Ititnfifit �tutri,au.
MARCH 24, 1888. J
=====
taches to this edition, from the fact of the author's
death, in November last, after the completion of its
thorough ,revision, with the design of giving a more
comprehensive.view of the chemistry of to-day. The
work has been much enlarged. and the elementary
lmowledge of chemistry it is so important to possess
in Ithe prosecution of many of the ihdustrles is here
presented in a form to be readily comprehended by
those1not specially trained to such study. One of the
prime recommendations of this edition of the Messrs.
Blakiston is its very complete index, while the type and
printing are excellent.
THE FLOUR M A NUF ACTURE. By Friedrich Kick. Translated by H . H. P.
Powles. London: Crosby, Lockwood
& CO. Price $10.
This handsome volume. with
24
sheets of plates and
113 wood cuts, includes also a supplement by the same
author, with four plates and 54 wood cuts, .on recent
progress in the fiour manufacture. The first edition
o. nhe work was published in 1871. and it has since that
period been accepted as a standard throughout GerAustria Hungary especially, where sci·
many, and in
scribed in
of iron thrown from the surface of the fiuid metal by
contact with
They are ignited and bum by cOming in
a wider variety
The gas bubbles
or other gases,
flight.
in their
air
AMERICAN.
may be carbonic oxide, hydrogen,
and probably some air carried into the metal by the
(17)
The nature
stream of molten metal from the furnace.
amon� chemists.
(7)
is
dispnted point
a somewhat
It can be
but loses its edge with very little use.
A. We cannot.
(8 )
pansion for say a ri se of 25° or 5OQ, supposing tempera'
ture on starti� to be about 75°, Or that of an ordinary
room warmed? Will the mercury evaporate or become
Razors are hardened thick
E. asks when
W • D•
the circula r
less in time under above conditions? A. Platinum and
iron are the best metals we can recommend. Brass,
even if plated, will be liable from the least imperfection
America for sawing lumber'
A
•
They w�re
About 1802 such sa�s were first m ade he�e
'l0'"
.
adopted by the Britl Sh Admnalty Board m 0U't,
havmg
been previously
used by BruneI for making
in the coating to be attacked by mercury. You will find
tables of the coefficient of expansion of mercury given
ships'
blocks, but circular saws were in use in 1790 and before
entific milling was first] brought to its present high that time for cutting the teeth of clock wheels.
state, of development, the author taking particular
Austrian methods of
high or middlings milling, which has since been largeIy adopted in England and this country. The book is
primarily written for millers alld milling engineers, and
pains to minutely describe the
( 9)
As the mercury expands by heat generated
by strong currents, and this must be taken into calcula·
tion, can you give any .rule to find the amount of ex·
Can you sug·
and ground thin, �d cannot be rehardened.
saw was first nRed in
SCIENTIFIC
Is there any meta 1
1.
C. E. P. asks:
protect it?
quickly honed,
gest anything that will harden it so that it will retain
its edge?
the
of. machinery than
heated considerably by strong currents? Could not
brass be used, and if the mercury corrodes it. be electroplated with nickel, or if necessary iron? Would this
J . M. S. writes: I have a razor the
steel of which is quite soft.
4. The
easier to work than iron that conld be used as parts of
electrical apparatus to contain mercury. liable to be
of the gases cOLtained in and liberated from metals
in a fiuid condition
are de·
name and address. of paper wholly treating on maA. We do notlknow of any paper treating of
chinery.
the liberation or bursting of gas bubbles from beI1rw
the surface.
$3.50. All kinds of batteries
SUPPLEMENT, No s. 157, 158, and 159 .
which ·we mail for
A. The sparks are minute particles
and fall in showers.
in manuals of physics.
The trouble is that practically
the coefficient varies with the nature of the inclosinll
F. P . H. asks: What will p revent vessel, as this also expands and contracts. Mercury
slowly evaporates at summer temperatures.
iron Or steel which is constantly submerged in water
from rusting?
A. There is nothing lasting but good
(18)
M.
G. asks: 1. What would be the
galvanizing.
Asphalt varnish will be only a temporary
preservative effect of coal oil applied to wood, as pine
cannot fail to be valuable alike to the young miller and pr?tection. Bo�led li�seed oil a�d Prince'� metallic i posts in the ground dipped or soaked in petroleum?
A.
well
pamt,
a
red
make
as
or
Iron
dried,
OXide of
the most experienced, for the author is analytical in . pamt,
Coal oil would not operate as well as distillatory or tar
under
fair
This
water.
preservative of iron surface
hill methods of investigation, while setting forth only a
products. It is not held in very high esteem as a pre·
what has beeu acknowledged to be best in mechanical is much used on ship work outside and inside.
servative. 2. Is there any cheap substitute for white
practice. The plates furnish detailed illustrations of a
H. R. S. asks: A bout what would lead? That is, a light colored earth paint equivalent to
wide variety of machines, with plans for the construc·
tion of mills and arrangement of the machinery.
II. B J obn
TABLE S. Vol.
y
R. Hudson. C.E. New York: J ohn
Wiley & Sons. Price $1.
HUDSO N'S
This is an engineer's manual for facilitating the cal·
culation of the cubic contents of excavatioIll! and embankments, giving additional tables, and in some in·
IOn from those
stances dla
'#erent meth0ds of computat'
preseuted by the same author in the first volume, pub·
lished in 1884.
The Shoe and
llual for
AnLeather Re110rter
�
(10)
like Jay
be the daily expense of a yacht, say one
About $110 per day and upward,
A.
Atlanta?
Gould'8
apart from owner's private expense
guests and luxurious living.
(11)
in entertainiug
500 pages,
of baryta, or the m�neral barytes, is the favo�ite white
.
lead substitute. Lime would decompose the Oil.
(19)
W. W. P.-Your skate runner can-
not be cemented or soldered to be reliable.
A skillful
workman might braze the parts together with copper or
brass. but such joint would be of littlc value.
(12)
H .-Th ere
an error
was
th e
•
In
diagram of the simple electric motor described in No.
11 of current volume of
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
The
not necessary, to varnish the.surface of the map.
(20)
nearly all of which are taken up
T• B. as k S:
1.
Wha t
•
IS
a gI
an
How do you l1ack one, and with what material?
A.
rod8 or other slidiug parts that require
to be kept ti ght.
with various kiuds of material furnished
which has nnequaled facilities for attainiug accuracy
into yam of square or round form, suit.
lished by the paper whose name it bears,
by dealers In supplies, woven or braided
a journal
the
�Any of the above books may be purchased through
this office.
the cheapest.
cult to guide
turn within from Beven to nine tenths of the d istance
fallen through, according to the conditions of friction
of the air, friction of impact upon the spring and per-
fection of contact between ball and spring.
HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Names and A.ddre8s must accompany all letters,
or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our
informat!on, and not for publication.
�e"erenees to former articles or answers shonl
give date of paper and pal'le or number of questio
Inquiries not answered III reasonable time sho
be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind "at
some answers require not a little research, and,
though we endeavor to reply to allt either by letter
or in this department, each must t aKehis tum.
Special WrItten In.formaUon on matters of
personal rather than general interest :l8nnot be
expected without remuueration.
SeleniUlc" A.merleall Supplement. referred
to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.
Rook. referred to promptly supplied on receipt of
.IUI���e..I.
sent for examination should be distinctly
marked or labeled.
)
here reproduced with
correctious.
L.
.
'
W C. writes . I recently saw a
e maker .working upon so-called
bronze picture
rames, by dipping the fi�er into a powder and rubbing it into the mouldiug, aud after drying burnishinll:
What
out certain portions with the common agate.
was
the powder
used and how prepared, and how was
the moulding prepared to receive the bronze?
A. The
frames are painted with a thin coat of isiuglass size or
thin white glue,
When dry a thin coat of gold size is
applied with a camel's hair brush and dried, so as to be
Then rub gold bronze
the touch.
slightly tacky to
powder over til e surface with�a small piece of fur or a
camel's hair brush, or the finger as you saw, which is
very crude. Possibly the workman was only adding a
little dry powder to
facilitate] the burnishin�.
The
bronze can be purchased through the paint trade, as
The paste for the rubbing surface is amorphous phos-
8, glue 3 to 6 weighed dry. The ingredients
must be·thorolll!hly mixed, and care must be taken
not to
dissolved in warm water.
side of the box.
2.
What for applying gold
purchased of any dealer in paints•
(3)
.
can
be
inches of opposing faces of zinc and carbon.
Astronomy, prepared tor the use of the U. S. Naval
Academy by Professor J. H. Coffin, 52 illustrations,
$3.50.
the condenser?
A.
As soon as sufficient tin foil is in·
troduced, there is no use in employing more.
(15)
E. F. F. and H.
L.
recipe for type writer, ribbon ink.
�
W. desire
(1)
a
A. Take vaseline of
hi�h boiliug point, melt it in a water bath or slow fire,
and incorporate by constant stirring as much lamp black
A. Use a mixture of �phalt and gutta percha melted
together. See formulas for cements in ScIENTI C
AMERIOAN SUPPLEMENT,
No.
158.
FI
W. W. G. asks the relative cost uf
fuel for 12 horse boiler, llguriug coal $5.50 per ton, and
l
kerosene oU 20' test at 8 cents per gallon.
A. Your
coal is less than � cent per pound, aud the oil COI'ts 174
cents per pound. The evaporative power of oil is 311
greater than coal.
(6)
3. Is the
S. W. desires a recipe for making as it will take up without becomiug granular. Remove
a good cement for fixiug rubber tires on bicycle wheels.
(5)
A. You may use as
36 square
J. T. D. asks for a comprehensive spark increased by the greater quantity of tin foil in
work on navigation, comprising both ordinary compass
and log navigation, and also by means of sextants, etc.?
A. We can supply you with Navigation aud Nautical
(4)
face of carbon and zinc in inches?
many as six bichromate cells, each having
W. M. F. asks:
1.
the mixture from the fire; and while it is cooliug mix
equal parts of petroleum benzine .and rectified oil of
turpentine, in which dissolve the fatty ink introduced
in smaU portions by constant agitation. 2. The way in
which carbon paper is manufactured.
A. Mix lard to
a paste with lamp black, rub this npon thin tissue or
post paper,:remove the excess with a rag, and dry the
paper.
(16)
W. B. B. asks
(1)
Will ordinary thin 111m of copper. Use a solution of sulphate of cop·
pig iron remelt, in ordinary foundry cupolas, stronger
than the original pig? If sa, why�
A. In remeltiug
iron, some of the gases thatal'll combined or mechani­
cally mixed with' new iron are given off, makiug the
iron more compact and stronger than in new iron or
from the previous melting. 2. Very often, in tapt>ing
iron from the cdpola into the reservoir, and even after
the iron is lying in it or being handled, numerous
'parks are thrown off qnite high in the air, which burst
per for the bath.
2. How are black
lAad
crucibles
made, and the proportions of the different ingredients
used? A. They are m oulded and baked, being made
of poorer qualities of graphite with 10 per cent Chiua
clay; Or more and poorer clay for too cheaper grades for
base metals. 3. How to al'lver plate by battery, also
kind of battery necessary, and how to make same?
A.
For silver platiug see SUPPLEMENT No. 310, or nn excellentwork on the whole snbject, Foutaine's Electrolysis,
Is there any chemical that takes
A. None that are
(32) W.
P. asks
(Ii how the cheaper kinds
of mucilage are made by compounding starch with sui.
A. The starch is first converted into dex.
trine or British gum, which. is then soluble in water.
The method is as follows: One part of starch is acted
�
upon by
part sulphuric acid and
2'8
parts water. The
stirred up with the rest; the diluted acid is gradually
poured upon the starch, and the mixture is kept for
some time at 90" C.
A. You
lime or other alkali. Can YOI1 give its formula?
wilrhave to have it analyzed. We do not know its
composition.
3. I
find it stated that a solution of sili.
cate of potash will make a very strougly sticking mu.
A.
cilage. Can you tell me how the solulion is made?
Silicate of potash alone would be useless.
or
otherwise use twisted
The dextrin� is then precipitated
by alcohol from the clarified solution. 2. There is au
imported mucilage here containing a great quantity of
cle on "Water Glass," in
PLEMENT,
(33)
No. 317.
See the arti-
ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN
Sup·
S. M. McK. asks how to"make �ood
first class priuter's inking roUers.
A. Take of Cooper's
best glue 8%\ pounds, extra sirup or New Orleans mo·
lasses 2 gallons, �Iycerine 1 pint, Venice turpentine 2
ounces. Steep the glue in rain water until pliant and
drain it well.
Then melt it, but do not cook it, the glue
pot beiug held in an out8ide pot in which water is kept
boiliug. Next put in the sirup and boil � of an hour.
throttles the steam. 8. What is meant by lead?
A. stirriug it occasionally, and skimmiug off impurities
Lead is the width of opening of a steam port for the arising to the surface.
Add the glycerine and turpen·
admission of steam at the beginning of the stroke.
tine a few minutes before removing from the fire and
(2 1)
C. H. B. desires a method of bleach- pour slowly. Reduce or increase the glue as the weather
ing sponges after being used in surgical operations.
Soak in diluted hydrochlor.ic acid
10 or
becomes colder or warmer.
A.
12 hours, then
wash with water and immerse in a solution of hypo·
TO IlfVENTORS.
sulphite of soda to which a small quantit): of diluted
�el
An experleuce of forty years, and the prepl!"ation of
more than oue huudred thousand applications for pa­
tents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the
­
laws and practice on both continents, and to possess
parts, powdered rotten
synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and all
hydrochlorie acid has been added.
(22)
F. W. desires a recipe for maWng a
paste poli8h that will clean and polish brass,
equaled facilities fOr procuring patents everywhere.
plate, copper, or any kind of metals. A. Take of oxa�c
acid 1 part. iron peroxide
i5
contemplating the secnrinj{ of patents, either at home or
which are low� in accordance with the times and our ex
tensive facilities for couductiug the bUSiness.
MUNN & CO .. office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 861 Broad­
ay , New York.
INDEX OF INVENTIONS
For
which
the
March 6, 1888,
weather, but only snited to finished work, as cutlery
papered in a store.
A.ND
H. B. asks: When"a cannon would
shoot a ball 15 miles distance, how high would the ball
EA.CH
REA.RING THA.T DA.TE.
[See note at end of list about copies of these patents.]
go if fired up straight in the air, with the same amount
15
mile range is necessary to a solution of this problem.
Abacus, Clark & Wren .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .., . . .
378,866
Advertising apparatus, A . Duboce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 3'19,105
Probably about 9 miles.
(26)
Letter. Patent of
United St ates were Granted
no value for:a gun that is handled or exposed to the
A. The elevation of the gun to make a
..
Address
w
(24 )
of powder?
A
abroad, are invited to write to this office for prices,
mixing thoroughly, and sift to remove all grit, then add
(25)
un
foreign countries may be had on application, and perSOD8
stoue 20 parts, palm oil 60 P!lrts, and vaseliue 4 parts.
P ulverize the oxalic acid and rouge and rotten stone,
Alarm.
H. O. D. asks: What flux can I use
See Burglar alarm.
�'ire alarm.
Animal hitching device, J. C y e .................... 3'19,103
to obtain a clean, perfect weld in copper, aud at what
ol
Aulmal trap, Page & Hardeman . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . 378,m
Animal trap, Walker & A sopp...................;. 879,087
A ntid o e, J. T . Smitb . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... 379,183
Axle, anti -f ctiou, M. Ryan .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 3'18,�78
W. A. M. asks whether a current Bag or satchel frame lock, A. Goertz . ........ . .. .. : 379,158
i Bal� tie, J. R. Davis
water wheel could be succeS/!fully used or operated in
Bahng press, J. Garman. ....... ... ........... . . . . . . . 3,9,156
37ll,185
.
.
A. Current water wheels are ouly
the Missouri River.
Balin" press, J M Ta ylor. ... .. . . .. . ...... .. ... . . .. ..
makeshifts, to be used when no other form can be Bar. See Splice bar.
operated. They require fioats anchored or other de- Basting ma hine , T. C. Robinson .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 378,905
heat must it be worked?
A. 3 parts phosphate Mdium,
1 part boracic aCid; p ulverize and
Sprinkle On
metal at red heat.
ll
t
mix.
rl
(27)
3�8.874
.. ;...............................
.
a receipt for mak- vices to keep them at a proper immersion at all stages
ing a copper dip such as is used in coating electric
light carbons.
A. They are coated electrically with a
2.
practICable Or serviceable iT) the ordinary way.
1.
A. Gold size. Both of these articles
The paste for the rubbiug
fire by blowiu� the breath on it?
(23)
Copal varnish is good.
the chlorate of potash in the dry state with
surface may be spread with a. brush or spatula on the
which will prevent hair from turning prematurely gray. mixing 1 part finely ground ocher, 2 parts copal varnish,
G.-Engines are rated and sold by
(I.. Nothing can prevent the hair from turning gray, any 3 parts linseed oil (raw) 4 parts turpentine, 5 parts
more than one can stop growiug old. Sometimes, how­ boiled lin8eed oil. all by weight. If too strong to fiow their nominal horse power, which does not designate
their reaL or indicated hOr8e power. The latter may be
ever, the followiug mixture is used, which acts for a thin, add more turpentine.
double the nominal horse power;
time. Scald black tea 2 ounces with 1 gallon of boil·
h
iug water, 8train, and add 3 ounces glycerine, tincture
'
W. H. S. writes: You state that
o
t
a
e
ar
i
t
cantharides � ounce, bay rum 1 quart. Mix well and am
the induction coil described in No. 160. SCIENTIFIC carbonate of potash prevents rust on iron or steel. Will
perfume.
AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT? A. About 2 pound@ in the it iujure the metal or not? I have never found anything
What is used for secondary and � pouud in the primary. 2. What is that will prevent a gun from rusting in our climate, long
F. M. D. asks:
puttiug on the bronzes that come in powder form?
A. It;is not injurious to the metal. It is of
A. requi red size of battery to give the full spark, the sur. at a time.
leaf?
mix
the other materials; it should be mixed first with glue
oughly.
(2)
Wbat is the most
phorus 101 parts, oxide of manganese or sulphide of
A. W. K. desires a harmless remedy also the gold size, or you may make the ((old size by gradually the palm oil and vaseline, incorporatlug thor�
�:� � !e �� �� ::�!� !� ! :! :: ��:
1.
antimony
Com·' matic cut-off is operated by the governor. Others are
connected directly with thc cam, and the governor
ENT, No. 641.
F. B. W. asks:
(31)
A. Dip the
practi cal compound for safety match?
splints in a paste composed of chlorate of potash 6
parts, sulphide of antimony 2 to 3, glue weighed dry 1.
i s the difference between an automatic
cut·off and a plain cut·off?
A. An auto·
ing drawings of the motor will be giveu in
A coiled steel sprin� is good, but diJll.
friction.
A volute spring of
without
steel. with a center pad of steel for the ball to strike
upon, is probably the most. efficient. The baU may re-
it is full, then push down the gland and
tighten with the screw nuts. Grease the
packing before putting it in. 2. What
.
D. H. S. asks: If a ball falls from a
(30)
certain point down on a spring, how far back will it
rebound, and what is the best spring to use to throw
the ball the highest ? A. A rubber spring IS probably
Iy, pnshing into the stuffing box until
diagram
Hard solder is brass, and reqnires a high heat
to melt It.
s!ze. Wind it round the piston rod loose.
& Co., 361 Broadway, New York.
its
(1)
yon are near a tinsmith, yon should get him to do the
tinning.
braided fiax or cotton, of the proper
Send for new catalogue just published
UNN
t\ddress M
glaud;
Tin
tinon the edge of t h e joiJ),t to make a perfect filling. If
able in size for the open space under
and completeness in such a volume.
You
the cleaned surfaces with a copper, put them together,
and heat the parts =til the tin melts, putting a little
The box is packed
It IS pub·
collateral branches throughout the world.
the double-barrel gun without injury to the gun.
can solder it with pure tin and make a good job.
d? acid is mixed with part of the water, aud the starch
A gland is a fianged follower inserted in t h e stuffing
box on the heads of engines, pumps,
1.
3
by a directory of the shoe and leather trades and then
S. C.-You cannot braze a lug 'on
W. A. asks: What paste is used in, phuric acid.
A. Any good fiour paste
mounting a map on canvas?
will answer, after which it i8 generally customary, but
and other machinery that have piston
1888 is the title of a neat octavo volume of
more than
the dark red and brown earths or mineral paint? How
A. Sulphate
would white cement or lime work in oil?
(29)
of the water.
Bath.
Battery. See Carbon battery.
They are an ancient device, successful
Bearing, propeller shaft, J. Richardson .. . . . . . .. . . . 378,!Il5
only on strealllS of little variation in fiood level.
(28)
J.
L.
C. asks:
1.
Does
a
C
See.Cabinet bath.
Bed bottom, spring, J. D. Stuart .
..
fatal shock
. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 879.188
..
Bell, A. & A. lske ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879,114
of electricity produce rupture of physical tissue?
A. Bell, door mat, A. lake .. . .. . . .. . . . .......... . .. . . . ... 3'18,lH\2
A fatal shock of electricity is generally accompanied by Bel t tightener, };'. Leininger......................... 379.116
sonie physical effect upon the animal tissues. yet there. Bench.
Was h b ench.
seelllS to be no reasou why it should not kill by a Bench dog, F. Larson .... .. .. . . . . . ... . .....� . . . . 378,890
T
Bin,
uuter . ... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ..... . .. . .. . ....
, 166
E. . H
purely nervous shock withont auy physical injury. 2.
Bmders, tension for self, W. H. Sttue.............. ,,79,083
Does . elootrl'CI ty travel upon the exerna
t
I surface or
B it. See Bridie bit.
through the internal body of a conductor, such as
i Bl acki g box hdlder, G. P. Crallln . .. .. . . . ..... . . . . S: 1,9M
copper wire for instance?
The entire substance of a Blastlog, friction primer f O , A. F.1 A nd rewa;...... 3"iJ,147
conductor coIlducts electriCity.
Bliud stOll, P. M. Mlessuer........................... 379,120
© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
See
�.
I
I
. .
.
..
..
n
.
r
�