EAS 51:2010
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ICS 67.060
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Wheat grains — Specification and grading
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EAST AFRICAN STANDARD
© EAC 2010
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
HS 1001.10.90
Second Edition 2010
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EAS 51:2010
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Foreword
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing
requirements governing quality of products and services in East Africa. It is envisaged that through
harmonized standardization, trade barriers which are encountered when goods and services are
exchanged within the Community will be removed.
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In order to meet the above objectives, the EAC Partner States have enacted an East African
Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology and Test Act, 2006 (EAC SQMT Act, 2006) to make
provisions for ensuring standardization, quality assurance, metrology and testing of products
produced or originating in a third country and traded in the Community in order to facilitate industrial
development and trade as well as helping to protect the health and safety of society and the
environment in the Community.
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East African Standards are formulated in accordance with the procedures established by the East
African Standards Committee. The East African Standards Committee is established under the
provisions of Article 4 of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006. The Committee is composed of representatives of
the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the private
sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders
through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are discussed
and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the
Community.
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Article 15(1) of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006 provides that “Within six months of the declaration of an
East African Standard, the Partner States shall adopt, without deviation from the approved text of the
standard, the East African Standard as a national standard and withdraw any existing national
standard with similar scope and purpose”.
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East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the
East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of
the standards they are implementing.
East African Community
Arusha
Tanzania
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P O Box 1096
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© East African Community 2010 — All rights reserved*
Tel: 255 27 2504253/8
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Fax: 255-27-2504481/2504255
E-Mail: [email protected]
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Web: www.each.int
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© 2010 EAC — All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for EAC Partner States’ NSBs.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
Introduction
United States Standards for Wheat, Effective May 2006
Wheat, Official Grain Grading Guide, August 1, 2009, Canadian Grain Commission
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In the preparation of this East African Standard, the following sources were consulted extensively:
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Department of Agriculture, Regulation Gazette No. 6225, 10 July 1998, Agricultural Product
Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990), Regulations relating to the grading, packing and marking
of wheat intended for sale in the Republic of South Africa + Amendment of 19 July 2002, No. 23622
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and Amendment of 19 August 2003, No. 25370
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Department of Agriculture, Regulation Gazette No. 22658, 11 September 2001, Agricultural Product
Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990), Standards for grades of Class Bread Wheat, Class Biscuit
Wheat and Class Durum Wheat
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Ethiopian Standard, ES 665:2001, Wheat — Specification
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Department of Agriculture, Regulation Gazette No. 30782, 22 February 2008, Agricultural Product
Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990), Regulations relating to the grading, packing and marking
of wheat products intended for sale in the Republic of South Africa
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Malawi Standard, MBS 55:1990, Wheat grain — Specification
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ISO 7970:2000, Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) — Specification
ISO 11051:1994, Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) — Specification
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CODEX STAN 199:1995, Standard for Wheat and Durum Wheat
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CODEX STAN 228:2001 (Rev.1:2004), General methods of analysis for contaminants
Codex Alimentarius website: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/pestdes/jsp/pest_q-e.jsp
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USDA Foreign Agricultural Service website: http://www.mrldatabase.com
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USDA Agricultural Marketing Service website: http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/Standards
USDA Plant Inspectorate Service website: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants
European Union: http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public
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Assistance derived from these sources and others inadvertently not mentioned is hereby
acknowledged.
This standard has been developed to take into account:
⎯ the needs of the market for the product;
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⎯ the need to facilitate fair domestic, regional and international trade and prevent technical barriers
to trade by establishing a common trading language for buyers and sellers.
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⎯ the structure of the CODEX, UNECE, USA, ISO and other internationally significant standards;
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⎯ the needs of the producers in gaining knowledge of market standards, conformity assessment,
commercial cultivars and crop production process;
⎯ the need to transport the product in a manner that ensures keeping of quality until it reaches the
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
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consumer;
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⎯ the need for the plant protection authority to certify, through a simplified form, that the product is
fit for crossborder and international trade without carrying plant disease vectors;
⎯ the need to promote good agricultural practices that will enhance wider market access,
involvement of small-scale traders and hence making farming a viable means of wealth creation;
and
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⎯ the need to ensure a reliable production base of consistent and safe crops that meet customer
requirements.
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© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
Contents
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1
Scope .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2
Normative references ...................................................................................................................................... 1
3
Definitions and grading factors ....................................................................................................................... 2
4
Essential composition and quality factors ..................................................................................................... 17
4.1
Basis of determination................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2
Representative portion of wheat for grading, grams .................................................................................... 17
4.3
Specific quality requirements ........................................................................................................................ 18
4.4
Wheat grades for human consumption ......................................................................................................... 19
4.5
Durum wheat grades ..................................................................................................................................... 21
4.6
Feed wheat grades ....................................................................................................................................... 22
5
Contaminants ................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.1
Pesticide residues ......................................................................................................................................... 23
5.2
Heavy metals................................................................................................................................................. 25
5.3
Mycotoxin and chemical limits ...................................................................................................................... 25
5.4
Environment .................................................................................................................................................. 25
6
Hygiene ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
7
Packaging ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
8
Marking or labelling ....................................................................................................................................... 26
9
Sampling and test methods .......................................................................................................................... 27
9.1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.2
Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.3
Moisture assessment of cereals — Fan forced oven reference method ..................................................... 29
9.4
Moisture assessment of cereals – Brabender oven reference method ....................................................... 30
9.5
Moisture assessment of cereals – NIR ......................................................................................................... 31
9.6
Protein assessment of cereals — Dumas reference method ....................................................................... 31
9.7
Protein assessment of cereals – NIR ........................................................................................................... 33
9.8
Test weight assessment — Schopper Chondrometer reference method .................................................... 34
9.9
Test weight assessment — Franklin Mark 11 Chondrometer reference method ........................................ 35
9.10 Test weight assessment – Kern 222 Chondrometer reference method ...................................................... 36
9.11 Unmillable material assessment — Reference method ............................................................................... 37
9.12 Falling number assessment — Reference method ...................................................................................... 39
9.13 Defective grains assessment — Reference method .................................................................................... 40
9.14 Defective grain assessment of sprouted grain — Field evaluation .............................................................. 41
9.15 Contaminants assessment — Reference method ........................................................................................ 42
9.16 Vitreous kernel assessment — Reference method ...................................................................................... 44
9.17 Vitreous kernel assessment in durum — Digital imaging method ................................................................ 45
9.18 Varietal declaration procedure ...................................................................................................................... 46
9.19 Screen slot size compliance procedure ........................................................................................................ 47
9.20 Bread wheat assessment in durum — Reference method ........................................................................... 48
Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety............ 50
Annex B (normative) Determination of proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains ................................................... 56
Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce ........................................ 58
Annex D (normative) Wheat — Fact sheets ........................................................................................................... 59
Annex E (informative) Wheat — Codex, EU and USA pesticide residue limits ...................................................... 64
Annex F (informative) Harmful and toxic seeds, unacceptable mites and pests of stored cereals........................ 70
Annex G (informative) Sieves for assessing dockage and grading factors ............................................................ 71
Annex H (Informative) Grouping of wheat in Kenya ............................................................................................... 72
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EAST AFRICAN STANDARD
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EAS 51:2010
1
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Wheat grains — Specification and grading
Scope
2
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This East African Standard specifies the quality and grading requirements and methods of test for wheat
grains of varieties (cultivars) grown from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), club wheat (T.
compactum Host.), and durum wheat (T. Durum Desf.) intended for human consumption. The standard
also specifies grades for wheat meant for animal feeds. It does not apply to other products derived from
wheat grains.
Normative references
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The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
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ISO 605, Pulses — Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety —
Test methods
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ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method)
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ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content — Routine reference method
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ISO 3093, Wheat, rye and respective flours, durum wheat and durum wheat semolina — Determination of
the Falling Number according to Hagberg-Perten
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ISO 5223, Test sieves for cereals
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ISO 6639-1, Cereals and pulses — Determination of hidden insect infestation — Part 1: General
principles
ISO 6639-2, Cereals and pulses — Determination of hidden insect infestation — Part 2: Sampling
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ISO 6639-3, Cereals and pulses — Determination of hidden insect infestation — Part 3: Reference
method
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ISO 6639-4, Cereals and pulses — Determination of hidden insect infestation — Part 4: Rapid methods
ISO 7971-1, Cereals — Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" — Part 1: Reference
method
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ISO 7971-2, Cereals — Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" — Part 2: Routine
method
ISO 11050, Wheat flour and durum wheat semolina — Determination of impurities of animal origin
ISO 13690, Cereals, pulses and milled products — Sampling of static batches
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ISO 16050, Foodstuffs — Determination of aflatoxin B1, and the total content of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and
G2 in cereals, nuts and derived products — High performance liquid chromatographic method
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ISO 20483, Cereals and pulses — Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude
protein content — Kjeldahl method
CAC/RCP 1, Recommended international code of practice — General principles of food hygiene
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EAS 38, Labelling of prepackaged foods — Specification
EAS 79, Cereals and pulses as grain — Methods of sampling
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
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EAS 217, Methods for the microbiological examination of foods
OIML R87:2004, Quantity of product in prepackages
3
Definitions and grading factors
For the purpose of this East African Standard, the following definitions shall apply.
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ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems — Requirements for any organization in the food
chain
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3.1
wheat grain
grain that, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.), club wheat (T. compactum Host.), and durum wheat (T. Durum Desf.) and not more than 10
percent of other grains for which separate standards have been established and that, after the removal of
the dockage, contains 50 percent or more of whole kernels of one or more of these wheats
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3.2
net weight of sample
the sample after cleaning and removal of dockage is referred to as the cleaned sample. Its weight is the
net weight of the sample. Percentages by weight for grading refer to percentages of the net weight.
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3.3
kernel counts
the number of kernel-sized pieces in 500 gram sample. To do kernel counts, you must have 500 g of
cleaned sample. All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample
using a Boerner-type divider.
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3.4
hazardous substances in samples
any pesticide, herbicide or desiccant
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3.5
dockage
all matter other than wheat that can be removed from the original sample by use of an approved device
and procedure. Also, underdeveloped, shrivelled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly
separating the material other than wheat and that cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or
recleaning. Dockage in wheat contains
⎯ Wheat with long rootlets, unthreshed wheat heads, and material other than wheat removed by the No.
25 riddle
⎯ Material removed by 1.98 mm buckwheat sieve in the lower position
⎯ Material removed by aspiration
⎯ A maximum of 10% of soft earth pellets handpicked from the clean sample
⎯ Material removed by Cleaning for grade improvement
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3.6
cleaning for grade improvement
If the grade of a sample can be improved by additional cleaning, perform the cleaning and add the
additional material to dockage. Cleaning for grade improvement can be done at any time after normal
cleaning. The purpose of this cleaning is not to remove all foreign material, but rather to reduce the
admixture of conspicuous separable material to within the grade tolerance.
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3.7
contaminated grain
grain containing any substance in sufficient quantity that renders the grain is unfit for consumption by
persons or animals or is adulterated within the meaning of food safety regulations
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3.8
artificial stain
⎯ Includes any nontoxic stain on kernels caused by contact with foreign substances such as dye, oil,
grease, paint, or soot
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⎯ Does not include any stain considered a natural stain
⎯ Does not include any stain caused by coming into contact with poisonous substances, or any stain
that could be considered Contaminated grain
3.9
binburnt kernels
kernels blackened as a result of severe heating in storage. A cross of a binburnt kernel is smooth and
glossy. A binburnt kernel is similar in weight to sound kernel. There is a single tolerance for the total of
binburnt, severely mildewed, mouldy, and rotted kernels.
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3.10
blackpoint
kernels with blackpoint have a distinct dark brown or black discolouration of the whole germ and
surrounding area
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3.11
bread wheat
refers to those wheats of bread making varieties (Triticum aestivum) which contaminate durum deliveries,
and for which a specific tolerance applies. Bread wheat can be visually distinguished from durum by the
fine hairs on the brush end which are usually only associated with bread wheat varieties.
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3.12
broken grains
pieces of wheat that are less than three-quarters of a whole kernel and includes grains of wheat in which
part of the endosperm is exposed or wheat without a germ. If the piece is more than three-quarters of a
kernel, it is considered whole.
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3.13
bunted grains
grains filled with a fetid-smelling dust comprising the spores of bunts, i.e. Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. syn.
Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) R. Wolff, Tilletia controversa Kühn, syn. Tilletia brevifaciens C.W. Fischer, Tilletia
foetida (Wallr.) Liro, syn. Tilletia laevis Kühn, Tilletia indica Mitra
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3.14
cereals
in the context of this standard, cereals refer to wheat, barley, oats, cereal rye, triticale, sorghum, maize
and rice
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3.15
cereal smuts
include all smuts on all cereal grains. This includes but is not limited to:
⎯ ball smut — Are those infected by the spores of the fungus Tilletia caries. They have the
appearance of pale, plump, slightly oversized grains. These grains are easily crushed between
the fingers and contain a mass of black powder (spores) with a distinctive rotten egg smell. This
may also be called Stinking Smut or Bunt.
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⎯ covered smut — Covered smut is caused by various fungi of Ustilago spp.
⎯ loose smut — Loose smut is the result of the fungus Ustilago tritici developing in the barley
heads during the growing phase. The tolerance applies to the number of pieces of backbone in
the sample.
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A nil tolerance applies to all smuts in kernels.
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3.16
chemicals not approved for wheat
refers to the following
⎯ chemicals used on the growing crop in contravention of the label
⎯ chemicals used on stored wheat in contravention of the label
⎯ chemicals not registered for use on wheat
⎯ wheat containing any artificial colouring, pickling compounds or marker dyes commonly used during
crop spraying operations that have stained the wheat
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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⎯ wheat treated with or contaminated by carbaryl, organochloride chemicals, or diatomaceous earth
⎯ chemical residues in excess of legal limits
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3.17
classes
There are eight classes for wheat: Durum wheat, Hard Red Spring wheat, Hard Red Winter wheat, Soft
Red Winter wheat, Hard White wheat, Soft White wheat, Unclassed wheat, and Mixed wheat. Other than
durum wheat, wheat is classified as soft or hard in the EAC context.
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3.19
common bunt (stinking smut)
common bunt is a plant disease caused by fungi, characterized by
⎯ Soft black bunt balls
⎯ Kernels tagged with black bunt spores
⎯ A distinct smutty odour, or the smell of rotten fish
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3.18
clean seed basis
for the purposes of assessment of various defective grains, clean seed includes all wheat seed remaining
above the screen following the Screening process
3.20
contaminants
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contaminants are defined individually in this standard and consist of the following: Bread wheat (in durum
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deliveries only); Cereal Ergot; Chemicals not Approved for Wheat; Earcockle; Earth; Field Insects – All
Others; Field Insects – Sitona Weevil; Foreign Seeds; Loose Smut; Objectionable Material; Other NonObjectionable Material; Pea Weevil – Dead; Pickling Compounds; Ryegrass Ergot; Sand; Snails; Stored
Grain Insects – Dead; Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil – Live
Contaminants may be referred to as foreign material, being all material other than whole or broken seeds
or hulls of the wheat being assessed.
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3.21
contrasting classes
contrasting classes are wheat types of a different type in the presence of the desired type
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3.22
damaged kernels/defective kernels
kernels, pieces of wheat kernels, and other grains that are badly ground-damaged, badly weatherdamaged, diseased, frost-damaged, germ-damaged, heat-damaged, injured-by-heat, insect-bored, split
or cleaved, field fungi, skinned, mould-damaged, dry green or sappy, shot or sprout-damaged, dark
tipped, pink-stained, over-dried damaged, bin burnt, storage mould affected or rotted, non-vitreous
kernels (durum only), smut, stained, takeall affected or otherwise materially damaged. An individual
kernel may have more than one defect.
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3.23
darkened kernels (amber durum)
darkened kernels in amber durum wheat are similar in appearance to penetrated smudge with the
exception that discolouration is gray to charcoal in colour rather than red to dark brown. For grading
purposes, darkened kernels should be considered as, and in conjunction with severe midge damage.
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3.24
dark immature kernels
also called swath-heated kernels. They are similar to heated kernels, but they do not exhibit the reddish
discolouration associated with heated kernels, and they do not have a heated odour.
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3.25
dark tipped
refers to staining caused by excess moisture and / or humidity or a stress related biochemical reaction
towards the end of the growing period and into harvest. This mainly occurs at the germ end of the grain.
Dark tipping equal to or greater than 1 mm is classified as defective grain.
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3.26
defects
damaged kernels, foreign material, and shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors
may not exceed the limit for the factor defects for each numerical grade.
3.27
degermed kernels
the germ has been removed through the mechanical handling process or by insect attack. Degermed
kernels lack the greyish discolouration that is often present with sprouted kernels.
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3.28
dry green or sappy
⎯ green grains arising from harvesting of grain before it has matured. Dry green grains are those whose
surface is distinctively green or those grains when cut show an intense green colour in the crosssection. Dry green grains are usually dry and hard.
⎯ sappy grains are those that have been harvested before maturity. Sappy grains are generally soft
when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as defective.
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3.29
durum
durum includes grains of the species Triticum durum:
(a)
Vitreous — Vitreous in the context of durum includes grains of a uniform colour which are bright
and semi-translucent in appearance and which exhibit no trace of mottling. Frost Damaged grains,
Dry Green grains, grains of other cereals and grains of the species Triticum aestivum are also not
considered to be vitreous grain for the purposes of this definition. Grains that display any signs of
sprouting are not automatically classified as non vitreous. Instead, these grains are classified
depending on their appearance.
Mottled — Mottled grains in the context of durum are those that contain opaque, starchy areas
within an otherwise vitreous grain. Mottled areas are normally of a dull yellow appearance and are
easily identified visually against the amber coloured background of the otherwise vitreous grain.
(c)
Non-vitreous — Non vitreous grains in the context of durum include Mottled grains, Frost
Damaged grains, Dry Green grains, grains of other cereals and grains of the species Triticum
aestivum. Grains are assessed as non vitreous irrespective of the size of any mottled area that
may be present. Grains that are entirely starchy and opaque are non vitreous.
(d)
Bleached — Bleached in the context of durum are those grains that have become dull and pale, or
“washed out in appearance” as a result of pre harvest weather damage. These grains may appear
opaque and therefore non vitreous however this may be purely an external effect. Bleached grains
may still be classified as vitreous providing there is no evidence of mottling.
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(b)
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3.30
earcockle
earcockles are darkened seed-like nematode galls. These galls displace kernels in diseased heads and
are caused by infection from the nematode Anguina tritici. The tolerance applies to the number of galls in
the sample.
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3.31
earth pellets
Earth is defined as a clod of dirt, being 5mm or less in diameter.
⎯ Hard earth pellets are pellets that do not crumble under light pressure. See Stones.
⎯ Soft earth pellets are pellets that crumble under light pressure. See Soft earth pellets.
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3.32
ergot
Ergot is a plant disease producing elongated fungus bodies with a purplish-black exterior, a purplish-white
to off white interior, and a relatively smooth surface texture when cereals and ryegrass kernels are
infected by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Wheat containing more than 0.05 % ergot is termed as ergoty
wheat.
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⎯ Ryegrass ergot is Claviceps purpurea infection of ryegrass kernels. Tolerances are defined in terms of
overall length in cm when pieces found in the sample are aligned end on end.
⎯ Cereal ergot is Claviceps purpurea infection of any cereal kernels. Tolerances are defined in terms of the
total number of pieces or whole affected kernels of any cereal found in the sample.
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3.33
falling number
a grain quality test which measures the degree of weather damage in wheat and is based on the unique
ability of alpha amylase (an enzyme released during seed germination) to liquefy a starch gel. Strength of
the enzyme is measured by Falling Number defined as the time in seconds required to stir plus the time it
takes to allow the stirrer to fall a measured distance through a hot aqueous flour or meal gel undergoing
liquefaction. The Falling Number test is an alternative to visual assessment for sprouted grains, and
always overrides the visual grain assessment.
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3.34
fertilizer pellets
Fertilizer pellets are typically either small, round and white or irregular shaped and pink or red. Fertilizer
pellets are not considered a hazardous substance however there is no visible means of assuring that
material resembling fertilizer pellets is not some other contaminant.
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3.35
field fungi
refers to individual kernels where the seed coat is greater than 50 percent discoloured with a mouldy
substance caused by the development of fungi during periods of high moisture (Grains that are less than
50 percent discoloured are to be classified as Stained. Grains that are soft and/or emit a mouldy odour
are to be classified as Rotted). The visible discolouration of affected grains can vary from white, to grey to
black in colour. Field Fungi grains include those affected by Head Scab, which is caused by the fungus
Gibberella zeae (also called Fusarium graminearum) and those affected by White Grain Disorder, caused
by the fungus Botryosphaeria spp.
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3.36
field insects
these are insect contaminants of grain that do not cause damage to stored grains. They include but are
not restricted to: Desiantha Weevil (Desiantha spp); Fungus beetle (Corticaria punctulata); Grasshoppers;
Hairy Fungus Beetle (Typhaea stercorea); Ladybirds; Minute Mould Beetle (Corticaria spp); Mites
(Acarina spp); Sitona Weevil (Sitona spp); Wood Bugs
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Tolerances apply to either live or dead field insects. For grasshoppers, six legs, three body parts and two
wings or part thereof, constitutes one insect. More than one of the same body part constitutes greater
than one insect. Note that a separate tolerance exists for Sitona Weevils to all other field insects.
3.37
fireburnt kernels
kernels charred or scorched by fire. A cross-section of a fireburnt kernel resembles charcoal with
numerous air holes. The air holes result in a low weight kernel which crumbles easily under pressure.
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3.38
foreign matter/extraneous matter
after removal of ergot, this category includes:
⎯ all the components of the sample, with the exception of grains of other cereals, grains of wheat,
harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains, which are retained by a sieve with long rounded
apertures 3.55 mm wide, and all the components which pass through a sieve with long rounded
apertures 1.00 mm wide (by convention, the latter are considered to be inorganic);
⎯ all the organic components other than grains of wheat, other cereals, harmful and/or toxic seeds,
bunted grains, foreign seeds, fragments of straw, dead insects and fragments of insects, etc., and
inorganic components such as stone and sand, which pass through a sieve with long rounded
apertures 3.55 mm wide and which are retained by a sieve with long rounded apertures 1.00 mm
wide
Dr
a
3.39
foreign seeds
6
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
Af
ri c
st
as
ed
cit
be
Type 2
Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa)
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis)
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
Crow Garlic/Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)
Darling Pea (Swainsona spp)
Peanut seeds and pods (Arachis hypogaea)
Ragweed (Ambrosia sp)
Rattlepods (Crotalaria sp)
Starburr (Acanthospermum hispidum)
St. Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Ea
Type 1
Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)
Double Gees / Spiny Emex / Three Cornered Jack (Emex australis)
Jute (Corchorus olitorius)
Long Head Poppy (Papaver dubium)
Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana)
Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Poppy (Field) (Papaver rhoeas)
Poppy (Horned) (Glaucium flavum)
Wild Poppy (Papaver hybridum)
Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus)
New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides)
an
St
an
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r
seeds of any plant, other than the species of crop being tendered for delivery. Foreign Seeds are
classified into two broad groups; those with specific tolerances listed in this standard, and those without.
The latter are termed “Small Foreign Seeds”. Seeds with specific tolerances have been categorised into
several groups. These are:
—
No
t to
Type 3a
Bathurst Burr (Xanthium spinosum)
Bulls Head / Caltrop / Cats Head (Tribulus terrestris)
Cape Tulip (Homeria spp)
Cottonseed (Gossypium spp)
Dodder (Cuscuta spp)
Noogoora Burr (Xanthium pungens)
Thornapple (Datura spp)
ts
on
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Type 3b
Vetch (Commercial) (Vicia spp)
Vetch (Tare) (Vicia sativa)
mm
en
Type 3c
Heliotrope (Blue) (Heliotropium amplexicaule)
Heliotrope (Common) (Heliotropium europaeum)
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
Type 4
Bindweed (Field) (Convolvulus arvensis)
Cutleaf Mignonette seeds or pods (Reseda lutea)
Darnel (Drake Seed) (Lolium temulentum)
Hexham Scent / King Island Melilot (Melilotus indicus) only acceptable if no tainting odour is present
Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba)
Mintweed (Salvia reflexa)
Nightshades (Solanum spp)
Paddy Melon (Cucumis myriocarpus)
Skeleton Weed (Chondrilla juncea)
Variegated Thistle (Silybum marianum)
Type 5
Knapweed (Creeping/Russian) (Acroptilon repens)
Sesbania Pea (Sesbania cannabina)
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
7
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EAS 51:2010
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Paterson’s Curse / Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum)
Af
ri c
st
Ea
ed
cit
No
t to
be
Type 7b
Barley (2 row) (Hordeum distichon)
Barley (6 row) (Hordeum vulgare)
Bindweed (Australian) (Convolvulus erubescens)
Bindweed (Black) (Polygonum convolvulus)
Durum (Triticum durum)
Red / Spring Feed Wheats (Various)
Oats (Black or Wild) (Avena fatua)
Oats (Sand) (Avena strigosa)
Oats (Common) (Avena sativa)
Rice (Oryza sativa)
Rye (Cereal) (Secale cereale)
Sorghum (Grain) (Sorghum bicolor)
Triticale (Triticosecale spp)
Turnip Weed (Rapistrum rugosum)
as
Type 7a
Broad Beans (Vicia faba)
Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum)
Corn (Maize)( Zea mays)
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Faba Beans (Vicia faba)
Lentils (Lens culinaris)
Lupin (Lupinus spp)
Peas (Field) (Pisum sativum)
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
Soybean (Glycine max)
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
And any other seeds or pods greater than 5mm in diameter
an
St
an
Type 6
Colombus Grass (Sorghum almum)
Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense)
Saffron Thistle (Carthamus lanatus)
—
Type 7b includes any other Foreign Seeds not specified in Types 1 - 7a or elsewhere in Small
Foreign Seeds or Unmillable Material Above the Screen.
ts
on
ly
NOTE
Note that Wild Radish pods and Milk Thistle pods are not classified as Foreign Seeds but are defined as Unmillable
Material Above the Screen. All other Foreign Seed Pods not listed and that are not greater than 5mm in diameter (Type 7a) are
included as Unmillable Material Above the Screen, whether whole pods or part thereof.
mm
en
3.40
frost damaged
grain damaged as a result of frost during the maturation phase, affected by or during drying operations, or
by any damage occurring during plant growth due to herbicides. The definition does not include grain
pinched as a result of dry conditions or disease during maturation.
ft f
or
co
3.41
frost/heat stress
refers to wheat kernels with blistered brans as a result of exposure to freezing temperatures or prolonged
hot weather conditions. The degree of blistering ranges from fine to coarse and is dependent upon the
maturity of the grain, the temperature to which the grain is exposed and the duration of the exposure.
Samples containing kernels affected by frost/heat stress are graded according to the degree of
soundness definition as reflected in the standard or guide samples for each grade.
Dr
a
3.42
fusarium damage
fusarium-damaged wheat is typically characterized by thin or shrunken chalk-like kernels. Fusariumdamaged kernels have a white or pinkish mould or fibrous growth.
8
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
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EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
3.43
garlicky wheat
wheat that contains in a 1,000 gram portion more than two green garlic bulblets or an equivalent quantity
of dry or partly dry bulblets
3.44
germ-damaged kernels
kernels, pieces of wheat kernels, other grains, and wild oats that have dead or discoloured germ ends
Af
ri c
3.45
grass green kernels
grass-green kernels are a distinct vivid green throughout because of immaturity
Ea
st
3.46
grasshopper, army worm damage
kernels damaged by grasshopper or army worm are chewed, usually on the sides
as
3.47
hard vitreous kernels
vitreousness is the natural translucence of a kernel that is a visible sign of kernel hardness. Hard vitreous
kernels (HVK) are a grade determinant for the amber durum wheat class and the red spring wheat class.
Cutting of kernels is not permitted
cit
NOTE
ed
(a) Red Spring – Western Canada
Non-vitreous material includes
be
⎯ Contrasting classes of wheat
⎯ Foreign material
t to
⎯ Kernels that are sprouted, binburnt, severely mildewed, rotted, mouldy, heated, fireburnt,
penetrated smudge, chalky white fusarium damaged, grass green, severely frost damaged or
midge damaged
—
No
⎯ Whole and pieces of kernels having a defined starch area of at least half the surface area of
the kernel or piece of kernel that clearly contrasts with the translucent colour of a vitreous
kernels
(b) Amber Durum
Cutting of kernels is permitted
ts
on
ly
NOTE
ft f
or
co
mm
en
Non-vitreous material includes:
⎯ Wheats of other classes
⎯ Foreign material
⎯ Kernels that are sprouted, binburnt, severely mildewed, rotted, mouldy, heated, fireburnt,
penetrated smudge, chalky white fusarium damaged, grass green, severely frost damaged or
midge damaged including severe midge damaged
⎯ Kernels having an externally visible starch area of any size
⎯ Kernels having internal starch areas that require cutting of the kernels. Opaque and bleached
kernels may require cutting to determine if there are starchy areas within the kernel.
⎯ When evaluating the face of the cross-section, the following will be excluded from nonvitreous:
o The cut has resulted in a flaking of the endosperm
o The face of the cross cut kernel has a minute starch area roughly the size of a pencil
point typically at the trough of the cheeks
o The face of the cross cut kernel appears cloudy overall but with no dense white
starch area
Dr
a
3.48
heat damaged, bin burnt or storage mould affected
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
9
da
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EAS 51:2010
heat damaged, bin burnt — Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt refers to those kernels that have become
discoloured due to exposure to severe heat during storage or an incorrect artificial drying
technique. Affected grains appear reddish/golden brown, or in severe cases, blackened.
(b)
storage mould affected — Storage Mould Affected refers to kernels that have become affected by
the development of fungi or bacteria due to an increase in grain moisture levels during storage.
Affected grains appear discoloured and visibly affected by mould.
(c)
rotted — Rotted grains are those that have become severely affected by the development of fungi
or bacteria due to high moisture conditions. Individual grains appear distinctly discoloured by mould
and are swollen and soft. Affected grains will feel spongy under pressure and/or emit a mouldy
odour.
Af
ri c
an
St
an
(a)
st
The above grain defects have been categorised together as the differences between them can be difficult
to distinguish.
as
Ea
3.49
hit and miss
refers to the sequence of slots on the screen when viewing along a row facing the direction of the slots.
That is, the screen in made of a series of slots and “no slots” in sequence equidistant.
ed
3.50
immature and shrivelled grains
grains that are not properly developed
be
cit
3.51
impurities
damaged wheat grains and all organic and inorganic materials other than wheat grains
t to
NOTE
The impurities comprise four main categories as follows: damaged wheat grains, other cereals, extraneous matter, and
harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot.
No
3.52
Indian meal moth
consider kernels showing damage from Indian meal moth as degermed
ts
on
ly
—
3.53
injured-by-heat kernels
kernels, pieces of wheat kernels, other grains, and wild oats that are slightly discoloured as a result of
heat
3.54
insect/pest damaged
grains eaten in part by stored grain insects and any field pests of grains including Heliothis spp. Grains may
have a hole (commonly referred to as bored) or have a chewed appearance on any part of the grain.
mm
en
3.55
inseparable seeds
seeds not removed by the cleaning process, usually large seeds
ft f
or
co
3.56
light smutty wheat
wheat that has an unmistakable odour of smut, or which contains, in a 250-gram portion, smut balls,
portions of smut balls, or spores of smut in excess of a quantity equal to 5 smut balls, but not in excess of
a quantity equal to 30 smut balls of average size
Dr
a
3.57
load
a bulk unit tendered for delivery
3.58
10 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
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matter other than cereal grains
⎯ Inseparable seeds such as ragweed, Tartary buckwheat, rye grass, and wild oats
⎯ Non-cereal domestic grains such as flaxseed, corn, peas, buckwheat and lentils that remain in the
cleaned sample
Af
ri c
3.59
midge damage
for grading purposes, midge damaged kernels must have at least two of the following characteristics;
⎯ A rupture of the bran on either the back or side of the kernel
⎯ A distinct white line or mark, located on the back or side of the kernel
⎯ The kernel is distinctly distorted
Ea
st
3.60
mildew
a fungal condition that develops in unthreshed grain usually under conditions of excessive moisture. The
affected kernels are greyish in colour and lower in quality. In the evaluation of mildew, consider the
number of affected kernels and their severity. See Severe mildew.
as
3.61
moisture
the amount of water present in the sample as determined by the appropriate analytical method
be
cit
ed
3.62
mould-damaged kernels
mouldy kernels are discoloured, swollen and soft as a result of decomposition by fungi or bacteria.
They have mould visible to the naked eye on one-third of the surface and/or in the kernel and may feel
spongy under pressure. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely mildewed,
mouldy, and rotted kernels.
t to
3.63
natural stain
any stain on kernels caused by contact with natural substances such as bunt spores, soil or weeds
—
No
3.64
nil
a level of zero in a half litre sample representative of the entire load and/or not detected in the load or
in/on the delivery vessel at any stage of the receival process
ts
on
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3.65
objectionable material
Objectionable Material refers to objectionable foreign matter that may or may not be otherwise stated in
this standard which has the ability to degrade the hygiene of wheat, become a food safety issue of
concern or has a commercially unacceptable odour. This includes but is not limited to the following:
Animal material — This refers to meat meal, bone meal, poultry offal, meal or any other animal
proteins. Animal Material also includes carcasses of dead animals such as rats and mice.
(b)
Odour — A commercially unacceptable Odour is defined as a sour, musty or other objectionable
odour emanating from the wheat which is not natural or normally associated with wheat. Odour
may be caused by various means which may or may not be physically discernable in the sample
being assessed.
(c)
Stick — A Stick is defined as ligneous material greater than 1cm in length and 0.5cm in diameter.
Note that crop stubble greater than 3cm in length and 1cm in diameter is defined as a Stick.
co
Stone — A Stone or gravel is defined as a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter being
greater than 2mm in length or diameter. Smaller material is defined as sand.
ft f
or
(d)
mm
en
(a)
Tainting agents — A Tainting Agent is any contaminant that imparts a smell or taint to wheat. It
includes but is not limited to plant parts and seeds of Eucalyptus spp.
(f)
Water — The addition of water to grain prior to delivery is a prohibited practice.
Dr
a
(e)
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
11
Other — This refers to any other commercially unacceptable contaminant such as animal excreta,
glass, concrete, fertiliser or metal.
da
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EAS 51:2010
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St
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3.66
odour
There is no numeric tolerance for odour. Consider
⎯ The basic quality of the sample
⎯ The type and degree of the odour—such as fuel oil, skunk or urea
⎯ The presence of visible residue causing the odour
st
Af
ri c
3.67
other cereal grains
barley, corn, cultivated buckwheat, einkorn, emmer, flaxseed, guar, hull-less barley, nongrain sorghum,
oats, Polish wheat, popcorn, poulard wheat, rice, rye, safflower, sorghum, soybeans, spelt, sunflower
seed, sweet corn, triticale, and wild oats
as
Ea
3.68
other cereal grains and other matter
other cereal grains and other matter in the export grade determinant tables refers to cereal grains other
than wheat and to inseparable material excluding large seeds, wild oats, stones, mineral matter, ergot
and sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
cit
ed
3.69
other non-objectionable material
refers to other material not otherwise specified as having a tolerance in this standard that has the ability
to degrade the quality of wheat. It includes, but is not limited to the following:
⎯ Fine Material — This refers to material such as dust and soil (<0.06mm in diameter) and minerals.
be
⎯ Snail Shell and Stored Grain Insects — This includes pieces of Snail Shell (less than half an entire
shell) and pieces of Stored Grain Insects (not whole or not readily able to be identified by species),
but not including Field Insects.
No
t to
⎯ Other — This includes pieces of sticks that are smaller than the dimensions specified under
Objectionable Material, and other non-vegetative material.
ts
on
ly
—
3.70
over-dried damaged
refers to defective grains caused by overheating during artificial drying. It can be detected where grain is
hot, exhibits an unusual odour, exhibits significant sprouting (greater than 10%) or other evidence of
weather damage but no corresponding reduction in Falling Number has occurred. Loads affected in this
way should only be classified as the maximum grade of Feed. This definition includes a maximum
temperature of grain tendered for delivery of 50 °C for all Grades including Feed.
mm
en
3.71
pea weevil
insects of the species Bruchus pisorum. The tolerance applies to all life stages of the insect. As pea
weevils are commonly found inside field pea seeds, it is recommended that a number of field peas
present in a load of grain should be broken and assessed for the presence of this insect. Note that a
separate tolerance applies to Live and Dead Pea Weevils.
co
3.72
penetrated smudge
with penetrated smudge, the discolouration penetrates and extends throughout the endosperm, usually
as a result of a more severe infection
Dr
a
ft f
or
3.73
pickling compounds
chemicals added to grain as a seed treatment or as a seed dressing prior to sowing. They are usually
associated with a colouring agent. Grains contaminated in this way may be identified by an unnatural
surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Pickling compounds include but are not limited to fenaminosulf,
triadimenol, carboxin, flutriafol, bitertanol and any other fungicide added to the grain as a seed treatment.
3.74
12 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
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pink kernels
pink pigment in wheat kernels is an indication of immaturity. Pink kernels
⎯ Are shrunken
⎯ Display a pink discolouration
IMPORTANT! Do not confuse pink kernels with fusarium-damaged kernels, pesticide treated seed or other contaminated grains.
3.75
pink stained
a grain defect arising from infection by certain Fusarium spp, Eppicoccum spp or Drechslera spp. This
defect is included in the tolerance for “Stained”.
Af
ri c
3.76
poisonous, toxic and/or harmful seeds
any seed which if present in quantities above permissible limit may have damaging or dangerous effect
on health, organoleptic properties or technological performance (see Annex F)
Ea
st
3.77
protein
proteins (amino acids arranged in a linear chain) form a large component part of grains. These structures
are responsible for the quality expressions in end use products made from wheat.
ed
as
3.78
red smudge
a dark reddish discolouration usually associated with amber durum wheat. It usually affects the entire
bran portion of the kernel. Discolouration is not superficial and cannot be removed through abrasion.
be
cit
3.79
rotted kernels
kernels that are discoloured, swollen and soft as a result of decomposition by fungi or bacteria. They may
feel spongy under pressure. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely mildewed,
mouldy, and rotted kernels.
No
t to
3.80
ruptured kernels
kernels are considered to be ruptured when the split in the cheek extends at least half the length of the
cheek or if both cheeks are split to any degree. Ruptured kernels do not require magnification to be
identified.
NOTE
Ruptured kernels are considered as severely damaged for grading purposes and are assessed under the “Degree of
Soundness” definition of the grading table.
ts
on
ly
—
3.81
sand grain
a particle of unconsolidated (loose), rounded to angular rock fragment or mineral grain between 0.06mm
and 2.00mm in diameter. Smaller material is classified under Foreign Material. Larger material is
classified as Earth or Stones.
3.82
sawfly damage
kernels with sawfly damage are shrivelled or distorted.
mm
en
3.83
sclerotinia sclerotiorum
a fungus producing hard masses of fungal tissue, called sclerotia. The sclerotia vary in size and shape,
have a course surface texture, vary in exterior colour from dark black to gray to white and have a pure
white interior.
ft f
or
co
3.84
screenings
See “Unmillable Material below the Screen”.
Dr
a
3.85
severely midge damaged kernels
Midge damaged kernels that have a blackened streak extending more than one quarter the length of the
kernel are classed as severely midge damaged kernels. This discolouration is the result of a fungal
infection. Midge damaged kernels that are blackened less than one quarter the length of the kernel or
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
13
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EAS 51:2010
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only grey discolouration of any amount, are not assessed as severely midge damaged kernels. Severe
midge damage is determined for amber durum wheat only.
an
St
an
3.86
severely mildewed kernels
In severely mildewed wheat, mildew spores have severely blackened the kernel inside and out. The
kernels may feel spongy under pressure. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely
mildewed, mouldy, and rotted kernels.
Midge damaged amber durum kernels with a
broken rootlet within the contour of the germ
broken rootlet extending beyond the contour of the germ
Ea
For midge damaged amber durum kernels, use following table:
Considered as
Sprouted
Severely sprouted
as
NOTE
st
Af
ri c
3.87
severely sprouted kernels
Kernels are assessed as severely sprouted when
⎯ The sprout extends beyond the normal contour of the germ
⎯ The kernels are severely degenerated as an apparent result of advanced sprouting
⎯ The sprout has been clearly broken and only a portion remains
⎯ The sprout is completely gone and there is evidence showing that there was extension of the sprout
outside the normal contour of the germ
cit
ed
3.88
shrivelled grains
shrivelled (shrunken), light, thin whole grains, in which accumulation of nutritive elements is finished
owing to physiological and pathological influences, and which pass through a sieve with long rounded
apertures 1.70 mm wide.
No
t to
be
3.89
shrunken and broken
Percentages of shrunken and broken kernels are determined from the same representative portion.
⎯ Shrunken kernels — broken or shrunken wheat or durum wheat which will pass through a 1.7 mm x
20 oblong-holed metal sieve for wheat and through a 1.9 mm x 20 oblong-holed metal sieve for
durum wheat.
⎯ Broken kernels — Broken kernels are pieces of wheat that are less than three-quarters of a whole
kernel. If the piece is more than three-quarters of a kernel, it is considered whole.
—
3.90
0.064 x 3/8 oblong-hole sieve
A metal sieve 0.032 inch thick with oblong perforations 0.064 inch by 0.375 (3/8) inch.
ts
on
ly
3.91
small foreign seeds (SFS)
all small foreign seeds in the unmillable material fraction which have fallen below the screen during the
screening process, except those specifically mentioned in the Foreign Seeds definition.
Amber durum — The discolouration is assessed as smudge in amber durum if:
1. More than one-half the kernel is discoloured, or
2. Discolouration of the crease
⎯ Has spread onto the cheeks of the kernel regardless of any discolouration of the germ
⎯ Appears as a thin line extending more than half the length of the crease, in combination
with any discolouration of the germ.
ft f
or
co
(a)
mm
en
3.92
smudge
a discolouration on the kernel as a result of infection by some common field fungi. The discolouration may
be brown, black or red.
NOTE
Kernels that have a thin line of discolouration of any length in the crease, but have no discolouration of the
germ, are not assessed as smudge.
Dr
a
(b)
Classes of wheat other than amber durum — The discolouration is considered as smudge in
wheat classes other than amber durum if more than one-half of the kernel is discoloured, or if the
discolouration extends into the crease. Less extensive discolouration is considered blackpoint.
14 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
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3.93
smutty wheat
wheat that contains, in a 250-gram portion, smut balls, portions of smut balls, or spores of smut in excess
of a quantity equal to 30 smut balls of average size
Af
ri c
3.94
snails
whole or substantially whole (more than half) snail shells, irrespective of size. These include but are not
limited to: Common White Snail (Cernuella virgata); White Italian Snail (Theba pisana); Pointed Snail
(Cochlicella actua); Small Pointed Snail (Cochlicella abarbara); Any other snail
st
3.95
soft earth pellets
⎯ Earth pellets that crumble into fine dust under light pressure, using a finger only—if they do not
crumble, they are considered Stones.
⎯ Any non-toxic material of similar consistency
be
cit
ed
as
Ea
3.96
sprouted
Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split. It includes early and any further
advanced stage of growth of the germ. Kernels exhibiting early stages of sprouting are those where the
covering of the germ is split, but without further development of the shoot. Grains that have had the germ
knocked off or scalloped out due to header damage or grains with pin holes are not included
in this definition. Kernels are sprouted if one of the following conditions exists:
⎯ Kernels show clear evidence of growth in the germ area.
⎯ The bran is noticeably split over the germ from apparent growth.
⎯ The germ is missing and there is apparent greyish discolouration normally attributable to sprouting.
⎯ The germ, though intact, appears distinctly swollen as a result of sprouting activity.
ts
on
ly
—
No
t to
3.97
stained
a grain defect caused by either exposure to wet and damp conditions during growth and maturation
phases or a stress related biochemical reaction, which causes individual grains to become visually
discoloured. The definition includes kernels that display the following:
⎯ A distinct dark brown to black discolouration on the germ end that, in severe cases, may progress to
other parts of the grain such as the crease. These grains are commonly referred to as “black point” or
“black tip”.
⎯ A light grey to black mould like discolouration that usually extends from the brush end of the grain,
but does not cover more than 50% of the entire grain surface. Kernels with greater than 50% of a
mould like discolouration are to be classified as “Field Fungi”.
⎯ Adherence of contaminants such as soil, dust, plant parts and other material. These grains are
commonly referred to as “Staining due to Moist Plant Material”.
⎯ Pink Stained grains arising from infection by certain Fusarium spp, Eppicoccum spp or Drechslera
spp. Refer to the definition of “Pink Stained”.
mm
en
3.98
stones
hard shale, coal, hard earth pellets, and any other non toxic materials of similar consistency. Fertilizer
pellets are assessed as stones when constituting 1.0% or less of the net sample weight.
ft f
or
co
3.99
stored grain insects
These are insects which cause damage to stored grain. These include: Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitrotroga
cerealella); Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum); Flat Grain Beetle (Cryptolestes spp); Granary
Weevil (Sitophilus granarius); Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella); Khapra Beetle (Trogoderma
granarium); Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica); Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais);
Psocids/Book lice (Psocoptera sp); Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae); Rust-red Flour Beetle (Tribolium
castaneum); Saw Tooth Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis); Tropical Warehouse Moth (Ephestia
cautella); Warehouse Beetle (Trogoderma variable)
A separate tolerance exists for dead and live Stored Grain Insects. The tolerance applies to all life stages of the insect.
Dr
a
NOTE
For Dead Stored Grain Insects, pieces of insects that are not whole or not readily able to be identified by
species are classified as Foreign Material.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
15
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
da
r
3.100
streak mould
grains that exhibit small dots covering less than 5% of the surface area of the kernel (a small proportion)
are not to be classified as Stained and are otherwise whole sound grains. This “mould like discolouration”
refers to a relatively slow growing mould that is considered harmless (generally does not produce
mycotoxins) but does affect the appearance of the grain. It does not refer to the more serious storage
moulds.
Af
ri c
3.101
superficial discolouration
a reddish discolouration not penetrating the endosperm. This factor is evaluated subjectively in relation to
the degree of soundness without reference to specific tolerances.
Ea
st
3.102
takeall affected
a grain defect caused by infection by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis often resulting in distortion
of the grain. This definition only applies to those grains which appear yellowish or white in colour and
which have a hollowed out appearance. The definition does not apply to those grains affected by Frost or
pinched as a result of dry conditions or other diseases during maturation.
as
3.103
test weight
the density of a measured volume of grain expressed in kilograms per hectolitre
cit
ed
3.104
total damage
includes kernels that are dark immature, degermed, fireburnt, fusarium damaged, grass green,
grasshopper/army worm damaged, heated, pink, sawfly/midge damaged, smudge damaged, sprouted or
damaged in any other way
—
No
t to
be
3.105
treated seed and other chemical substances
⎯ Treated seed — Treated seed is grain that has been coated with an agricultural chemical for
agronomicpurposes. These seed dressings contain a dye to render the treated seed visually
conspicuous. The colour of the dye varies depending upon the type of treatment and the type of
grain. The current Canadian colour standards for pesticide seed treatments are: cereals–pink or red,
canola–baby blue or green. Seed treated with an inoculant may have a green stain. The coatings or
stains may appear greasy or powdery and surface area distribution ranges from tiny flecks to
complete coverage.
⎯ Other chemical substances — Other chemical substances refers to any chemical residues either
adhering to the kernel or remaining in the sample and to samples having a chemical odour of any
kind.
mm
en
ts
on
ly
3.106
unmillable material above the screen
This consists of whiteheads (with grains removed), chaff, backbone, Wild Radish pods, Milk Thistle pods,
other seedpods and other light material which remains above the 2.00mm screen after a sample of grain
is subjected to the screening process. It excludes contaminants for which tolerances have been stated in
this standard.
Chaff is defined as the protective material surrounding the mature seed prior to thrashing or harvesting.
Backbone is the material to which seeds are attached to the plant stem.
co
3.107
unmillable material below the screen (screenings)
the total material passing through a 2.00mm screen after a sample of grain is subjected to the screening
process. It includes Small Foreign Seeds.
Dr
a
ft f
or
3.108
variety
the next lowest level taxonomic rank of a plant below that of the term “species”. Wheats of differing
varieties have differing genetic compositions which may endow them with differing agronomic
characteristics, and/or differing end product quality characteristics. For this reason, varieties are best
segregated into groups which have similar quality characteristics and/or are best suited to particular end
product uses.
16 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
da
r
3.109
wheat
Wheat includes grains of the species Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum compactum Host. (club
wheat), Triticum tauschii (soft wheat) and Triticum durum (durum).
4
Essential composition and quality factors
4.1
Basis of determination
Af
ri c
3.110
wheats of other classes or varieties
⎯ Other classes of wheat are all classes of wheat, including non-registered varieties, other than the
predominant class in the sample.
⎯ Contrasting classes are classes of different colour wheat
⎯ Other varieties of wheat are any registered varieties.
4.2
as
Ea
st
Each determination of heat-damaged kernels, damaged kernels, foreign material, wheat of other classes,
contrasting classes, and subclasses is made on the basis of the grain when free from dockage and
shrunken and broken kernels. Other determinations not specifically provided for under the general
provisions are made on the basis of the grain when free from dockage, except the determination of odour
is made on either the basis of the grain as a whole or the grain when free from dockage.
Representative portion of wheat for grading, grams
cit
ed
All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample, using a Boernertype divider. Values in Table 1 represent a range of recommended portions of samples for grading.
Table 1 — Representative portion of wheat for grading, grams
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
t to
be
Minimum
250
100
25
50
100
50
25
500
working sample
500
10
50
50
250
15
25
50
100
50
working sample
25
250
100
50
100
100
50
500
25
100
50
250
100
working sample
10
500
working sample
25
15 to 50
No
ts
on
ly
—
Grading factor
Artificial stain
Binburnt kernels
Blackpoint
Common bunt
Darkened kernels
Dark immature kernels
Degermed kernels
Ergot
Excreta
Fireburnt
Fusarium damage
Grasshopper, armyworm damage
Grass green kernels
Hard vitreous kernels, sieving
Hard vitreous kernels, handpick
Heated
Matter other than cereal grains
Mouldy
Natural stain
Odour
Other cereal grains
Other cereal grains and other matter
Penetrated smudge
Pink kernels
Red smudge
Rotted
Sawfly, midge damage
Sclerotinia
Severe midge damage
Severely mildewed
Severely sprouted
Shrunken and broken
Smudge
Soft earth pellets
Sprouted kernels
Stones
Superficial discolouration
Total Damage
Wheats of other classes or varieties
Optimum
500
1000
50
100
500
100
50
1000
working sample
working sample
100
100
100
250
25
250
100
1000
100
working sample
100
250
500
100
500
1000
100
1000
100
1000
100
250
500
working sample
100
1000
working sample
100
25 to 100
Export
500
1000
50
100
500
100
50
1000
working sample
working sample
100
100
100
250
25
500
250
1000
100
working sample
250
250
500
100
500
1000
100
1000
100
1000
100
250
500
working sample
100
1000
working sample
100
25 to 100
17
4.3
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
Specific quality requirements
an
St
an
4.3.1 Wheat grains shall meet the following general requirements/limits as determined using the
relevant standards listed in Clause 2. Wheat grains:
shall be the dried mature grains of Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum compactum Host.
(club wheat), Triticum tauschii (soft wheat) and Triticum durum (durum);
b)
shall be sweet, clean, wholesome, uniform in size, shape, colour and in sound merchantable
condition;
c)
shall be free from a substance which renders it unfit for human or animal consumption or
processing into or utilisation thereof as food or feed;
d)
shall be free of pests, live animals, animal carcasses, animal droppings, fungus infestation, added
colouring matter, moulds, weevils, obnoxious substances, discolouration and all other impurities
except to the extent indicated in this standard and must meet any other phytosanitary requirements
specified by the importing country authority;
e)
shall be free from filth (impurities of plant and animal origin including insects, rodent hair and
excreta) in amounts that represent a hazard to human health;
f)
shall be free from toxic or noxious seeds that are commonly recognized as harmful to health (see
Annex F);
g)
shall be free from abnormal flavours, musty, sour or other undesireable odour, obnoxious smell and
discolouration;
h)
shall be free from micro-organisms and substances originating from micro-organisms, fungi or
other poisonous or deleterious substances in amounts that may constitute a hazard to human
health;
i)
shall be free from the living insects listed Annex F, when determined according to ISO 6639 and
mites when determined by the sieving method.
j)
The bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre", of wheat shall be determined using instruments
calibrated according to the reference method given in ISO 7971-1 or, by default, according to the
routine method given in ISO 7971-2, and shall not be less than 70 kg/hl.
k)
shall contain no chemical residues which exceed the prescribed maximum residue limit: Provided
that:
as
ed
cit
be
t to
No
—
ts
on
ly
if the prescribed maximum residue limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible,
the prescribed maximum residue limit of the importing country shall be complied with; and
(ii)
the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for wheat with a higher maximum residue
limit, to be exported to countries where this higher residue limit is permissible: Provided that
the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country;
mm
en
(i)
shall contain not more than 10 microgram per kilogram aflatoxin of which not more than 5
microgram per kilogram may be aflatoxin B1: Provided that:
co
k)
Ea
st
Af
ri c
a)
ft f
or
(i)
Dr
a
(ii)
if the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible,
the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of the importing country shall be complied with;
the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for wheat with a higher maximum aflatoxin
content to be exported to countries where this higher aflatoxin limit is permissible: Provided
that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country;
and
18 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
shall comply with the requirements for declared plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary
importance as determined by the plant health protection agency.
an
St
an
l)
an inspector shall verify compliance to the levels of aflatoxin by sampling and submitting
samples for analysis of only certain consignments according to a risk-based plan.
da
r
(iii)
d
EAS 51:2010
4.3.2 Wheat grains shall be in form of well-filled seeds of uniform colour representative of the declared
variety.
Af
ri c
4.3.3 If wheat grains are presented in bags, the bags shall also be free of pests and contaminants. In
addition the wheat grains shall comply with any conditions set by the importing country authority.
4.3.4 If wheat grains are rejected because pests or contaminants are found in inspected samples, the
wheat grains are not to be re-presented for inspection unless they have been treated or cleaned.
4.3.6
Ea
st
4.3.5 Blending of rejected wheat grains is not permitted as a treatment for insect infestation or as a
method of cleaning for contaminants for which there is a nil tolerance
Brushing the outside of bags is not permitted as a remedy to remove pests or contaminants.
ed
as
4.3.7 The maximum impurities content, determined using the method described in Annex A, shall not
exceed the value given in Table 2 and Table 3. The maximum content of damaged wheat grains (broken
grains, shrivelled grains, unsound grains, grains attacked by pests) and other cereals, determined in
accordance with the method described in Annex A, shall not exceed 15 % (mass fraction) in total.
cit
4.3.8 The α-amylase activity, determined in accordance with ISO 3093, and expressed as the Falling
Number, shall be not less than 160.
Wheat grades for human consumption
be
4.4
Unclassified wheat grains
No
4.4.1
t to
Wheat grains for human consumption shall be classified into four grades on the basis of the tolerable
limits established in Table 2 which shall be additional to the general requirements set out in this standard.
4.4.2
Reject grade wheat
—
Shall be wheat grains which do not fall within the requirements of Grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this standard
but are not rejected wheat grains.
Does not meet the requirements for the Grades 1, 2, 3, or 4; or
(b)
Has a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odour except smut or garlic odour; or
(c)
Is heating or otherwise of distinctly low quality.
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
(a)
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
19
d
EAS 51:2010
No
—
ts
on
ly
mm
en
co
ft f
or
Dr
a
20 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Grade 4
10.0//n/a
10.0//n/a
0.040
0.015
0.50
0.040
0.10
2.40
0.60
0.60
300
3.0
5.0
5.0
0.50
5.0
2.0
10K
5.0
5.0
10.0
1.0
Nil
3.0
1.0
4 kernels per 1000 g
Nil
0.5
0.25
1.0
4
6
6.0
3.0
5.0
31
1.0
5.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
10
1
50
0.6
3 seeds
Nil
Nil
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
Nil
0.10
10.0
10.0
2.0
Nil
5.0
1.0
6 kernels per
1000 g
Nil
1.0
1.0
5.0
4
7
8.0
8.0
10.0
31
1.0
10.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
10
1
50
0.6
3 seeds
Nil
Nil
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
Nil
0.10
15.0
10.0
2.0
Nil
8.0
1.0
6 kernels per
1000 g
Nil
2.0
2.0
5.0
4
7
10.0
8.0
10.0
31
1.0
15.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
10
1
50
0.6
3 seeds
Nil
Nil
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
Nil
0.10
of
ISO 711/712
an
St
an
12.5
665(325)
May be immature,
moderately free
from
severely
damaged kernels
Method
test
ISO 605
Af
ri c
st
Ea
as
5.0
10.0
0.75
Nil
1.0
1.0
1 kernel per
1000 g
Nil
0.05
Nil
30K
4
5.0
4.0
1.0
2.0
31
1.0
3.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
10
1
50
0.6
3 seeds
Nil
Nil
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
Nil
0.10
ed
Hard/strong white
Soft white
Ergot
Excreta
Matter other than cereal grains
Sclerotinia
Earth, stones, dust, shale, glass
Total
Unmillable Material Above the Screen (% by wt) (See 3.106)
Screenings, Max (% by wt) (See 3.84)
Falling Number, Min (sec) (See 3.33)
Edible grains other than wheat (whole or identifiably broken), (% by wt)
Wheats of other classes or
Contrasting classes
varieties (% by wt)
Total
Sprouted
Severely sprouted
Defective
grains, max (%
Total
by count, 300
Stained
Pink stained
grain sample,
Artificial stain, no residue
unless
Natural, including staining due to
otherwise
moist plant material
stated
Total
Field fungi, including black field fungi (No. per 0.5 L)
Dry green or sappy
Over-dried damaged
Immature wheat, (% by wt)
Frost damaged
Binburnt, mouldy, severely mildewed,
Heat
or rotted (entire load), fusariam
damaged
Fireburnt
Total
All Smuts except Loose Smut (entire load)
Smudge and blackpoint
Shrunken
Shrunken
and broken
Broken
kernels
Total
Insect
Grasshopper, armyworm, bored
Damaged
Sawfly, midge
Total kernels per 100 grams
Takeall Affected
Total Defective
Type 1 (See 3.39)
Foreign seed
contaminants,
Type 2 (See 3.39)
Max – (count
Type 3 (a) (See 3.39)
of seeds in
Type 3 (b) (See 3.39)
total per half
Type 3 (c) (See 3.39)
litre
unless
otherwise
Type 4(a) (See 3.39)
stated)
Type 5 (See 3.39)
Type 6 (See 3.39)
Type 7 (a) (See 3.39)
Type 7 (b) (See 3.39)
Small Foreign Seeds (See 3.91)
Wild oats by count, max per half litre
Other
Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load) (3.73)
contaminants,
Chemicals Not Approved for wheat (See 3.16)
Max - (count
Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2)), ppb
per half litre,
Aflatoxin B1 only, ppb
unless
Fumonisin – Total ppb(FB1 + FB2 + FB3)
otherwise
stated)
Stored grain insects & pea weevils – Live (3.99)
[Total includes
Stored Grain insects – Dead (3.99)
any
Pea Weevils (3.71)
combination:
Earcockle(3.30)
If any one
Field Insects – Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive) (3.36)
contaminant
Field Insects – All Others (Dead or alive) (3.36)
exceeds
the
maximum
Snails (Dead or Alive) (3.94)
total, failure is
Loose smut (Pieces of backbone) (3.15)
declared)
Objectionable Material (entire load) (3.65)
Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) (3.69)
t to
Protein, Min (%)//Max(%)
NX5.7@11 % Moisture basis
Foreign Material Max (% by
wt)(All extraneous matter other
than wheat)
cit
Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L)
Degree of soundness
be
Varietal restriction
Moisture, max (%)
Standard of quality
Specification
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Approved varieties only
12.5
12.5
12.5
79(395)
75(375)
70(350)
Moderately
Fairly well matured,
Reasonably
free
from
may be moderately
well matured,
severely
bleached,
reasonably free
damaged
reasonably free from
from damaged
kernels
severely damaged
kernels
kernels
13.0//n/a
13.0//n/a
11.5//n/a
10.0//n/a
10.0//n/a
10.0//n/a
0.010
0.020
0.040
0.010
0.010
0.015
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.010
0.010
0.040
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.40
0.70
1.30
0.60
0.60
0.60
5.0
5.0
5.0
350
300
300
0.50
1.50
2.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
1.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Nil
5K
10K
0.50
2.0
5.0
da
r
Table 2 — Specific requirements for wheat grains for human consumption
Characteristic
ISO 7970
ISO 5223
ISO 5223
ISO 5223
ISO 605
Durum wheat grades
Table 3 — Specific requirements for durum wheat grains
11.5
0.020
0.010
0.30
0.020
0.030
1.20
0.60
5.0
300
1.50
3.0
3.0
5.0
70
0.20
2.0
2.0
3K
2.0
10.0
0.040
0.010
0.50
0.040
0.060
1.50
1.20
8.0
200
2.0
4.3
3.0
8.0
60
8.0
8.0
5.0
7K
5.0
3.0
(9 grains)
10.0
0.75
Nil
1.0
1 kernel per
1000 g
Nil
0.05
Nil
3.0
1.0
1.0
0.10
2.0
31
3.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
10
1
50
0.6
Nil
Nil
2.0
1
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
1
Nil
0.10
No
—
ts
on
ly
13.5
68(330)
May
be
immature,
moderately free
from
severely
damaged
kernels
9.5
0.040
0.010
0.50
0.040
0.060
3.0
1.20
10.0
200
3.0
10
5.0
12.0
40
12.0
12.0
5.0
12K
7.5
ISO 711/712
ISO 605
st
5.0
(15 grains)
10.0
2.0
Nil
2.0
2 kernel per
1000 g
Nil
0.1
Nil
5.0
1.0
1.0
0.25
8.0
31
5.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
10
1
50
0.6
Nil
Nil
2.0
1
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
1
Nil
0.10
20.0
(60 grains)
10.0
2.0
Nil
2.0
4 kernel per 1000
g
Nil
0.4
Nil
8.0
1.0
1.0
0.75
15.0
31
10.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
50
10
150
1.2
Nil
Nil
2.0
1
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
1
Nil
0.10
ISO 7970
20.0
(60 grains)
10.0
4.0
Nil
0.5
Nil
1.5
Nil
12.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
40.0
31
10.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
50
10
150
1.2
Nil
Nil
2.0
1
10
5
5
Nil
5
3
10
10
3
1
3
1
Nil
0.10
ISO 5223
ISO 605
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
Other
contaminants,
Max - (count
per half litre,
unless
otherwise
stated)
[Total includes
any
combination:
If any one
contaminant
exceeds
the
maximum
total, failure is
declared)
mm
en
Foreign seed
contaminants,
Max – (count
of seeds in
total per half
litre
unless
otherwise
stated)
Method of
test
an
St
an
13.0
0.010
0.010
0.20
0.010
0.030
0.50
0.60
5.0
300
0.50
2.0
3.0
3.0
80
0.10
0.50
2.0
Nil
0.50
Grade 4
Af
ri c
Fairly well matured,
may be moderately
weathered,
reasonably
free
from
severely
damaged kernels
t to
Field fungi, including black field fungi (no. per 0.5L)
Dry green or sappy
Over-dried damaged
Frost damaged
Heat
Binburnt, mouldy, severely mildewed,
damaged
or rotted (entire load), fusariam
Fireburnt
Total
All Smuts except loose smut (entire load)
Shrunken and broken kernels
Takeall affected
Insect
Grasshopper, armyworm
Damaged
Severe midge
Sawfly, midge
Total kernels per 100 grams
Total Defective
Type 1 (See 3.39)
Type 2 (See 3.39)
Type 3 (a) (See 3.39)
Type 3 (b) (See 3.39)
Type 3 (c) (See 3.39)
Type 4(a) (See 3.39)
Type 5 (See 3.39)
Type 6 (See 3.39)
Type 7 (a) (See 3.39)
Type 7 (b) (See 3.39)
Small Foreign Seeds (See 3.91)
Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load) (3.73)
Chemicals Not Approved for wheat (3.16)
Ergot – Ryegrass (length in cm) ( See 3.32)
Ergot – Cereal (entire load) ( See 3.32)
Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2), ppb
Aflatoxin B1 only, ppb
Fumonisin – Total ppb(FB1 + FB2 + FB3)
Stored grain insects & pea weevils – Live (3.99)
Stored Grain insects – Dead (See 3.99)
Pea Weevils(3.71)
Earcockle(3.30)
Field Insects – Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive)(3.36)
Field Insects – All Others (Dead or alive) (3.36)
Snails (Dead or Alive) (3.94)
Loose smut (Pieces of backbone) (3.15)
Earth (maximum 5mm in diameter each) (3.31)
Objectionable Material (entire load) (See 3.65)
Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) (3.69)
Reasonably well
matured,
reasonably free
from
severely
damaged
kernels
Ea
Protein, NX5.7@11 % Moisture basis, Min (%)
Foreign Material Max (% by
Ergot
wt)(All
extraneous
matter
Excreta
other than wheat)
Matter other than cereal grains
Sclerotinia
Stones, dust, shale, glass
Total
Unmillable Material Above the Screen (% by wt) (See 3.106)
Screenings Max (% by wt) (See 3.84)
Falling Number, Min (sec) (See 3.33)
Edible grains other than wheat (whole or identifiably broken), (% by wt)
Wheats of other classes or
Other classes
varieties (% by wt)
Bread wheat
Total
Vitreous kernels, % by count
Defective
Sprouted
Severely sprouted
grains, max (%
Total
by count, 300
Stained
Pink stained
grain sample,
Artificial stain, no residue
unless
Natural, including staining due to
otherwise
moist plant material
stated
Total
Reasonably well
matured,
reasonably free
from damaged
kernels
as
Degree of soundness
ed
Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L)
cit
Varietal restriction
Moisture, max (%)
Standard of quality
Specification
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Approved varieties only
12.5
12.5
12.5
75(365)
75(365)
72(350)
be
Characteristic
da
r
4.5
d
EAS 51:2010
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
21
Feed wheat grades
da
r
4.6
d
EAS 51:2010
ISO 711/712
ISO 605
Af
ri c
n/a
n/a
5K
2.0
n/a
n/a
10K
5.0
n/a
n/a
10K
5.0
50.0
40.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.5
50.0
40.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.5
50.0
40.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.5
2.0
5.0
0.25
n/a
n/a
15.0
6.0
n/a
n/a
4.0
n/a
5.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
50
100
400
1.2
Nil
Nil
2.0
Nil
Nil
5
3
50
10
3
10
50
6
Nil
0.20
80
2.0
5.0
1.0
n/a
n/a
15.0
8.0
n/a
n/a
4.0
n/a
8.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
50
100
400
1.2
Nil
Nil
2.0
Nil
Nil
5
3
50
10
3
10
50
6
Nil
0.20
80
2.0
5.0
2.0
n/a
n/a
15.0
10.0
n/a
n/a
4.0
n/a
12.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
50
100
400
1.2
Nil
Nil
2.0
Nil
Nil
5
3
50
10
3
10
50
6
Nil
0.20
80
10
40
40
40
10
20
20
20
50.0
40.0
5.0
n/a
n/a
2.5
No
—
ts
on
ly
mm
en
co
ft f
or
Dr
a
22 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Method of
test
st
n/a
15
Nil
0.50
Ea
Min (%)
Max(%)
Ergot
Excreta
Matter other than cereal grains
Sclerotinia
Stones
Total
Unmillable Material Above the Screen (% by wt) (See 3.106)
Screenings Max (% by wt) (See 3.84)
Falling Number, Min (sec) (See 3.33)
Wheats of other classes or
Contrasting
classes
(amber
varieties (% by wt)
durum/general purpose)
Defective
Sprouted
grains, max (%
Stained
Pink stained
by count, 300
Artificial stain, no residue
grain sample,
Natural, including staining due to
unless
moist plant material
otherwise
Total
stated
Field fungi, including black field fungi (No. per 0.5 L)
Dry green or sappy
Over-dried damaged
Frost damaged
Binburnt, mouldy, severely mildewed,
Heat
or rotted (entire load), fusariam
damaged
Fireburnt
Total
All Smuts except Loose Smut (entire load)
Smudge and blackpoint
Shrunken
Shrunken
and broken
Broken
kernels
Total
Insect
Grasshopper, armyworm
Damaged
Sawfly, midge
Total
Takeall Affected
Total Defective
Foreign seed
Type 1 (See 3.39)
contaminants,
Type 2 (See 3.39)
Max – (count
Type 3 (a) (See 3.39)
of seeds in
Type 3 (b) (See 3.39)
total per half
Type 3 (c) (See 3.39)
litre
unless
Type 4(a) (See 3.39)
otherwise
Type 5 (See 3.39)
stated)
Type 6 (See 3.39)
Type 7 (a) (See 3.39)
Type 7 (b) (See 3.39)
Small Foreign Seeds (See 3.91)
Other
Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load) (3.73)
contaminants,
Chemicals Not Approved for wheat (See 3.16)
Max - (count
Ergot – Ryegrass (length in cm) ( See 3.32)
per half litre,
Ergot – Cereal (entire load) ( See 3.32)
unless
Stored grain insects & pea weevils – Live (3.99)
otherwise
Stored Grain insects – Dead ( 3.99)
stated)
Pea Weevils(3.71)
[Total includes
Earcockle(3.30)
any
Field Insects – Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive) (3.36)
combination:
Field Insects – All Others (Dead or alive) (3.36)
If any one
Snails (Dead or Alive) (3.94)
contaminant
Loose smut (Pieces of backbone) (3.15)
exceeds
the
Earth (Pieces, max 5mm in diameter each) (3.31)
maximum
Objectionable Material (entire load) (3.65)
total, failure is
Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) (3.69)
declared)
Aflatoxin – Total ppb(Total Aflatoxin including
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2))
Fumonisin – Total ppb(Total Fumonisin including
(FB1 + FB2 + FB3))
Aflatoxin B1- ppb(Aflatoxin B1 only)
2.0
5.0
Nil
n/a
n/a
13.0
4.0
n/a
n/a
4.0
n/a
3.0
8
Nil
2
4
8
20
40
50
10
150
1.2
Nil
Nil
2.0
Nil
Nil
5
3
50
10
3
10
50
6
Nil
0.20
20
t to
Protein,
NX5.7@11 % Moisture basis
Foreign material, Max (% by
wt)(All extraneous matter other
than wheat)
as
Degree of soundness
ed
Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L)
cit
Varietal restriction
Moisture, max (%)
Standard of quality
Specification
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Any variety of wheat
12.5
12.5
12.5
13.5
62
Reasonable sweet, excluded from human consumption grades on account of
damaged kernels
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.030
0.030
0.04
0.05
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.10
0.10
0.40
0.40
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
5.0
5.0
10.0
10.0
2.60
2.60
2.60
2.60
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
250
n/a
n/a
n/a
≤10
≤10
≤10
≤10
be
Characteristic
an
St
an
Table 4 — Specific requirements for feed wheat grains
ISO 605
Contaminants
5.1
Pesticide residues
an
St
an
5
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
Wheat grains shall comply with those maximum pesticide residue limits established by the Codex
Alimentarius Commission for this commodity. The limits listed below were current as of the dates
indicated. Annex E provides current MRLs for the USA, EU and Codex markets.
Type
Unit symbol
2,4-D
ALDICARB
AMINOPYRALID
BENTAZONE
BIFENTHRIN
BIORESMETHRIN
BITERTANOL
CARBARYL
CARBENDAZIM
CHLORDANE
CHLORMEQUAT
CHLOROTHALONIL
CHLORPYRIFOS
CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL
CYPERMETHRIN
CYPRODINIL
DIFENOCONAZOLE
DIMETHOATE
DIQUAT
DISULFOTON
DITHIOCARBAMATES
ETHEPHON
FAMOXADONE
FENBUCONAZOLE
FENPROPIMORPH
FIPRONIL
IMAZALIL
KRESOXIM-METHYL
LINDANE
MALATHION
METHIOCARB
METHOMYL
OXYDEMETON-METHYL
PHORATE
PROPICONAZOLE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
QUINOXYFEN
QUINTOZENE
TEBUCONAZOLE
THIACLOPRID
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
undef
undef
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
Limit
Method of test
Af
ri c
Table 5 — Maximum pesticide residue limits and extraneous maximum residue limits in wheat
(current as at 2009-09-24)
Notes
Ea
as
ed
cit
be
t to
Source of data: mancozeb, maneb, metiram
No
—
ts
on
ly
mm
en
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
2,4-D
ALDICARB
BIFENTHRIN
BITERTANOL
CARBARYL
CARBENDAZIM
CHLOROTHALONIL
CHLORPYRIFOS
CYPERMETHRIN
DIFENOCONAZOLE
DIMETHOATE
DISULFOTON
DITHIOCARBAMATES
ESFENVALERATE
ETHEPHON
FAMOXADONE
FENBUCONAZOLE
FENPROPIMORPH
GLYPHOSATE
IMAZALIL
st
Wheat
2
0.02
0.1
0.1
0.5 Po
1 Po
0.05(*)
2
0.05(*)
0.02
3
0.1
0.5
10 Po
0.2
0.5
0.02
0.05
2
0.2
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.002
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.5
0.05
2
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.2
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
undef
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
undef
undef
mg/kg
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Interim MRL (2005-2009)
Wheat straw and fodder, Dry
100
0.05
0.5
0.05(*)
30
1
20
5
5
3
1
5
25
2
5
7
3
5
300
0.1
Source of data: mancozeb, maneb, metiram
23
Unit symbol
Limit
IMIDACLOPRID
METHIOCARB
METHOMYL
OXYDEMETON-METHYL
PROPICONAZOLE
QUINTOZENE
SPINOSAD
TEBUCONAZOLE
THIACLOPRID
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
undef
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
1
0.05
5
0.1
2
0.03
1
10
5
5
BIFENTHRIN
BIORESMETHRIN
BROMIDE ION
CHLORMEQUAT
DELTAMETHRIN
DICHLORVOS
DIQUAT
FENVALERATE
PERMETHRIN
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
Wheat wholemeal
0.5 PoP
1 PoP
50
5
2 PoP
2
2
2 PoP
2 PoP
30 PoP
0.1
BIFENTHRIN
BIORESMETHRIN
CARBARYL
CHLORMEQUAT
CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL
CYPRODINIL
DELTAMETHRIN
DICHLORVOS
DIQUAT
FAMOXADONE
FENVALERATE
GLYPHOSATE
IMIDACLOPRID
METHOMYL
METHOPRENE
PERMETHRIN
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL
PROCHLORAZ
SPINOSAD
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
undef
undef
undef
Wheat bran, Unprocessed
2 PoP
5 PoP
2
10
20 PoP
2
5 PoP
10
5
0.2
5 PoP
20
0.3
3
25 PoP
5 PoP
80 PoP
15 PoP
7
2
0.5
AMINOPYRALID
FENITROTHION
mg/kg
undef
BIORESMETHRIN
CARBARYL
DICHLORVOS
METHOMYL
PERMETHRIN
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
BIFENTHRIN
BIORESMETHRIN
CARBARYL
CHLORMEQUAT
CHLORPYRIFOS
CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL
DELTAMETHRIN
DICHLORVOS
DIQUAT
FENVALERATE
IMIDACLOPRID
MALATHION
METHOMYL
PERMETHRIN
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
undef
co
mm
en
Notes
an
St
an
Af
ri c
st
Ea
as
ed
cit
be
t to
No
ts
on
ly
—
Wheat bran, Processed
0.3
2
PoP
Dr
a
ft f
or
Method of test
da
r
Type
24 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
3
1
10
2
2
90
0.1
0.2
1
0.2
2
0.1
2
0.3
1
0.5
0.2
0.03
0.2
0.03
0.5
10
0.1
d
EAS 51:2010
Wheat germ
PoP
PoP
PoP
Wheat flour
PoP
PoP
Po
PoP
PoP
PoP
PoP
PoP
5.2
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
Heavy metals
Table 6 — Heavy metal contaminant limits
Af
ri c
Test method
EAS 101 or EAS 100
EAS 100
EAS 100
EAS 100
EAS 100
Mycotoxin and chemical limits
Ea
5.3
Limit
0.10
2.00
0.10
0.02
0.01
50.0
250.0
0.25
st
Parameter
Arsenic (As), ppm max.
Copper (Cu), ppm max.
Lead (Pb), ppm max.
Cadmium (Cd), ppm max.
Mercury (Hg), ppm max.
Zinc, (Zn), ppm max.
Tin, Sn, ppm max.
Methyl mercury, calculated as Hg, ppm max.
an
St
an
Wheat grains shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. If
present, they shall not exceed the limits established in Table 6.
5.3.1
Uric acid shall not exceed 100 milligrams per kilogram.
as
Wheat grains shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex Alimentarius
Commission for this commodity.
5.4
cit
ed
5.3.2 Total aflatoxin levels in wheat grains for human consumption shall not exceed 10 ppb with B1 not
exceeding 5 ppb when tested according to ISO 16050.
Environment
be
Wheat shall be produced, processed and handled under conditions complying with the stipulations of
relevant environmental regulations and therefore conform to cleaner production technological practices.
Hygiene
t to
6
No
6.1
It is recommended that the produce covered by the provisions of this Standard be prepared and
handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of CAC/RCP 1, ISO 22000, and other relevant
Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice.
—
6.2
The produce should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with
CAC/GL 21.
ts
on
ly
6.3
To the extent possible in good agricultural practice, the products shall be free from objectionable
mater.
6.4
When tested by appropriate standards of sampling and examination listed in Clause 2, the
products:
mm
en
⎯ shall be free from microorganisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to health and shall not
exceed the limits stipulated in Table 7;
⎯ shall be free from parasites which may represent a hazard to health; and
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
⎯ shall not contain any substance originating from microorganisms including fungi, in amounts which
may represent a hazard to health.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Table 7 — Microbiological limits for wheat grains
Type of micro-organism
Yeasts and moulds, max. per g
S.aureus per 25 g
E. Coli, max. per g
Salmonella, max. per 25 g
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Limits
2
10
Nil
Nil
Nil
Test method
EAS 217
25
7
da
r
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EAS 51:2010
Packaging
an
St
an
7.1
Wheat grains shall be packed in suitable packages which shall be clean, sound, free from insect,
fungal infestation and the packing material shall be of food grade quality.
7.2
Wheat grains shall be packed in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional,
technological and organoleptic qualities of the products.
Af
ri c
7.3
The containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which are safe and
suitable for their intended use. They shall not impart any toxic substance or undesirable odour or flavour
to the product.
The net weight of the wheat grains in a package shall comply with OIML R87.
7.5
Each package shall contain wheat grains of the same type and of the same grade designation.
7.6
Each package shall be securely closed and sealed.
8
Marking or labelling
as
Ea
st
7.4
ed
8.1
In addition to the requirements in EAS 38, each package shall be legibly and indelibly marked
with the following:
product name as “Wheat Grains”;
ii)
variety;
iii)
grade;
iv)
name, address and physical location of the manufacturer/ packer/importer;
v)
lot/batch/code number;
vi)
net weight, in g/kg;
vii)
the declaration “Food for Human Consumption’’ or “Animal Feed”;
viii)
storage instruction as “Store in a cool dry place away from any contaminants’’;
ix)
crop year;
x)
packing date;
xi)
expiry date or best before ___________month ______ year;
xii)
a declaration of the product lifespan;
xiii)
instructions on disposal of used package;
xiv)
country of origin;
xv)
a declaration on whether the wheat was genetically modified or not.
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
No
t to
be
cit
i)
ft f
or
8.2
A declaration of any inaccurate information in marking/labelling is prohibited and shall be
punishable by law under the statutes of the Partner States.
Dr
a
8.3
The authorized packer shall observe all instructions regarding testing, grading, packing, marking,
sealing and maintenance of records applicable to the product.
8.4
Labelling of non-retail containers — Information for non-retail containers shall be given either
on the container or in accompanying documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification
26 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
d
EAS 51:2010
da
r
and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However, lot
identification and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an
identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.
Sampling and test methods
9.1
Introduction
Af
ri c
9
an
St
an
8.5
No wording, illustration or other device of expression which constitutes a misrepresentation or
which, directly or by implication creates a misleading impression of the contents shall appear on a
container which contains maize.
This clause details methods and procedures to be used for the assessment of various quality parameters
as outlined in this standard.
Ea
st
The methods outlined are either Reference Methods or Routine Assessment Methods. Routine
Assessment Methods are included as a guide to industry where Reference Methods may not be able to
be implemented. Note that Routine Assessment Methods must equate to the Reference Method for the
applicable test method.
as
In all instances of disputes, the Reference Method takes precedence over the Routine Assessment
Method.
ed
Depending on the test to be conducted, variations may exist due to equipment used.
Sampling
9.2.1
Definitions
t to
9.2
be
cit
Procedures outlined are a guide for industry. Industry is free to develop their own Operational Procedures
for each test and activity based on their own circumstances. At all times industry use of apparatus
outlined in this Standard must comply with the manufacturers’ recommendations for occupational health
and safety and training.
No
This is the standard procedure used to draw a sample of the commodity from a bulk unit tendered for
delivery to enable tests to be conducted on the commodity for the purposes of determining its quality.
—
⎯ A primary sample is an individual probed sample taken from the lot presented for sampling
ts
on
ly
⎯ A composite sample is the combined primary samples taken from the lot to be sampled, and is
representative of the entire lot
⎯ A sub sample is the sample taken from the mixed composite sample for the purposes of conducting
quality tests, and is representative of the entire lot
Scope
mm
en
9.2.2
Wheat is traded on the basis of quality tests conducted on lots of wheat presented for sale or delivery to
end users. Obtaining representative samples is critical to ensuring test results reflect the true quality of
these lots.
9.2.3
co
This procedure is applicable to all cereal grains, pulses and oilseeds.
Apparatus
ft f
or
⎯ Manual sampling probe (double tube compartment probe, one inside the other, equipped with
spiralled ports that open sequentially from bottom to top).
Dr
a
⎯ Vacuum or pneumatic probe (an alternative to the manual sampling probe and consisting of a hand
held or remotely controlled probe which retrieves grain through the use of a vacuum or other air
movement system).
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
27
da
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EAS 51:2010
⎯ Mixing bucket (including other associated equipment such as mini-auger suitable for mixing sample,
optional).
9.2.4
an
St
an
⎯ Sample dividing apparatus (optional).
Reagents
Not Applicable.
Procedure
Af
ri c
9.2.5
Sample collection guidelines for collecting a representative sample
⎯ The surface of the grain should be fully exposed prior to sampling to allow for effective visual
inspection. At this point, the load should be scanned for any defects or contaminants.
Ea
st
⎯ The probe to be used should be of a sufficient length in order to obtain a sample from as close as
possible to the bottom of truck.
as
⎯ A primary sample must be drawn for assessment by thrusting the sampling probe as vertically and as
deep as possible into the load.
ed
⎯ At least one probe must be taken from the front, middle and rear of each bulk unit.
⎯ If more than one unit is delivered, samples must be drawn from each bulk unit as described above.
be
cit
⎯ If the bulk units are of visibly different quality, or if required at the Inspector’s discretion, different
samples and grade classification may be undertaken for each separate bulk unit.
t to
⎯ If the declared varietal composition or paddock where the grain was grown is different for each unit
tendered for delivery, or more than one variety is commingled in each delivery unit, then a separate
assessment of each unit must be conducted.
No
⎯ Each primary (probed) sample must consist of at least one litre of grain.
—
⎯ A composite sample from each load tendered for delivery shall consist of the following minimum
quantities and number of probes:
mm
en
ts
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ly
Load size
10 tonnes or less
Over 10 tonnes up to 20 tonnes
Over 20 tonnes up to 30 tonnes
Over 30 tonnes up to 40 tonnes
Over 40 tonnes up to 50 tonnes
Over 50 tonnes up to 60 tonnes
Over 60 tonnes up to 70 tonnes
Over 70 tonnes up to 80 tonnes
Sample size (minimum)
3 litres
4 litres
5 litres
6 litres
7 litres
8 litres
9 litres
10 litres
NOTE
In the above table the sample size reflects the number of probe samples. For example, 4 litres equates to 4 probe
samples.
Sample mixing
co
⎯ The primary samples in each probe must be collected together and thoroughly mixed in a suitable
container using a mechanical device where appropriate, to form the composite sample.
ft f
or
⎯ Sub samples should be drawn from the composite sample either by hand or through the use of a
suitable sample dividing apparatus.
Dr
a
Sample analysis
⎯ The sub sample should then be analysed for all of the quality parameters specified in this Standard.
28 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
9.2.6
da
r
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EAS 51:2010
References
an
St
an
Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 13690.
9.3
Moisture assessment of cereals — Fan forced oven reference method
9.3.1
Definitions
9.3.2
Af
ri c
This is the fan forced reference method to be used to determine the moisture content of grain samples as
loss in weight when subjected to heating.
Scope
Apparatus
Ea
9.3.3
st
This is applicable to all cereals when being tested for moisture content under laboratory conditions.
⎯ Laboratory Mill
as
⎯ Forced Draft Oven capable of being maintained at 130 °C ± 1 °C
ed
⎯ Aluminium moisture dishes, 50 – 55 by 15 – 20mm with tight fitting covers
cit
⎯ Desiccator
⎯ Electronic balance capable of weighing up to 100g to 4 decimal places
Reagents
be
9.3.4
9.3.5
t to
Not applicable
Procedure
No
⎯ Grind a 30-40g whole grain sample in a suitable mill (Perten 3303, Tecator, Cemotec or similar).
Sample to be “as is”.
—
⎯ Mix thoroughly and transfer 2 to 3g portions to each of 2 or more tared moisture dishes
ts
on
ly
⎯ Cover and weight the dishes immediately
⎯ Subtract tare weights and record weight of sample
⎯ Clean mill between samples
mm
en
⎯ Uncover the dishes and place them in pre heated oven (130 °C) and place covers under the dishes.
Evenly distribute the dishes within the oven
⎯ Close oven door and allow temperature to stabilise and then heat for exactly 60 minutes
co
⎯ Remove the dishes, quickly replace the lids and place in the desiccator
⎯ Weigh the dishes after they reach room temperature
ft f
or
⎯ Determine loss in weight as moisture as per the following equation:
Wdry − Wdish
W tp
× 100
Dr
a
% Moisture =
where
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
29
is the weight of the test portion before oven drying
Wdry
is the weight of the dish, lid and test portion after oven drying
Wdish
is the weight of the empty oven moisture dish and lid
an
St
an
Wtp
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
Report result to the nearest 0.1%.
If duplicates differ by more than 0.2%, repeat the determination, otherwise, report the average of the
duplicates.
References
Af
ri c
9.3.6
ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method)
Moisture assessment of cereals – Brabender oven reference method
9.4.1
Definitions
Ea
st
9.4
Scope
ed
9.4.2
as
This is the Brabender Oven reference method used to determine the moisture content of grain samples
as loss in weight when subjected to heating.
9.4.3
cit
This is applicable to all cereals when being tested for moisture content.
Apparatus
t to
be
⎯ Mill - A low moisture loss mill must be used as significant levels of heat can be generated. The mill of
choice is the Falling Number 3303 mill (a Wiley - using a 20 mesh screen). The Falling Number Mill
3303 is used with the setting – Wheat – 0.
⎯ Electronic balance – accuracy = 0.001g (or better)
No
⎯ Aluminium dishes - these dishes must be kept clean and weigh 11.500 ± 0.005g
Reagents
Not Applicable
9.4.5
Procedure
ts
on
ly
9.4.4
—
⎯ Vial with well sealing screw to lid. Currently a small yellow top polyethylene container with
polypropylene lid is used. Samples must be prepared and used within 24hrs.
mm
en
⎯ Grind approx 50g of sample in accordance with relevant mill manual. Mix sample well and replace
into original sample vial tightly sealing the lid. Sample must be prepared and used on the same day
or prepared on the evening before.
co
⎯ Make sure the dishes are clean and are resting on a clean surface (wipe with tissue). Tare the first
dish and also subsequent dishes used but note the weight before taring if weight varies from 11.500
or tare varies by ± 0.010g from tare. Recheck weight of dish to ensure within 11.500 ± 0.005g. Dishes
must also be checked before and after the season to ensure they are correct.
ft f
or
⎯ Weigh out accurately 10.000 ± 0.001g of the ground sample into an Aluminium dish. Then shake dish
to obtain an even layer of sample.
Dr
a
⎯ Take the weighed samples and place into the oven which has been previously switched on and
heated to 130 °C. Place the dishes in the oven noting the number of the dish and its position number
(1 through 9). There are ten positions in the oven (the tenth place is taken up by an empty dish for
calibration purposes).
30 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
r
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EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
⎯ When the oven has been loaded note the time or set a countdown timer to 60 min once the required
temperature is reached. Usually for 130 °C the oven takes 10 - 15 minutes to reach the required
temperature.
⎯ When one hour has elapsed, standardise the instrument by selecting the empty dish and placing 9g
in weights in the small platform between the 3 prongs on the balance and adjust the scale to 10.0
with the standard swinging freely. Moisture can then be read off for each sample in turn.
NOTE:
⎯ When switching the oven on make sure that the Brabender oven is level (use bubble level).
Af
ri c
⎯ Read the samples in the dishes consecutively recording results in the relevant worksheet.
All results are a direct reading of % w/w water.
⎯
The minimum heating time must be adhered to (1 hour) but heating over the hour will not affect the results (up to 2 hours).
⎯
If only a few grams of sample are available see the manufacturers hand book for the technique to be adopted.
⎯
The weight of Aluminium dishes is to be checked at 6 monthly intervals to ensure they are within 11.500 ± 0.005g. If they are
underweight they are to be discarded and replacements purchased. Do not add weight to the dish i.e. solder etc as this will
breakdown over time or fall off. If they are overweight they may be cleaned with warm water and neutral detergent. Under no
circumstances use abrasive or corrosive chemicals as this will lead to the dish being underweight.
as
References
ed
9.4.6
Ea
st
⎯
Moisture assessment of cereals – NIR
9.5.1
Definitions
be
9.5
cit
ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content — Routine reference method
Scope
No
9.5.2
t to
This describes the NIR method for determination of moisture in cereal grains.
This procedure is applicable to all cereal grains.
Reagents
—
9.5.3
9.5.4
Apparatus
ts
on
ly
Not applicable.
NIR instrument approved for use for trade purposes.
9.5.5
Method
mm
en
Sample to be “as is”.
Individual manufacturer instructions and procedures should be followed for operation and maintenance of
NIR instruments used to determine grain moisture.
References
ft f
or
9.5.6
co
Report result to the nearest 0.1%.
ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content — Routine reference method
Dr
a
9.6
9.6.1
Protein assessment of cereals — Dumas reference method
Definitions
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
31
d
EAS 51:2010
9.6.2
an
St
an
da
r
This is the Dumas reference method used to determine the crude protein content of cereal grains.
Samples are incinerated in an oxygen rich atmosphere to produce oxides of nitrogen which are
catalytically reduced to molecular nitrogen. Interfering combustion products are removed by selective
absorption. Nitrogen concentration is then measured by a thermal conductivity detector calibrated against
a standard of known nitrogen content. Protein is then calculated from nitrogen content using a known
factor for each product.
Scope
This method is applicable to all cereal grains.
Apparatus
Af
ri c
9.6.3
Ea
st
⎯ Combustion nitrogen analyser consisting of a furnace capable of maintaining minimum operating
temperature of 950 °C for pyrolysis of the sample in pure oxygen, an isolating system capable of
isolating liberated nitrogen gas from other combustion products for subsequent measurement by
thermal conductivity detector, a device for converting NOx products to nitrogen or measuring NO2,
and a detector system capable of interpreting detector response as percent N.
as
⎯ Grinder or mill that produces ground material with particle size ≤ 0.8mm and with minimal heat
generation.
9.6.4
ed
⎯ Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.0005g.
Reagents
be
cit
⎯ Gases – carrier gas (usually helium), pure (99.9%) oxygen, compressed air (used to drive component
parts of the analyser)
⎯ Reference calibration standard – TRIS - high purity (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane or Nicotinic Acid
Procedure
t to
9.6.5
—
No
⎯ Follow procedures to set up the analyser and operating gas systems as specified by the
manufacturer. Perform the necessary adjustments for gas flows and pressures, combustion
temperatures and times and start up equilibrium times to ensure optimal analysis conditions for the
type of sample to be analysed.
ts
on
ly
⎯ Calibrate the instrument by following the manufacturer’s guidelines using the appropriate calibration
standard. The calibration should be cross checked against a second high purity standard – Nicotinic
Acid or EDTA. Blanks, as stipulated by the manufacturer, should be run prior to analysis to establish
the baseline. These should include consideration of an atmospheric blanks factor or a sample blank
similar to samples under test.
mm
en
⎯ Grind an amount of sample sufficient to represent the original material, and to perform a number of
nitrogen determinations as required. Sample to be “as is”.
⎯ Weigh accurately to 0.001g an amount of ground sample, as recommended by the manufacturer, into
the appropriate sample capsule and place the sample into the instrument for analysis.
co
⎯ If presenting the sample to the instrument in a pellet form, adjustments may be required to burn
temperatures, times and blanks to compensate for the absence of a sample capsule.
ft f
or
⎯ Blank and standard control/check samples should be repeated periodically (as a guide every 10
samples) during each analytical run to monitor any drift. Standard drift corrections and recalculation of
samples should be made after analysis if the drift exceeds specification.
Dr
a
⎯ Calculation of nitrogen content is usually performed automatically by the instrument data processing
system or associated software.
32 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
da
r
⎯ Results should be expressed as percent (5) nitrogen to two decimal places. For conversion to protein
content “as is” multiply wheat nitrogen by 5.7% and all other cereals by 6.25 unless otherwise stated.
Convert protein content to an 11% moisture basis for wheat for the nitrogen/protein values where
necessary. Report result to the nearest 0.1%.
⎯ Analysis should be repeated if the difference between duplicate test results exceed the respective
repeatability values (r) shown in the following table:
Mean % N
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
1.22
0.99
1.15
0.64
0.61
0.46
0.46
as
* Wheat other than the type specified in the above table
Af
ri c
1.85
1.49
1.47
2.09
1.97
2.54
2.03
Reproducibility
RSDr %
R
0.11
2.09
0.08
1.97
0.07
1.69
0.08
1.32
0.09
1.69
0.08
1.15
0.09
1.56
st
Barley
Barley malt
Sorghum
Wheat durum
Wheat*
Wheat APH
Wheat flour
Repeatability
RSDr %
r
Ea
Grain
ed
⎯ Suitable fineness of grind gives a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤ 2.0% for ten successive
determinations of nitrogen in ground test material. A larger RSD indicates the need for a finer grind or
a larger analytical test weight, assuming that the instrument has been properly set up.
be
cit
⎯ For each batch the accuracy of the system is demonstrated by making ten successive determinations
of nitrogen in nicotinic acid or tryptophan (different materials from calibration standard). Means of
determinations must be ≤ ± 0.15 of respective theoretical values with standard deviation ≤ 0.15.
Failure to achieve these values indicates the need for recalibration or optimisation of instrument
settings.
9.6.6
No
t to
⎯ Accuracy checks should be carried out (1) On instrument installation and reinstallation following
repairs and service; (2) When a new batch of working reference material is used; (3) After
experiencing problems in instrument set up.
References
ts
on
ly
—
ISO 20483, Cereals and pulses — Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude
protein content — Kjeldahl method
9.7
Protein assessment of cereals – NIR
9.7.1
Definition
9.7.2
mm
en
This describes the NIR method for determination of protein in cereal grains.
Scope
This procedure is applicable to all cereal grains.
Reagents
co
9.7.3
Not applicable.
Apparatus
ft f
or
9.7.4
Dr
a
NIR instrument approved by the National Measurement Institute for use for trade purposes under the
conditions stipulated in NMI V10 (Uniform Test Procedures for the Verification, Certification and In
Service Inspection of Protein Instruments for Grain), and NMI M8 (Pattern Approval Specifications for
Protein Measuring Instruments for Grain).
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
33
Method
da
r
9.7.5
d
EAS 51:2010
Sample to be “as is”.
an
St
an
Individual manufacturer instructions and procedures should be followed for operation and maintenance of
NIR instruments used to determine grain protein.
Report result to the nearest 0.1%.
9.7.6
References
Af
ri c
ISO 20483, Cereals and pulses — Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude
protein content — Kjeldahl method
Test weight assessment — Schopper Chondrometer reference method
9.8.1
Definitions
Ea
st
9.8
9.8.2
as
The Schopper Chondrometer is used for the measurement of Grain Density (Density is also known as
“Bushel Weight”, “Test Weight” or “Hectolitre Weight”).
Scope
Apparatus
cit
9.8.3
ed
This method is applicable to all cereal grains.
be
⎯ 1L Schopper Calibrated Chondrometer
⎯ 2 decimal place balance
Reagents
No
9.8.4
t to
⎯ Plastic bowl
Not applicable
Procedure
—
9.8.5
ts
on
ly
⎯ Secure bottom half of cylinder A to base plate on the chondrometer box.
⎯ Ensure the sliding divider C is in the slot on cylinder A.
⎯ Place weight D on top of sliding divider.
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
⎯ Secure top half of cylinder B to the bottom half A.
34 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Ea
st
Af
ri c
an
St
an
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
⎯ Ensure the slider is closed and pour grain in the cylinder at a constant rate until full to the top.
as
⎯ Pull the sliding divider out and the weight will move down, drawing the grain down with it (you will
hear it moving down).
ed
⎯ Once the weight D is at the bottom, replace the sliding divider back in the slot.
cit
⎯ Carefully tip the cylinder upside down and tip out all the grain remaining above the divider. Make sure
to catch the weight D as it drops down.
be
⎯ Place a plastic container on the electric balance and tare to read zero.
t to
⎯ Remove the blade from the chondrometer and tip the measured litre of grain into the plastic container
and weigh.
No
⎯ The weight is in grams and needs to be multiplied by 0.1 (divided by 10) to obtain a density in kg/hl.
⎯ Always undertake analysis in duplicate and average results.
References
ts
on
ly
9.8.6
—
⎯ Report the result to one (1) decimal place.
ISO 7971-1, Cereals — Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" — Part 1: Reference
method
mm
en
ISO 7971-2, Cereals — Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" — Part 2: Routine
method
9.9
Test weight assessment — Franklin Mark 11 Chondrometer reference method
9.9.1
Definitions
Scope
ft f
or
9.9.2
co
This is the Franklin Mark 11 Chondrometer reference method to determine the density of cereal grains
(otherwise known as the Test Weight) expressed as kilograms per hectolitre.
This method is applicable to all cereal grains.
Apparatus
Dr
a
9.9.3
⎯ Franklin Mark II Drop Weight Trade Certified chondrometer
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
35
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
⎯ Pre filling Cup
Reagents
an
St
an
9.9.4
Not applicable.
9.9.5
Procedure
Af
ri c
⎯ Assemble the instrument together and place the calibration weight onto the top of the measuring
cylinder.
⎯ Place the measuring cylinder with weight on the hook at the end of the measuring beam.
Ea
st
⎯ Calibrate the instrument by moving the sliding weight to the position corresponding to 40kg/hl on the
measuring beam. The beam should balance equidistantly between the top and bottom of the square
space at the other end of the beam.
as
⎯ If the beam is not balanced, turn the calibration screw at the other end of the beam until the correct
setting is achieved.
⎯ Remove the calibration weight. The instrument is then calibrated.
cit
ed
⎯ Insert the cutter bar into the bottom measuring cylinder, and place the drop weight on top of the cutter
bar.
⎯ Fit the top filling cylinder onto the measuring cylinder.
be
⎯ Fill the pre filling cup with grain. Sample to be “as is”.
t to
⎯ Steadily pour the grain from the pre filling cup with one hand into the top filling cylinder until it is full
whilst holding both cylinders together.
No
⎯ Withdraw the cutter bar in a single swift motion.
⎯ Re-insert the cutter in the slit and push it through the grain with a single firm stroke.
—
⎯ Remove the top filling cylinder from the measuring cylinder and discard the grain remaining above the
cutter, while holding the cutter in place.
ts
on
ly
⎯ Remove the cutter and suspend the measuring container from the measuring beam of the
chondrometer.
⎯ Adjust the sliding weight on the beam until the instrument is balanced.
mm
en
⎯ Read the test weight of the graduated balance beam at the point indicated by the sliding weight and
record the result in kilograms per hectolitre.
⎯ Report the result to one (1) decimal place.
References
co
9.9.6
ft f
or
ISO 7971-2, Cereals — Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" — Part 2: Routine
method
9.10
Test weight assessment – Kern 222 Chondrometer reference method
Dr
a
9.10.1 Definition
This is the Kern 222 Trade Certified Chondrometer reference method to determine the density of cereal
grains (otherwise known as the test weight) expressed as kilograms per hectolitre.
36 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
9.10.2 Scope
9.10.3 Apparatus
⎯ Kern 222 Trade Certified Chondrometer with valid Regulation 13 certificate.
⎯ Electronic balance 0.01g resolution.
Af
ri c
9.10.4 Reagents
an
St
an
This method is applicable to all cereal grains.
Not applicable
9.10.5 Procedure
Ea
st
⎯ Assemble the measuring container with the grain cutter inserted in the slit. Place the brass piston on
top of the cutter blade. Connect the filling hopper securely on the top of the measuring container.
⎯ Fill the pre-filling cup with grain. Grain sample to be “as is”.
as
⎯ Empty the pre-filling cup out onto a large sample tray and manually remove any foreign material e.g.
whiteheads, straw, barley, lupins, sticks stones etc.
cit
ed
⎯ Pour the remaining grain from the sample tray back into the pre-filling cup. Ensure that the pre filler
cup is filled up to or above the internal filling line/groove.
⎯ Steadily pour the grain from the pre-filling cup into the filling hopper until the filling hopper is full.
t to
be
⎯ Grasp the measuring container firmly with one hand and with the other hand withdraw the cutter in a
single swift motion.
⎯ Re-insert the grain cutter in the slit and push it through the grain with a single firm stroke.
No
⎯ Remove the filling hopper from the measuring container and discard the grain remaining above the
cutter, while holding the cutter in place.
—
⎯ Remove the cutter and return the base bucket to an upright position and then withdraw the cutter.
ts
on
ly
⎯ Place the Steel Bowl onto the balance and press the T (Tare) button, ensure Zeros are displayed.
⎯ Pour the grain from the bucket into the steel bowl.
⎯ The weight in grams will appear on the display of the balance. This figure is referred to as the weight
in grams per litre.
mm
en
⎯ All numerical results are to be written down to two decimal places.
9.10.6 References
Unmillable material assessment — Reference method
ft f
or
9.11
co
ISO 7971-2, Cereals — Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" — Part 2: Routine
method
9.11.1 Definition
Dr
a
This is the reference method used to determine the percentage by weight of Unmillable Material Above
the Screen and Unmillable Material Below the Screen (Screenings), including Small Foreign Seeds.
9.11.2 Scope
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
37
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
This method is applicable to wheat.
an
St
an
9.11.3 Apparatus
Agtator Shaking Device
Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications:
Af
ri c
⎯ 300mm diameter discs x 0.8mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss
on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar.
⎯ Slot width as assessed by an Engineers Pin Gauge is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm. Pin Gauge, being
2.01mm and 1.99, needs to have a valid Regulation 13 certificate.
Ea
st
⎯ Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the
above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure.
Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g
as
9.11.4 Reagents
ed
Not applicable.
9.11.5 Procedure
cit
⎯ Obtain a certified half litre sample of grain. Sample to be “as is”.
be
⎯ Place the wheat screen on top of the agitator platform with the slots aligned toward the front of the
agitator. Ensure the wheat screen is clean, smooth, dry and free of grain residues in the slots.
t to
⎯ Ensure the agitator is set to perform 40 to and fro movements over a period of approximately 68
seconds.
No
⎯ Pour the half litre of grain in one movement onto the screen surface. No additional movement or
spreading of the sample over the screen is to occur.
—
⎯ Turn on the agitator and allow it to run until the 40 movements have been completed.
ts
on
ly
⎯ Gently remove the screen and pan from the agitator and detach the screen from the pan.
⎯ Calculate Screenings percentage - Weigh the contents of the pan on an appropriate top pan balance
and calculate the percentage as follows:
mm
en
Screenings by wt (%) =
Screenings weight
× 100
Total weight
⎯ Calculate Small Foreign Seeds percentage - Separate any Small Foreign Seeds (SFS) as listed in the
Definitions Section of these Standards from the Screenings fraction and weigh these separately.
SFS Weight
× 100
Total weight
ft f
or
co
SFS by wt (%) =
Dr
a
⎯ Calculate Unmillable Material Above the Screen percentage - Separate any Unmillable Material
Above the Screen (whiteheads with grains removed, chaff, backbone, Wild Radish pods, Milk Thistle
pods, other Foreign Seed Pods not otherwise listed whether whole or in pieces and other light
material) and weigh separately.
38 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
d
EAS 51:2010
da
r
Unmillable Weight
× 100
Total weight
⎯ Unmillable Material Above the Screen (%) =
an
St
an
⎯ Report all results to the nearest 0.1%.
9.11.6 References
ISO 5223, Test sieves for cereals
Falling number assessment — Reference method
Af
ri c
9.12
9.12.1 Definitions
Ea
st
This is the reference method for determination of Falling Number and is based on the unique ability of
alpha amylase to liquefy a starch gel. Strength of the enzyme is measured by Falling Number defined as
the time in seconds required to stir plus the time it takes to allow the stirrer to fall a measured distance
through a hot aqueous gel undergoing liquefaction.
9.12.2 Scope
as
This method is applicable to wheat.
ed
9.12.3 Apparatus
cit
Perten Falling Number apparatus, including standardised precision viscometer tubes with close
tolerances, inside diameter ± 0.02mm outside diameter ± 0.3mm length ± 0.3mm.
Thermometer, calibrated in 0.10C, and certified to ± 0.30C.
t to
be
Sample Mill. Must produce meal with particle size distribution as follows; <500μm, 0-10%; >210 but
<500μm, 25-40%; <210μm, 75-50%. The recommended instrument is the Perten 3100 Mill with 0.8mm
sieve.
Automatic Pipette should be capable of delivering 25 ± 0.3ml.
No
Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g
—
9.12.4 Reagents
9.12.5 Method
ts
on
ly
Distilled water
⎯ Start the Falling Number instrument by following the manufacturer’s instructions. Ensure the bath is
filled with distilled water and the instrument has reached full operating temperature before being
used.
mm
en
⎯ Grind a minimum 250g sample of whole grain using the designated mill. Sample to be “as is”.
⎯ Weigh 7.00 ± 0.05 g of meal into a dry falling number tube.
co
⎯ Add 25 ml of distilled water from the automatic dispenser. Insert a rubber stopper into the top of the
tube and shake tube in an upright position 20-30 times (up and down) or more if necessary) until
mixed. Make sure all flour is suspended by upending. Alternatively the unit may shake the tubes.
ft f
or
⎯ Use the viscometer stirrer to scrape down the slurry coating the upper part of the tube, and scrape all
slurry from the stopper.
Dr
a
⎯ Place the tube and the viscometer stirrer into the water bath within 30 to 60 seconds after mixing.
Start the Falling Number apparatus immediately afterward.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
39
d
EAS 51:2010
da
r
⎯ At the conclusion of the test, record the time in seconds.
an
St
an
⎯ Remove the tube and appropriately clean the stirrer, tube and stopper using cold water and brush.
Distilled water may assist removal of all traces of the starch gel material. Clean the mill of all residues
retained from the sample.
⎯ Report the Falling Number value to the nearest second.
9.12.6
References
9.13
Af
ri c
ISO 3093, Wheat, rye and respective flours, durum wheat and durum wheat semolina — Determination of
the Falling Number according to Hagberg-Perten
Defective grains assessment — Reference method
st
9.13.1 Definitions
Ea
This describes the method of assessment of deliveries of wheat for the various types of defective grains
described in this wheat Standard. These are defined as:
Count per half litre
Field Fungi
be
cit
ed
Stained
Pink Stained
Dry Green or Sappy
Over-Dried Damaged
Frost Damaged
Takeall Affected
Insect Damaged
Non-vitreous (durum only)
Count per entire load
Heat damaged, bin burnt, storage mould
affected or rotted
All smuts except loose smut
as
Count per 300 grains
Sprouted*
No
t to
* For Sprouted grain, GTA Standards specify both a visual tolerance by count, and a Falling Number minimum. Please
refer to the procedure for determining whether a Falling Number test is required during the field evaluation process which
is detailed separately.
9.13.2 Scope
—
This method is applicable for all deliveries of wheat.
9.13.3 Apparatus
ts
on
ly
Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications:
⎯ 300mm diameter discs x 0.8 mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss
on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar.
mm
en
⎯ Slot width is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm. Pin Gauge, being 2.01mm and 1.99, needs to have a valid
calibration certificate.
⎯ Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the
above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure.
⎯ Visual Recognition Standards
co
A 300 grain tray or mechanism capable of holding greater than 300 grains
ft f
or
9.13.4 Reagents
Not applicable
9.13.5 Method
Dr
a
⎯ Sample to be “as is”.
40 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
d
EAS 51:2010
da
r
⎯ For Defective grains with tolerances above zero, assessment is made on the half litre sample on
grain remaining above the 2.00 mm screen after the Unmillable Material assessment has been
conducted.
an
St
an
⎯ For nil tolerance defects, the tolerance (rejection of the load) can apply if the defect is detected at any
stage of the delivery or testing process, including in the truckload before sampling, in the probe
sample, in the half litre sample or during discharge into the receival hopper after assessment.
Af
ri c
⎯ Following sieving, the grain remaining on the top screen should be examined under conditions of
good lighting for a period of at least 30 seconds but no more than 60 seconds. If defective grains are
found, the level of defect shall be determined using a 300 grain tray, except for Field Fungi Affected
which shall be determined on the full half litre sample. Instruments of magnification may be used to
assist the determination of the level of visually defective grains present in the sample.
st
⎯ If defective grains which have a tolerance based on % in a 300 grain sample are detected, a small
sub sample should be drawn from across the top of the screen, and placed on the open 300 grain
tray. Surplus grain should be removed from the tray, and attempts made to fill all 300 holes. The lid
should then be slid shut, inverted, and the 300 grains emptied onto the bottom inspection tray.
Ea
⎯ The assessment for Field Fungi Affected grains shall be conducted on the entire half litre sample.
as
⎯ Each grain should be examined to determine if it is classified as defective. Note one kernel may have
more than one defect. Each defect type present on the grain is required to be counted.
Defective grain assessment of sprouted grain — Field evaluation
cit
9.14
ed
⎯ Report all applicable results to the nearest 0.1% or nearest number per half litre whichever is
applicable.
9.14.1 Definitions
t to
be
This is the field evaluation procedure for the assessment of sprouted wheat. When sprouted grain is
detected in wheat deliveries and load by load testing with the Falling Number unit does not occur, this
procedure is to be implemented in some form. This procedure is a guide only. Industry must ensure that
any procedure used that deviates from load by load testing with the Falling Number unit complies with
their customer requirements and the applicable Trading Standard.
No
9.14.2 Scope
—
This procedure is applicable to all wheat deliveries.
9.14.3 Apparatus
ts
on
ly
Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications
⎯ 300mm diameter discs x 0.8mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss
on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar.
⎯ Slot width is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm.
mm
en
⎯ Pin Gauge, being 2.01mm and 1.99.
⎯ Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the
above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure.
⎯ Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g
co
⎯ Visual Recognition Standards.
A 300 grain tray or mechanism capable of holding greater than 300 grains
ft f
or
Falling Number apparatus (see Falling Number test method)
9.14.4 Reagents
Dr
a
Not applicable
9.14.5 Method
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
41
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EAS 51:2010
⎯ Sample to be “as is”.
an
St
an
⎯ Following sieving, the grain remaining on the top screen should be examined under conditions of
good lighting for a period of at least 30 seconds but no more than 60 seconds. If sprouted grains are
found, the level of defect shall be determined using a 300 grain tray. Instruments of magnification can
be used to assist the determination of the level of sprouted grains present in the sample.
Nil tolerance applies
⎯ If sprouted grains are detected and a nil tolerance applies the load is rejected.
Nil tolerance does not apply or alternative procedure is approved for use
Af
ri c
⎯ If permitted under the Storage and Handling Agreement another suitable testing process is
conducted. Refer to Falling Number testing method or procedure below.
Ea
st
⎯ If sprouted grains are detected, a small sub sample should be drawn from across the top of the
screen, and placed on the open 300 grain tray. Surplus grain should be removed from the tray,
and attempts made to fill all 300 holes. The lid should then be slid shut, inverted, and the 300
grains emptied onto the bottom inspection tray.
as
⎯ If 1% or more sprouted grains are present (more than 3 grains per 300) conduct a Falling Number
test on that load and classify accordingly.
cit
ed
⎯ If less than 1% sprouted grain is found (less than 3 grains per 300) the Falling Number test is
optional, providing appropriate procedures are employed to ensure that the Falling Number result
on the running samples compiled for the storage unit into which the loads are being delivered is
maintained at or above the limits specified for the grade being received.
be
⎯ It should be noted that a Falling Number result always overrides the sprouted grain tolerance for each
wheat delivery.
⎯ Where a Falling Number result is reported, report result to the nearest second.
t to
⎯ If results of the visual count of sprouted grains are reported, report result to the nearest 0.1%.
No
9.14.6 References
Not applicable
Contaminants assessment — Reference method
—
9.15
ts
on
ly
9.15.1 Definitions
This describes the method of assessment of deliveries of wheat for the various types of Contaminants
described in this wheat Standard. The various contaminant types and their assessment methods are
described in this method as follows:
% by Count 300
grain
Count per half litre
% by weight in half
litre
Count per entire load
Bread wheat
(durum
deliveries only)
All Weed Seeds except
Type 2, includes
Foreign Seed Pods
where specified
Cereal Ergot
Earcockle
Other NonObjectionable
Material
Chemicals not Approved
for Wheat
Small Foreign Seeds
Unmillable Material
Above the Screen*
Objectionable Material
Pickling compounds
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
Length in
cm per half
litre
Ryegrass
Ergot
Earth
Field Insects All Others
– Live or Dead
Field Insects Sitona
Weevil – Live or Dead
Loose Smut
Pea Weevil - Dead
42 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Stored Grain Insects and
Pea Weevil - Live
Type 2 weed seeds
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
da
r
Sand
Snails
Stored Grain Insects Dead
* May or may not include a contaminant
9.15.2 Scope
This method is applicable for all deliveries of wheat.
Af
ri c
9.15.3 Apparatus
Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications:
st
⎯ 300mm diameter discs x 0.8mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss
on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar.
Ea
⎯ Slot width as assessed by an Engineers Pin Gauge is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm.
as
⎯ Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the
above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure.
ed
Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g
⎯ Visual Recognition Standards
cit
A 300 grain tray or mechanism capable of holding 300 grains or greater
be
Mesh Screen (optional)
t to
9.15.4 Reagents
Not applicable.
No
9.15.5 Method
⎯ Sample to be “as is”.
ts
on
ly
—
⎯ For contaminants with tolerances above zero, assessment is made on the half litre sample on grain
above and below the 2.00 mm screen after the Unmillable Material assessment has been conducted.
⎯ For nil tolerance contaminants, the tolerance (rejection of the load) may apply if the contaminant is
detected at any stage of the delivery or testing process, including in the truckload before sampling, in
the probe sample, in the half litre sample or during discharge into the receival hopper after
assessment.
mm
en
⎯ Following sieving, the grain remaining on the top and in the bottom screen should be examined under
conditions of good lighting. There is no time restriction for this assessment. If contaminants are found,
they shall be removed by hand and assessed in accordance with the tolerance prescribed in these
Standards under 9.15.1.
ft f
or
co
⎯ Seed contaminants are to be assessed using the appropriate visual assessment method and in
accordance with the tolerance prescribed in these Standards under 9.18.1. Note that for Type 1 weed
seeds, tolerances apply to individual seeds whereas for all other Types listed, tolerances are the total
of all seeds in each Type.
Dr
a
⎯ Small Foreign Seeds (SFS) are assessed in the bottom tray (catchpan). These may need to be
physically removed from all non-SFS material in the bottom tray. Alternatively, to assist in separating
SFS from non-SFS material in the bottom tray, a mesh screen may be used. Place the sample over
the mesh screen over a white tray and gentle shake. SFS tend to remain on top of the mesh screen.
Physical hand separation of SFS may still be required using this method.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
43
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EAS 51:2010
⎯ Note that any seed pods detected must not be opened. Whole pods or part thereof are classified as
Unmillable Material Above the Screen unless tolerances are specified in Foreign Seeds.
an
St
an
⎯ Where reference material is not available, other contaminants should be assessed by reference to the
Definitions of those parameters.
Af
ri c
⎯ For assessment of Pickling Compounds and Chemicals not Approved for Wheat, all deliveries are to
be accompanied by a signed declaration referring to its chemical status. Where the receiving agent
believes that the visual appearance and/or odour of grain suggests that it has been treated with a non
approved chemical, the grain is not to be received until the representative “as received” sample has
been tested by an approved independent laboratory and the presence or absence of non approved
chemicals ascertained.
st
⎯ Report results as follows:
as
Ea
Count per half litre – nearest whole number
Length in cm per half litre – nearest 0.1cm
Percentage by wt in half litre – nearest 0.1%
Percentage by count in 300 grains – nearest 0.1%
Percentage by count in a half litre – nearest 1%
ed
9.15.6 References
Vitreous kernel assessment — Reference method
be
9.16
cit
ISO 605:1991, Pulses — Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and
variety — Test methods
9.16.1 Definition
No
t to
This is the reference method for the determination of vitreous kernel percentage in durum wheat
presented for delivery. The principle involves visual identification and removal of mottled grains by hand
picking from a 300 grain sample. Every grain is carefully examined on all sides before a vitreous kernel
assessment is made. Bleached grains are cut with a scalpel or Farinator in order to facilitate their
classification. The non vitreous grains are counted and the vitreous grain percentage then calculated.
—
9.16.2 Scope
9.16.3 Apparatus
ts
on
ly
This method is applicable to all durum wheat.
Sample divider
mm
en
Agitator and 2.00mm wheat screen
Seed counter
Sample inspection tray
co
Tweezers
Farinator
ft f
or
Scalpel
9.16.4 Reagents
Dr
a
Not applicable.
44 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
da
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9.16.5 Method
⎯ Sample to be “as is”.
an
St
an
⎯ Screen the sample over a 2.00mm wheat screen using the approved method of determining
Unmillable Material for Wheat.
⎯ Count out 300 grains obtained from the top of the screen after completion of the screening process
using a grain counter. A 300 grain tray or hand counting can also be used.
Af
ri c
⎯ Pour the 300 grain sample into the sample inspection tray.
⎯ With the aid of tweezers (if required), visually examine the grain, turning each grain from side to side
so that its entire surface may be observed.
Ea
st
⎯ Separate the grains according to whether they are assessed as vitreous, non vitreous or bleached.
Count the non vitreous grains.
as
⎯ Bleached grains may be difficult to ascertain if they are vitreous or not. These may be cut with a
scalpel or Farinator (preferred) then classified as vitreous or non vitreous. Vitreous grains will appear
uniformly bright and translucent. Non vitreous grains will be dull and opaque, or will contain dark,
opaque sections that are clearly visible within the remaining translucent section of the grain.
cit
⎯ Calculate the sum of the non vitreous grain counts.
ed
⎯ Count the non vitreous grain and add the result to that determined at the previous step above.
be
⎯ Determine the vitreous grain percentage as follows:
300 - non - vitreous grain count
× 100
300
⎯ Vitreous grain percentages are reported correct to the nearest whole number.
t to
Vitreous kernels (%) =
No
9.16.6 References
Vitreous kernel assessment in durum — Digital imaging method
9.17.1 Definition
ts
on
ly
9.17
—
ISO 11051, Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) — Specification
mm
en
This is the preferred field assessment method for the determination of the percentage of vitreous kernels
in durum. The principle involves the use of a suitably calibrated Cervitec digital imaging instrument to
scan a preset quantity of individual durum grains, and to express the result as a percentage by count of
vitreous kernels relative to the total number of durum grains analysed.
9.17.2 Scope
This method is applicable to all durum.
co
9.17.3 Apparatus
Cervitec 1642 Digital Imaging Analyser
ft f
or
1000 kernel grain measure
9.17.4 Reagents
Dr
a
Not applicable
9.17.5 Method
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
45
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EAS 51:2010
⎯ Place the instrument on a clean, level and stable surface.
an
St
an
⎯ Set the instrument to the correct application model for the grain type being analysed (DWAU 009d).
⎯ Perform an Unmillable Material assessment on the sample to be tested as per the appropriate
method outlined in this Manual.
⎯ Ensure the grain is free of foreign objects or unmillable material.
⎯ Start the analysis by pressing the appropriate key(s) on the instrument.
Af
ri c
⎯ Collect a representative 1,000 kernel sample of durum grains from the top of the 2.00 mm wheat
screen after the Unmillable Material assessment has been completed.
Ea
st
⎯ Once the wheel begins to turn, pour the 1,000 kernel sample into the instrument hopper. The
instrument will conduct the analysis.
as
⎯ Once the analysis process is complete, the result will be displayed as % vitreous. Record the result
and remove the sample from the collection drawer.
⎯ Report result to the nearest 0.1%.
Varietal declaration procedure
ed
9.18
cit
9.18.1 Definitions
be
This is the recommended procedure for determining the variety of the load presented for delivery.
9.18.2 Scope
t to
This procedure is applicable to all wheat deliveries.
No
9.18.3 Apparatus
Not applicable.
—
9.18.4 Reagents
9.18.5 Method
ts
on
ly
Not applicable.
mm
en
⎯ For the purposes of this Standard and delivery of grain, classification is dependant on the point of
delivery. This means that the highest grade classification available to a variety depends on the region
in which it is delivered and the segregation being available at the point of delivery.
⎯ Driver declares the variety(s) in the load tendered for delivery. It is recommended that the grower
signs a Declaration Form and provide this to the driver for provision to the Receival Agent. This
Declaration Form should at a minimum contain the grower details and the variety(s) of the load.
co
⎯ If the declared varietal composition or paddock where the grain was grown is different for each unit
tendered for delivery, or more than one variety is commingled in each delivery unit, then a separate
assessment of each unit must be conducted.
ft f
or
⎯ Note that depending on the varietal declaration and the procedures of the Receival Agent, a sample
of the load may be taken and sent to a laboratory for assessment of the variety within the sample. In
this instance sample is to be “as is”.
Dr
a
⎯ Report the variety as per the following procedure using the applicable code as defined by the
Receival Agent.
46 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
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Load is declared as one variety only
⎯ Based on the quality results, grade the load and record the declared variety.
Load is declared as multiple varieties of the same grade classification status
an
St
an
⎯ Where the load is declared as being of the one variety only, review the applicable maximum grade
classification of that variety.
⎯ Where the load is declared as being of more than the one variety, determine the different varieties
contained in the load and for each, review the applicable maximum grade classification.
Af
ri c
⎯ Based on the quality results, grade the load and record the variety with the greatest percentage in the
load.
Load is declared as multiple varieties of different grade classification status
st
⎯ Where the load is declared as being of more than the one variety, determine the different varieties
contained in the load and for each, review the applicable maximum grade classification.
Ea
⎯ No matter the percentage of each variety in the load, the maximum grade classification of the load
can only be as per the lowest Grade classification of the declared varieties.
ed
as
⎯ Based on the quality results, Grade the load no higher than the lowest Grade classification and
record that variety.
9.18.6 References
9.19
be
cit
ISO 605:1991, Pulses — Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and
variety — Test methods
Screen slot size compliance procedure
t to
9.19.1 Definition
No
This is the recommended procedure for determining whether the screen slot size complies with the
Standard and relevant legislation.
9.19.2 Scope
ts
on
ly
9.19.3 Apparatus
—
This procedure is applicable to all wheat deliveries and screens used for assessment purposes.
Engineers Pin Gauge, 1.99mm and 2.01mm
Checking template (if available)
mm
en
Calibration Sticker
9.19.4 Reagents
Not applicable.
co
9.19.5 Method
ft f
or
⎯ Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the
above Gauge.
⎯ Place screen or disc with the smooth surface up so that it sits horizontally.
Dr
a
⎯ Examine the screen for any damage to the slots. If there is any damage affecting the accuracy of the
slots or the screen immediately reject the screen.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
47
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EAS 51:2010
⎯ Ensure the screen is labelled with the correct slot/hole size, the commodity that is normally tested on
the screen (wheat) and the screen identification number.
an
St
an
⎯ For screen accuracy, place relevant checking template (testing 74 slots) centred as much as possible
(use the handle as a guide) on top of screen and rotate so that all the holes line up. For discs place
the disc on top of relevant checking template, rotate disc until all the holes line up then clamp with
bulldog clips.
Af
ri c
⎯ Select the appropriate GO/NO GO GAUGE for the screen/disk to be tested i.e., for wheat, the wheat
gauge 1.99 - 2.01mm.
⎯ Hold the GO/NO GO GAUGE in the middle.
st
⎯ Place an end of the GO/NO GO GAUGE on the middle of a slot which lines up with a slot on the
template so that is perpendicular to the slot.
Ea
⎯ Release the GO/NO GO GAUGE. Gauges are not to be pushed through slots.
as
⎯ If the GREEN (GO) end does not go through then the slot fails. Record this event and move on to
the next slot.
ed
⎯ If the GREEN (GO) end does go through then the slot size is greater than the nominated size of
the GREEN end. Proceed to test the slot with the RED (NO GO) end as follows:
be
cit
⎯ If the RED (NO GO) end does not go through then the slot size is less than the nominated
size of the RED end and greater than the nominated size of the Green End, hence the slot is
within the accepted range and passes.
t to
⎯ If the RED (NO GO) end does go through then the slot fails. Record this event and move on
to the next slot.
⎯ Proceed to test all 74 slots, recording each failure.
No
⎯ 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate.
—
⎯ If the screen meets the tolerances:
⎯ Record results on the equipment record
ts
on
ly
⎯ Affix the relevant calibration sticker to the side of the sieve (not the catch pan)
9.19.6 References
9.20
mm
en
Not applicable.
Bread wheat assessment in durum — Reference method
9.20.1 Definitions
co
This is the reference method for the determination of bread wheat percentage in durum wheat presented
for delivery.
ft f
or
9.20.2 Scope
This method is applicable to all durum wheat.
Dr
a
9.20.3 Apparatus
⎯ Sample divider
48 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
da
r
⎯ Agitator and 2.00mm wheat screen
an
St
an
⎯ Seed counter
⎯ Sample inspection tray
⎯ Tweezers
⎯ Visual Recognition Standards
Af
ri c
9.20.4 Reagents
Not applicable.
st
9.20.5 Method
Ea
⎯ Sample to be “as is”.
as
⎯ Screen the sample over a 2.00mm wheat screen using the approved method of determining
Unmillable Material of Wheat.
ed
⎯ Count out 300 grains obtained from the top of the screen after completion of the screening process
using a grain counter. A 300 grain tray or hand counting can also be used.
cit
⎯ Pour the 300 grain sample into the sample inspection tray.
be
⎯ With the aid of tweezers (if required), separate the bread wheat grains which can be identified by the
presence of fine hairs on the brush end of the grain.
⎯ Count the number of bread wheat grains separated.
Bread wheat count
× 100
300
No
Bread wheat (%) =
t to
⎯ Calculate the percentage of bread wheats:
ts
on
ly
9.20.6 References
—
⎯ Report results to the nearest percent.
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ISO 605:1991, Pulses — Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and
variety — Test methods
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
49
da
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EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex A
(normative)
Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety
A.1
Principle
The impurities are separated by sieving and are graded into the categories shown in Table A.1.
Category of impurity
Broken grains
Shrivelled grains
Unsound grains
Grains attacked by pests
Other cereals
Organic extraneous matter
Inorganic extraneous matter
Harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains
Ergot
Corresponding main category
Ea
st
Damaged wheat grains
as
Other cereals
Extraneous matter
ed
Harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted
grains and ergot
Apparatus
cit
A.2
Af
ri c
Table A.1 — Categories of impurities
be
A.2.1 Set of test sieves, with long rounded apertures, comprising sieves of 1.00 mm × 20.0 mm, 1.70
mm × 20.0 mm and 3.55 mm × 20.0 mm, as described in ISO 5223, a receiver and a lid.
t to
For durum wheat, use test sieves with long rounded apertures, comprising sieves of 1.00 mm x 20.0 mm,
1.90 mm x 20.0 mm and 3.55 mm x 20.0 mm conforming to ISO 5223, a receiver and a lid. This applies in
all cases.
Sample divider, i.e. conical sampler or multiple-slot sampler with a distribution system.
A.2.3
Tweezers, scalpel and paintbrush.
A.2.4
Dishes.
A.2.5
Shallow container, having a surface area of at least 200 cm2.
A.2.6
Balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0.01 g.
A.3
Sampling
ts
on
ly
mm
en
See clause 9.
—
No
A.2.2
A.4
Procedure (see Figure A.1)
A.4.1
General
co
If a grain exhibits several defects, it shall be classified in the category with the lowest maximum
permissible level (see Table 2 and Table 3).
ft f
or
Any components which become stuck in the slots of a sieve shall be considered as being retained by the
sieve.
A.4.2
Preparation of test sample
Dr
a
Carefully mix the laboratory sample to make it as uniform as possible, then proceed to reduce it, if
necessary, using a divider (A.2.2) until a quantity of approximately 1 000 g is obtained.
50 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
r
Weigh, to the nearest 1 g, the test sample so obtained and place it in the container (A.2.5).
d
EAS 51:2010
A.4.3
an
St
an
During the preparation of the test sample, note whether any particular odour foreign to that of wheat is
detected, and any presence of living insects (specified in Annex F) or other anomalies.
Determination of ergot
Separate ergot from the test sample (A.4.2), put it in a dish (A.2.4) and weigh it to the nearest 0.01 g.
A.4.4
First division
Af
ri c
Thoroughly mix the sample from which the ergot has been removed and divide it using the divider (A.2.2)
until a quantity of approximately 250 g is obtained.
First sieving
Ea
A.4.5
st
Weigh, to the nearest 0.01 g, the test portion so obtained. If any husked grains are observed, separate
them from their envelopes before the first sieving.
as
Fit together the 3.55 mm sieve, the 1.00 mm sieve and the receiver, so that the sieve apertures are
positioned parallel to each other.
ed
Place the test portion (A.4.4) on the 3.55 mm sieve and put on the lid.
cit
Shake manually for 45 s with a forwards-and-backwards motion in the direction of the slots of the sieve,
keeping the sieve in a horizontal plane.
Second division
No
A.4.6
t to
be
From the material which did not pass through the 3.55 mm sieve, separate, by placing in separate dishes
(A.2.4), the other cereals, the organic and inorganic components of the extraneous matter, harmful and/or
toxic seeds and bunted grains, and any wheat grains which should have been retained. Wheat grains
retained shall then be added to the material which does not pass through the 1.00 mm sieve. Add the
inorganic elements of the extraneous matter to the material which has passed through the 1.00 mm sieve.
Weigh the fractions thus obtained to the nearest 0.01 g.
—
Thoroughly mix the fraction retained between the 1.00 mm sieve and the 3.55 mm sieve, then add the
wheat grains retained on the 3.55 mm sieve, and divide it using the divider (C.2.2) until approximately 60
g is obtained. Weigh to the nearest 0.01 g the portion thus obtained.
ts
on
ly
Spread out the portion, then separate and classify it by placing in the dishes the broken grains, other
cereals, organic and inorganic extraneous matter, unsound grains, grains attacked by pests, harmful
and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains. Weigh each fraction to the nearest 0.01 g.
Verify that the sum of impurities plus wheat is equal to the mass of the portion.
Second sieving
mm
en
A.4.7
Pour the portion from which the impurities specified in A.4.6 were removed onto the 1.70 mm sieve fitted
with a receiver and put on the lid.
co
Shake manually for 45 s with a forwards-and-backwards motion in the direction of the slots of the sieve,
keeping the sieve in the horizontal plane.
ft f
or
Weigh, to the nearest 0.01 g, the undersize grain thus obtained which corresponds to the shrivelled
grains.
A.4.8
Number of determinations
Dr
a
Repeat the determination on the same test sample, using another test portion obtained as specified in
A.4.4.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
51
Expression of results
da
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A.5
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Express the content of each category of impurity, using the formulae given below, as a mass fraction in
percent of the grains as received.
Take as the result the arithmetic mean of the two determinations (A.4.8).
Give the result to one decimal place, except for harmful and toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot, for
which the result shall be given to two decimal places.
Af
ri c
Broken grains C1 × C2 × m6
Shrivelled grains C1 × C2 × m13
st
Unsound grains C1 × C2 × m10
Ea
Grains attacked by pests C1 × C2 × m11
Other cereals
100
× m 2 + C 1 × C 2 × m7
mx
as
C1 ×
Inorganic extraneous matter
t to
100
× m 4 + C1 × C 2 × m9
mx
No
C1 ×
cit
100
× ( m3 + m 4 ) + C1 × C 2 ( m8 + m9 )
mx
be
C1 ×
ed
Extraneous matter (organic and inorganic)
Harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot
—
100
100
× m1 + C1
× m5 + C1 × C 2 × m12
mw
mx
ts
on
ly
Ergot
100
× m1
mw
mm
en
where
C1 is the coefficient after the first division, equal to C1 =
m w − m1
;
mw
100 m y
×
mz m x
mw is the mass, in grams, of the test sample (about 1 000 g);
co
C2 is the coefficient after the second division, equal to C 2 =
ft f
or
mx is the mass, in grams, of the test portion (about 250 g);
my is the mass, in grams, of the material retained on the 1.0 mm sieve, i.e. my = mx – (m2+m3+m4+m5);
Dr
a
mz is the mass, in grams, of the portion obtained in A.4.6 (about 60 g);
m1 is the mass, in grams, of ergot in the test sample;
52 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
m2 is the mass, in grams, of other cereals retained on the 3.55 mm sieve;
an
St
an
m3 is the mass, in grams, of organic extraneous matter retained on the 3.55 mm sieve;
da
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d
EAS 51:2010
m4 is the mass, in grams, of inorganic extraneous matter retained on the 3.55 mm sieve and of the
material which passed through the 1.00 mm sieve;
m5 is the mass, in grams, of harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains retained on the 3.55 mm sieve;
m7 is the mass, in grams, of other cereals retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
Af
ri c
m6 is the mass, in grams, of the broken grains retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
m8 is the mass, in grams, of organic extraneous matter retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
Ea
st
m9 is the mass, in grams, of inorganic extraneous matter retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
m10 is the mass, in grams, of unsound grains retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
as
m11 is the mass, in grams, of grains attacked by pests retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
ed
m12 is the mass, in grams of harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains retained on the 1.00 mm sieve;
m13 is the mass, in grams, of shrivelled grains which passed through the 1.70 mm sieve.
Test report
cit
A.6
be
The test report shall specify:
⎯ the sampling method used, if known;
t to
⎯ all information necessary for the complete identification of the sample;
No
⎯ the test method used, with reference to this International Standard;
—
⎯ all operating details not specified in this Standard, or regarded as optional, together with details of
any incidents which may have influenced the test result(s);
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
⎯ the test result(s) obtained; or, if the repeatability has been checked, the final result obtained.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
53
Figure A.1 — Flow chart of procedure
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
No
t to
be
cit
ed
as
Ea
st
Af
ri c
an
St
an
da
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EAS 51:2010
54 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Figure A.2 — Flow chart of procedure for durum wheat
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
No
t to
be
cit
ed
as
Ea
st
Af
ri c
an
St
an
da
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EAS 51:2010
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
55
da
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EAS 51:2010
an
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an
Annex B
(normative)
Determination of proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains
B.1
Principle
Af
ri c
Determination of the proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains which corresponds to the mass of partially
vitreous wheat in a sample of durum wheat, by cutting the grains with a scalpel and examining the
condition of the endosperm.
Apparatus
B.2.1
Tweezers
B.2.2
Scalpel
B.2.3
Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracy of ± 0.1 g.
B.2.4
Dishes
B.3
Procedure
ed
as
Ea
st
B.2
B.3.1
cit
Carry out two determinations on test portions taken from the same laboratory sample.
Test Portion
t to
be
The test portion is the oversize of the second sieving. Its mass corresponds to the mass mz obtained in
A.4.6 from which are eliminated the masses % to m15, i.e.
B.3.2
Determination
No
mz – (m6 + m7 + m8 + m9 + m10 +m11 + m12 + m13 + m14 + m15)
—
Spread out the test Portion over a flat surface. Examine each grain individually with the naked eye
(corrected, if necessary, in the event of abnormal vision).
ts
on
ly
Put aside those grains which are visibly non-wholly vitreous. Do not confuse non-wholly-vitreous grains
with “washed” grains, the external appearance of which is similar to that of non-wholly-vitreous grains, but
which differ from the latter by their dull appearance. Washed grains are not necessarily non-wholly
vitreous.
Using the scalpel (B.2.2) cut the other grains crosswise in the middle or at a suspect spot and put aside
the fragments of each grain which prove to be non-wholly vitreous after cutting.
mm
en
Gather together and weigh to within 0.1 g:
those grains which are visibly non-wholly vitreous and the fragments of those which, once cut,
prove to be non-wholly vitreous (mass m16);
b)
the fragments of vitreous grains (mass m17).
co
a)
ft f
or
The determination is considered as being valid if (m16 + m17) does not differ by more than 0.2 % from the
mass of the test portion (B.3.1). Should this not be the case, carry out the determination again on a new
test portion.
B.4
Expression of results
Dr
a
B.4.1 The proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains, expressed as a percentage relative to the clean
sample, i.e. sieved and free of impurities, is equal to
56 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
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d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
m16
× 100
m16 + m17
where
m16
is the mass, in grams, of the non-wholly-vitreous wheat;
m17
is the mass, in grams, of the vitreous wheat grains.
Af
ri c
B.4.2 The proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains, expressed as a percentage by mass of the grains
as received (prior to sieving and elimination of impurities), is equal to
m16 × C1
B.5
Repeatability
Ea
is the mass, in grams, of the non-wholly-vitreous wheat.
as
m16
st
where
C1
is the coefficient calculated in A.5;
Test report
be
B.6
cit
ed
The absolute difference between two single test results, obtained using the same method on identical test
material in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within a short interval of
time, should not be greater than 20 % of the arithmetic mean of the two results for a content of nonwholly-vitreous grains of less than 12.5 %, or 2.5 (absolute value) for a content of non-wholly-vitreous
grains greater than 12.5 %.
The test report shall specify
t to
⎯ the method used,
No
⎯ the test result(s) obtained, and
⎯ if the repeatability has been checked, the final quoted result obtained.
—
It shall also mention all operating details not specified in this Standard, or regarded as optional, together
with details of any incidents which may have influenced the test result(s).
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
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The test report shall include all in formation necessary for the complete identification of the Sample.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
57
da
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EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex C
(informative)
Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce
Certificate of conformity with the Community marketing
standards applicable to fresh fruits and vegetables
Af
ri c
1. Trader:
No. …………………………..
3. Inspection body
7.
cit
6. Identifier of means of transport
5. Region or country of destination
ed
4. Place of inspection/country of
1
origin ( )
as
2. Packer identified on
packaging (if other
than trader)
Ea
st
(This certificate is exclusively for the use of inspection
bodies)
be
Internal
t to
Import
(number
9.
Type of product
(variety
if
the
standards
specifies)
10. Quality Class
11. Total net weight in kg
ts
on
ly
—
8. Packages
and type)
No
Export
12. The consignment referred to above conforms, at the time of issue, with the Community standards in force, vide:
EAS 51:2010, Wheat grains — Specification and grading
____________________________________________________________________
mm
en
Customs office foreseen …………………………………. Place and date of issue …………………………………………….
Valid until (date): ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Signature
ft f
or
co
Signatory (name in block letters): …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Seal of competent authority
13. Observations:
1
Dr
a
( ) Where the goods are being re-exported, indicate the origin in box 9.
58 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
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EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex D
(normative)
Wheat — Fact sheets
Triticum durum
Desf.
Family
Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae
Synonyms
Triticum aestivum ssp. durum (Desf.) Thell., Triticum
turgidum L. var. durum, Triticum turgidum convar. durum
(Desf.) Bowen
Common
names
Durum wheat, Durum, Macaroni wheat, blé dur, trigo duro,
grano duro, durum weizen, hartweizen, durum hvede,
durum vete, durum kveite, ying li xiao mai, alkamh assalb,
lúa mì cúng
Ea
st
Af
ri c
Authority
as
D.1
Editor
10582
ed
Ecocrop code
cit
Description — A grass and cereal crop.
be
Uses— It produces hard grain with a high gluten content that is made into flour and used mainly for the
manufacture of paste products and bread.
t to
Growing period — Annual grass, growing 120-180 days.
D.2
Triticum aestivum
—
Authority
No
Further information — Plants are fairly resistant to drought, rust, and smut fungi.
L.
Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae
Synonyms
Triticum hybernum L., Sp. Pl. 86 (1753), Triticum sativum
Lam., Fl. Franç. 3: 625 (1778), Triticum vulgare Vill., Hist.
Pl. Dauphiné 2: 153 (1783), Triticum cereale Schrank,
Baier. Fl. 1: 387 (1789)
Common
names
Common wheat, Wheat, bread wheat, blé, alkamh, sinde,
xiao mai, trigo, brödvete, vanligt vete, kveite, almindelig
hvede, leipävehnä, vehnä, hveiti, aat-weize, weizen, ngano,
frumento, lua mi, froment, cereals-wheat
mm
en
ts
on
ly
Family
co
Editor
Ecocrop
code
2114
ft f
or
Description
Dr
a
Wheat is an hexaploid annual grass; culms simple, erect, hollow or pithy, glabrous, up to 1.2 m tall;
leaves flat, narrow, 20-38 cm long, about 1.3 cm broad; spikes long, slender, dorsally compressed,
somewhat flattened; rachis tough, not separating from spikelet at maturity; spikelets 2-5 flowered,
relatively far apart on stem, slightly overlapping, nearly erect, pressed close to rachis; glumes keeled in
upper half, firm, glabrous, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas awned or awnless, less than 1.3 cm long;
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
59
d
EAS 51:2010
da
r
palea as long as the lemma, remaining entire at maturity; caryopsis free-threshing, soft or hard, red or
white.
an
St
an
The roots of the wheat plant may be divided into two groups, namely, the seminal roots, or those
belonging initially to the embryo, or which develop later from the hypocotyl or near it, and the adventitious
roots, which spring from the nodes of the plant, within the soil or just above it.
Af
ri c
The terminal four to seven internodes of the shoot elongate to form the flowering stem or culm and
internode elongation is complete by the time of anthesis. Internodes increase in final length from the base
of the culm to the uppermost internode, which carries the ear, the peduncle. The basal internodes are
shorter than the enclosing sheath of the subtending leaf, while the peduncle and the penultimate
internode are longer than enclosing sheaths, revealing a length of bare stem and carrying the emerged
ear clear of the sheath. Sometimes in environmentally stressful conditions internode elongation is
restricted and the ear remains partially enclosed in the flag leaf sheath.
Ea
st
The strong, thickened sheaths of the culm leaves are structurally important for stem strength and stiffness
and the knot or pulvinus is instrumental in carrying the ear aloft if the plant is lodged.
be
cit
ed
as
The leaf is divided at the ligule into a cylindrical sheath and the flat blade or lamina. The sheath is tubular
at the base but nearer to the blade it is split with the margins overlapping. The lamina has a fairly well
marked midrib, along which runs the major vascular bundle of the leaf. It divides the blade into two subequal parts, each of which has a number of parallel lateral ribs or veins. Each vein marks the position of a
vascular bundle and the tissue over the bundle is raised producing a ridge, so that the adaxial surface of
the blade is corrugated. The abaxial surface is more or less flat. The midrib extends down into the sheath
for a short distance as a pronounced ridge. The leaf blade naturally assumes a twist and just below the
tip, usually about two-thirds along the leaf there is frequently a constriction. This constriction is produced
by the constraint upon growth produced by the closely investing ligule of the subtending leaf during
development. The ligule is a thin colourless flap of tissue about 1-2 mm in length, which encircles the leaf
or the culm above it beyond where the blade diverges. Associated with the ligule are the auricles, two
small ear like projections fringed with unicellular hairs.
No
t to
At the base of the leaf sheath of the culm leaves there is a thicker zone, called variously the joint knot or
pulvinus. It is considerably thicker and generally lighter green than the sheath above or the stem below.
The node of the stem is below the joint and its position is marked by a slight constriction of the stem. The
joint has an important function lifting the ear of a lodged stem off the ground and restoring it to a more or
less vertical position.
ts
on
ly
—
Leaf shape and size change with leaf position. The lowermost leaf on the main shoot has parallel sides to
within 1 cm or so of the tip so that the tip itself is characteristically blunt. The leaves above the first have
more or less parallel sides for about two-thirds their length above which they taper to a sharp point. The
last leaf produced upon the culm, the flag leaf, tapers from about the lower third giving the leaf an
elongated ovate shape.
mm
en
In spring wheat lamina length increases with increasing leaf number from the base, reaching a maximum
one or two leaves before the flag leaf after which the length declines so the flag leaf is somewhat shorter
than the longest leaf. Lamina width increases with leaf position so that the flag leaf is the widest leaf.
Sheath length also increases with leaf position, markedly so for the culm leaves. Winter wheat shows
comparable size changes, but associated with the long vegetative period the first-produced leaves show
little change. Heteroblastic development is also seen in some anatomical features of the leaf.
co
In the inflorescence each spikelet comprises an axis, the rachilla, which bears two glumes and a number
of florets. Within each spikelet there are usually from two to four potentially fertile florets.
Dr
a
ft f
or
The caryopsis is a dry indehiscent fruit. The dorsal side (with respect to the spikelet axis) is smoothly
rounded while the ventral side has the deep crease. The embryo or germ is situated at the point of
attachment of the spikelet axis and the distal end has a brush of fine hairs. The embryo is made up of the
scutellum, the plumule and the radicle. The scutellum is the region that secretes some of the enzymes
involved in germination and absorbs the soluble sugars from the breakdown of starch in the endosperm.
The pollen grain, which has a life span of about 5 hours, when settled on a stigma germinates in about
1.5 hours to produce a pollen tube. This grows down the style, between the cells, and eventually reaches
and enters the embryo sac via the micropyle. Wheat is a self-pollinating crop with a very low percentage
of cross-pollination - from 1-4%.
60 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
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EAS 51:2010
Uses
Ea
st
Af
ri c
an
St
an
Wheat is one of the most important food plants of man. It enters into international trade more than any
other food. The economic stability of many nations is affected by the exchange in wheat. Wheat is utilized
mainly as flour (whole grain or refined) for the production of a large variety of leavened and flat breads,
and for the manufacture of a wide variety of other baking products such as biscuits, and confectionary.
Fermented grains are made into various alcoholic drinks and industrial alcohol. Starch is used as clothstiffeners. Straws are fed to livestock, used for animal bedding and used in basketry and woven products.
According to the phytomass files, annual productivity ranges from 4 to 18 MT/ha. Chaff is estimated to
constitute 25% of the grain. Wheat straw is calculated at 1/2-2 times grain yield, more frequently, 1-1/2
times. However, in some countries, wheat biomass averages more than 6 MT/ha, double this if double
cropped. The highest phytomass figure is 18 MT/ha/yr. The seeds are used in folk remedies for cancers,
corns, tumors, warts, and whitlow. Reported to be antivinous, bilious, demulcent, discutient, diuretic,
emollient, excipient, intoxicant, laxative, useful as a poultice, restorative, sedative, used as a shampoo
and vulnerary, common wheat is a folk remedy for burns, cancer, diarrhea, dysentery, ecchymosis,
epistaxis, fertility, fever, flux, gravel, hematuria, hemoptysis, hemorrhage, incontinence, leprosy,
leucorrhea, menorrhagia, neurasthenia, night sweat, perspiration, scald, tumor, warts, whitlow, and
wounds.
as
Killing temperature
ed
Winter wheat may withstand -20°C in the early and dormant stages, later it is like spring wheat and is
sensitive to frost.
cit
Growing period
t to
be
Some cultivars of wheat are winter annual (winter wheat) and are sown in the autumn others are annual
and sown in the spring (spring wheat). Normally the severity of the winter determines whether winter or
spring types are grown. If winters are severe spring types are used, if winters are less cold, winter
cultivars are grown. Sown in the autumn it may be harvested after 180-250 days, sown in the spring it
may require 90-130 days.
No
Further information
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
Wheat is grown from the tropics to 60oN and 40oS. In temperate regions and in the subtropics it can be
grown at altitudes from sea level to 3000 m, in the tropics between 1500-3700 m or where suitable
conditions exist in the lowlands. In the tropics and subtropics, it is grown only during the winter season.
Principal wheat-growing areas of the world have similar growing conditions: the Russian prairies, the
fertile pampas of Argentina, the Wheat belt of United States, all have fertile dark soils rich in nitrogen;
rather hot, cloudless summers; rainfall which, although low, is well-distributed. A good wheat soil has
physical structure, which holds together, making good water retention and favorable conditions for nitrate
formation. Hot, humid conditions are unfavorable for wheat growing. Wheat prefers a low humidity of
about 10%; high humidity encourages disease infestation, especially in combination with high
temperatures. The photosynthesis pathway is C 3:1. The production of one ton of wheat removes 20-30
kg N, 6-8 kg P, and 20-28 kg K from the field; this includes the mineral contents in the grain plus the
straw. The optimum yield of grain in temperate regions is 6.3 t/ha; the optimum yield in the tropics is 2.5
t/ha, while the average yield in Africa is 1.5 t/ha.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
61
Triticum compactum
Authority
Host
Family
Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae
an
St
an
D.3
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
Synonyms
club wheat
Common
names
Af
ri c
Editor
Ea
Description — A grass and cereal crop reaching a height of 90-140 cm.
as
Uses — Kernels are a source of low-gluten flour.
Growing period — Annual.
cit
Further information — Club wheat is native of Europe.
be
Triticum dicoccon
Schrank
Family
Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae
t to
Authority
Editor
—
Common
names
No
Synonyms
Emmer
10581
ts
on
ly
Ecocrop
code
Description
ed
Killing temperature — Frost resistant.
D.4
st
10579
Ecocrop
code
Uses
mm
en
A grass and cereal crop.
A source of flour and livestock feed. The grains can be ground into a starchy white flour that is favored for
making fine pastries and cakes and the grains can also be added to soups.
co
Growing period
ft f
or
Annual grass.
Further information
Dr
a
Emmer is native of Europe and temperate Asia.
62 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
da
r
Triticum spelta
Authority
L.
Family
Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae
an
St
an
D.5
d
EAS 51:2010
Synonyms
Spelt, Spelt wheat, Wheat-spelt, Farro, Dinkel, German
wheat
Common
names
Af
ri c
Editor
10591
st
Ecocrop
code
Ea
Description
A grass reaching a height of 100-120 cm.
as
Growing period
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
No
t to
be
cit
ed
Annual.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
63
da
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EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex E
(informative)
Wheat — Codex, EU and USA pesticide residue limits
Af
ri c
Users are advised that international regulations and permissible Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) frequently change. Although this
International MRL Database is updated frequently, the information in it may not be completely up-to-date or error free. Additionally,
commodity nomenclature and residue definitions vary between countries, and country policies regarding deferral to international
standards are not always transparent. This database is intended to be an initial reference source only, and users must verify any
information obtained from it with knowledgeable parties in the market of interest prior to the sale or shipment of any products. The
developers of this database are not liable for any damages, in whole or in part, caused by or arising in any way from user's use of
the database.
Results Key
US
2
2,4-D
Ea
st
MRL values in {Italics} are more restrictive than US
--- indicates no MRL value is established.
Cod, EU, etc. indicates the source of the MRL and EXP means the market defers to the exporting market.
All numeric values listed are in parts per million (ppm), unless otherwise noted
Cod
2
EU 1
{0.05}
as
1. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the 2,4-D/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
ed
US 2
Cod
----2. MRL applies to indirect or inadvertent residues only.
EU
0.01
US
0.1
Cod
---
EU
---
Aminopyralid
US
0.04
Cod
0.1
EU
0.1
Atrazine
US
0.1
Cod
---
EU
---
Azoxystrobin
US
0.1
Cod
---
EU
0.3
Benoxacor
US
0.01
Cod
---
EU
---
Beta-cyfluthrin
US
0.15
Cod
---
EU
---
US
0.05
Cod
---
EU
0.05
t to
No
—
ts
on
ly
Bromoxynil
be
Amicarbazone
cit
Acetochlor
US 3
EU 4
Cod
0.05
--{0.02}
3. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Captan/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
Captan
Carbaryl
co
Carboxin
mm
en
4. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Captan/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Dr
a
ft f
or
Carfentrazone-ethyl
Chlorpyrifos
US
1
5. MRL applies to post-harvest use
US
0.2
Cod
2
EU 5
{0.5}
Cod
---
EU 6
{0.01}
6. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Carboxin/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US 7
EU 8
Cod
0.1
--{0.05}
7. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Carfentrazone-ethyl/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
8. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Carfentrazone-ethyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.5
64 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Cod
0.5
EU
{0.05}
da
r
Cod 9
EU 10
US
6
10
{3}
9. This MRL applies to residues arising from post-harvest uses.
10. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Chlorpyrifos-methyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 3 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.1
Chlorsulfuron
an
St
an
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
EU 11
0.1
Cod
---
11. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Chlorsulfuron/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.1
Clodinafop-propargyl
EU 12
0.1
Cod
---
Clopyralid
US
3
Cod
---
Cloquintocet-mexyl
US
0.1
Cod
---
Cyfluthrin
US
0.15
Cod
---
Cyproconazole
US
0.05
Cod
---
EU
---
st
Cod
---
Ea
US
250
as
Clofencet
Af
ri c
12. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Clodinafop-propargyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU
{2}
EU
--EU
{0.02}
EU 13
0.1
ed
13. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Cyproconazole/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
cit
Cod 14
EU 15
US
1
2
2
14. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Deltamethrin/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 2 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
be
Deltamethrin
Dicamba
US
2
Diclofop-Methyl
US
0.1
t to
15. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Deltamethrin/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 2 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod
---
EU
{0.5}
Cod
---
EU 16
{0.05}
US
0.1
Diuron
Cod
---
EU
---
US
0.06
Cod
---
EU
0.1
US
0.04
Cod
0.05
EU
0.3
US
0.3
Cod
{0.2}
EU
{0.1}
US
0.5
Cod
---
EU 17
{0.2}
ts
on
ly
mm
en
Disulfoton
EU
0.1
US
0.05
Difenzoquat
Dimethoate
Cod
{0.02}
—
Difenoconazole
No
16. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Diclofop-Methyl/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Diflubenzuron
17. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Diuron/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.2 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.3
ft f
or
co
Endosulfan
Cod
---
EU 18
{0.05}
18. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Endosulfan/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US 19
0.1
Cod
---
EU
{0.05}
19. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the EPTC/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Grain Crops" group.
Dr
a
EPTC
d
EAS 51:2010
Ethephon
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
US
2
Cod
{1}
EU
{0.2}
65
EU 20
{0.05}
Cod
---
da
r
US
0.1
Etridiazole
d
EAS 51:2010
Fenbuconazole
US
0.1
Cod
0.1
Fenoxaprop-Ethyl
US
0.05
Cod
---
an
St
an
20. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Etridiazole/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU
0.1
EU 21
0.1
21. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Fenoxaprop-Ethyl/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU 22
0.01
Cod
---
Af
ri c
US
0.01
Florasulam
22. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Florasulam/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.01
Cod
---
EU
---
st
Flucarbazone-sodium
US 23
Cod 24
EU
0.02
0.05
0.2
23. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Fludioxonil/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
Ea
Fludioxonil
Cod
---
ed
US
0.6
Flufenacet
as
24. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Fludioxonil/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
EU 25
{0.05}
25. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Flufenacet/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod
---
cit
US
40
Fluoride
EU 26
{2}
Fluroxypyr
US
0.5
Gamma Cyhalothrin
US
0.05
t to
be
26. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Fluoride/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 2 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod
---
EU
{0.1}
Cod
---
EU
---
No
US 27
Cod 28
EU
30
30
{10}
27. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Glyphosate/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 30 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
Glyphosate
—
28. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Glyphosate/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 30 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
ts
on
ly
US
0.1
Imazalil
Cod
{0.01}
EU 29
{0.02}
29. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Imazalil/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
mm
en
Imazamethabenz
Imidacloprid
US
0.1
Cod
---
EU
---
US
0.05
Cod 30
0.05
EU
0.1
30. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Imidacloprid/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
ft f
or
co
Inorganic bromide resulting
from fumigation
Dr
a
Iodosulfuron-methyl
Ipconazole
US
Cod 31
EU 32
50
50
50
31. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Inorganic bromide resulting from fumigation/Wheat, grain
combination, but does maintain an MRL of 50 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
32. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Inorganic bromide resulting from
fumigation/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain an MRL of 50 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.02
Cod
---
EU 33
0.02
33. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Iodosulfuron-methyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US 34
0.01
66 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Cod
---
EU 35
0.01
da
r
34. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Ipconazole/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
d
EAS 51:2010
Lambda Cyhalothrin
US
0.05
Cod
---
Linuron
US
0.05
Cod
---
an
St
an
35. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Ipconazole/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU
{0.02}
EU 36
0.05
36. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Linuron/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU 37
8
Cod
{0.5}
Af
ri c
US
8
Malathion
37. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Malathion/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 8 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod 38
{1}
EU
{1}
US
1
MCPA
Ea
38. The MRL is established for the sum of dithiocarbamates.
st
US
5
Mancozeb
Cod
---
EU 39
{0.05}
Mefenpyr-diethyl
US
0.05
Cod
---
Mesosulfuron-methyl
US
0.03
ed
as
39. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the MCPA/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU 40
{0.01}
cit
Cod
---
EU
---
40. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Mesosulfuron-methyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
t to
be
Cod 41
EU 42
US
0.2
{0.05}
{0.05}
41. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Metalaxyl/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain an
MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
Metalaxyl
42. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Metalaxyl/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
No
US
0.15
Metconazole
Cod
---
EU 43
{0.1}
—
43. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Metconazole/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Methyl Parathion
ts
on
ly
Cod 44
EU 45
US
1
2
{0.05}
44. The MRL is established for the sum of methomyl and thiodicarb.
45. Methomyl and Thiodicarb (sum of methomyl and thiodicarb expressed as methomyl) European Union does
not maintain a specific MRL for the Methomyl/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain an MRL of
0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Methomyl
US
1
Cod
---
EU 46
{0.02}
Metribuzin
mm
en
46. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Methyl Parathion/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.75
Cod
---
EU 47
{0.1}
47. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Metribuzin/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Nitrapyrin
ft f
or
co
Paraquat dichloride
Cod
---
EU
---
US
1.1
Cod
---
EU 48
{0.02}
48. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Paraquat dichloride/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.1
Pendimethalin
Cod
---
EU 49
{0.05}
49. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pendimethalin/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.05
Phorate
Dr
a
US
0.5
Cod
0.05
EU 50
0.05
50. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Phorate/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
67
d
EAS 51:2010
Cod 51
EU 52
US
0.1
0.1
0.1
51. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Phosphine/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
da
r
Phosphine
US
0.5
Cod
---
Pinoxaden
US
1.3
Cod
---
Piperonyl Butoxide
US
20
Cod 53
30
EU
{0.2}
EU
{1}
EU
---
Af
ri c
Picloram
an
St
an
52. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Phosphine/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
53. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Piperonyl Butoxide/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 30 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
Cod
{0.02}
Propoxycarbazone
US
0.02
Cod
---
EU
{0.05}
st
US
0.3
Ea
Propiconazole
EU 54
0.02
US
0.07
Cod
---
Pyraclostrobin
US
0.02
Cod
0.2
Pyraflufen-ethyl
US
0.01
as
Prothioconazole
ed
54. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Propoxycarbazone/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU
0.1
EU 55
0.02
cit
Cod
---
EU
0.1
55. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pyraflufen-ethyl/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod
---
be
US
0.02
Pyrasulfotole
EU
0.02
Cod 56
EU 57
US
3
{0.3}
3
56. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pyrethrins/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain
an MRL of 0.3 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
t to
Pyrethrins
US 58
EU 59
Cod
1.1
--{0.05}
58. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pyriproxyfen/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 1.1 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
—
Pyriproxyfen
No
57. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pyrethrins/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 3 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
59. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pyriproxyfen/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.01
ts
on
ly
Pyroxsulam
Cod
---
EU 60
0.01
60. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Pyroxsulam/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
mm
en
Quinclorac
Quizalofop-P-ethyl
US
0.5
Cod
---
EU
{0.05}
US
0.05
Cod
---
EU 61
0.05
61. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Quizalofop-P-ethyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
ft f
or
co
Spinetoram
Dr
a
Spinosad
US 62
EU 63
Cod
0.04
--0.05
62. This group MRL does not apply to rice and sorghum. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for
the Spinetoram/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain an MRL of 0.04 PPM for its "Grain, cereal,
group 15" group.
63. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Spinetoram/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US 64
Cod 65
EU 66
1.5
{1}
{1}
64. United States does not maintain a specific MRL for the Spinosad/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 1.5 PPM for its "Grain, cereal, group 15" group.
65. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Spinosad/Wheat, grain combination, but does maintain an
MRL of 1 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
66. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Spinosad/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 1 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
68 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
US
0.1
Cod
---
EU
---
Sulfosulfuron
US
0.02
Cod
---
EU 67
0.05
da
r
Sulfentrazone
d
EAS 51:2010
Sulfuryl fluoride
an
St
an
67. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Sulfosulfuron/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US 68
Cod 69
EU 70
0.1
{0.05}
{0.05}
68. MRL applies to postharvest use only.
69. Codex does not maintain a specific MRL for the Sulfuryl fluoride/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereal Grains" group.
US
0.1
Cod
---
Tebuconazole
US
0.05
Cod
0.05
Thiabendazole
US
1
Cod
---
EU
---
EU
0.2
st
TCMTB
Af
ri c
70. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Sulfuryl fluoride/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU 71
{0.05}
US
0.02
Thiamethoxam
Ea
71. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Thiabendazole/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod
---
EU 72
0.05
Thiencarbazone-methyl
US
0.01
Cod
---
Thifensulfuron-methyl
US
0.05
ed
as
72. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Thiamethoxam/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
EU 73
0.05
Cod
---
EU
{0.05}
Cod
---
EU
---
Thiophanate-methyl
US
0.1
Tralkoxydim
US
0.02
be
cit
73. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Thifensulfuron-methyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Cod
---
EU 74
0.02
US
Cod 75
0.05
0.2
75. This MRL is established for the sum of triadimenol and triadimefon.
No
Triadimenol
t to
74. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Tralkoxydim/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.02
Triasulfuron
Cod
---
EU
0.2
EU 76
0.05
—
76. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Triasulfuron/Wheat, grain combination, but does
maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.05
Tribenuron Methyl
Cod
---
EU 77
{0.01}
Trifloxystrobin
Trifluralin
mm
en
Triticonazole
ts
on
ly
77. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Tribenuron Methyl/Wheat, grain combination,
but does maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
US
0.05
Cod
0.2
EU
0.05
US
0.05
Cod
---
EU
0.1
US
0.05
Cod
---
EU 78
{0.01}
78. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Triticonazole/Wheat, grain combination, but
does maintain an MRL of 0.01 PPM for its "Cereals" group.
Zeta-Cypermethrin
Cod 79
US
0.2
0.2
79. The MRL is established for the sum of cypermethrin and zeta-cypermethrin.
US
0.05
Cod
---
EU
---
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
Zinc phosphide
EU
2
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
69
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex F
(informative)
Harmful and toxic seeds, unacceptable mites and pests of stored cereals
WARNING — This is a non-exhaustive list which could be completed if the necessity arose.
Toxic seeds
Botanical name
Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.
Agrostemma githago L.
Coronilla varia L.
Crotalaria spp.
Datura fastuosa L.
Datura stramonium L.
Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisher et C.A. Meyer
Lolium temulentum L.
Ricinus communis L.
Sophora alopecuroides L.
Sophora pachycarpa Schrank ex C.A. Meyer
Thermopsis montana
Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. in Aiton
Trichoderma incanum
st
Corn-cockle
Coronilla, Crown vetch
Crotalaria
as
Ea
Stramony, thorn apple
Heliotrope
Darnel
Castor-oil plant
Stagger bush, Russian centaury
ed
Buffalo pen
cit
F.2
Common name
Harmful seeds
Common name
be
Botanical name
Garlic
t to
Allium sativum L.
Teasel
Melampyrum arvense L.
Cow-cockle
Trogonella foenum-graecum L.
Melilot
Johnson grass
Fenugreek
Unacceptable mites and insect pests
ts
on
ly
F.3
—
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
No
Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roemer et Shultes
Melilotus spp.
The following are unacceptable mites and insect pests in stored cereals:
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
Acarus spp.
Cryptolestes spp.
Ephestia spp.
Glycyphagus spp.
Nemapogon granella L.
Oryzaephilus spp.
Plodia interpunctella Hübn.
Prostephanus truncatus Horn.
Rhizopertha dominica F.
Sitophilus spp.
Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.
Tenebroides mauritanicus L.
Tribolium spp.
Trogoderma granarium Everts
Tyrophagus spp.
70 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
Af
ri c
F.1
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex G
(informative)
Sieves for assessing dockage and grading factors
No. 3
No. 4.5
No. 5
No. 6
No. 8
No. 9
No. 11
No. 12
No. .064
No. .028
No. .032
No. .035
No. .038
No. .040
No. 5
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
Slotted
No. 6
No. 3 x 16
No. 4 x 14
No. 10 x 10
No. 9 x 9
Af
ri c
Hole size
(millimetres)
1.19 x 7.94
1.79 x 12.70
1.98 x 19.05
2.38 x 19.05
3.18 x 19.05
3.57 x 19.05
4.37 x 19.05
4.76 x 19.05
1.60 x 9.53
0.71 x 11.90
0.81 x 11.90
0.89 x 11.90
0.96 x 11.90
1.02 x 11.90
triangle with 1.98 mm
inscribed circle
triangle with 2.26-mm inscribed
circle
3 x 16 mesh per 25.4 mm
4 x 14 mesh per 25.4 mm
10 x 10 mesh per 25.4 mm
9 x 9 mesh per 25.4 mm
Manufacturer’s designation
(inches)
3/64 x 5/16
4½/64 x 1/2
5/64 x 3/4
6/64 x 3/4
8/64 x 3/4
9/64 x 3/4
11/64 x 3/4
3/16 x 3/4
0.064 x 3/8
0.028 x 15/32
0.032 x 15/32
0.035 x 15/32
0.038 x 15/32
0.040 x 15/32
triangle with 0.078
inscribed circle
triangle with 0.089-inch
inscribed circle
3 x 16 wire mesh per inch
4 x 14 wire mesh per inch
10 x 10 wire mesh per inch
9 x 9 wire mesh per inch
Dr
a
ft f
or
Wire
co
Buckwheat
Manufacturer’s designation
(inches)
4½/64
5/64
5½/64
6/64
6½/64
7/64
7½/64
8/64
8½/64
9/64
10/64
11/64
12/64
14/64
15/64
16/64
17/64
18/64
20/64
21/64
22/64
24/64
st
ed
cit
Sieve name
No
Type
as
No. 4.5
No. 5
No. 5.5
No. 6
No. 6.5
No. 7
No. 7.5
No. 8
No. 8.5
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
No. 20
No. 21
No. 22
No. 24
be
Round-hole
Hole size
(millimetres)
1.79
1.98
2.18
2.38
2.58
2.78
2.98
3.18
3.37
3.57
3.97
4.37
4.76
5.56
5.95
6.35
6.75
7.14
7.94
8.33
8.73
9.52
Ea
Sieve name
t to
Type
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
71
da
r
d
EAS 51:2010
an
St
an
Annex H
(Informative)
Grouping of wheat in Kenya
H.1
Bread wheat varieties in Kenya are categorized by the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute,
Njoro into four groups based on colour and other characteristics for storage purpose. The following is the
current mode of characterization together with the four groups with their respective wheat varieties:
Group 2
Group 3
Red weak wheats
Red strong stable wheats
Red strong balanced wheats
White wheats
K. Bongo
K. Mamba
K. Zabadi
K. Kulungu
K. Page
K. Nyangumi
K. Kiboko
K. Kudu
African Mayo
K. Swara
Fanfare
K. Tembo
K. Paka
K. Kongomi
K. Nyumbu
K. Fahari
K. Tumbili
K. Popo
K. Kuro
K. Tausi
Duma
K. Nyati
K.Ngiri
K. Mlembe
K. Nungu
Ngamia
K. Kifaru
as
Ea
st
K. Nyoka
cit
ed
K. Chiriku
Group 4
Af
ri c
Group 1
be
K. Mbweha
Dr
a
ft f
or
co
mm
en
ts
on
ly
—
No
t to
Kwale
72 © EAC 2010 — All rights reserved
K. Leopard
Bounty
Mbuni
Pasa
K. Paa
Mbega
ft f
or
Dr
a
ts
on
ly
mm
en
co
—
t to
No
be
ed
cit
as
st
Ea
da
r
an
St
an
Af
ri c
d
EAS 51:2010
© EAC 2010 — All rights reserved