CHAPTER – V ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE DAIRY INDUSTRIES AND MILK PRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER – V ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE DAIRY INDUSTRIES AND MILK PRODUCTION 5.1 INTRODUCTION:Milk and milk products are indispensable to the growth of the child and to the health of the adult. For the infant, milk is a perfect food, for the growing child, milk and the milk products of the dairy industry are essential foods, and for adults and expectant mothers they are the most important foods. In India, it is generally observed that in the north and west the cow are better milkers, but as one gets to the south and east the milk producing quality deteriorates. The importance of livestock sector in general and of dairying in particular hardly needs emphasis in a country like India. The major and more widely known contribution of livestock sector is in terms of production of milk and milk products. Apart from milk, this sector contributes meat, hides, skins, organic manure and draft power. Milk production activity takes place on individual farms of varying sizes. This characteristic of milk production system coupled with perishable nature of milk imposes sever econstraints on devising improved system for assembling, processing and distribution of milk and its products. In this chapter, characteristics of production pattern of milk have been presented. Specially, it covers composition of milk, milk production, price scene for milk and milk products, relative importance of cows and buffaloes in milk production, production ratio and seasonal variation in milk production. 5.2 ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN DAIRY:The study of dairy activity is not complete without taking into account the co-operative movement in India. Co-operation means working together in a team for attaining certain objectives. The spirit of village communities in India was almost entirely based on the philosophy of co-operation. In the modern cooperative societies may be found at local, regional, national and international 2 levels, where a distinction is made among them on the basis of the extent of area they cover. In Maharashtra, dairy activity is developed on co-operative basis. The keen interest of state government and support of farmers are the main reasons for co-operative dairy development in Maharashtra. The dairy activity is now largely based upon a three tier system under which, the primary village cooperative societies are linked with district union and state federation which are guided by the national co- operative dairy federation in India. The structure of co-operative dairy is as follows – 1) The Maharashtra state co-operative Milk Federation Ltd at the top level. 2) District or Taluka co-operative Milk Federation at district level. 3) Primary co-operative Milk producing societies at village level. 5.3 MILK COLLECTION:Dairy activity practiced everywhere in study area in Sangli district. The primary milk societies collect milk in village level and supply to the dudh sangh in the Sangli district. This point includes the distribution of dudh sangh and milk collection of the Sangli district. A. - Distribution of Dudh Sangh in Sangli District. (2008-09):In the Sangli district, there are uneven distributions of dudh sangh. It is shown as table 3 Table5.1 Tahsilwise Distribution of Dudh Sangh in the region Sr No. 1 No. of Dudh Sangh 05 Walwa 2 Khanapur 01 2.7 3 Kadegaon 02 5.4 4 Tasgaon 02 5.3 5 Palus 03 8.1 6 Miraj 15 40.5 7 8 Kavathe Mahankal Jat 03 03 8.1 8.1 9 Shirala 02 5.4 10 Atpadi 01 2.7 37 100 Tahsil Total Percentage 13.5 Source – Compiled by the researcher. Tahsilwise Distribution of Dudh Sangh in the region 15 16 14 12 10 8 6 5 4 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 Walw a Khanapur Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus Miraj Figure No. 5.1 4 Kavathe Mahankal Jat Shirala A tpadi The table 5.1 indicates that the tahsilwise number of dudh sangh and their percentage to total dudh sangh in the Sangli district. The table shows the highest number of dudh sangh observed in Miraj tahsil as 15, followed by Walwa tahsil as five dudh sangh. The number of dudh sangh in Kavathe Mahankal and Jat tahsil is same as three dudh sangh. The percentage of Miraj tahsil ranked first which is 40.5 percent, followed by Walwa 13.5. The percentage of Kavate Mahankal and Jath tahsil is same as 8.1 percent.The lowest percentage is observed in Khanapur and Atpadi tahsil as 2.7 percent. 5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY MILK CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN THE SANGLI DISTRICT:The primary milk co-operatives are the central agency of the grass-root extension activity. These societies collect milk from the individual members and supply it to the Dudh sanghs. These societies get financial assistance by way of subsidy towards management for an initial period of three years. A reasonable commission is built in to the pricing structure for the primary milk co-operatives. Tahsilwise Distribution of Primary Milk Co-operative Societies of in the Sangli district (2008-09). Table 5.2 indicates the classification of thasils according to the presence of dairy co-operative societies in the region. 5 Table No- 5.2 Tahsilwise distribution of milk producers Co-operative Societies and Milk Production in Sangli District (2009) Sr. No. Total Member Tahsil No. of Co-operative Dairy Societies Total Milk Collectiom(000li.) Per Day Milk Collection Cold Storage 1 Walwa No. 13566 % 31.1 No. 266 % 31.14 No. 65700 % 35.5 No. 180000 % 35.5 3 2 Khanapur 1479 3.3 29 3.39 7300 4.0 20000 4.0 - 3 Kadegaon 2448 5.6 48 5.62 10220 5.5 28000 5.5 2 4 Tasgaon 2295 5.2 45 5.26 16060 8.6 44000 8.6 1 5 Palus 1581 3.6 31 3.6 13505 7.2 37000 7.2 1 6 Miraj 3468 7.9 68 7.9 13505 7.2 37000 7.2 1 7 2193 5.0 43 5.0 9125 4.9 25000 4.9 2 8 Kavathe Mahankal Jat 4336 9.9 86 10.0 1533 8.2 42000 8.2 1 9 Shirala 8211 18.8 161 18.8 17885 9.6 49000 9.6 1 10 Atpadi 3927 9.0 77 9.0 16425 8.8 45000 8.8 1 Total 43504 100 854 100 185055 100 507000 100 13 Source – District Milk development office Miraj 6 Tahsilwise distribution of milk producers Co-operative Societies and Milk Production in Sangli District (2009) 40 No. of Co-operative Dairy Societies 35 Per Day Milk Collection 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Walw a Khanapur Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus Miraj Kavathe Mahankal Jat Shirala A tpadi Figure No. 5.2 The table 5.2 reveals that the number of dairy societies in the ten thasils. Table shows that the tahsil of Walwa is highest (266) dairy societies,and the member of societies high (13566).The second is Shirala tahsil 161 societies and also member are 8211.The third is Jath (86) and the lowest societies in Palus and Kanapur respectively 29 and 31 .The table 4.1 show the highest member of societies in Walwa thasil (31.1%) followed by Shirala thasil (18.8)and the lowest in Khanapur thasil (3.3%).The table also show highest per day milk collection in Walwa thasil (180000litre35.5%)followed by Shirala(49000litre9.6%),and the lowest per day milk collection from Khanapur thasil(20000litre 4.0%) 5.5 Employment Generation:The dairy activity in the study region has provided the employment opportunity to youth in particular area and it helps to create a large scale employment. 7 Table No- 5.3 Employment Provided by Dudh Sangh in the Sangli District Sr. No. No. of Dudh Sangh/ Dairies 05 Tahsil Total No. of workers. % 660 37.5 Monthly salary of total % workers in lakh Rs. 85.12 49.00 1 Walwa 2 Khanapur 01 60 3.3 2.40 1.41 3 Kadegaon 02 68 3.8 1.98 1.14 4 Tasgaon 02 112 6.28 4.22 2.44 5 Palus 03 140 7.8 5.80 3.36 6 Miraj 15 478 26.83 63.22 36.63 03 45 2.5 1.45 0.84 03 68 3.8 2.03 1.17 8 Kavathe Mahankal Jat 9 Shirala 02 90 5.00 3.75 2.17 10 Atpadi 01 60 3.3 2.60 1.50 37 1781 100 172.57 100 7 Total Source: - Compiled by the researcher. Employment Provided by Dudh Sangh in the Sangli District 700 660 600 478 500 400 300 200 112 60 100 140 68 68 90 45 60 0 Walw a Khanapur Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus Miraj Figure No. 5.3 8 Kavathe Mahankal Jat Shirala A tpadi The table 5.3 reveals that the tahsilwise number of dudh sangh and number of workers whose work in dudh sangh and their percentage in the study region. It is observed that there are 37 dudh sangh or dairies in the study region. It is provided employment opportunity to 1781 peoples. The highest number of dudh sangh observed in Miraj tahsil (15) and they provided employment to 478 peoples. The highest percentage of workers and their salary is observed in Walwa tahsil that is 37.5 per cent and 49.00 per cent respectively, followed by Miraj (26.83% and 36.63%) and Palus (7.8% and 3.36%) tahsil. The lowest number of workers worked in dudh sangh has observed in Kavathe Mahankal tahsil that is only 2.5% per cent. Thus dairy sector provided more employment opportunities and it helps the reduction of rural poverty. Table No- 5.4 Employment Provided by Primary Milk Societies in Sangli District 1 Walwa 266 532 31.0 Monthly Salary of total workers in ‘RS’ 2128000 2 Khanapur 29 58 3.3 232000 3.3 3 Kadegaon 48 96 5.6 384000 5.6 4 Tasgaon 45 90 5.2 360000 5.2 5 Palus 31 62 3.6 248000 3.6 6 Miraj 68 140 8.1 560000 8.1 43 86 5.0 344000 5.0 86 172 10.0 688000 10.0 Sr. No Tahsil No. of milk Societies Total No. of workers % % 31.0 8 Kavathe Mahankal Jat 9 Shirala 161 322 18.8 1288000 18.8 10 Atpadi 77 154 9.0 616000 9.0 Total 854 1712 100 6848000 100 7 Source :- Compiled by the researcher. 9 Employment Provided by Primary Milk Societies in Sangli District 600 532 500 400 322 300 172 200 154 140 96 58 100 90 86 62 0 Walw a Khanapur Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus Miraj Kavathe Mahankal Jat Shirala A tpadi Figure No. 5.4 The table 5.4 reveals that the total number of milk societies, number of workers whose work in these societies(2 workers in each societies) and their monthly salary is 4000Rs It is observed that there are 854 number of milk societies in 10 Thasials. The highest number of milk societies observed in Walwa tahsil (266) and lowest is (29) in Khanapur tahsil.It is seen that 1712 total number of workers work in these societies, which monthly salary is found 4.48 lakh rupees per month. There are positive relation between milk societies and employment opportunities. The number of milk societies increased, the number of workers also increased. Thus, the dairy sector has to give more employment to the people in the study region. 5.6 PROBLEMS OF PRIMARY SOCIETIES:- 10 MILK CO- OPERATIVE The most important factor, the poor performance of primary milk cooperative societies in the region is that they have not realised the crucial importance of increasing milk yield per animal by better breeding and feed etc. A major area of weakness of primary dairy co-operatives is that they function merely as milk vendors, purchasing milk from the members and selling it to the dudh sangh. Dairy development is an integrated process. Unless the primary milk co-operatives adopt in integrated approach, success will always avoid them. If the integrated approach is brought within the reach of the small farmers it definately yields results. This has been well demonstrated by the cooperative union at Anand in the Kaira district of Gujarat. The small holdings which were not viable in the controlled areas, have been rendered viable in the cattle development area owing to greater reliance on dairying by small farmers rather than on crop production. (sarang, 1986) Another important problem is of credit facilities to the individual milk producer on, recommendation of the society or the dudh sangh. The loans are provided to the milk producer on the basis of milk supplied daily by the producer. Thus this forms a vicious circle as the low produce results into low credit. The Dairy Development Department, District Co-operative Bank, Nationalised and other scheduled bank are the institutions which provide loans to the producer members, the small and marginal farmers and the landless labourers are not getting the required credit facilities. 5.7 DAIRY CO-OPERATIVES AND RURAL WOMEN:The participation of the Indian women in productive pursuits of the country is very limited. This is supported by the fact that female component in the total working force was of the order of about 20 per cent of the men workers according to 1981 census. The share of women in the country’s labour force stands at 31.56 per cent only. The female work participation rate has registered an increase from 22.3 per cent in 1991 to 32.3 per cent in 2001. Of 11 the 51.98 million female workers engaged in agriculture and allied activities, 45 per cent are employed as agricultural labourers. The government has introduced a number of measures to create social and economic awareness among the women. Certainly such measures will improve their standard of living. Co-operatives which are socio-economic in character have been recognized as the most suitable institutions to undertake such tasks by the women. Poverty alleviation and empowerment of women can be effectively achieved if poor women could organize themselves as a group. The creative potential of women can be tapped by mobilizing and enabling them to participate in various economic activities as effective partners articulating their hopes and aspirations and by influencing the socio-economic welfare of the family as well as society. Dairy development in India has several distinct characters unique to its economic-socio-cultural and demographic diversity. Dairy development is not a tool but viewed as synonym with rural development by creating both employment and income opportunities for disadvantageous groups. Unlike the advance nations, milk in India is produced by million of resource poor families. i.e. 20 per cent of milk producers have no land, 66 per cent have land but are small or marginal farmers with tiny land holdings. Today women dairy farmers are encouraged to play a major role as member employees and leaders. Thus, it has becomes an important instrument for their empowerment. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is committed to increase the women participation by establishing 1062 women dairy co-operative societies with 90000 women participations. (Plate 4.1) The dairy co-operative is established with a basic objective to provide income generating activity to the small and marginal farmers and agricultural labour etc. and especially to induce the women to participate in income generating activities like dairy co-operatives with specific aims like:- 12 1. To increase the milk production through application of modern technology. 2. To increase number of milch animals per member. 3. To encourage women participation in dairy activities. 4. To increase area of operation through vertical and horizontal expansion of the societies. 5.8 MILK CHILLING FACILITIES:Milk must always be produced, handled, processed, stored and distributed under clean and hygienic conditions. It must also be kept clean, covered and cool in order to prevent the bacteria in it from developing and causing it to sour and spoil. Pasteurization of milk means maintaining milk at a temperature of 1450F. for half an hour and then rapidly cooling it to about 400F. Chilling Plants have been installed at Walwa, Shirala, Kadepur, Tasgaon, Miraj, Sangli, Kavathe Mahankal, Ranjani and Jat. So as to treat the procured milk. Milk chilling facilities at Government Dairy, Miraj has a capacity of 150000 litres of per day. Sampatrao Deshmukh Dudh Sangh Kadepur (25000 litres), Baphana Dairy, Tasgaon (1200 litres). Vasandada Dudh Sangh, Tasgaon (5000 litres), Thorat Milk products, Miraj (3000 litres), Nanasaheb sagare dudh sangh, Kavathe Mahankal (25000 litres), Warana dairy, Jat (40000 litres), Rajarambapu Dudh sangh, Jat (30000 litres) and Vasantdada Dudh Sangh, branch Jat (80000 litres) of milk chilling per day. Thus the Sangli district has milk chilling capacity of 389200 litres of milk per day, which is quite sufficient as far as the total milk procurement is considered. 5.9 ICE PRODUCTION:Milk is a perishable commodity. It is necessary to keep it at the lower temperature during its transport from the collection Centers to the dairies where the chilling and processing plants are located. Some of the dudh sanghs is the Sangli district have installed the ice factories of their own. The following ice manufacturing facilities were available in the Sangli district 2009-2010. 13 Table No – 5.5 Ice–production in the Sangli District Sr. No. Name of Ice Factory / Sangh Ice Production 1 Rajarambapu Dhudh Sangh,Walwa 15 tons per day 2 Hutatma Dhudh Sangh,Walwa 10 tons per day 3 Fatehesing Naike , Shirala 05 tons per day 4 Himalaya Ice Factory, Jat 10 tons per day 5 Sakharam Ice Factory, Tasgaon 10 tons per day 6 Das Agro Ice Factory, Tasgaon 05 tons per day 7 J. K. Ice Factory, Miraj 100 tons per day 8 Nanasaheb Sagare Dudh Sangh, Kavathe Mahankal Rajarambapu Dudh Sangh, Branch Jat 10 tons per day 9 Total 05 tons per day 170 tons per day Source – Compiled by the researcher. The table 5.5 indicates that the ice-production in tons per day in the Sangli district. The table reveals that the ice production in the region is 170 tons per day. The highest capacity of ice production at J.K. Ice factory, Miraj has 100 tons per day. The Rajarambapu Dhudh Sangh, Walwa 15 tons per day, Hutatma Dhudh Sangh, Walwa 10 tons per day, the capacity of ice plant at Nanasaheb Sagare has 10 tons per day. The ice factory at Himalaya is not used to their fullest capacities due to severe shortage of water during summer. The ice requirement of these plants is 10 tons per day. At present these ice factories depend upon the local demand in the Sangli district. The main problem of shortage of ice is of accute shortage of water during summer, which needs an immediate attention. But earlier, demand of ice has decreased due to increased number of chilling plants and also cold storage.So the production of ice taking the demand of ice at dudh sangh. 14 5.10 FODDER DEVELOPMENT: Fodder development involves popularisation of the cultivation of improved fodder grasses like giant hybrid Napier, Guinea Rhodes and para as well as of leguminous fodder crops like lucerns, berseem, several varieties of cowpea and guar. The area under pastures is decreasing at a very rapid rate in the western tahsils due to the increasing facilities of irrigation. The spearhead team of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is trying to popularies the fodder development scheme among the milk producer farmers in the region. Cheri, Lucerns, berseem, Maize and many other fodder crops are becoming popular among the farmers. The popular practice in sugarcane growing tahsils, is to feed the milch animals with sugarcane crops, which have very low nutritional value as fodder. In addition to this some adverse effects like delay in the inter calving periods are also seen. It is necessary either to substitute sugarcane crops or to supplement them with additional cattle feed. Generally 80 percent livestock of Sangli district depends on natural green grass in rainy season and dry fodder in summer season. In monsoon period, the green fodder availability is sufficient to livestock. But in summer season, the supply of green fodder is not sufficient to livestock. Therefore, in summer season livestock seems week. The livestock distribution depends upon the climatic conditions and fodder availability. The green and dry fodder and concentrate feed are the main three sources of fodder and feed for livestock feeding. Generally the large numbers of livestock are found in areas where good quality of fodder is available in sufficient quantity. Low quality of feed is always responsible for low quality and quantity of milk in dairy activity. Concentrate is the rich source of protein which contains 30 to 35 percent proteins. The protein content of the green fodder varies from grasses which are low in protein, to leguminous fodder species which are a rich source of protein. 15 In the irrigated areas of the Sangli district, green such as grass, ghas (special fodder), Maize, Kadwal grow throughout the year but in the nonirrigated areas green fodder is grown only in the rainy season. In the irrigated tract, dairy operators use sugarcane and its residues. Besides this, during the summer season Maize is also cultivated both in the irrigated and the nonirrigated region as green fodder. The price of green fodder during the summer season is very high which indirectly affects the price of milk. If green feeds and fodders are available, the cost of milk production will be lower. If the animals are maintained on straws and concentrates the cost of milk production will be too high. Further, adequate minerals will have to be provided. In the total ratio of dairy animals, the percentage of roughage is quite high. All the milk producers in the region use roughage for dairy animals throughout the year. Dry grasses, wheat straw, sunflower straw, Jowar straw (Kadba) are the major crop residues for dairy cattle. 5.11 FINANCE FOR DAIRYING:The production of milk cannot be enhanced, only by assuring markets. It is absolutely necessary to help the milk producers financially for the purchase of milk animals. The Government agencies like I.R.D.P and Western Ghat development agency are helping the milk producers by financing them. A special provision has also been made in the plan as a special component for helping the backward class farmers. These agencies render 25 to 30 per cent subsidy towards purchase of new milch animals in the case of small farmers, marginal farmers and landless labourers. Various banking agencies are also engaged in extending loans for purchases of milch animals. State Bank of India has a special scheme of loaning for purchase of milch animals under Government Guarantee. The major objective of the finance policies of the banks was to introduce the improved high yielding milch animals in the region. The loans were disbursed to the dealers, sellers or the representative of the primary milk co-operatives. In 16 most of the cases the animals were purchased through the chairman or the secretary of the dairy co-operatives. Certain very important observation about the finance for the purchase of milch animals in the region are summarised below1. Even though the loans were sanctioned for the purchase of high yielding breeds of buffaloes such as Murrha, Jafarabadi and Mehsana, but the farmers used to purchase the animals of local breeds in local weekly market. 2. The majority of the milch animals were purchased in the local markets. Thus the financing policies were not successful increasing the number of milch animals in the region. 3. There is a growing tendency to avail the loan in cash and utilize it for some other purpose. 4. In many cases the purchase of milch animals was fake.The banks have recorded many cheating cases, without purchasing of the animals, only the milch animals were exchanged. 5. The recovery of the loans becomes very difficult as the borrowers either change the societies after availing loans. 6. Inspection and identification of milch animals is not possible. 7. Due to the above reasons the banks have difficulties in the recovery of the loans and this has resulted in increasing the overdues. Most of the banks have already stopped disbursing loans for this purpose. 5.12 MARKETING OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS:Milk, being a liquid and perishable product requires a strong marketing infrastructure to collect the surpluses from producing areas and transport and distribute the product in consuming areas. Therefore, simultaneous efforts to encourage production and to arrange for marketing the surpluses are necessary. This simultaneity of efforts took place in 1970, when an integrated programme of dairy development coupled with organised marketing of milk, named as 17 Operation Flood- I was started in the country. It was designed to establish a linkage between rural milk producers and urban consumers by replicating the ‘Anand Pattern’ of dairy co-operatives in the country. Indian Dairy Corporation was established for implementation of the project. The major activities in the second phase of these programme were organisation of village and district level co-operatives of milk producers and setting up of processing capacities and marketing facilities in rural milk sheds as well as in urban consuming Centers. There is very little scope marketing of milk in the Sangli district except Sangli and Miraj. Tasgaon, Vita as these urban areas themselves produce the required quantity of milk. The milk vendors from the near by villages regularly supply milk to these urban area. Sangli and Miraj city is the major market for fluid milk and milk products. Milk is also made available to the urban consumers but the quantity of milk is almost negligible as compared to total urban demand. The dairies in Sangli city have collecting milk and making by products in large scale and also selling the milk and milk products in sangli as well as Miraj city. The surplus milk in the region is converted into milk products such as ghee, cream, milk powder, butter, shrikhand etc. The remaining quantity of milk has processed by chilling and pasteurization and it is dispatched to Bombay, Pune, Bengalore and Belgum. 5.13 PRODUCTION OF MILK PRODUCTS:Various milk products are the preparations made from milk to suit human taste and for application in various arts and industries. A broad classification of the milk products with short descriptions of their properties and characteristics will be found interesting here. The main classes into which milk products may be grouped are1) Cream 2) Butter 3) Ghee 4) Condensed Milk 18 5) Casein 6) Cheese 7) Milk Sugar 8) Milk Powder 9) Curd 10) Khoa / Khowa 1. Ghee :In India, Ghee is chiefly made from the milk of cows and buffaloes. Ghee is obtained by melting butter and eliminating the traces of curd which may stil remains in the body of the butter. Like butter, ghee is mainly of two types, viz. cows and buffaloes and has got characteristic properties of their own. Buffalo ghee is white while the cow ghee is just yellowish. The yield of ghee from the butter of the buffalo is higher than from that of the cow. Ghee is perhaps the most widely employed among the milk producte in daily diet of Indians. There are 4 dairies making the production of ghee. 2. Butter:Butter is one of the most important products that have milk as their basic ingredient. Butter is a wholesome diet as it contains from 8 to 10 per cent of the soluble and volatile fatty acid group of fats where as other fats contain only 1 to 3 per cent. Butter is made from the milk of both cows and buffaloes. 3. Curd:In general it is known as ‘Dahi’. This is another preparation of milk and is much esteemed in Indian homes for its delicious taste and beneficial action on the digestive functions. Dahi prepared for sale is generally made from buffalo milk because it gives a firmer texture and does not dreak up when cut and sold in small lots. Dahi is also used in the preparation of fish curries and in the making of whey. In the Sangli district, six dairies making 1185 kg/per day curd production observed. 19 4. Khoa / khowa:Khoa is the vernacular name applied to milk thickened to semi solid consistency by the evaporation of its water. For making khoa milk is heated very slowly in a shallow thick boiling pan and as it is being heated it is stirred constantly in order to prevent the formation of skin and also to accelerate the evaporation of water. Khoa properly prepared is white in colour and has good flavour. The flavour of the khoa depends upon the richness of the milk and the care taken in preparing. For khoa manufacture, buffalo milk is largely in demand, because cow milk not only makes yellowish khoa, but lakhs body and texture. The outturn from cow milk is also less compared with that from buffalo milk. 5. Milk Powder:Milk powder is made from cow’s milk to which sugar or salts may or may not have been added and which has been evaporated to dryness either under atmospheric pressure or in vacuo. It is indispensable in making tea at off times when fresh milk is not available. In the Sangli district, there are two milk industries making the milk powder in which Government dairy, Miraj has ranked first as 1000 tons per day making milk powder. 20
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