth
distinctive phones which change meanings of words
/
/
/
/
/
in the environment of
/
l
/
[l]
/
Phoneme
•
[l ̴]
Allophones
Morpheme and Allomorph(eme)
Minimal pairs
Allophones
pronunciation predictable, variants of a same
phoneme
Superman and Clark
antidisestablishmentarianism
phoneme
• Two words with different meanings that are
identical except for one sound segment that
occurs in the same place in the string.
Problem sets
function. e.g., sheepdogs
e. g. cab [kæb]and cap [kæp]
• allophone
• Morpheme
• Smallest unit of linguistic meaning or
Morphophonemic rules
Wug test
predictable variations of ‘phone’
• allomorph(eme)
• The rules that determine the phonetic form
of morphemes.
predictable variations of ‘morpheme’
1 morpheme
many different ways to pronounce
• an linguistic experiment
designed to investigate the
acquisition of the plural
and other inflectional
morphemes in Englishspeaking children.
Berko, 1958
A
cab
cad
bag
love
lathe
cam
bang
call
bar
spa
boy
B
cap
cat
back
cuff
faith
C
bus
bush
badge
garage
match
buzz
D
child
ox
mouse
criterion
sheep
A
cabs
cads
bags
loves
lathes
cams
bangs
calls
bars
spas
boys
B
caps
cats
backs
cuffs
faiths
C
buses
bushes
badges
garages
matches
buzzes
D
children
oxen
mice
criteria
sheep
A
cabs
cads
bags
loves
lathes
cams
bangs
calls
bars
spas
boys
B
caps
cats
backs
cuffs
faiths
C
buses
bushes
badges
garages
matches
buzzes
D
children
oxen
mice
criteria
sheep
Phonetic properties of conditioning segments
A
B
C
D
cab
cap
bus
child
cad
cat
bush
ox
bag
back
badge
mouse
love
cuff
garage criterion
lathe
faith
match
sheep
cam
buzz
bang
call
bar
spa
boy
Our task - search for the environments
which condition these variations
bus + pl.
allomorph
environment
[z]
[s]
allomorph
environment
[z]
after voiced nonsibilant segments
[s]
[ əz]
[ əz]
Rules for English
consonant allophones
/bʌs + z/
/bʌt + z/
bug + pl.
/bʌg + z/
?
after voiceless nonsiblant segments
after sibilant segments
butt + pl.
phonetic
representation
[bʌsəz]
[bʌts]
[bʌgz]
Standard Reading passages
p. 72
1. Consonant longer / phrase-final
2. Voiceless consonants
a. aspirated/syllable-initial or stressed
b. unaspirated after /s/
3. Voiced consonants
a.Vd stop and affricates are voiceless / syllable-initial
b. voiced obstruents only partially voiced
basic
representation
A
cab
cad
bag
love
lathe
cam
bang
call
bar
spa
boy
• Comma gets a cure
• The Rainbow Passage
• Limpy
• My Grandfather
• Next week
• p. 291- 317
• Quiz
• Problem sets for English plurals and past
tense (regular ones)
• list the environments for each
allomorph
basic
representation
apply rule 1
add /ə/
apply rule 2
devoicing
phonetic
representation
B
cap
cat
back
cuff
faith
C
bus
bush
badge
garage
match
buzz
D
child
ox
mouse
criterion
sheep
bus + pl.
butt + pl.
bug + pl.
/bʌs + z/
/bʌt + z/
/bʌg + z/
↓
↓
↓
/bʌs əz/
[bʌsəz]
NA
NA
/bʌt s/
NA
[bʌts]
[bʌgz]