wh10a-IDR-0313_P7 11/24/2003 4:06 PM Page 72
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Date
CHAPTER
13
Section 4
GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: PLACE
Feudal Europe’s Religious Influences
Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer
the questions that follow.
as did that of Hungary around 986. Large sections
of Scandinavia adopted the Latin Church by 1000.
In the fifth century, Ireland became the “island of
saints.” Then, between 500 and 900, Ireland helped
bring England under the influence of Roman
Christianity.
However, in 988, in far eastern Europe, the
prince of Kiev received baptism from the Eastern
Orthodox, or Byzantine, Church, as regions to the
south had done in the eighth century. Disputes
between the two wings of Christianity—headed by
Constantinople and Rome—would soon separate
the two forever.
T
he influence of the Latin Church—the Roman
Catholic Church—grew in western Europe
after 800. By 1000, at the end of the age of invasions, the Church’s vision of a spiritual kingdom in
feudal Europe was nearly realized.
A sign of the spread of Roman Christianity in
western Europe was the increased presence of
churches. The population of the continent was
increasing rapidly—from around 14 million in 600
to 22 million in 950—and the need to accommodate all
the new faithful caused a boom in religious buildings.
It was an era of new Roman Christian states. By
966 much of the Polish region had sided with Rome,
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y
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Christianity in Europe Around 1000
0
0
300 Miles
600 Kilometers
Se
a
SCANDINAVIA
SCANDINAVIA
c
North
Sea
al
ti
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
AT L A N T I C
OCEA N
POLAND
HOLY
ROMAN
EMPIRE
Kiev
KINGDOM
OF
HUNGARY
HUNGAR
FRANCE
Milan
Bl
SPAIN
SPAIN
Rome
M
Latin Church
Islamic Lands
Eastern Orthodox
Pagan lands
72 Unit 3, Chapter 13
e
d
i
t
ack Sea
Constantinople
BYZANTINE
EMPIRE
e
r
r
Antioch
a
n
e
a
n
S
e
a
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
B
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Feudal Europe’s Religious Influences continued
Interpreting Text and Visuals
1. What two forms of Christianity were found in Europe in 1000? ________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What surrounds most of the northern section of Eastern Orthodox land? ________________
3. Which cities were the leaders of the two Christian religions? __________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the main religion of southern Spain? ______________________________________
5. What nine full or partial political divisions made up the Latin Church around 1000? ________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6. What areas of the Latin Church were bordered by pagan lands? ________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. What body of water touched Latin, Eastern Orthodox, and pagan lands? __________________
8. Look carefully at the map. In what place would you anticipate a major effort by the Latin Church
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
to expand its influence? Why? ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
European Middle Ages 73
wh10a-IDR-0314_P7 11/24/2003 4:22 PM Page 95
Name
Date
CHAPTER
14
Section 1
GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT
The Reconquista
Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer
the questions that follow.
a separate country. By 1269, the Reconquista was
considered a success, even though the Muslims still
controlled Granada. Finally, in 1492, the Muslims
in this last kingdom were defeated.
Lands retaken from the Muslims were repopulated mostly by northern Spaniards and French
Christians. As they took control of the region,
Europeans gained access to Greek thought. Greek
knowledge had been preserved in Muslim libraries
in eastern lands for centuries and was brought by
Muslim scholars to the Iberian peninsula. Eventually
Christian scholars absorbed this Greek learning as
the Reconquista replaced Muslim rule.
A
fter the fall of the Roman Empire, the peninsula
of modern-day Spain and Portugal—the Iberian
Peninsula—became a collection of kingdoms: Castile,
Navarre, Aragon, and many others. Of these kingdoms, only some tiny ones in the extreme north of
Spain were Christian domains; by 750, the rest of
the region had been conquered by the Muslims.
These Christian kingdoms wanted to recover the
rest of the peninsula, and so they began a 500-yearlong military campaign known as the Reconquista—
the Reconquering. (The religious tone of this effort
to drive the Muslims out, some believe, provided an
incentive for the Crusades.) It was during this prolonged warfare, around 1140, that Portugal became
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Christian Reconquest of Spain, 750 –1269
FRANCE
PY
AT L A N T I C
O C E A N
PORTUGAL
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
CASTILE
E
RR
VA
NA
Toledo
oledo
A
R
A
G
NE
ES
O
N
(1085)
Cordoba
(1236)
n
e a
Granada
n
a
rr
t e
i
d
M e
Seville
(1248)
Cadiz
(1263)
Christian lands, 750
Retaken by 910
Retaken by 1037
Retaken by 1150
Retaken by 1269
Muslim kingdom
of Granada
RE
S e a
A F R I C A
0
0
500 Miles
1,000 Kilometers
The Formation of Western Europe 95
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The Reconquista continued
Interpreting Text and Visuals
1. What are Castile, Navarre, and Aragon? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the shaded area of this map known as today?__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. About how much of the peninsula had been retaken from the Muslims by 1150? __________
4. Starting in 750, with the area of Christian lands in the extreme north, describe the progression
of the war in stages to 1269. ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. The dates shown for four cities on the map refer to the years in which those cities fell to Christian
forces. How long did it take Christian forces to capture Cordoba after taking Toledo? to capture
Cadiz after taking Cordoba? ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6. Why do you think the Reconquista was considered a success in 1269, even though Granada had
not yet been taken? ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. When did Christian forces finally retake the kingdom of Granada? ______________________
Why is it logical that Granada was the last Muslim stronghold?__________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. In what way did Muslim occupation of the Iberian Peninsula contribute to European knowledge?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
96 Unit 3, Chapter 14
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
____________________________________________________________________________
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Name
CHAPTER
14
Section 4
Date
SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE
Recognizing Effects
Recognizing effects is one strategy that historians use to help understand how
events are related. The passage below describes new weapons that were introduced during the Hundred Years’ War. As you read, look for both the short-term
and long-term effects of these new weapons. Then fill in the diagram below.
(See Skillbuilder Handbook)
D
uring the Hundred Years’ War, new weapons
caused a revolution both in warfare and in
society. The weapon that gave England its early
victories in the war was the longbow. Before battle,
skilled English bowmen arranged themselves, side
by side, along a wide arc. As the French attacked,
the English bowmen drew their six-foot longbows.
The arrows were dangerous at a range of 300 yards
and absolutely fatal within 100 yards. The result
was disaster for the French. Horses were slain or
wounded and threw off their riders. Dressed in
heavy armor, French knights could not get up and
were killed by English foot soldiers. The age of
feudalism, based on the power of warriors on
horseback, could not survive long.
The second weapon that battered down the
feudal system was the cannon. The English fired
small cannons at the Battle of Crecy, but these
did little more than scare the horses. After 1400,
however, European cannons grew huge and powerful. They could shoot stone balls 20 inches in
diameter. In the last years of the Hundred Years’
War, both sides used cannons to batter down the
walls of each other’s castles. Thus, the castle, like
the knight’s suit of shining armor, became an
outdated relic. The Hundred Years’ War had
dealt a death blow to feudal warfare and the
Age of Chivalry.
Cause: New weapons are introduced in the Hundred Years’ War.
Cannon
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
94 Unit 3, Chapter 14
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
Longbow
Short-Term Effects