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xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;w
II
n[dPthr;
,Ue;jNghjpYk;
rh;tNjr
rkthaq;fspdJk;
Nkyjpfg;
MAj
Nkhjy;fis
gpd;NdL
I
,dJk;
tpjpfis tplTk; tphpT Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL
MdJ
I
80,w;Fk;
mjpfkhd
nghUssthd
cWg;Giufisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mNjNtis> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ntWkNdnahU
15 nghUssthd cWg;GiufisNa nfhz;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giufspd; vz;zpf;if
khj;jpuk; KO tplaj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhJtpl;lhYk;> tphpthd tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
njhlh;gpy;
rh;tNjr
kw;Wk;
rh;tNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fSf;fpilapyhd nghUj;jid hPjpahd xOq;Fg;gLj;jypy; fzprkhdnjhU
NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid mit Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. MfNt> ,t;tha;tpd;
,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy;> nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;ijtpl tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lkhdJ
rh;tNjrkw;w MAjNkhjiyg; gue;jsTf;F xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;Wk;> mt;thwhapd;
mJ ve;jsTf;F xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;tJNkahFk;.
Ma;T Kiwik
rh;tNjr
“rl;lkhf
ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
epajpr;rl;lkhdJ
nghJthdnjhU
tof;fhw;W
eilKiw“5
rh;tNjrr;
vd;W
rl;lj;ij
tpghpf;fpd;wJ.
tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wikia cWjpnra;tjw;F ,uz;L
%yf;$Wfs; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epajpahFk;.
mjhtJ> mur eilKiw (usus) kw;Wk; rl;lf; flg;ghnlhd;whf (opinio juris sive
necessitatis)
mj;jifa
jilnra;ag;gl;ljh
tpjpapd;
my;yJ
jd;ikiag;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ljh
nghWj;J
vd;w
mj;jifa
ek;gpf;ifnahd;Wk;
eilKiw
,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy;> muRfspd; cz;ikahd rl;lk; kw;Wk;
rl;lepGzh;fspd;
fUj;Jiu
Njhw;Wthiaf; fz;Lnfhs;s
5
vd;gdtw;wpw;fpilNa
tof;fhw;Wr;
rl;lj;jpd;
KbAk; vd;gJ ntspg;gilahdnjhd;whFk; vd;W
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lk;> cWg;Giu 38(1)(M)
6
7
rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; $wpAs;sJ.6 ,t;tpU %yf;$WfspdJk; cz;ikahd cl;fUj;Jk;
cs;slf;fKk; rl;ltpay;rhH Mf;fq;fspNyNa mjpfk; cs;thq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. xU
tpjpahdJ> nghJthd tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;l tpjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wikia
jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
jukhdjhFk;.
,j;jifa
,t;tha;tpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
mZFKiwahdJ
Fwpg;ghf
mZFKiwahdJ
caH
North Sea Continental Self
tof;Ffspy; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.7
mur eilKiw
mur eilKiwahdJ ,UNfhzq;fspypUe;J ftdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
KjyhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F ve;j eilKiw
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ (mur eilKiwiaj; NjHTnra;jy;) vd;gJk; ,uz;lhtJ>
mj;jifa eilKiwahdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;iwj; jhgpf;fpd;wjh
(mureilKiwapd; kjpg;gPL) vd;gJkhFk;.
mur eilKiwiaj; NjHTnra;jy;
tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wjhd
eilKiwahdJ muRfspd; ,aw;gpay;rhH kw;Wk; tha;nkhoprhH Mfpa ,Utifr;
nray;fshYk; cUthfpd;wd. ,aw;gpay;rhH nray; vd;gJ Nghhpay; elj;ij>
Fwpj;jtifahd MAjq;fspd; cgNahfk; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l tifahd Ml;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;w
elhj;Jif
Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;Fk;.
tha;nkhoprhH
vd;gJ
,uhZtf; ifNaL> Njrpa rl;lthf;fk;> Njrpa tof;fhw;Wr;rl;lk;> ,uhZt kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;> Nghh; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ
nra;ag;gl;l ,uhZtj; njhlh;ghly;fs; ,uh[je;jpu Ml;Nrgidfs;> cj;jpNahfG+h;t
rl;l
MNyhrfh;fsJ
mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;>
nghUj;jid
tiuGfs;
njhlh;gpy;
murhq;fq;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fUj;Jiufs;> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; KbTfSk;
xOq;FtpjpfSk;> rh;tNjr epaharigfSf;F Kd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;l tof;Fj;
njhFg;Giufs;> rh;tNjr muq;Ffspy; nra;ag;gl;l $w;Wfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjrj;
jhgdq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fs; njhlh;gpy; murhq;f epiyg;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;Fk;. tof;fhw;Wr; rh;tNjrr;
nra;af;$bajhd
murhq;fnkhd;wpd;
rl;lthf;fj;Jiw
fhl;LfpwJ.
6
7
8
kw;Wk;
ePjpj;Jiw
rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
cWg;gikg;Gf;fshd
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw>
vd;gdtw;wpd;
eilKiwfisNa
,g;gl;bay;
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Continental Shelf case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.Malta), jPHg;G> 3 June
1985, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;iffs; 1985, gf;fk;. 29–30. gf;fj;jpy; 27.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, jPHg;G> 20 ngg;uthp 1969, rHtNjr
ePjpkd;w mwpf;iffs; 1969> gf;fk;. 3.
7
rHtNjrj;
jhgdq;fspdhy;
my;yJ
khehLfspy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w>
thf;nfLg;Gf;fhd
tpsf;fkspg;Gf;fis
cs;slf;fpa>
Ngr;RthHj;ijfSk;
Mf;fg;gLfpd;w jPHkhdq;fSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l muRfspd; nray;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
MapDk;> rpy tpLghLfSld;> mj;jifa jPHkhdq;fs; rhjhuzkhf mtHfisg;
gpzpf;fkhl;lhJ vd;gJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;. MfNt> mj;jifa jPHkhdq;fis
kjpg;gPL
nra;ifapy;
mj;jPHkhdq;fspd;
cs;slf;f
thrfq;fspYk;
mur
eilKiwapdhy; mit vt;tsT J}uk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjpYk; rHtNjr
tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fkhdJ jq;fpAs;sJ. Fwpj;j jPHkhdj;jpw;F mjpfkhd
muRfspd; MjuT ,Ug;gpd;> mjdsTf;F mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.8
rH;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPHg;Gf;fs;> rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; Jizepiyj;
Njhw;Wtha;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mit mur eilKiwapidj; jhgpf;fkhl;lhJ.9
Vnddpy;>Njrpa
epWtdq;fisg;
Nghyd;wp>
rHtNjr
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
murpd;
cWg;gikg;Gf;fs; my;y. vdpDk;> rHtNjr hPjpahd ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpdJ xU KbT
tof;fhw;Wr; rH;tNjrr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cs;sikTf;F gad;tpisT mspf;Fk;
msTf;F J}z;Lk; rhd;whf mikAkhjyhy; rH;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspd; KbTfs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> mtw;wpdJ jPHg;Gf;fspdJ Kw;jPHg;ghf
mikAk; ngWkjpahdJ> muRfspdJk; rHtNjrj; jhgdq;fspdJk; cldLj;j
eilKiwia Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aKbAk;.
vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fspd; eilKiwfs;> elj;ijf; Nfhitfs;> rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs;> ,tw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F nra;ag;gl;l cs;shHe;j
<LghLfs; kw;Wk; Vida $w;Wf;fs; vd;gd mur eilKiwiaj; jhgpf;fkhl;lhJ.
mj;jifa eilKiw rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspd; rpy tpjpfis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
rhd;Wfis
cs;slf;fp
,Ue;jhYk;>
mtw;wpd;
rl;l
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njsptw;wjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; fhuzkhf> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr
rl;lj;jpd; cs;sikia ep&gpg;gjpYk; mit jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy. ,t;tha;tpd;
,uz;lhtJ
njhFjpapy;
“Vida
eilKiwfs;”
vd;gjd;
fPOs;s
gl;baypy;
mj;jifa eilKiwfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fisf; fhzyhk;.
8
9
,j;jifa epge;jidfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpy;>mZthAj mr;RWj;jy;
my;yJ ghtid vd;gtw;wpd; rl;lKiwahe;jd;ik njhlHghd MNyhrid mgpg;gpuha
tof;fpy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ> 8 [_iy 1996> rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;if 1996> gf;fk;. 254–
255> gf;fj;jpy; 70–73.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lk;> cWg;Giu 38(1)(<)
8
9
mur eilKiwapid kjpg;gL
P nra;jy;
Fwpj;j
mur
cUthf;Ftjw;F
eilKiwahdJ
NghJkhdsTf;F
tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjrr;
“nrwpthdjhf”
rl;ltpjpnahd;wpid
cs;sjh
vd;gjidj;
10
jPHkhdpg;gjw;F mjid kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;l
tpjpnahd;wpid epiyNgWilajhf;Ftjw;F> mur eilKiwahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l xU
rPuhdjhfTk;> gue;jfd;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.11 ,J vjidf; fUJfpd;wJ vd;gjid NkYk; Mokhf gpd;tUkhW
Muhayhk;.
KjyhtJ> tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mur
eilKiwahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l xU rPuhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd
muRfs; Ntwhd elj;ijapy; <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ vd;gjid rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
rl;ltpaw;njhFg;ghdJ
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
vdpDk;>Kjy;
ghu;itf;F
Kuz;gl;l
eilKiwahfj; Njhd;Wtjd; fhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l eilKiwapd; xU rPu;j;jd;ikia
Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtjhdJ tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;l tpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpid
jilnra;akhl;lhJ. Kuz;gl;l eilKiwahdJ NtW muRfshy; fz;bf;fg;glhj
tiu my;yJ mNj murhq;fk; jhdhfNt mjid kWj;jpUf;fhjtiu tof;fhw;W
rHtNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpid mJ jilnra;akhl;lhJ. mj;jifa
fz;bj;jy; my;yJ kWg;gpD}lhf> Ma;tpYs;s tpjpahdJ cz;ikapy; cWjp
nra;ag;;gLfpd;wJ.12
,J
ngUk;ghyhd
rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;l
tpjpfSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. Vnddpy; Fwpj;j tpjpf;F Mjuthf mur eilKiw rhHghd
mstpwe;j rhd;Wfs; ,Ug;gJld;> me;j tpjpapd; kPwy; njhlHghf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
fpilf;fpd;w rhd;WfSk; cs;sd. mj;jifa kPwy;fs; njhlHghf kPwiyg;Gupe;j muR
kd;dpg;ig my;yJ epahag;gLj;jiy njuptpf;Fkhapd; kw;Wk;/my;yJ mJ Vida
muRfshy;
fz;bf;fg;gLkhapDk;>
Ma;tpYs;sJk;
,Ue;JtUfpd;wJkhd
tpjpnahd;wpid Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;wjhf mJ mikakhl;lhJ. eilKiwapYs;s
tof;fhw;W kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;ltpjpnahd;iw muRfs; khw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;
jkJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t eilKiwA+lhfNt mt;thW nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>
mt;thW nra;tjid mtHfsJ chpikahfTk; Nfhuyhk;.
10
11
12
,t;tplj;jpy; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;s “nrwpthdJ” vd;w nrhw;gjk; NrH `k;nghp nty;nlhf;>
“gfpuq;f rHtNjr rl;lk; njhlHghd nghJthd ghlnewp”>rHtNjr rl;l fy;tpapay;
epWtdj;jpd; Nrhpf;fg;gl;l ghlnewpfs;> njhFjp 106> 1962> gf;fk; 44.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW> (Fwpg;G 7),
gf;fk;. 43, gf;fj;jpy; 74.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd;> epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gil
eltbf;iffs; vd;w tof;fpy;> (Nicaragua v. United States), jifikrhH mk;rq;fs;, jPHg;G,
27 [_d; 1986, rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;if 1986, gf;fk;. 98, gf;fj;jpy; 186.
9
10
,uz;lhtJ>
tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjr
rl;ltpjpnahd;W
csjhapUg;gjha;
MFtjw;F> mj;jifa mur eilKiwahdJ gue;jfd;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; khjphp
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhfTk;
,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk;>
mit
midj;Jyfj;
jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy: “nghJthd” xU eilKiw NghJkhdjhFk;.13
muRfspd; Jy;ypakhd vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhuk; vd;git Njitaw;wjhFk;.
mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;dntdpy;> NjitahdsT <Lghl;ilf;fhl;Lk; fhyg;gFjpia
fhl;Ltjw;F mj;jifa vz;zpf;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fisf; fzpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;
vd;gJld;> mjd; ciufy;yhdJ juk; rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUf;fyhNk jtpu
vz;zpf;if rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUj;jyhfhJ. ,J vjidf; fUJfpd;wnjdpy;> Fwpj;j
eilKiwia vj;jid muRfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ rhjhuz Nfs;tpahFk;> khwhf
ve;j
muRfs;
mt;thW
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd
vd;gJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.14
Northsea
Continental Shelf vd;w tof;fpy; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; jdJ jPu;g;gpy; “Fwpj;j eilKiw
njhlu;gpy; ve;j muRfSila mf;fiwfs; Fwpg;ghf ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;
cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.15
,e;j Ma;T ,uz;L tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ: (1) tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
midj;J
muRfSk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;>
jPtpukhf
fye;J
nfhz;l
ngUk;ghd;ikahd muRfSf;;F ,J mtrpakhfkhl;lhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j muRfs;
“tpNrlkhf
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
muRfspd;”
eilKiwfis
Fiwe;jgl;rk;
kWg;gpd;wp
Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;; kw;Wk; (2) “tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs;” Fwpj;j
mur
eilKiwia
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ
tpl;lhy;>
tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW
fUj;J
NtWghbd;ik
Njitg;glhtpl;lhYq;$l
mJ
tof;fhw;Wr;
rl;ltpjpnahd;whf
tpUj;jpaila KbahJ.16 tpNrlkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ahnud;gJ rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lj;jpd;
fPo;
#o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g
khWglyhk;.
cjhuzkhf>
fz;fisf; FUlhf;Fk; td;xspf;fjpu; MAjq;fis cgNahfg;gLj;jypd; rl;l
Kiwahe;jd;ikapidg;
“tpNrlkhfg;
nghWj;jstpy;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
muRfs;”
vd;gJmj;jifa
MAjq;fspd;
ghtidahy;
Vida
muRfs;
mjpfsT
ghjpf;fg;gLtjhf
,Ug;gpDq;$l>
mj;jifa
MAjq;fis
tpUj;jpnra;fpd;w
nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLfpd;w muRfshf milahsq;fhzg;gLfpd;w muRfisAk;
cs;slf;Fk;. mNjNghd;W> ve;j muRfspd; kf;fSf;F kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs;
Njitahf
cs;sdNth
me;j
muRfs;
tpNrlkhfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf
13
14
15
16
rHtNjr rl;lr; rq;fj;jpd;> nghJthd tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpy;
Vw;Gilajhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; $w;W: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk;
njhlHghd ,Wjp mwpf;if> mWgj;njhd;gjhtJ khehl;L mwpf;if> yz;ld;> 2000>
Nfhl;ghL 14, gf;fk;. 734 (,jdfj;Jg;gpd;dH “ILA mwpf;if” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lwpag;gLk;).
mNj gphptpy;.>Nfhl;ghL 14 ,dJ fUj;Jiu,(<) kw;Wk; (c), gf;fk;. 736–737.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (Fwpg;G 7),
gf;fk;. 43. gf;fj;jpy; 74.
ILA mwpf;if,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.>(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 14 ,dJ fUj;Jiu (<),
gf;fk;. 737.
10
11
,Ug;gJNghd;Nw mj;jifa cjtpfis toq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; muRfisAk; fUj
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lj;jpdJ
ve;jnthU
tpjpapidg;
nghWj;jstpYk;> Fwpj;j MAjNkhjYf;;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwpj;jnthU tpjpapd;
eilKiwnjhlu;ghf Nkhjy; jug;Gfspd; elj;ijiag; guprPyid nra;Ak;NghJ>
MAjNkhjnyhd;wpy;
<LgLfpd;w
mj;jifa
“tpNrlkhfg;
ehLfs;
ghjpf;fg;gl;litfshfNt” fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;
rpy tplag;gug;Gfspy; mit tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfshf ,Ug;gpDq;$l>
MAjNkhjnyhd;wpd; jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhjpUg;gpDq;$l rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lj;jpid kjpf;fj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ kjpf;FkhW kw;iwa muRfshy;
Ntz;bf;
nfhs;sg;glf;$bajhd
rl;l
mf;fiwnahd;iw
vy;yh
muRfSk;
17
nfhz;Ls;sd. NkYk;> midj;J muRfSk; Vida muRfshy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w
Nghupay;
toptiffs;
“tpNrlkhf
kw;Wk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l”
topKiwfshy;
vd;w
ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
nrhw;nwhlhpd;
,Wf;fkhd
mtu;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk;
ghjpf;fg;glhjpUg;gpDk;
eilKiwfSk; Muhag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;
tpisthf>
fUj;jpidf;nfhz;L
vy;yh
muRfspd;
,e;j Ma;T rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; tof;fhw;W tpjpfs; njhlu;gpy;
KbAkhdsT rl;l uPjpahd “gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtuh ,y;iyah” vd;w
fUj;jpid vLf;ftpy;iy. mjpfkhd fUj;Jiuahsu;fs; fz;bg;Gkpf;f tpjpfspd; (jus
cogens) tplaj;jpy; gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtuhf ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ
vd;W ek;Gfpd;w mNjNtis> Vidatu;fs; gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtH vd;w
Nfhl;ghl;bd; typjhe;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; Iag;ghl;bidAk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.18 gpbthjkhf
Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gtnuhUtuhf ,Ug;gJ rl;lG+u;tkhfr; rhj;jpakhdJ. xUtu;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fwpj;j tpjpKiwahdJ Njhw;wk;ngw;W tUfpd;w
NtisapNy mjid Ml;Nrgpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> mjidj; njhlu;e;Jk;
gpbthjkhf Ml;Nrgpj;J te;jpUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Kwpe;JtUfpd;w Ml;Nrgid
njhptpg;gtH vd;w tplak; rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.19
rpy Ntisfspy; tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjrr; rl;ltpjpnahd;W tsHr;rpailtjw;F
Kd;djhfNt tof;nfhope;JtpLk; vd;gjdhy;> jpl;ltl;lkhd fhytiuaiwiaf;
Fwpg;gpl ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; xNu eilKiwapd; $l;Lr;Nru;e;j jd;ikahdJ>xU
rPuhd> gue;jfd;w kw;Wk; khjphp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd vd;gtw;wpidg; nghUj;jtiu
17
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (fUj;Jiu 4),
njhFjp. I, tpjp 144 ,w;fhd fUj;Jiu.
18
,t;tplae;njhlHghd MokhdnjhU fye;JiuahlYf;F> ghHf;fTk;: Maurice H. Mendelson,
“rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk;”, rHtNjr rl;l N`a;f; fy;tpapay; epWtfj;jpd;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l fw;ifnewpfs;, njhFjp. 272, 1998, gf;fk;. 227–244.
19
ILA mwpf;if,NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.,(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 15,w;fhd fUj;Jiu (M),
gf;fk;. 738.
11
12
NghJkhdsTf;F
fhuzpahFk;.20
nrwpTnfhz;ljhf
,Ug;gJ
jPu;khdnkLj;jypy;
cjTfpd;w
csjhe;jd;ikiaj;
jhgpg;gjpy;
rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;
tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjr
rl;l
tpjpnahd;wpd;
rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; Njitg;ghlhdJ rl;lhPjpahdjplek;gpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
mjhtJ>
Fwpj;j
eilKiw
chpikahf
mDgtpf;fg;gl;L
te;Js;sikahFk;.
Fwpj;j
eilKiwAk;
rl;lhPjpahd
jplek;gpf;ifAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w tbtq;fshdJ> me;j tpjpahdJ xU jil nra;Ak; eilKiwahf>
flg;ghnlhd;whf my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU tpjkhf ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd ntWk;
cupiknahd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjpy; jq;fpepd;W NtWgLk;.
eilKiw kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;if Mfpa ,uz;bdJk; %yf;$Wfis
Jy;ypakhf NtWgLj;JtJ kpfTk; rpukkhdJk; ngUk;ghYk; fUj;Njw;G uPjpahdJk;
vd;gJ
,t;tha;T
eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLk;NghJ
ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
xNunray;>
eilKiwiaAk; rl;lhPjpahd jplek;gpf;ifiaAk; mbf;fb gpujpgypf;Fk;. ru;tNjrr;
rl;lr;rq;fk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ ahnjdpy;> rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpy;
mNj elj;ij ,t;tpuz;L jifikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpf;fhl;b epw;fhikahy; mq;F
Fwpg;ghf jdpj;Jtkpf;f %yf;$Wfs; ,Ug;gjid kpfTk; tpgug;gLj;jpf; $wtpy;iy.
,t;tpU %yf;$WfisAk; ,r;rpf;fypypUe;J ntspf;nfhzHtJ rpukkhdjhfTk;
rhj;jpakw;wjhfTk;$l mikayhk;.21 ,J mt;thW miktjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahnjdpy;>
,uhZtf; ifNaLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;sJNghd;W tha;nkhoprhH tplaq;fshdit
mur eilKiwfshff; ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> Fwpj;j <LghL nfhz;;Ls;s
murpd; jpl ek;gpf;ifiag; gpujpgypg;gjhf mj;jifa rl;lk; mikfpd;wJ.
NghJkhdsT ,Wf;fkhd eilKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJ> rl;ltpayhsHfspd;
mgpg;gpuhankhd;W me;j elj;ijia cs;slf;fp ,Ug;gJld;> mjd; fhuzkhf>
rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhankhd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikahdJ Ntwhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lnkd;W Nehf;FtJ nghJthf mtrpakw;wjhFk;. MapDk;> Fwpj;j eilKiw
njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; epiyikfspy; tof;fhnwhd;wpDila cUthf;fj;jpy; Fwpj;j
eilKiw ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lkh ,y;iyah vd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhak; Kf;fpakhdnjhU tfpgq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
muRfs; nraw;glhky; my;yJ gpujpr; nraypy; <Lglhky; ,Uf;fpd;w Nghjhd
epiyikfspy; ,J fhzg;gLk;. mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr
rl;lj;jpidj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; cs;s #o;epiyfs; njsptw;wjhf cs;sikahy;
20
21
mNj gphptpy;., Nfhl;ghL 12,w;fhd fUj;Jiu (M), gf;fk;.731.
mNj gphptpy;;.> gf;fk;. 718, gf;fj;jpy; 10(c). ,t;tplae;njhlHghd MokhdnjhU
fye;JiuahlYf;F> ghHf;fTk;: Peter Haggenmacher, “La doctrine des deux éléments du droit
coutumier dans la pratique de la Cour internationale”, Revue générale de droit international
public, njhFjp. 90, 1986, gf;fk;. 5.
12
13
mtw;wpidf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjh ,y;iyah vd;gjid jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
rl;ltpayhsu;fspd;
mgpg;gpuhak;
xd;wpdJ
Ntwhd
csjhe;jd;ikahdJ
jhgpf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lnkd
rHtNjr
epue;ju
ePjpkd;wKk;
mjd;
gpd;du;
mikf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wKk; Njitg;gLj;jp cs;sd.22
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tplag;gug;Gfspy; rpy tpjpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
elj;ijfspy; <Lglhky; jtpHe;jpUg;gjidj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ> mj;jifa
nra;ahikfs; njhlu;gpy; rl;ltpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis kjpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;tjpy;
Fwpg;ghd xU rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;> ,e;j nra;ahikahdJ vjpu;ghuhj
cld;epfo;thftd;wp newpKiwAld; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa tpyfpapUf;Fk; Njitg;ghL rH;tNjr Mtzq;fspy; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+Ht
$w;Wf;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;NghJ>
Ma;tpYs;s
Fwpj;j
elj;ijapypUe;J
tpyfpapUf;ff;NfhUk; rl;lj;Njitg;ghl;bdJ csjhe;jd;ik nghJthf ep&gpf;fg;gl
KbAk;. NkYk;> mj;jifa tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ> Ma;tpYs;s elj;ij xUrpy
ru;r;irfis cUthf;fp cs;sjd; tpisthf gpd;dUk; ,lk;ngwyhk;. mg;NghJ
mj;jifa
tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ
vjpu;ghuhj
epfo;thf
,lk;ngw;wJ
vd;gjid
fhl;Ltjw;F
cjtf;$bajhf
mikAk;.
mj;jifa
tpyfpapUj;jyhdJ
rl;lf;flg;ghl;bd; fUj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk; ngw;wjhifahy; ,jid ep&gpg;gJ
vg;NghJk; ,yFthd fhupakhf ,Uf;fhJ.
nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;jpd; jhf;fk;
Fwpj;jrpy rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfspid muRfs; vt;thW Nehf;Ffpd;wd vd;gjid
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F cjTtjd; fhuzkhf nghUj;jidfSk; tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; csjhe;jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. MfNt
nghUj;jidfis Vw;wq;fPfhpf;Fk;NghJ nra;ag;gl;l xJf;fq;fSk; nghUs;Nfhly;
$w;Wf;fSk; cs;slq;fyhf nghUj;jid xd;wpdJ Vw;wq;fPfhpj;jy;> nghUs;Nfhly;
kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vd;gd ,t;tha;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. nghUj;jidnahd;W
Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mstpidf;nfhz;L tof;fhw;Wr; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpid kjpg;gPL
nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F nghUj;jkhd Fwpfhl;bahf mikAnkd;W North Continental Shelf
vd;w tof;fpy; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; njspthff; Rl;bf;fhl;;bapUe;jJ. NkYk;> me;j
tof;fpy;
22
“,Jtiu
fpilj;Js;s
Vw;wq;fPfhpg;ghsHfspdJk;
,ize;J
ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> epue;ju rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Nyhl;l]; tof;F> (France v. Turkey),
jPHg;G, 7 nrg;lk;gH 1927, epue;ju rHtNjr ePjpkd;w mwpf;ifj;njhlH> m> ,y.10, gf;fk;. 28
(flypYs;s fg;gy;fspy; Ghpag;gLfpd;w Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlHghf tof;Fj;
njhlHtjpypUe;J jhk; mt;thW nra;tjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjp muRfs;
jtpHe;jpUf;ff;$lhJ> vd;W ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ); rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> North Sea
Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;. 43–44, gf;fj;jpy; 76–77
(muRfs; jkJ fz;lNkilia rkJ}uj;jpYs;sik vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
mt;thW nra;tjw;F mtHfs; flg;ghLilatHfs; my;y vd;gjdhy;> tiuaiw
nra;atpy;iy vd;W ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ); ILA mwpf;if, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW
(Fwpg;G 13), Nfhl;ghL 17 ck; mjd; fUj;JiuAk;.
13
14
gpd;dH
nfhz;ltu;fspdJk; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
NghJkhdsTf;F
,y;iy”
eilKiwnahd;Wf;F
Vw;gLfpd;wJ
Kuzhdjhf
vdg;gl;lJ.
fUjNtz;Lk;.23
vd;Nw
khwhf>
nghUj;jidnahd;W
Nicaragua
tof;fpy;
tpNrlkhf
ntspapYs;s
mikfpd;wNghJ
,e;epiy
If;fpa
rigapd;
ehLfs;
gl;lak; mNdfkhf midj;Jyf hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w epfo;tpy;>
tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ltpjpfspy; jiyaplhik vd;w tpjpia kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;NghJ>
ePjpkd;wk; mjpfkhd ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ.24 tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpid nghUj;jid
Vw;ghnlhd;W gpujpgypf;fpd;w NghJ> mjd; tplaj;jpy;> me;jg; nghUj;jidahdJ
,Jtiu eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;glhjjhf ,Ug;gpDk; tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l
muRfisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhf>
mjidnahj;j
eltbf;iffs;
NghJkhdjhf
,Uf;Fkhapd; Ma;tpYs;s tpjpf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;Fk; msT Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.25
eilKiwapy;> nghUj;jid topKiwfis mZFjyhdJ cyfshtpa rl;l
mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid xd;W Ftpg;gjw;F cjTtJld;> cldLj;J tUfpd;w elj;ij
kw;Wk;
muRfspd;
jpl
ek;gpf;if
vd;gd
njhlu;ghf
kWf;fKbahjnjhU
nry;thf;fpidAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
Continential Shelf tof;fpd;
jPu;g;gpy;
“gy;$l;L
rkthaq;fshdit tof;fhw;wpypUe;J tUfpd;w tpjpfspidg; gjpT nra;tjpYk;>
tiuaiw nra;tjpYk;> cz;ikapy; mt;tpjpfspd; tsu;r;rpapYk;> Kf;fpakhdnjhU
tfpgq;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd”26 vd;gjidr; rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk; mq;fPfupj;jJ. MfNt>
Kd;du; ,Ue;JtUfpd;w tof;fhw;Wr; rH;tNjr rl;lj;jpid nghUj;jidfs; thapyhf
Nfhitg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gjid ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy;> mj;jifa
nghUj;jidfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s tpjpKiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gjpa
tof;fhWfspd; tsHr;rpf;F mj;jpthukhf mike;Jk; tplyhk;. NkYk; ePjpkd;wk;
njuptpj;jpUg;gjhtJ
23
24
25
26
“rkthankhd;wpy;
kpfTk;
gue;jsthdJk;
gpd;gw;wf;$basT
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 7),
42, gf;fj;jpy; 73.
gf;fk;.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk; Jizg;gil eltbf;iffs;
vd;w tof;fpy;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.,(Fwpg;G 12), gf;fk;. 99–100, gf;fjjpy 188. ,e;j
ePjpkd;wj;jPHg;gpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa tplak; ahnjdpy;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;
nghJr;rigj; jPHkhdk; gue;j mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;> Fwpg;ghf jPHkhdk;
2625 (XXV) MdJ muRfSf;fpilapyhd el;GKiw njhlHghd ,j;jPHkhdk; vj;jifa
thf;nfLg;Gkpd;wpAk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Continental Shelf case, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 6), gf;fk;. 33,
gf;fjjpy 34. (gpuj;jpNafkhd nghUshjhu tyak; vd;gJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lkhf
khwpte;Js;sjid> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fly;rhH rl;l rkthak; ,f;fhyg; gFjptiu
mKYf;F te;jpuhjNghjpYk;> ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;lJ.)
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, Continental Shelf case, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 6), gf;fk;. 29–
30, gf;fj;jpy; 27.
14
15
mjdstpy; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> tpNrlkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfspd;
mf;fiwfSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;“.27
,e;j Ma;T mtjhdkhd mZFKiwapidNa vLj;Js;sJ. gue;jsthdnjhU
nghUj;jid
Vw;wq;fPfhpg;G
khj;jpuNk
xU
Fwpfhl;bahf
vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;>
Fwpg;gpl;l
muRfspd;
eilKiwahdJ
Ma;tpYs;s
nghUj;jidapy;
jug;Gf;fshf
,y;yhjNghJ>
Fwpj;j
eilKiwapd;
Vida
%yf;$Wfs; njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;aNtz;b ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jug;Gf;fsy;yhj
muRfspd; mikjpahd eilKiwfshdit Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f Neu;Kiwr; rhd;whff;
fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> jug;Gf;fsy;yhj muRfspd; Kuz;gl;l eilKiwahdJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f vjpu;Kiwr; rhd;whfTk; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUj;jidnahd;wpd; muR
jug;gpdJk; muRj; jug;gw;wJkhd muRfsJ eilKiwahdJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W
vjpnujpuhdjhf nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; fUjg;gLk;.
MfNt> ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lkhdJrk;ge;jg;gl;l nghUj;jidfSld;
muR
jug;gy;yhj
muRfspd;
eilKiwAld;
khj;jpuk;
,e;j
Ma;T
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glTkpy;iy. ,e;j Ma;tpid kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F> cjhuzkhf 30 muRfs;
Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;
Njitg;ghlhd
gue;jfd;wJ
kw;Wk;
khjphp
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJ
Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Njitg;ghl;Lf;F ,zq;fpnahOftpy;iy vd;W $wKbahJ.
Mifapdhy;jhd; tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; csjhe;jd;ikapd; kjpg;gPlhdJ ,t;tha;T
ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,id 162 muRfSk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II
,id
157
muRfSk;
nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;.
Vw;wq;fPfupj;jpUe;jd
vd;gjid
fUj;jpy;
nfhz;Nl
rH;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU nghUj;jid tpjpfspdJk;
tof;fhw;Wj;
jd;ikapidj;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F
,t;tha;T
vz;ztpy;iy
vd;gJ
typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; fhuzkhf> jw;nghOJs;s nghUj;jidfspd;
fl;likg;gpidAk; ,e;j Ma;T mtrpakhfg; gpd;gw;wTkpy;iy. NkYk;> ,j;jifa
gpur;rpidfs; njhlHgpy; ve;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr tpjpfs; mbg;gilahfTs;sd
vd;gjid njhFg;gha;T Kiwf;Fupajhf fz;lwpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk; mjidg; gFg;gha;T
nra;tjidANk ,t;tha;T Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nghUj;jidapd; xt;nthU
Vw;ghLk;
tof;fhnwhd;iw
jhgpj;jpUf;fpd;wjh ,y;iyah vd;gjid
jhgpf;Fk;
Nehf;fj;jpy; mtw;iw gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; mZFKiwapidj; njupT nra;atpy;iy.
MfNtjhd; VNjDnkhU nghUj;jidapd; tpjpahdJ ,e;j Ma;tpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy
vd;w fhuzj;Jf;fhf mit tof;fhw;W tpjpfsy;y vd;w Kbtpw;F vtUk; tu
KbahJ.
27
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 7), gf;fk;.
42, gf;fj;jpy; 73> ILA mwpf;ifapidAk; ghHf;fTk;, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW., (Fwpg;G 13),
Nfhl;ghLfs; 20–21, 24, 26 kw;Wk; 27, gf;fk;. 754–765.
15
16
,e;j Ma;T xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiw
rHtNjrr;
nrQ;rpYitf;
FOtplk;
nghWg;gpf;fg;gl;l
gzpg;ghizia
epiwNtw;Wk; rpwe;j topnahd;iwj; jPHkhdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ,e;j Ma;tpy;
<Lgl;ltHfs; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpy; epGzj;Jtkpf;f fy;tpapayhsHfisf;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J>
mtHfisAk;
cs;slf;fpa
,t;tha;Tf;fhd
nraw;ghl;Lf;
28
FOnthd;iw mikj;jdH. 1996Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjkstpy; nraw;jpl;lnkhd;iw
mf;FO tFj;jikj;jJld;> mLj;Jte;j xf;NlhgH khjk; Muha;r;rpiaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
muRfspd;
eilKiwapidg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;w
cs;ehl;L
kw;Wk;
rHtNjrj;
Njhw;Wtha;fspy; Muha;r;rp elhj;jg;gl;lJld;> ,t;tha;Tf;fhd nraw;jpl;lj;jpy;
,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpd;tUk; MW gpujhd gFjpfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl;lJ:
•
ghFghLfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghL
•
tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;
•
Fwpj;jrpy Nghhpay; topKiwfs;
•
MAjq;fs;
•
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J MAjNkhjypy; <LglKbahJNghNdhH
•
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
Njrpa Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp
xU ehl;bw;Fs;spUe;J Njrpa Njhw;Wtha;fis mZfpg;ngWtJ kpfTk;
,yFthdnjd;gjhy;> cs;ehl;L Muha;r;rpahsHfspd; $l;L xj;Jiog;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fj; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,yf;fpidaila> fpl;lj;jl;l Ik;gJ
ehLfspypUe;J (Mgphpf;fh – 9> mnkhpf;fh – 15> Mrpah– 15> mT];Nuyhrpah - 1>
kw;Wk; INuhg;gh - 11) Muha;r;rpahsnuhUtH my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsH FOnthd;W
,dq;fhzg;gl;L>
mtHfsJ
ehLfSld;
njhlHGgl;l
eilKiwfspd;
29
mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpf;FkhW mtHfs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldH.
G+Nfhstpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jt
mbg;gilapYk;
mz;ika
MAjNkhjy;fspy;
ghtpf;fg;gl;bUe;j
gy;NtWtifahd Nghhpay; topKiwfs; %ykhfg; ngwg;gl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;JNk
,j;jifa ehLfs; njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.
28
29
,e;j nraw;ghl;Lf;FO Professors Georges Abi-Saab, Salah El-Din Amer, Ove Bring, Eric
David, John Dugard, Florentino Feliciano, Horst Fischer, Françoise Hampson, Theodor Meron,
Djamchid Momtaz, Milan Šahović and Raúl Emilio Vinuesa MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.
Mgphpf;fh: my;[Phpah> mq;Nfhyh> nghlRthdh> vfpg;J> vj;jpNahg;gpah> ie[Phpah> Wthzlh>
njd;dhgphpf;fh> kw;Wk; rpk;ghg;Ntt;
mnkhpf;fh: MHn[d;Bdh> gpNurpy;> fdlh> rpyp> nfhyk;gpah> fpA+gh> vy;ry;tNlhH>
epf;fuhFth> NgU> If;fpa mnkhpf;fh> kw;Wk; cUFNt;
Mrpah: rPdh> ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah><uhd;><uhf;> ,];Nuy;> [g;ghd;> N[hHjhd;>
nfhhpaf;FbauR> Fitj;> nygdhd;> kNyrpah> ghf;fp];jhd;> gpypigd;];> kw;Wk; rphpah
mT];j;uyhrpah: mT];j;Nuypah
INuhg;gh: ngy;[pak;> ngh];dpah kw;Wk; N`HnrNfhNtdpah> FNu]pah> gpuhd;];> N[Hkdp>
,j;jhyp> nejHyhe;J> u~;ah rk;Nksdk;> ];igd;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> kw;Wk;
NahNfh];yhtpah.
16
17
mur eilKiwfs; njhlHghd mwpf;iffspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;buhj ehLfspdJ
,uhZtf; ifNaLfSk; Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L Muhag;gl;ld.
cynfq;fpYKs;s rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdJ NguhsHfspd; tiyaikg;ghYk;>
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdJ
mwpT+l;ly; gphptpdhy; Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fspd; gue;Jgl;l
Nrfhpg;Gf;fspypUe;Jk; ,t;tha;T NkYk; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp
rHtNjrj; Njhw;Wtha;fspypUe;J jpul;bnaLf;fg;gl;l mur eilKiwahdJ>
,e;j Ma;tpd; gpujhd xt;nthU jiyg;Gf;fspYk; nraw;gl;Lte;j MW FOf;fshy;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.30 ,e;jf; FOf;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G kw;Wk; Mgphpf;f xd;wpak;
(Kd;dH Mgphpf;f If;fpa jhgdk; vd;wwpag;gl;bUe;jJ)> INuhg;gpag; Nguit>
tisFlh $l;LwTg; Nguit> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> muG ehLfspd; mit> mnkhpf;f
muRfspd; jhgdk;> ,];yhkpa khehl;L jhgdk;> kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;
$l;LwTf;Fkhd jhgdk; vd;gtw;wpd; epajp cUtiuapYs;s eilKiwfs; njhlHghf
Muha;e;jd.
tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjr
tpjpfspd;
csjhe;jd;ikf;Fr;
rhd;whf
mikaf;$ba rHtNjr tof;Fr;rl;lKk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd; rq;fj;jpd; Rtbfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rp
Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;
Fiwepug;G Kaw;rpahf> fpl;lj;jl;l
mnkhpf;fh 2> Mrpah 8> INuhg;gh 8)
nrQ;rpYitf; FO Muha;e;jJ.31
Njhw;Wtha;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd;
40 mz;ika MAjNkhjy;fs; (Mgphpf;fh 21>
njhlHghd mjdJ nrhe;j Rtbfis rHtNjr
nghJthf> mur eilKiwfs; njhlHghd
mwpf;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;fhjehLfs; kw;Wk; MAjNkhjy;fs; Fwpg;ghf ,jpy;
njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.
30
31
ghFgLj;jpawpjw; Nfhl;ghL: Professor Georges Abi-Saab (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; JeanFrançois Quéguiner (Ma;thsH);
tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;: Professor Horst Fischer
(mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Gregor Schotten kw;Wk; Heike Spieker (Ma;thsHfs;);
tpNrl Nghhpay; topKiwfs;: Professor Theodor Meron (mwpf;ifapLgtH)kw;Wk;;Richard
Desgagné (Ma;thsH);
MAjq;fs;:Professor Ove Bring (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Gustaf Lind (Ma;thsH);
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J Nkhjypy; <LglKbahJNghdtHfsJk; ghJfhg;G:Françoise
Hampson (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Camille Giffard (Ma;thsH);
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;:Eric David (mwpf;ifapLgtH) kw;Wk; Richard Desgagné (Ma;thsH).
Mgphpf;fh: mq;Nfhyh> G&z;b> rhl;> rhl;-ypgpah> nfhq;Nfh rdehaf FbauR> [pG+b>
vhpw;wpah-vkd;> vj;jpNahg;gpah (1973-1994)> iygPhpah> nkh]hk;gpf;> ekPgpah> ie[Phpahnfk&d;> Wthz;lh> nrdfy;> nrdfy;-nkshpj;jhdpah> rpahuh ypNahd;> Nrhkhypah>
Nrhkhypah-vj;jpNahg;gpah> R+lhd;> cfz;lh> kw;Wk; Nkw;F r`huh; mnkhpf;f muRfs;:
ifsj;jkhyh kw;Wk; nkf;rpf;Nfh; Mrpah: Mg;fhdp];jhd;> fk;Nghbah> ,e;jpah ([k;Kf];kPH)> gGth epA+fpdpah> ,yq;if> j[pf;fp];jhd;> nakd;> kw;Wk; nakd;-vhpw;wpah
(Mgphpf;fhtpd; fPOk; cs;slq;Fk;); INuhg;gh: MHNkdpah-mrHig[hd;> (ehnfhHNdh-fugfh)>
irg;gpu];> Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpah (1991-1992 Mfpa fhyg;gFjpapy; eilngw;w Nkhjy;)>
ngh];dpahtpYk; n`HNrhNfhtpdpah (1992-1996)> FNuh]pahtpd; Nkhjy; (f;uh[pdh]; 19921995)> N[hH[pah (mg;fh]pah)> u~;a rk;Nksdk; (nrr;dpah) kw;Wk; JUf;fp.
17
18
,e;j Kk;Kid (Njrpa> rHtNjrkw;Wk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;
Njhw;Wtha;fspy;
nra;ag;gl;l
Ma;T)
mZFKiwapd;
ngWNgwhf>
cyfpd;
midj;Jg; ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; mur eilKiwfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
tplaq;fspd;
jd;ik
fhuzkhf
,e;jMa;itg;
ghpG+uzkhd
Ma;ntd;W
miof;fKbahJ. gioiktha;e;j eilKiwfs; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
rkfhy tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ghf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf
fle;j 30 Mz;LfspypUe;jhd eilKiwfs; kPNj ,t;tha;T ftdQ;nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
epGzj;Jtkpf;ftHfSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;
Kjw;Rw;Wf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy;> rHtNjr Ma;Tf; FOf;fs; mtHfs; Nrfhpj;j
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l eilKiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
G+Hthq;f kjpg;gPLfis cs;slf;fpa epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f mwpf;ifia toq;FkhW
rHtNjrnrQ;rpYitf; FO Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. 1998Mk; Mz;L n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w
nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpDila %d;W re;jpg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f
mwpf;iffs; Muhag;gl;ld. ,e;j epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;f mwpf;iffs; Kiwahfr; rPuha;T
nra;ag;gl;lJld;> fye;Jiuahlypd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ>
cyfpy; midj;Jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; NrHe;j fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f
epGzHfs; FOnthd;wplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. 1999Mk; Mz;L n[dPthtpy; eilngw;w
nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpd; ,uz;L re;jpg;Gf;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j epGzHfs;
mtHfsJ jdpg;gl;l jpwikabg;gilapy; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy;
miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. ,e;j re;jpg;gpd;NghJ Nrfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;j eilKiwfis
kjpg;gPL
nra;tjw;F
cjtpaspj;jJld;>
tpl;Ltplg;gl;bUe;j
eilKiwfisAk;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdH.32
mwpf;ifiaj; jahhpj;jy;
fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHfs; FOtpdhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;ljhd
nraw;ghl;Lf;
FOtpdJ
kjpg;gPlhdJ
,Wjpawpf;ifnahd;iwj;
jahhpg;gjw;F
mbj;jsnkhd;wpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,t;tha;it Mf;fpatHfs; eilKiwapid kPs;
ghprPyid nra;jJld;> tof;fhnwhd;wpd; csjhe;jd;ikia kWkjpg;gPL nra;jJld;>
32
jkJ jdpg;gl;l jifikapd; mbg;gilapy; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;l fy;tpapayhsHfs;
kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHfs; MfpNahH tUkhW: Abdallah Ad-Douri (<uhf;), Paul Berman (If;fpa
,uhr;rpak;), Sadi Çaycý (JUf;fp), Michael Cowling (njd;dhgphpf;fh), Edward Cummings (If;fpa
mnkhpf;f muRfs;), Antonio de Icaza (nkf;rpf;Nfh), Yoram Dinstein (,];Nuy;), Jean-Michel Favre
(gpuhd;]); , William Fenrick (fdlh), Dieter Fleck (N[Hkdp), Juan Carlos Gómez Ramírez (nfhyk;gpah),
Jamshed A. Hamid (ghf;fp];jhd;), Arturo Hernández Basave (nkf;rpf;Nfh), Ibrahim Idriss
(vj;jpNahg;gpah), Hassan Kassem Jouni (nygdhd;), Kenneth Keith (epA+rpyhe;J), Githu Muigai (nfd;ah),
Rein Müllerson (v];l;Nlhdpah), Bara Niang (nrdfy;), Mohamed Olwan (N[hHjhd;), Raul C.
Pangalangan (gpypg;igd;];), Stelios Perrakis (fpwP];), Paulo Sergio Pinheiro (gpNurpy;), Arpád Prandler
(`q;Nfhp), Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao (,e;jpah), Camilo Reyes Rodríguez (nfhyk;gpah), Itse E. Sagay
(ie[Phpah), Harold Sandoval (nfhyk;gpah), Somboon Sangianbut (jha;yhe;J), Marat A. Sarsembayev
(frf];jhd;), Muhammad Aziz Shukri (rphpah), Parlaungan Sihombing (,e;NjhNdrpah), Geofrey James
Skillen (mT];j;Nuypah), Guoshun Sun (rPdh), Bakhtyar Tuzmukhamedov (u\;ah) kw;Wk; Karol Wolfke
(Nghyhe;J).
18
19
cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; xOq;FKiwapidAk; kPsha;T nra;jJld;> mtw;Wf;fhd
fUj;JiufisAk; tiue;jdH. ,j;jifa tiuTKjw;gbtk; nraw;ghl;Lf; FO>
fy;tpapayhsH kw;Wk; murhq;f epGzHFO kw;Wk; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpd;
rl;lg; gphpT MfpNahhplk; fUj;Jiu nra;tjw;fhf xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. fpilf;fg;ngw;w
fUj;Jiufisf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L
,e;j
tiuTKjw;gbtk;
NkYk;
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJld;> ,WjptbtKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ma;T KbTfspd; RUf;fk;
n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; Vw;ghLfspy; kpfg;ngUk;ghyhdit> nghJ cWg;Giu 3
,idAk; NrHj;J> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;nwdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.33
NkYk;> n[dPthr; rkthaj;Jf;F jw;nghOJ 192 muRj;jug;gpdH
,Ug;gjdhy;>
nghUj;jidr; rl;l tplankhd;whf vy;yh muRfisAk; mit fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Mifahy;>
rkthaq;fspd;
tof;fhw;Wj;
jd;ikAs;s
Vw;ghLfs;
,t;tha;tpd;
mj;jifa fUj;jpyike;j tplag;nghUshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>
midj;Jyf
hPjpahf
Vw;wq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fhj
nghUj;jidfspdhy;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;w
tplag;nghUl;fs;
njhlHghfNt
,t;tha;T
mjpf
ftdQ;nrYj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> n[dPthr; rkthaq;fSf;fhd Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs;>
fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd N`a;f; rkthak;> kw;Wk; MAjq;fsJ
ghtidia xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;w Fwpg;ghd rkthaq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfs; mit Vd; tof;fhw;W
tpjpfshff; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ftjw;Nfh my;yJ mj;jifanjhU KbT
vLf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd
mbg;gilfs;
vit
vd;gjid
njhpag;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh
Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy.
tof;fhwhf
,t;tha;tpd;
fUjg;gl;lJ
gphpTj;njhFjp
vd;gjw;fhd
I ,y;
xU
tpsf;fj;ij
Fwpg;gpl;l
jUfpd;w
tpjp
Vd;
mNjNtis>
gphpTj;njhFjp II ,y; xj;jpirthd eilKiwfisAk; fhzyhk;.
rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fs;
Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL
I
MdJ
Vw;fdNtapUe;j
tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjr
rl;l
tpjpfis
Nfhitg;gLj;jpapUg;gpDk;>
Gjpa
tof;fhw;Wr;
rl;l
tpjpfspd;
cUthf;fj;jpw;F
mj;jpthukpl;Ls;sJ.
rHtNjr
MAjNkhjy;fs;
khj;jpukd;wp
rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYq;$l> mur eilKiwfspy; Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL I MdJ nra;jpUf;fpd;w Mskhd ghjpg;ig ,t;tha;tpd; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;
Nrfhpj;j eilKiwahdJ rhd;whff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I
,dJ
33
mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghLfs;>
Nkyjpfg;
I
,dJ
Vw;wq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;l
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghtid njhlHghd rl;lj;jd;ik
gw;wpa tof;F>NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.>(Fwpg;G 8), gf;fk;. 257–258, gf;fq;fspy; 79 kw;Wk; 82
(n[dPthr; rkthaq;fisg; nghWj;jstpy;) kw;Wk; epf;fuhFthTf;F vjpuhd ,uhZt kw;Wk;
Jizg;gilfspd; eltbf;iffs; njhlHghd tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 12),
gf;fk;. 114, gf;fj;jpy; 218 (n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd; nghJ cWg;Giu 3 ,idg; nghWj;jstpy;).
19
20
gpd;NdL
msTf;Fk; mjpfkhf> kpfTk; gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gjidAk; ,t;tha;T
ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l vj;jifa nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfspdJk; tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikia
jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iynad;whYk;> mjpfkhd tof;fhw;W tpjpfs;
nghUj;jidr; rl;lj;jpYs;s tpjpfSf;Fr; rkkhdjhf my;yJ xNukhjphpahdjhf
,Ug;gjid ,Wjpahf ,e;j Ma;T njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. mtw;Wf;F cjhuzkhf>
Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghHtPuHfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,uhZtf;
Fwpapyf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ghFghLfhl;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL>34 ghFghlw;w Kiwapyhd
jhf;Fjy;fs;>35 jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL>36 jhf;FjypYk;> jhf;Fjypd;
tpisTfSf;F vjpuhfTk; rhj;jpakhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;if vLf;fNtz;ba flg;ghL>37
kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rka gzpahsHfs;> kUj;Jtf; $Wfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs;
vd;gtw;wpid kjpf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; cs;s flg;ghL>38 kdpjhgpkhd epthuz
Fbkf;fs;
gj;jphpifahsHfs;>40
kUj;Jtf;
gzpahsHfs;
kw;Wk;
,yf;Ffs;>39
41
flikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>
ghJfhg;gw;w tl;lhuq;fSk; Aj;jR+dpag;
gpuNjrq;fSk; jhf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sik>42 fUiz fhl;Ltjw;Fk;
MAjNkhjypy;
njhlHe;J
<LglKbahJNghAs;s
vjphpfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
flg;ghL>43 gl;bdpahf tplg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>44 nghJkf;fs; ,Ug;Gf;F
,d;wpaikahjjhd ,yf;Ffs; jhf;fg;gLtjidj; jilnra;jy;>45 ,yr;rpidia
Kiwaw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;jYk; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfkpioj;jYk;>46 Fbkf;fsJk;
MAjNkhjypy; njhlHe;Jk; <LglKbahJ NghAs;stHfSf;Fk; cs;s mbg;gil
cj;juthjq;fis kjpg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>47 fhzhkw;NghAs;s Ml;fs; njhlHghf
tifnrhy;tjw;Fs;s
flg;ghL>48
ngz;fs;
kw;Wk;
rpWtHfSf;F
tpNrl
ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;w Vw;ghLfs; njhlHghd flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.49
34
ghHf;f.,tof;fhw;W kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 4), njhFjp. I,
35
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
tpjpfs;1 kw;Wk; 7.
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs;11-13
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 14
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 15-24
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 25 kw;Wk; 27 – 30
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 31-32
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 34
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 26
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 36-37
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 46-48
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 53
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 54
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 57 kw;Wk; 65
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 87 kw;Wk; 105
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 117
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 134-137
20
21
rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fs;
rpy jrhg;j fhyq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf> ,j;jifa MAjNkhjy;fspy; rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfs; kPJ fzprkhdsTf;F
mOj;jq;nfhLf;fg;gl;L
tUtjidf;
fhzyhk;;.
rHtNjr
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fspy; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhWfspd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F ,e;eilKiwj;
njhFjp
Kf;fpakhd
nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL
I
,idg;Nghd;W> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ck; eilKiwfspy; kpfg;gutyhd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sjd;
tpisthf>
nghUj;jidfspd;
gy
Vw;ghLfs;
jw;nghOJ
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf>
Fbkf;fisj; jhf;FtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>50 kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rka gzpahsHfs;>
kUj;Jt $Wfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpid kjpf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk;
cs;s flg;ghL>51 kUj;Jtf; flikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>52 gl;bdpahf
tplg;gLtjidj;
,yf;Ffisj;
nghJkf;fs;
jilnra;jy;>53
jhf;Fjiyj;
jilnra;jy;>54
,Ug;Gf;F
,d;wpaikahjjhd
Fbkf;fsJk;
MAjNkhjypy;
cs;s mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fis
njhlHe;Jk;<LglKbahJ NghAs;stHfSf;Fk;
kjpg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>55 fhag;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j
epiyapYs;stHfs; MfpNahiu NjLtjw;Fk; kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; cs;s
flg;ghL>56 ,we;jtHfisj; NjLtjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;FKs;s flg;ghL>57 jkJ
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghL>58 fl;lhag;gLj;jp
Fbkf;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;tjw;Fs;s jil>59 kw;Wk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;F
tpNrl
ghJfhg;gspf;fpd;w
Vw;ghLfs;
njhlHghd
flg;ghLfs;60
vd;gtw;iwf;
Rje;jpuj;ij
,oe;Js;s
Ml;fisg;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
vt;thwhapDk;>
cs;ehl;L
MAjNkhjy;fs;
Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL
II ,dhy;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjidtpl NkyjpfkhdnjhU ghJfhg;ig tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs; toq;Ffpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dJ
mbg;gilahd Vw;ghLfis tplTk;> eilKiwfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzprkhd
tof;fhw;W
tpjpfs;
tphpthdjhf
,Ug;gJld;>
cs;ehl;L
MAjNkhjy;fspd;
xOq;FgLj;jypYs;s Kf;fpa ,ilntspfis mit Fiwepug;gpAs;sd.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
mNj
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 1
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 25 kw;Wk; 27-30
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 26
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 53
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 54
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 87-105
gphptpy;., tpjpfs; 109-111
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 112-113
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 118-119, 121 kw;Wk; 125
gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 129
gphptpy; ghHf;f., tpjpfs; 134-137
21
22
cjhuzkhf> NghH eltbf;iffspy; elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU
mbg;gil Vw;ghL khj;jpuNk Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,y; cs;sJ. cWg;Giu 13 “NghH
eltbf;iffspy; mtHfs; Neubahfg; gq;FngwhjNtis jtpu> nghJkf;fSk;
mNjNghd;W
nghJkf;fspYs;s
jdpegHfSk;
jhf;Fjy;
elhj;jg;gLtjw;fhd
,yf;nfhd;whf
,Uf;fyhfhJ.”
ghFghLfhl;Ljy;
kw;Wk;
Nkyjpfg;
tpfpjrk
gpd;NdL
Nfhl;ghl;Lfs;
,idg;Nghd;wy;yhJ>
I
vd;gtw;wpd;
tpjpfs;
kw;Wk;
tiutpyf;fzq;fis Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II MdJ nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
NghH eltbf;iffspYs;s elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;JtJ njhlHghd Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL
II
,Ys;s
,ilntspfs;>
ngUk;ghYk;
mur
eilKiwfspdhy;
epug;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j epiy rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;F Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL I ,dJ rkmsTf;F tpjpfis cUthf;fpapUg;gJld;> ,j;jifa tpjpfs;
tof;fhw;W rHtNjr tpjpfshfNt gpuNahfpf;fTk; gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpjpfs;> NghH
eltbf;iffspyhd
elj;ij
njhlHghd
mbg;gil
tpjpfisAk;>
tpNrlkhfg;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j Nghhpay; topKiwfSk;
njhlHghd tpjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpd;wd.61
mNjNghd;W>
njhlHghf
nghJkf;fSf;Fj;
Nkyjpfg;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gpd;NdL
cWg;Giu
18
NjitahfTs;s
MdJ
II
(2)
nghJthdNjhH
“nghJkf;fs;
kdpjhgpkhd
Vw;ghl;bid
mtHfsJ
epthuzk;
khj;jpuk;
capHtho;Tf;F
mj;jpatrpakhd
toq;fy;fspd;ikahy;
Njitaw;w
jl;Lg;ghl;bdhy;
tUe;Jfpd;whHfshapd;... nghJkf;fSf;fhd epthuz eltbf;iffs; kdpjhgpkhd
hPjpahfTk; ghugl;rkw;wKiwapYk; Kiwaw;w vj;jifa ghFghl;bidAk; fhl;lhJ
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;”. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,idg; Nghyd;wp> Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL II ,dJ cWg;Giu 18(2) MdJ cl;fpilahf mj;jifa Njitg;ghLfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ
vd;W
thjplKbAkhapUg;gpDq;$l>
Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL
IIMdJ
kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis toq;Fk; gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gtw;Wf;F
kjpg;gspf;fTk; ghJfhg;gspf;fTk;> NjitahfTs;s nghJkf;fSf;fhd kdpjhgpkhd
epthuzj;ij tpiuthdJk; jilaw;wJkhd fle;Jnry; topia mDkjpg;gjw;Fk;
mjw;F cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;gpdiuf; flikg;gLj;jTkhd
tpNrlkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa Vw;ghLfs; gue;jfd;wJk;>
khjphp
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJk;>
xU
rPHjd;ikahdJkhd
eilKiwahf
61
mNj ,lj;jpy; ghHf;f., tpjpfs; cjhuzkhf> tpjpfs; 7–10 (Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk;
,uhZt ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;), tpjpfs; 11–13
(jhWkhwhd jhf;Fjy;), tpjpfs; 14 (jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrkj;ijg; Ngzpf;nfhs;Sjy;),
tpjpfs; 15–21 (jhf;Fjypy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisr; nra;jy;>); tpjpfs; 22–24
(jhf;Fjypd; tpisTfSf;F vjpuhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffs;); tpjpfs; 31–32
(kdpjhgpkhd cjtpg;gzpahsHfSk; mtHfsJ ,yf;FfSk;); tpjpfs;34 (Fbkf;fs;
gj;jphpif
epUgHfs;); tpjpfs; 35–37 (ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
egHfs;); tpjpfs; 46–48
(fUiztoq;f kWj;jy;); tpjpfs; 55–56 (kdpjhgpkhd epthuzq;fis mZfpg;ngWjy;)
kw;Wk;tpjpfs; 57–65 (Vkhw;Wjy;).
22
23
,Ue;JtUfpd;wikahYk;> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpy; ed;F jplg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Njitg;ghLfshf ,it khw;wkile;jpUg;gJld;> mit rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.
,e;j tifapy;> epthuz eltbf;iffs; eilngWtjw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jpwj;jtHfspdJ rk;kjj;ij Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
vd;gjidAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.62 Mdhy;> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l mur eilKiwfs;
,j;jifa Njitg;ghLfs; njhlHghd vj;jifa tplaq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdUila rk;kjkpd;wp kdpjhgpkhd mikg;Gf;fs;
nraw;glKbahnjd;gJ
ntspg;gilahdjhFk;.
vdpDk;>
mj;jifa
rk;kjk;
vNjr;rhjpfhukhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kWf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. gl;bdpahy; nghJkf;fs;
mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfp ,Uf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> gf;fr;rhHgpd;wpAk;
ghugl;rkw;w
mbg;gilapYk;
kdpjhgpkhd
cjtptoq;Ffpd;w
kdpjhgpkhd
mikg;nghd;W me;j epiyikf;F epthuzkspf;f ,ayr;nra;Ak; tifapy; jug;nghd;W
rk;kjk; toq;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.63 vNjr;rhjpfhuf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf rk;kjj;ij
toq;f kWf;Fk; mNjNtis> epthuz eltbf;iffs; njhlHgpy; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;s jug;G jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjidAk; kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd
epthuzg; gzpahsH mtHfs; nry;Yfpd;w Ms;Gyj;jpDila cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lj;Jf;Fk;
eilKiwapYs;s
ghJfhg;Gj;
Njitg;ghLfisAk;
kjpg;gspg;gjidAk;>
mur
eilKiwahdJ mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.
Nkyjpf njspTgLj;jiyj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fs;
mur
eilKiw
ntspg;gLj;jpf;
njsptw;wjhfTs;s
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf>
gy;NtW
“NghHtPuH”
tplaq;fisAk;
kw;Wk;
,e;j
Ma;T
“Fbkf;fs;”
Mfpa
nrhw;nwhlHfs; rHtNjr MAjNkhjypy; njspthf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;w64
mNjNtis> NghH eltbf;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpHj;jug;gpdiu
MAjg;gilahfth my;yJ Fbkf;fshfth fUJtJ vd;gJ rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy; njhlHgpyhd mur eilKiwfspy; njsptw;wjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf> Fbkf;fs; rz;ilfspy; Neubahf <LgLfpd;wNghJ mtHfs; jkJ
ghJfhg;ig ,og;gJld;> my;yJ mj;jifa FOtpdH mt;thW jhf;Ftjw;F
nghWg;Gilik nfhz;ltHfshthHfsh vd;gJ MAje;jhq;fpa vjpHj;jug;gpdiug;
nghWj;jstpy; njsptw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. ,e;j njsptw;w jd;ik> nghUj;jidfs;
rl;lj;jpYk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> gy ,lq;fspy; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ
62
63
64
ghHf;f: Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I, cWg;Giu 70(1) kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II,, Article 18(2).
ghHf;f: Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann (eds.), Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL
njhlHghd fUj;Jiu> rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO> n[dPth>1987, gf;fj;jpy; 4885; NkYk;
2805gf;fj;jpy; ghHf;fTk;.
ghHf;f: tkf;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;>NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW> (Fwpg;G 4),
njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 3 (NghHtPuHfs;), tpjp 4 (MAjg;gilapdH)kw;Wk;tpjpfs; 5 (Fbkf;fSk;
nghJkf;fSk;).
23
24
nghJkf;fs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlHfs; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II ,dJgy;NtW Vw;ghLfspy;
ifahsg;gl;bUe;j
NghjpYk;>
mjw;fhd
xU
tiutpyf;fzk;
vJTk;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy.65 rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fSf;F Vw;GilajhdJk;
gpd;dH nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nghUj;jidfspYk; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ nghJkf;fs; vd;w
nrhw;nwhlHfs; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;glhky; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.66
epr;rakw;w
kw;nwhU
tplag;gug;G
ahnjdpy;>
“rz;ilfspy;
Neubahfg;
gq;Fgw;Wjy;” vd;w nrhw;nwhlhpd; Jy;ypakhdnjhU tiutpyf;fzkpd;ik rHtNjr
kw;Wk;
rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fs;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtjidg;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
Fbkf;fspy;
xUtd;
kdpjHfSf;nfjpuhf
my;yJ
vjphpapd;
gilf;fyq;fSf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwr; nraiyg; Ghptjw;F MAjq;fis my;yJ
Vida toptiffis ghtpf;Fk;NghJ> jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig mtd;
,og;ghd; vd;gJ njspthdJk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j KbahjJkhFk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j
tplaj;jpy; R+o;epiyf;F Vw;gTk; xt;nthU epfo;Tr; rk;gtq;fspdJk; mftakhd
jd;ikiaf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Lk; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghUs;Nfhly; cjtpaspf;f
khl;lhJ> my;yJ Fbkf;fs; rz;ilapy; Neubahf <LgLfpd;wNghJ jhf;fg;gLtjw;F
vjpuhd ghJfhg;ig ,og;ghHfs; vd;w nghJtpjpia gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. ,e;j
tplak; njhlHghf> re;Njfnkhd;W vOfpd;w NghJ xU egH vt;thW Fwpj;j
jFjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whH vd;w tpdhTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Mifahy;>
,j;jifa epr;rakw;w jd;ikfSf;fhd njspitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> 2003Mk;
Mz;L njhlf;fk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOthdJ epGzHfs; fye;Jnfhs;Sk;
njhlHr;rpahd re;jpg;Gf;fis elhj;jptUfpd;wJ.67
kw;nwhU njsptw;w tplak; ahnjdpy;> jhf;Fjypy; tpfpjrk msTf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;
gug;ngy;iyAk; gpuNahfKk; gw;wpajhFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd gue;jsthd Mjutpid
,e;j Ma;T ntspf;fhl;bapUe;j NghjpYk;> ,ilNeH tpisthf Fbkf;fs; ,og;Gf;F
vjpuhf vt;thW ,uhZt mD$yj;ij rkg;gLj;jpg;ghHf;fyhk; vd;W nghUj;jidfs;
rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;ljidtpl NkyjpfkhdnjhU tpsf;fj;ij ,e;j Ma;T
toq;ftpy;iy.
NghH eltbf;iffspd; elj;ij njhlHghfj; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fs;
mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfy
mikg;gplk;> mj;jifa ,yf;Ffs; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Ug;gpDk;> mtw;iwj;
jhf;Ftijj; jilnra;Ak; Gjpa tpjpnahd;iw Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; ,uz;Lk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sd. Vnddpy;> mj;jifa jhf;Fjy; fhuzkhf mtw;wpypUe;J
65
66
67
Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLI, cWg;Giufs; 13–15 kw;Wk; 17–18.
ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> Fwpj;jrpy kuGhPjpahd MAjq;fisj; jilnra;jy; rkthak;:
cWg;Giu: Article 3(7)–(11); gpd;NdL III, Article 2; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfis
jilnra;jy; xl;lhth rkthak;> KfTiu thrfk;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w
epajpr;rl;lk; cWg;Giu 8(2)(e)(i), (iii) and (viii).
ghHf;f: rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPohd> NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf
<LgLjy;> rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if> n[dPth>
nrg;lk;gH> 3> fpilf;Fk; ,izaj;jsk; www.icrc.org.
24
25
mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaWtJld;> mjd; tpisthf Fbkf;fs; kj;jpapy;
Vw;gLfpd;w ,og;Gf;fs; kpff;fLikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.68 ,j;jifa
Fwpg;ghd tpjp tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whf tUkh ,y;iyah vd;gJ
njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s
njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfy mikg;gplk; jhf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w
tpisTk; jhf;fKk; ,ilNeHtpisthd ,og;Gg; gw;wpAk; muRfs; mf;fiwAiljhfNt
,Ug;gjid mur eilKiw fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf> ve;j tifahd MAj
Nkhjyhf ,Ug;gpDk; mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs;
kw;Wk; fUtpfy mikg;gplk; jhf;fg;gLtJ njhlHghf tpNrl ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid muRfs; mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wd. ,j;Njitg;ghL tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd;
ghfnkhd;whf ve;j MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.
Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,dhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;nwhU Gjpa tpjp ahnjdpy;>
,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;j
vz;zpAs;s my;yJ Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nghhpay; topKiwfs;
kw;Wk; toptiffspd; cgNahfkhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdL I Mf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J> ,j;jilahdJ gue;jsthd mur eilKiw hPjpahd
Mjutpidg;ngw;wJld;> tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; jplkhd ghfkhfTk; MfpAs;sJ.
MapDk;>rpy muRfs;,e;j tpjp mZthAjq;fSf;F Vw;Gilajy;y vd;W gpbthjkhf
njhptpj;J tUfpd;wikahy;> mZthAjq;fs; njhlHghf ,e;j tpjp Vw;GilajhfhJ.69
,e;j tpNrl tpjpf;F Nkyhf> ,aw;ifr; R+oy; vd;gJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;nfhd;whff;
fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. Mifahy;> Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfSf;F Vw;Gilajhd midj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,jw;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;.
mjhtJ> ghFghL fhl;Ljy; Nfhl;ghL> tpfpjrk jhf;Fjy; Nfhl;ghL> jhf;FjYf;F
Kd;ghf Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;if vLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mjhtJ
,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;whf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ve;jnthU ghfKk;
jhf;fg;gLjyhfhJ. NkYk;> jpl;ltl;lkhfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt
mD$yj;ijtpl ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf kpjkpQ;rpajhd Nrjj;ij
Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;Wf;F vjpuhfj;
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;w
jhf;FjyhdJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
mZthAj
tof;fpy;
toq;fg;gl;l
MNyhrid
mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;>
“newpKiwahd
,uhZtf;
Fwp,yf;nfhd;whfg; gpd;njhlHifapy;> vJ mtrpakhdnjd;Wk; tpfpjrkkhdnjd;Wk;
kjpg;gPL
nra;fpd;wNghJ>
Rw;whly;
njhlHghd
ghprPyidfis
muRfs;
68
69
Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I, cWg;Giu 56(1) (MapDk;> 2tJ ge;jpiaaj; jtpHj;J
njhlug;gLfpd;wJ) kw;Wk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL II, cWg;Giu 15 (ve;jtpj tpLghLfSkpd;wp).
ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G
4), njhFjp. I> tpjp 45.
25
26
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;”70
vd;W
rHtNjr
ePjpkd;wk;
njhptpj;jJ.
NkYk;>
Nghhpay; topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhg;gPL
njhlHgpy; chpa ftdj;Jld; cgNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt eltbf;iffis
Kd;ndLg;gjpy;> ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F ,ilNeHtpisthf Vw;glf;$bajhd Nrjj;ij
jtpHg;gjw;Fk;
kw;Wk;
re;jHg;gq;fspy;
Fiwg;gjw;Fk;
rhj;jpakhd
midj;J
Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ,uhZt eltbf;iffspdhy; R+oy;
kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; njhlHghf tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd cWjpg;ghL ,y;yhik>
mj;jifa Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis vLg;gjpypUe;J NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xU jug;gpdiu
nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fkhl;lhJ.71
Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfshy; jPHf;fg;glhj NkYk; gy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf>mikjpfhg;G
gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy;
<Lgl;Ls;s
gzpahl;fs;
kw;Wk;
,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWtjw;fhd
ve;j Vw;ghLfisAk; Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. eilKiwapy;>
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffs; kPjhd jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;gpidNa
,tHfSk; mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; tpisthf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;Gf;F mtHfs;
chpj;JilatHfshf
,Uf;fpd;w
tiuf;Fk;>
If;fpa
ehLfs;
rigapd;
gl;laj;jpw;fikthf mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;l nkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk;
,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tpjp
mur
eilKiwapdhy;
tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld;>
rHtNjr
Fw;wtpay;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epajpr;rl;lj;jpYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J jw;nghOJ ve;jNthH
MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W rHtNjrr; rl;l tpjpahFk;.72
N`a;f; rkthaq;fspdhy; gy;NtW NghHeltbf;iffs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
,j;jifa xOq;Ftpjpfspy; ePz;lfhykhf rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy; tof;fhwhff;
fUjg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.73 MapDk;> mtw;wpy; rpy tpjpfs; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk;
Vw;Gilajhd
tof;fhWfshf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzkhf>
tof;fhw;W
rHtNjr
rl;lj;jpd;
kpfePz;lfhy
tpjpahd:
(1)
jtpHf;ftpayhj
,uhZt
mtrpaj;jd;ik
mt;thW
Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>
vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpDila
nrhj;Jf;fis
mopj;jy;
my;yJ
ifg;gw;Wjy;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> (2) R+iwahLjy; rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjYf;Fk;
rkkhf Vw;GilajhFk;. R+iwahLjy; vd;gJ vjphpaplkpUe;J mtHfsJ jdpg;gl;l
nrhj;Jf;fis
jdpg;gl;l
my;yJ
nrhe;jg;
ghtidf;fhf
gyte;jkhf
70
71
72
73
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtid njhlhghd
rl;lG+Hthe;jd;ik njhlHghd tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G 8), gf;fj;jpy;
30.
ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;> NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G
4), njhFjp. I, tpjp 44.
mNj gphptpy;.> tpjp 33.
ghHf;f: cjhuzkhf> epAnuk;NgHf;fpd; rHtNjr ,uhZt epaharig> ngUk;
Aj;jf;Fw;wthspfsJ tof;F> jPHg;G> 1 xf;NlhgH 1946> cj;jpNahfG+Ht Mtzk; njhFjp.
I, gf;fk;. 253–254.
26
27
vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.74 ,e;j Vw;ghLfs; ,uz;Lk;> Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s
jpwj;jtHfs;
vjpHj;jug;gpw;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd
,uhZtf;
fyq;fis
NghHKiwf;
nfhs;isr;nry;tkhff; ifg;gw;Wtjidg; ghjpf;fkhl;lhJ.
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> fl;lisajpfhhpfs; VNjDnkhU
njhlHghly;
toptifapD}lhf
Nkhjyw;w
njhlHGfis
vjpuhspAld;
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;.
Mdhy;>
mj;jifa
njhlHGfs;
ey;nyz;zj;ij
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;ljhf
,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa
njhlHghly;fs;
,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FNthH vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;w ,ilaPl;lhsHfSlhfTk;
NkYk;>
njhiyNgrp
kw;Wk;
thndhyp
%ykhfTk;
eilngWtjid
mur
eilKiwfs;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtH vd;why; Nkhjypy;
<LgLfpd;w jug;nghd;Wf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xUtUk;> Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w kw;iwa
jug;Gld; njhlHghlypy; <LgLtjw;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;Ls;s egH MthH. Mifahy;
mtH kPJ vj;jifa mj;JkPwYk; nra;ag;glyhfhJ. mtH mwpag;gLfpd;w ghuk;ghpa
Kiwik vJntdpy;> mtH nts;isf; nfhbnahd;Wld; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;YthH. ,jw;F
Nkyjpfkhf> ,j;jifa njhlHghlYf;F %d;whe;jug;nghd;wpd; cjtpiaAk; Nfhuyhk;
vd;gjid mur eilKiwapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjidf; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf>
ghJfhf;fpd;w muR my;yJ gf;fr;rhHgw;wJk; eLepiyahdJkhd kdpjhgpkhd mikg;G
xU gjpyhshf> tpNrlkhf rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO> my;yJ rHtNjrj;
jhgdnkhd;W my;yJ mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lg; gzpahl;fSk; mt;thW nraw;glyhk;.
gy;NtW epWtdq;fSk; jhgdq;fSk; rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjr jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fspy; Nguk;Ngr;rpy; <LgLfpd;w ,ilaPl;lhsHfshf nraw;gl;bUg;gjid
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ll mur eilKiwfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;j eilKiw nghJthf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhFk;. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FNthH vd;gtHfsJ
nraw;ghLfis
MSfpd;w
tpjpfs;
N`a;f;
rkthaq;fspypUe;Jk;>
rHtNjr
MAjNkhjypy; tof;fhwhfTk; kpf ePz;lfhykhf fUjg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fle;j 50
Mz;Lfspy;
mit
rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fspYk;
mur
75
eilKiwf;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; khwptUfpd;wd.
rl;lk;; ,uz;L jphpGfshf mike;J fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjid
mur eilKiwfs; ntspf;fhl;bepw;fpd;wd. KjyhtJ jphpG> N`a;f; rkthaj;jpd;
fhyg;gFjpf;Fr; nry;tJld;> ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;NghJ>,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf
mit ,Ue;jhyd;wp> rkak;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F
mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;llq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; ,uhZt
eltbf;iffspd;NghJ NrjNkw;glhky; jtpHg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdnkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk;> ifg;gw;Wif> mopT my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W nra;Ak; Nrjk; midj;Jk;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy; ,e;j tpjpfs; kpf ePz;l fhy
74
75
ghHf;f: R+iwahly; Aj;jf;Fw;wk; xd;whf> rHtNjrf; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
Fw;wj;Jf;fhd %yf;$Wfs;> rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w epajpr;rl;lk;: (cWg;Giu
8(2)(b)(xvi) gf;fk; (e)(v).
ghHf;f: tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW.> (Fwpg;G
4), njhFjp. I, tpjpfs; 67–69.
27
28
eilKiwahf ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis> rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk;
jw;nghOJ tof;fhwhfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
1954Mk; Mz;bd; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlHghd N`a;f;
rkthaj;jpd; tpNrl Vw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,uz;lhtJ jphpG
mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ> ,e;j rkthak; “midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F
kpfTk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j
nrhj;Jf;fisg;”
ghJfhg;gJld;>
mj;jifa
nrhj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd tpNrl jdpj;Jtkpf;f milahsnkhd;iwAk;
mwpKfQ;nra;fpd;wJ.
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jhf;fNth
my;yJ
mr;nrhj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ mopit my;yJ Nrjj;ij vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;
mtw;iwr; nra;ayhfhJ vd;W tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; ,d;W Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;>
mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fSf;nfjpuhd jpUl;L> R+iwahLjy;> my;yJ Fw;wKiwahd
ifahly;> kw;Wk; mUk;nghUl;fis mopj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,j;jifa jilfs; N`a;f; rkthaj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpUg;gJld;> fyhrhur;
nrhj;Jf;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
njhlHghf
mur
eilKiwfs;
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MAjq;fs;
kpjkpQ;rpa CW my;yJ mtrpakw;w Ntjidia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba MAjq;fs;
kw;Wk; ghFghlw;w jd;ikAila MAjq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; cgNahfkhdJ ve;jnthU
MAjNkhjypYk;
jilnra;fpd;w
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fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l
rpy MAjq;fis my;yJ tpNrlkhd rpy MAjq;fis cgNahfpg;gjid tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; mur eilKiwfs; jilnra;jpUf;fpd;wd: eQ;R my;yJ
eQ;R+l;lg;gl;l MAjq;fs;> caphpay; MAjq;fs;> ,urhad MAjq;fs;> fyfj;jLg;G
,af;fpthAit
Nghhpay;
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76
gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;>
kdpj clypy; ,yFthf
tphptilaf;$baJk; NkhrkhdJkhd Njhl;lhf;fspd; ghtid> kdpj clypDs;
ntbj;Jr; rpjwf;$ba Njhl;lhf;fspd; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd ghtid> fz;Zf;Fg;
Gyg;glhj vf;];-fjpHfshyhd kPe;j rpWghfq;fshy; kdpj clypy; mit gpujhdkhff;
fhaNkw;gLj;jf; $bajhd MAjq;fspd; ghtid> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;
tpNrl ghJfhg;Gf;F chpajhd ,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Ml;fSld; gytopfspy;
76
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jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba ,urhad MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;; jilnra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba caphpay; MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;w
; hf ,Ug;gpd;; ,uhZt ,yf;nfhd;wpidad;wp
jhtutshr;rpiaf; Fwpitj;Js;sjhf ,Ug;gpd;; cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l
,uhZt mD$yj;ij tplTk; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs;
fhag;gLjy;>
Fbkf;fs;
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my;yJ
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Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;; my;yJ ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk;
fLikahd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;> nrbfisf; nfhy;Yk; gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay;
Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj gphptpy;.> tpjp 76.
28
29
,ize;jjhd
my;yJ
njhlHGgl;ljhd
my;yJ
Fbkf;fspd;
ftdj;ij
<Hf;ff;$bajhd mj;jifa nghUl;fSld; ,izj;J itf;fg;gl;l R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfis
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhy; tpNrlkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,yf;FfSf;F
my;yJ Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd ghtid> NghHr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf khj;jpuk; my;yJ NghHr;
nraw;ghLfspy;
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Kidg;ghf;fg;glhj
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rl;lj;jpdhy;
jil
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
rpy MAjq;fs; jil nra;ag;glhjitahf ,Ue;jhYk;> tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPohd kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j tplaj;jpw;F cjhuzkhf>
epyf;fz;zp ntbfisAk; vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
epyf;fz;zp
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epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W> $batiu mit
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpidg; gjpTnra;J itj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. jPtpu NghH eltbf;iffs;
Kbtile;jJk;>
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jug;nghd;W> Fbkf;fSf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;jh tz;zk; mtw;iw mfw;w my;yJ
jfHf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpid mfw;w cjtpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
xl;lhth rkthaj;jpid 140 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd muRfs; Vw;wq;fPfhpj;
jpUf;fpd;w
mNjNtis>
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nghUj;jidf;
flg;ghl;bidf;
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cgNahfg;gLj;jNth> cw;gj;jpnra;aNth> Nrfhpj;Jj; njhf;fhf itf;fNth> kw;Wk;
,lj;Jf;fplk; khw;wQ;nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfspy; <LglyhfhJ. ,j;jilahdJ jw;nghOJ
tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfnkhd;whf ,y;yhik fhuzkhf> fzprkhdsTf;F muRj;
jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhj muRfs; mjpfsT Kuz;ghlhd nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLfpd;wdH.
mj;Jld;> muRj; jug;gy;yhj muRfs;> nghJthf vy;yh muRfSk;> ,tw;Wf;fhd
cldbj; jilf;F Mjuthf ,y;iy vd;gJld;> Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd fz;zpntbfspd;
,y;yhnjhopg;Gj; njhlHghd ,Wjptpisit Nehf;fpr; nraw;glNtz;Lnkd;gjid
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
Nghhpy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahjtuhf xU egiu Mf;Ftjw;F Fiwe;jsT
jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fisg; ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy; jtpu>
Ml;fSf;F vjpuhf vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisg; ghtpj;jyhdJ jilnra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,ilNeHtpisthd Fbkf;fs; caphpog;G>
Fbkf;fSf;F fhaNkw;gLjy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLjy;
vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk; vt;tifahd epfo;thapDk; Fiwg;gjw;F tpNrl ftdk;
vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j tpjpfspy; mjpfkhdit nghUj;jid Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpzq;fpr;
nry;tJld;> mit mbg;gilapy; rHtNjr MAjNkhjYf;F Vw;GilaitAkhFk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> eilKiwg; Nghf;fhdJ khw;wkile;J tUfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> rHtNjrj;
29
30
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fSf;F
Vw;GilajhdJk;
1996Mk;
Mz;bd;
Fwpj;jtifahd
ghuk;ghpa
MAjq;fs;
njhlHghd
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rkthaj;Jf;fhd
,uz;lhtJ gpd;Ndw;ghl;bdJ jpUj;jk;> kw;Wk; kpf mz;ikapy;> 2001Mk; Mz;by;
Fwpj;j tifahd ghuk;ghpa MAjq;fs; njhlHghd rHtNjr rkthaj;Jf;fhd
gpd;NdLfs; I - IV Mfpatw;wpd; gpuNahfg; gug;ngy;iyapid rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk; tphpthf;fpAs;sJ. MfNt> Nkw;$wpa tof;fhw;Wj; jilfSk;
kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ve;j tifahd MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilahdjhFk;.
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;
tjw;fhd gzpg;ghiziar; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitf; FO ngw;Wf;nfhz;lNghJ>
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigapdhy; Nfl;fg;gl;l
MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhak; xd;Wf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhf> mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy;
my;yJ ghtidapd; rl;lG+Htkhdjd;ik njhlHghf Muha;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Mifahy;> ,g;gpur;rid njhlHghf rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOTk; jdJ nrhe;j
gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jPHkhdpj;jJ. rHtNjr ePjpkd;wkhdJ mjdJ
MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> “mZthAjq;fspd; mr;RWj;jy; my;yJ ghtidahdJ
MAjNkhjypy; Vw;Gilajhd rHtNjrr; rl;lj; Njitg;ghLfSf;F> Fwpg;ghf rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lf;Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk;
tpjpfSf;Fk;
,zq;;fpajhfNt
,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;” vd;W KbTnra;jJ.77
,e;j KbT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; J Vnddpy;> KjyhtJ Nkyjpfg;
gpd;NdlhdJ mZthAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHgpy; Vw;Gilajhf khl;lhJ vd;w
fUj;jpidg; gpd;Ndl;bd; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lgl;l gy muRfs; nfhz;bUe;jd.
MapDk;> NghHeltbf;if elj;ij njhlHghd tpjpfSk;> MAjq;fspd; ghtid
njhlHghd Nfhl;ghLfSk; mZthAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHgpYk; Vw;GilajhFk;
vd;gNj rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nghJthd fUj;J MFk;. ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghLfspdJk;
tpjpfspdJk;
ghtidahdJ
gpuNahfk;
MAjNkhjy;
njhlHghf>“mZthAjq;fspd;
njhlHghd
rHtNjr
rl;l
mr;RWj;jy;
tpjpfSf;F
kw;Wk;
nghJthfTk;
kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lf;Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Fwpg;ghfTk; Kuz;gl;ljhFk;”78 vd;W rHtNjr
ePjpkd;wk; KbTnra;jJ.
mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;
MAjNkhjy; jug;nghd;wpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w vy;yh Fbkf;fSf;Fk;>
NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf <LglhNjhH kw;Wk; <LgLtjid epWj;jpf;nfhz;l>
77
78
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> mZthAjq;fspdJ mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghtid njhlHghd rl;lG+Htj;jd;ik
gw;wpa tof;F, NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bathW.> (Fwpg;G 8), gf;fk;. 226
mNj ,lj;jpy; ghHf;f;
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rig> 51tJ mkHTj;njhlH> Kjy;
FO>rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FOtpdhy; nra;ag;;gl;l $w;W> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Mtzq;fs;
- A/C.1/51/PV.8, 18 xf;NlhgH 1996, gf;fk;. 10, rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; kPs;Nehf;F
Ma;tpjo;> ,y.316, 1997, gf;fk;. 118–119 – kWgpuRuk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>(“mZthAjq;fspd;
ghtidahdJ vt;thW rHtNjr rl;lq;fSld; ,zq;fpr; nry;yg;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gjid
vz;zpg;ghHg;gjid rHtNjr nrQ;rpYitf; FO fbdkhdnjhd;whff; fUJfpd;wJ”) ,idAk;
ghHf;f.
30
31
kw;Wk; njhlHe;Jk;<Lgl Kbahj Ml;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; vd;gJ
Vw;GilajhFk;. mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fshdit vy;yh Ml;fSf;Fk; nghJthd
Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mit NtWgl;l Ml;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd
tpNrl tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Jizg;gphpTfshf ,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd.
mbg;gil
cj;juthjq;fs;
rHtNjr
MAjNkhjy;fspYk;
rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjy;fspYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjw;F cWjpahd mbg;gilapid
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;tpy;> mbg;gil
cj;juthjq;fs; njhlHghd ngUk;ghyhd tpjpfs; ghuk;ghpa kdpjhgpkdr; rl;l
nkhopeilapy; mike;jpUg;gjdhy;> xj;jpirthd tof;fhw;Wr; rl;l %yf;fUj;ij
rpwg;ghfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.79 ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy tphpthd Vw;ghLfspd;
%yf;fUj;ij RUf;fkhfj; jUfpd;w KiwapYk; rpy Vw;ghLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
mtw;Wf;F cjhuzkhf> Cjpak; toq;fg;glhj my;yJ J~;gpuNahfkhd fl;lha
Ntiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhky; Nghfr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sJ vNjr;irahd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;fr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sJ KbAkhdtiuf;Fk; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk; Mfpa
Vw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.80
rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd eilKiwfs; ,e;j Ma;tpy;
nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs; vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vnddpy;> rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; rl;lk; MAjNkhjy;
eilngWfpd;w
Neuj;jpYk;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lnkd
kdpj
chpikfs;
njhlHghd nghUj;jidfs; ntspg;gilahf typAWj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf mj;jifa
Vw;ghLfs; ,t;thW cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. MapDk;> Fwpj;jrpy kdpj chpikfs; rl;l
Vw;ghLfs; nghJ mtrufhy epiyikfspd; NghJ kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf
epWj;jpitf;fg;glyhk;. kdpj chpikfs; rl;lj;jpd; njhlHr;rpahd gpuNahfkhdJ gy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; mur eilKiwfspdhYk;> kdpj chpikfs; cWg;gikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
79
80
mj;jifa
tpjpfs;
gpd;tUtdtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd:
Fbkf;fSk;
njhlHe;J
NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fSk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;; gLnfhiy
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd my;yJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w elhj;Jif kw;Wk;
Ranfsut mtkjpg;igNaw;gLj;Jk; gopr;nray;fs;> Fwpg;ghf kjpg;gpof;fr; nra;Ak;;gbahdJk;
juf;FiwthdJkhd
elhj;Jif
vd;gd
jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sd; ,tw;iwnahj;j
NtW
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jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; Fwpj;j MspdJ MNuhf;fpa epiyf;fhff; Fwpj;Jr;nrhy;yg;glhjJk;
kUj;Jtj; juhjuq;fspdhy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk; Kuhzhd mq;fr;rpijg;G>
kUj;Jt my;yJ tpQ;Qhdg; ghpNrhjidfs;> my;yJ NtNwNjDk; kUj;Jtr;nra;Kiw vd;gd
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; Vida tifahd ghypay; td;Kiw
jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd; mbikKiw kw;Wk; mbik tHj;jfk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tbtq;fspYk;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd; gzaf;ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jitj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ; epahakhd
tprhuiznahd;iw
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mtrpakhd
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Ntz;Lk;: ghHf;f – tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;: Nkw;fhl;ba Fwpg;G 4, njhFjp. I,
tpjpfs; 87–94, 96–97 kw;Wk; 100–104.
mNj gphptpy;.> tpjpfs; 95, 98-99 kw;Wk; 105
31
32
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;81 vd;gtw;why; gy re;jHg;gq;fspy; cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. kpf
mz;ikapy;> Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gy];jPd Ms;Gyq;fspy; Rtnuhd;iw mikg;gJ
njhlHgpy; Vw;gLfpd;w rl;l tpisTfs; gw;wpa rHtNjr ePjpkd;wj;jplk; Nfl;fg;gl;l
MNyhrid
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kdpj
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njhptpj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Ma;T rHtNjr kdpj chpikfs; njhlHghd mj;jifa
ve;j Muha;r;rpapYk; <Lgltpy;iy. mjw;Fg;gjpyhf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;
xNutifahd Nfhl;ghLfspd; cs;sikf;F MjuthfTk;> cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> kw;Wk;
njspTgLj;jTk; kdpj chpikfs; rl;lQ;rhH mur eilKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlHghd gy;NtW
tpjpfs; jw;nghOJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd; ghfkhf khwpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf>
MAjNkhjypd;
xt;nthU
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rl;lj;Jf;F
kjpg;gspg;gJld;> mtHfsJ MAjg;gilfSk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ mwpTWj;jy;fspd; kPJ
my;yJ gzpg;gpd; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs;
mt;thW kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. muRfSk; NghhpyPLgLfpd;w
jug;Gf;fSk; jq;fSila MAjg;gilapdUf;Fk; vjpuhspf; FOf;fSf;Fk; rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;;. ,j;jifa
nghJthd flg;ghLfSf;F Nkyhf> Fwpg;ghd eilKiwg;gLj;jy; nghwpKiwfs;
ve;jsTf;F muRfisAk; vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fisAk; gpzpf;Fk; vd;gJ njspT
Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> muRfs; jq;fSila MAjg;
gilapdUf;Fk;
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kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpy; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhapDk;> MAje;jhq;fpa vjpuhsp
MAjf;FOf;fSf;F mt;thW Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghd;W> rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf mtrpakhd Ntisapy; nghUj;jkhd
kl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;Fr; rl;l
MNyhrfHfis mZFtjw;F xt;nthU muRk; ,aYkhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w
81
82
mNj gphptpy;.> mj;jpahak; 32 – mwpKfk;, mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;
rHtNjr ePjpkd;wk;> Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gy];jPd Ms;Gyj;jpy; Rtnuhd;iw mikj;jy;
njhlHghd rl;l tpisTfs; gw;wpa tof;F> MNyhrid mgpg;gpuhak;>9 [_iy 2004,
gf;fj;jpy; 106.
32
33
flg;ghL muRfSf;F cs;sNghjpYk;> MAje;jhq;fpa
mt;thW Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.
vjpuhsp
MAjf;FOf;fSf;F
NkYk;> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gila xH muR
Vw;gl;l Nrjq;fSf;Fk; jPq;FfSf;Fk; KOikahd ,og;gPl;il toq;fNtz;Lnkd
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> MAje;jhq;fpa
FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfshy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w ,jidnahj;j kPwy;fshy; Vw;gLfpd;w
jhf;ftpisTfs; njhlHghf mNj Nghd;w nghWg;Gilik nfhz;ltHfshthHfsh
vd;gjpy; njsptw;wjd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkNy $wpathW> vjpuhsp MAjf;FOf;fs;
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rl;lj;Jf;F
kjpg;gspg;gJld;>“nghWg;Gilik
nfhz;l
83
fl;lisajpfhhp” xUthpd; fPo; nraw;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf> mj;jifa
MAjf;FOf;fisr;
NrHe;j mjd; cWg;gpdHfspdhy; Ghpag;gLfpd;w nray;fSf;Fk;
mj;jifa
MAjf;
FOf;fisNa
nghWg;Gilikf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLk;
vd;Wk;
tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;. MapDk;> mj;jifa nghWg;Gilikfspd; jhf;ftpisTfs; ,d;Dk;
njsptw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> gy ehLfspYKs;s ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;
Fw;wkpioj;jtHfSf;F vjpuhff; Fbapay; tof;nfhd;iwj; jhf;fy; nra;af;$bajhf
,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
MAjf;FOf;fs;
,og;gPl;il
toq;Ftjw;F
ve;jsTf;F
KOikahdnjhU flg;ghnlhd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gJ njsptw;wjhFk;.
jdpegH
nghWg;Gilikiag;
nghWj;jtiuapy;>
mj;jifa
Fw;wq;fisg;
Ghpfpd;w midj;J egHfSk;> kw;Wk; fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk;
mtHfsJ
fl;lisfSf;fpzq;f
Ghpag;gl;l
Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSf;F
mtHfNs
Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;GilatHfshtH. Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghd rl;lg;gug;ig
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;> Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; gw;wpa Gyd;tprhuizfis elhj;JtJk;>
re;Njf egHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;F eltbf;iffisf; njhlUtJk; mjpfhuj;jpYs;s
murpdJ flg;ghlhFk;. rHtNjr my;yJ fyg;gpdkhd tprhuiz kd;wq;fis
mikj;JUthf;fp ,f;flg;ghl;il muRfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.
KbTiu
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU nghUj;jid Vw;ghl;bdJk;
tof;fhw;Wj; jd;ikia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;T Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;>Fwpg;gpl;l
tplaq;fs; njhlHghf ve;j tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;ltpjpfs; mt;tplaq;fspy;
njhFg;gha;T Kiwahf jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjidNa ,e;j Ma;T
ehLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> nghUj;jidfspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s Nfhl;ghLfSk;
tpjpfSk; gue;jsthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJ tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;
cUthf;fj;Jf;F nghpJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;tpd; rpy
KbTfspd; RUf;fkhdnjhU fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
Nfhl;ghLfSk; tpjpfSk; jw;nghOJ ngUk;ghYk; tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr rl;lj;jpd;
83
Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL> cWg;Giu 1(1).
33
34
ghfnkhd;whFk;. mjhtJ> nghUj;jidfspd; Vw;wq;fPfhpg;G gw;wpa Njitapd;wp mit
midj;J muRfisAk;> rHtNjrj; jd;ikay;yhj MAjNkhjnyhd;wpd;NghJ MAjf;
FOf;fisAk; gpzpf;Fk;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf khwptUfpd;wd.
mjpfkhd tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjrr; rl;l tpjpfs; rHtNjr kw;Wk; rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj Mfpa ,Utif MAjNkhjYf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk; vd;gjidr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w mNjNtis>mur eilKiwfs; nghUj;jidapd; Vw;ghLfSf;F
Nkyhfr;nrd;Ws;sjidAk;>
mj;jifa
tpjpfs;
rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fSf;Fk;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;
$bajhd
mstpidAk;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cs;ehl;L MAjNkhjypy; NghHeltbf;if njhlHghd elj;ij kw;Wk; Ml;fis
elhj;Jk;
tpjk;
vd;gd
njhlHghd
xOq;FKiwfs;
jw;nghOJjpUf;fpd;w
nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;ijtplTk; tphpT$bajhfTk; cs;sd. kdpjhgpkhd kw;Wk;
,uhZt Kd;Ndhf;Fj; njhlHghd jw;NghJs;s tpjpfs; NghJkhdsTf;F tphpthdjhf
cs;sdth my;yJ rl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpf tsHr;rpfisj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wjh
,y;iyah vd;gjd; msT gw;wpAk; NkYk; Muhag;glNtz;bAs;sJ.
gaDWjpkpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;jyhdJ nghUj;jidfs; rl;lj;ijg;Nghd;Nw>
gug;Gjy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; tYTf;Fnfhz;LtUjy; vd;gtw;iw tof;fhw;Wr;
rHtNjr rl;lKk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt mt;thW nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhtpl;lhy;>
,uhZt ifNaLfspYk;> Njrpa rl;lthf;fq;fspYk; ,j;jifa tpjpfs; $l;bizg;Gr;
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rHtNjrj;
jd;ikay;yhj
MAjNkhjypy;
Fbkf;fs;
vd;gjw;fhd
tiutpyf;fzk;> NghH eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; tpfpjrk
Nfhl;ghl;bd;
gug;ngy;iyAk;
gpuNahfKk;
Mfpa
tplag;gug;Gf;fspy;
rl;lk;
njsptw;wjhf
,Ug;gJld;>mit
Nkyjpfj;
njspTgLj;jiy
Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ
vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T NkYk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs; njhlHgpy;
Kd;NdwptUfpd;wJk; Vw;gl;LtUfpd;w cld;ghLfspdJk; ,d;WtiuAkhd rhjidfs;
kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; nra;ag;gl mj;jifa nraw;ghLfspdJk; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ>
,e;j Ma;T epiwTngw;wnjhd;whff; fUjg;glhky; Gjpa nrad;Kiw xd;wpw;fhd
Muk;gnkhd;whfNt fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; njhlHr;rpahdJ>
tskpf;fnjhU fye;Jiuahliy eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> njspTgLj;Jtjw;;Fk;
kw;Wk;
rl;lj;jpd;
rhj;jpakhd
tsHr;rpia
,yf;fhff;nfhz;l
Nkyjpf
ciuahly;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilj;jsnkhd;iw ,e;j Ma;T toq;fKbAk;.
34
35
gpd;dpizg;G :
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfspd; gl;bay; ∗
tof;fhw;Wr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;ltpjpfs; njhlHghd Ma;tpd;
gphpTj;njhFjp
I,y;
njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
KbTiufis
,g;gl;bay;
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU
rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lg;
nghUj;jiz tpjpfspdJk; tof;fhw;Wj;jd;ikia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ,t;tha;NtL
Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iyahjyhy;> jw;NghJs;s nghUj;jidfspd; fl;likg;ig mtrpakhf
mJ gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. ,t;tpjpfspd; gpuNahfg; gug;ngy;iyahdJ milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. “r.M.Nkh.” vd;w RUf;f tbtk; rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fSf;F
Vw;Gilajhd tof;fhw;W tpjpfisAk;> “r.m.M.Nkh.” vd;w RUf;ftbtk;
rHtNjrj;jd;ik
my;yhj
MAjNkhjy;fSf;F
Vw;Gilajhd
tof;fhw;W
tpjpfisAk;
Fwpf;fpd;wd.
gpd;idajd;
tplaj;jpy;>
rpy
tpjpfs;
“tpthjj;jpw;Fhpaditahf”
Vw;GiladthapUf;Fk;
vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ
Vnddpy;>
mj;jifa
eilKiw
mt;thwhd
Nghf;fpidNa
nghJthfr;
Rl;bf;fhl;bUapg;gjdhyhFk;> MapDk;> mit tphpT Fiwe;jditahFk;.
NtWghLfhZjy; Nfhl;ghL
Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghHtPuHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL
tpjp 1. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vy;yh NtisfspYk; Fbkf;fisAk;
NghHtPuHfisAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy; Ntz;Lk;. NghH tPuHfSf;F vjpuhf kl;LNk
jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glyhk;. Fbkf;fSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glf;$lhJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
kj;jpapy;
Ngur;rj;ijg;
gutr;nra;Ak;
mbg;gil
tpjp 2. nghJkf;fSf;F
Nehf;fj;Jldhd
td;Kiwr;
nray;fNsh
my;yJ
mr;RWj;jy;fNsh
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 3. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gzpahl;fisj; jtpu Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s
jpwj;jthpd; vy;yh MAjg;gil cWg;gpdHfSk; NghHtPuHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 4. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU jpwj;jthpd; midj;J MAjg;giltPuHfs;>
xUq;fikf;fg;gl;l rfy MAjg;gilfs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs; Mfpadtw;iwf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
,tHfs;
ahtUk;>
jq;fspd;
fPo;
cs;stHfSf;Fg;
∗
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tof;fhw;W tpjpfspd; gl;bay; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof rl;lgPlj;jpd;
nghJ kw;Wk; rHtNjr rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsH rl;lj;juzp vk;.V.vk;.`f;fPk;
mtHfshy; jkpopy; nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJld;> ,k;nkhopngaHg;G rl;lj;Jiwapd; rpNu\;l
ehNfe;jpuh
mtHfshy;
jur;rPuhf;fk;
tphpTiuahsUk;
rl;lj;juzpAkhd
jpUkjp
fkyh
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
35
36
nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;bapUf;Fk;
[r.M.Nkh.]
fl;lisajpfhhp
xUthpd;
fPo;
cs;stHfshtH.
tpjp
5.
MAjg;gilfspd;
cWg;gpdHfs;
my;yhj
Ml;fs;
Fbkf;fshtH.
Fbkf;fshd midj;J Ml;fisAk; nghJkf;fs; vd;gJ cs;slf;Fk;. [r.M.Nkh./
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
6. NghHeltbf;iffspy; Fbkf;fs; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w mj;jifa
Ntisfisj; jtpHj;J> jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhf mtHfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL
tpjp
7. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vy;yh NtisfspYk; Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfisAk; ,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfisAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt
Fwpapyf;FfSf;F
vjpuhf
kl;LNk
jhf;Fjy;
elhj;jg;glyhk;.
Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;jg;glf;$lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 8. ,Jtiuapyhd ,yf;Ffs; vd;gjidg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> vj;jifa
,yf;Ffs; mtw;wpdJ jd;ikapy;> ,lmiktpy;> Fwpf;Nfhspy; my;yJ ghtidapy;
,uhZt
eltbf;iff;F
tpisthe;
jd;ikahdnjhU
gq;fspg;igr;
nra;tgitahfTk;>
vtw;wpdJ
gFjpasthd
my;yJ
KOikahd
mopT>
ifg;gw;wy; my;yJ NghhpypUe;J tpyf;fpitj;jy;> me;j Ntisapy; ,Uf;fpd;w
R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g> epr;rakhdnjhU ,uhZt mD$yj;ij toq;Ftjhf ,Ug;gpd;>
mtw;iw ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffs; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLk;;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 9. ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffs; my;yhj
,yf;Ffs; MFk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
midj;J
,yf;FfSk;
Fbkf;fs;
tpjp
10. Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffs;> ,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Ug;gpd; my;yJ
mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; tiuf;Fkd;wp jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;
tpjp 11. ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 12. ghFghlw;w jhf;Fjy;fs; vd;gitahdJ:
(m) jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uhZtf; Fwpapyf;nfhd;wpid Nehf;fpr;nra;ag;glhjit;
(M) jpl;ltl;lkhd ,uhZtf; Fwpapyf;nfhd;wpid Nehf;fpr;nry;yKbahj
NghH topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit;
(,) rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;lthW ghjpg;igf;
kl;Lg;gLj;jKbahj NghH topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;lit;
36
37
kw;Wk; mjd;gadhf Vw;gl;l> mj;jifa xt;nthU tplaj;jpYk;> ,uhZt
Fwpapyf;FfisAk; Fbkf;fs; my;yJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfisAk; ghFghlw;w
tifapy; jhf;Fk; jd;iknfhz;ljhdit. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
13. gy;NtW njspthf NtWgLj;jg;gl;lJk; jdpj;JtkhdJkhd ,uhZt
,yf;Ffis mNjasT nrwpthd Fbkf;fs; my;yJ Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffisf;
nfhz;l xU khefuj;ij> efuj;ij> fpuhkj;ij my;yJ NtW gpuNjrj;ij jdpj;j
,uhZt
Fwpapyf;nfhd;whff;
fUjp
ve;jnthU
NghH
topKiwfspdhYk;
toptiffspdhYk; ntbFz;Lfshyhd jhf;Fjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh.
/ r.m.M.Nkh.]
jhf;Fjypy; rhprktPj msT
tpjp 14. ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfSf;F
Nrjg;gLj;jy;
my;yJ
mit
xd;WNrHe;jnjhU>cWjpahfTk;
NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk;
vd;W vjpHghHf;ff;$bajhd jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj;njhLg;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
jhf;Fjypy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffs;
tpjp 15. ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd; nraw;ghl;by; nghJkf;fis> Fbkf;fis kw;Wk;
Fbkf;fs; ,yf;Ffis ghjpg;gilar;nra;ahJ tpl;Litg;gjw;fhd cWjpahd
ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs;
fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk;>
ve;epfo;thapDk;
$batiu
Fiwg;gjw;Fk;
rhj;jpakhd
midj;J
Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahd
eltbf;iffisAk;
vLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh./
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 16. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; Fwpj;j ,yf;Ffs; ,uhZt
Fwpapyf;Ffshf ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gjid rhpghHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhd
midj;ijAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
17. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; NghH topKiwfisAk;
toptiffisAk;
njhpTnra;fpd;wNghJ,ilepfo;thd
Fbkf;fsJ
caphpog;G>
Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw
jtpHg;gjw;Fk;> ve;epfo;thapDk; $batiu Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J
Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifahd
eltbf;iffisAk;
vLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
37
38
tpjp 18. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; ,ilepfo;thd Fbkf;fsJ
caphpog;G> Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy;
my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;jnjhU> cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l
,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHf;ff;$bajhd
jhf;Fjnyhd;iw kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd rhj;jpakhd midj;ijAk;nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 19. Fwpj;j ,yf;fhdJ ,uhZt Fwpapyf;nfhd;wy;yhjjhf my;yJ
,ilepfo;thd
Fbkf;fsJ
caphpog;G>
Fbkf;fs;
fhag;gLjy;>
Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy; my;yJ mit xd;W NrHe;jjhfTk;> cWjpahfTk;
NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$ye;njhlHgpy; kpjkpQ;rpajhf ,Uf;Fk;
vd;W ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uf;Fnkd;why; jhf;Fjnyhd;iw ,y;yhjhf;Ftjw;F
my;yJ xj;jpitg;gjw;F Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd
midj;ijAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
20.
R+o;epiyfs;
mDkjpaspf;ftpy;iy
vd;whyd;wp>
nghJkf;fisg;
ghjpf;ff;$bajhd jhf;Fjy;fs; njhlHgpy; gadspf;ff;$baJk; Kd;$l;baJkhd
vr;rhpf;ifia Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
21. xNutifahd ,uhZt mD$yj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gy;NtW
,uhZt Fwpapyf;FfSf;fpilapy; njhpnthd;iwr;nra;jy; rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk;
Ntisapy;>Fbkf;fspd;
capHfSf;Fk;
Fbkf;fSila
,yf;FfSf;Fk;
Fiwe;jsthd
Mgj;ij
Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhd
,yf;fpidNa
NjHe;njLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTf;F vjpuhd Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffs;
tpjp
22.
jkJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPopUf;fpd;w
nghJkf;fisAk;
Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfisAk; jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;Fr;
rhj;jpakhd midj;J Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffisAk; Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs;
vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 23. ,uhZt ,yf;Ffis nghJkf;fs; nrwpthf thOfpd;w gFjpfSf;F
,ilapyhd my;yJ mUfpyhd ,lj;jpy; epWTtjid Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s
xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd msTf;F jtpHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
tpjp
24.
,uhZt
Fwpapyf;Ffspd;
Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYs;s
jkJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;
,Uf;fpd;w Fbkf;fs; Ml;fisAk; ,yf;FfisAk; Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU
jpwj;jtUk;; rhj;jpakhd msTf;F mfw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
38
39
jdpj;Jtkhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Ml;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;
kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;
tpjp
25. kUj;;Jtf; flikfSf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;l kUj;Jtg;
gzpahl;fs;
midj;J
R+o;epiyfspYk;
kjpf;fg;gLjYk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
26. kUj;Jt ed;newpfSld; ,zq;fpajhd kUj;Jtf; flikfisg;
Ghpe;jikf;fhf MnshUtiuj; jz;bg;gNjh my;yJ kUj;Jtr; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLfpd;w MnshUtiu kUj;Jt ed;ndwpfSf;F Kuzhf nray;fisr;
nra;AkhW fl;lhag;gLj;JtNjh jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 27. rkag; flikfSf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf mkHj;jg;gl;Ls;s rkag; gzpahl;fs;
midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfsJ
kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nray;fis
mtHfs; nra;thHfshapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig mtHfs; ,of;fpd;whHfs;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 28. kUj;;Jt Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt
myFfs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;.
mit jkJ kdpjhgpkhd gzpfSf;F ntspapy; vjphpf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk;
nray;fSf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;>
mtHfsJ
ghJfhg;ig
mtHfs;
,of;fpd;whHfs;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 29. kUj;;Jtg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; midj;J R+o;epiyfspYk; kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg; gLjYk;
Ntz;Lk;.
mit
jkJ
kdpjhgpkhd
gzpfSf;F
ntspapy;
vjphpf;F
jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nray;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;> mtHfsJ ghJfhg;ig
mtHfs; ,of;fpd;whHfs;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 30. rHtNjr rl;lj;Jld; ,zq;fpr;nry;Yk; n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspd;
jdpj;Jtkhd ,yr;rpidfis ntspf;fhl;bapUf;fpd;w kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag;
gzpahsHfs;
kw;Wk;
,yf;Ffs;
kPJ
jhf;Fjy;fisj;
njhLg;gJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
kdpjhgpkhd epthuz gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;
tpjp 31. kdpjhgpkhd epthuz gzpahl;fs;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
kjpf;fg;gLjYk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk;
tpjp 32. kdpjhgpkhd epthuz nraw;ghLfSf;fhfg; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w ,yf;Ffs;
kjpf;fg;gLjYk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
39
40
mikjpfhg;G gzpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fSk; ,yf;FfSk;
tpjp 33. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
ghJfhg;Gf;F
mtHfs;
chpj;JilatHfshf
,Uf;fpd;w tiuf;Fk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gl;laj;jpw;fikthf mikjpfhg;G
gzpj;jpl;l nkhd;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahl;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhf
jhf;Fjnyhd;iwj; njhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
gj;jphpifahsHfs;
tpjp 34. NghHeltbf;iffspy; NeubahdnjhU <Lghl;ilr; nra;ahjtiuapy;> MAj
Nkhjy;
gpuNjrq;fspy;
njhopy;Kiwg;gzpapy;
<Lgl;Ls;s
gj;jphpifahsHfs;
kjpg;gspf;fg;glTk; ghJfhf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tyak;
tpjp 35. fhag;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; MfpNahiug; NghH
eltbf;iffspd;
tpisTfspypUe;J
,lHfhg;gspg;gjw;Fj;
jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tyankhd;wpd; kPJ Fwpitj;Jj; jhf;Fjy; elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 36. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfSf;fpilapy; ,zq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljd;gb
NghHR+dpa tyankhd;wpw;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy; elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 37. jhf;Fjy; vjpHfhg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhj tl;lhunkhd;wpw;F vjpuhfj;
jhf;Fjnyhd;iw elhj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
fyhrhur; nrhj;J
tpjp 38. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fis
kjpj;Jelj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:
m.
,uhZt Fwpapyf;Ffshf mit ,Ue;jhyd;wp> rkak;> fiy>
tpQ;Qhdk;> fy;tp> my;yJ jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fl;llq;fSf;Fk;
tuyhw;W
epidTr;
rpd;dq;fSf;Fk;
,uhZt
eltbf;iffspd;NghJ
NrjNkw;glhky;
jtpHg;gjw;fhd
tpNrl
ftdnkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
M.
,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf
,Ue;jhyd;wp> midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j
nrhj;Jf;fs;
jhf;FjYf;fhd
,yf;fhf
,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
40
41
tpjp 39. ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf
,Ue;jhyd;wp> midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; cgNahfkhdJ mopit my;yJ Nrjj;ij vw;gLj;Jkhf
,Ug;gpd; mit jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 40. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU jpwj;jtUk; fyhrhur; nrhj;Jf;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:
m. rkak;>
fiy>
tpQ;Qhdk;>
fy;tp>
my;yJ
jHkNehf;fq;fSf;F
mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mikg;Gf;;fSf;Fk;
tuyhw;W
epidTr;
rpd;dq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; fiy> tpQ;Qhd Mf;fq;fSf;Fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w
ifg;gw;Wif> mopT my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W nra;Ak; Nrjk; midj;Jk;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
M. ve;j tifahd jpUl;L> R+iwahly; my;yJ Fw;wKiwahd ifahly;
kw;Wk; midj;J kf;fspdJk; fyhrhu kuGhpikf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd jhf;Fjy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
41.
Mf;fpukpj;Js;s
muR
Mf;fpukpj;Js;s
,lj;jpypUe;J
fyhrhur;
nrhj;Jf;fis
Fw;wKiwahd
mbg;gilapy;
Vw;Wkjpiaj;
jLj;jy;
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mt;thW Fw;wKiwahf Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fis
Mf;fpukpj;Js;s Ms;Gyj;jpYs;s jFjptha;e;j mjpfhhpfsplk; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jYk;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfSk; fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fSk;
tpjp 42. mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk;
fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fs;> mjhtJ ePHj;Njf;fq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;
mZTiy kpd;Dw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs;> kw;Wk; Vida fUtpfy ,izg;Gf;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,lk;
kw;Wk;
mjd;
Rw;Wg;Gwk;
jhf;fg;gLfpd;wjhapd;>
mghafukhd gjhHj;jq;fs; ntspNaWtjidAk; mjd;fhuzkhf nghJkf;fSf;F
Vw;glf;$ba fLikahd ,og;Gf;fisAk; jtpHg;gjw;F
Fwpg;ghd ftdnkLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
,aw;ifr; R+oy;
tpjp
43.
,aw;ifr;
R+oypy;
NghHeltbf;iffis
Vw;Gilajhd nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs;:
m.
,uhZt
Fwpapyf;nfhd;whf
,Ue;jhyd;wp>
ve;jnthU ghfKk; jhf;fg;gLjyhfhJ.
41
42
nfhz;Lelhj;Jtjw;F
,aw;ifr;
R+oypd;
M.
,.
,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ikf;F jtpHf;fKbahjsTf;F Njitahdjhf
,Ue;jhyd;wp> ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ve;jnthU ghfKk; mopf;fg;gLtJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpl;ltl;lkhfTk;
NeubahfTk;
vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l
,uhZt
mD$yj;ijtpl
,aw;ifr;
R+oYf;F
,ilNeHtpisthf
kpjkpQ;rpajhd Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w
,uhZt
Fwpapyf;nfhd;Wf;F
vjpuhfj;
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;w
jhf;FjyhdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 44. Nghhpay; topKiwfSk; toptiffSk; ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
fhg;gPL njhlHgpy; chpa ftdj;Jld; cgNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhZt
eltbf;iffis
Kd;ndLg;gjpy;>
,aw;ifr;
R+oYf;F
,ilNeHtpisthf
Vw;glf;$bajhd Nrjj;ij jtpHg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;
rhj;jpakhd midj;J Kd;ndr;rhpf;if fisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy ,uhZt
eltbf;iffspdhy; R+oy; kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; njhlHghf tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd
cWjpg;ghL
,y;yhik>
mj;jifa
Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis
vLg;gjpypUe;J
NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xU jug;gpdH nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLglKbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
tpjp 45. ,aw;ifr; R+oyf;F gue;jsthd> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; fLikahd Nrjj;ij
Vw;gLj;j vz;zpAs;s my;yJ Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Nghhpay;
topKiwfs;
kw;Wk;
toptiffspd;
cgNahfkhdJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,aw;ifr; R+oypd; mopg;ig xU MAjkhfg; gad;Lj;JjyhfhJ.[r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
Fwpg;ghd Nghhpay; topKiwfs;
fUizfhl;l kWj;jy;
tpjp 46. fUiz vJTk; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gjidf;nfhz;L vjpHj;jug;
nghd;wpid mr;RWj;Jjy; my;yJ me;j mbg;gilapy; NghHeltbf;iffis
elhj;Jjy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 47. njhlHe;J Nghhpy; <LglKbahNjhH vd;W ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;fs;
kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;JtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlHe;J Nghhpy; <LglKbahjtH
vd;w xU eguhdtH:
m.
vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpdJ mjpfhuj;jpYs;s ve;jnthU egH;
M.
Raepidtw;w>
fg;gYile;j
epiyapYs;s>
fhag;gl;l
my;yJ
Neha;tha;g;gl;l vd;git fhuzkhf vjpHfhg;Gf;fs; vJTkw;w epiyapYs;s
ve;jnthU egH;
,.
ruzilAk; XH vz;zj;ij njspthf ntspg;gLj;Jk; ve;jnthU egH;
42
43
MapDk;> mtd; my;yJ mts; ghjfkhd eltbf;if ve;jnthd;wpypUe;Jk;
jtpHj;jpUf;fpd;wtUk;; jg;gpr;nry;y Kaw;rpf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wtUkhthH.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 48. ,lHghL Vw;gl;l Neuj;jpy; tpkhdnkhd;wpypUe;J thd;Filapypwq;Fk;
Ml;fis mtHfs; fPopwq;fptUk;NghJ jhf;FtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopg;Gk; ifg;gw;WifAk;
tpjp 49. Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jpwj;jtHfs; vjpHj;jug;gpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,uhZtg;
fyq;fis NghHKiwf; nfhs;isr;nry;tkhff; ifg;gw;wyhk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 50. jtpHf;ftpayhj ,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>
vjpHj;jug;nghd;wpDila
nrhj;Jf;fis
mopj;jy;
my;yJ
ifg;gw;Wjy;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 51. Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ms;Gyj;jpDs;s:
m. ,uhZt eltbf;iffSf;F mit cgNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w
mirAk; nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis ifNaw;fyhk;
M. mirah nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fs; gq;fkw;w gpwH clik EfHT tpjpapd;gb
epUtfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
,. jdpahH nrhj;Jf;fs; kjpf;fg;gLtJld;> ifNaw;fg;glyhfhJ.
mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopit my;yJ ifg;gw;Wifia jtpHf;ftpayh
,uhZt mtrpaj;jd;ik mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp.
[r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 52. R+iwahLjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
gl;bdpahapUj;jYk; kdpjhgpkhd epthuzq;fis mZfpg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;SjYk;
tpjp
53.
nghJkf;fisg;
gl;bdpNghLjiy
gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
Nghhpay;
topKiwnahd;whfg;
tpjp 54. nghJkf;fsJ ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahjitahfTs;s ,yf;Ffisj;
jhf;Fjy;> mfw;Wjy; my;yJ gadw;wjhf cUkhw;wpaikj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 55. gf;fr;rhHgw;wJk; vjphpilahd VNjDk; ghFghlw;wJkhd kdpjhgpkhd
epthuzk;
NjitapYs;s
Fbkf;fSf;F
tpiuthfTk;
jilapy;yhkYk;
nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F
Nkhjypy;
<Lgl;Ls;s
jpwj;jtHfs;
mtHfSf;Fs;s
flg;ghl;Lhpikf;F mikthf> mDkjpg;gNjhL nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F topaikj;Jf;
nfhLf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
43
44
tpjp 56. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l kdpjhgpkhd epthuzg; gzpahsHfs; jkJ gzpfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd elkhLk; Rje;jpuj;ij Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s
jpwj;jtHfs; cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jtpHf;ftpayh ,uhZt mtrpaj;Njitapd;
tplaj;jpy; khj;jpuk; mtHfsJ elkhl;lq;fs; jw;fhypfkhf kl;Lg;gLj;;jg;glyhk;.
[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
je;jpukha; Vkhw;Wjy;
tpjp 57. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l tpjpnahd;wpid mit kPwhjtiuapy;>
Nghhpay; R+o;r;rpNaw;ghLfs; jilnra;ag;gltpy;iy. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 58. NghHepWj;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; nts;isf; nfhbapd; Kiwaw;w ghtid
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 59. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdJ jdpj;Jtkhd ,yr;rpidfspd;
ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
Kiwaw;w
tpjp 60. If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpdhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp> mt;tikg;gpd;
,yr;rpid kw;Wk; rPUil vd;gtw;iw ghtpj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 61. rHtNjr hPjpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida ,yr;rpidfspd; Kiwaw;w
ghtid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 62. vjpHj;jug;gpDila nfhbfs; my;yJ ,uhZt ,yr;rpidfs;> milahs
mwpFwpfs; my;yJ rPUilfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kiwaw;w ghtid jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
tpjp 63. eLepiy my;yJ Nkhjypy; jug;nghd;whf ,y;yhj Vida muRfspd;
nfhbfs; my;yJ ,uhZt ,yr;rpidfs;> milahs mwpFwpfs; my;yJ rPUilfs;
vd;gtw;wpd;
ghtid
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh.
/
r.m.M.Nkh.-
tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
tpjp 64. Nghiu ,ilepWj;jp itg;gjw;fhfr; nra;ag;gl;l cld;gbf;ifnahd;wpd;kPJ
jq;fpepw;Fk; vjphpf;F mjpHr;rpahd jhf;Fjnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vz;zj;Jld;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w mj;jifa cld;gbf;iffs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 65. ek;gpf;ifNkhrk; nra;tjidj; Jizahff;nfhz;L vjpuhspnahUtiuf;
nfhy;Yjy;> fhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ rpiwgpbj;jy; vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
44
45
vjphpAldhd njhlHghly;
tpjp
66. VNjDnkhU njhlHghly; toptifapD}lhf Nkhjyw;w njhlHgpid
fl;lisajpfhhpfs;
nra;ayhk;.
mj;jifa
njhlHGfs;
ey;nyz;zj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 67. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf;
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
nfhb
jhq;FgtUf;Ff;
tpjp
68. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;Fk; xUthpd;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J
fl;lisajpfhhpfs;
mtrpakhd
vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
NfLtpistpj;jyhfhJ.
r%fkspg;G ghjpg;G
Kd;ndr;rhpf;iffis
tpjp
69. ,ilg;NghHepWj;jf; nfhb jhq;FgtHfs; jkJ rpwg;Ghpik epiyiag;
gad;gLj;jp rHtNjr rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd nranyhd;iw kw;Wk; vjpuhspf;Fj;
jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; nraiyr;nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; mtHfsJ NfLtpistpf;fhj
jd;ikia ,og;ghHfs;.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
MAjq;fs;
MAjq;fspd; ghtid njhlHghd nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs;
tpjp 70. kpjkpQ;rpa CW> my;yJ mtrpakw;w tUj;jk;
jd;iknfhz;l Nghhpay; toptiffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfspd;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
ghtidahdJ
tpjp 71. NtWgLj;jpawpAk; jd;ikaw;w MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sJ.[r.M.Nkh./ r.m.M.Nkh.]
eQ;R
tpjp 72. eQ;R my;yJ eQ;R+l;lg;gl;l MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;
gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
caphpay; MAjq;fs;
tpjp 73. caphpay; MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
,urhad MAjq;fs;
tpjp 74. ,urhad MAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./
r.m.M.Nkh.]
45
46
tpjp 75. fyfj;jLg;G ,af;fpthAit Nghhpay;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
Kiwiknahd;whfg;
ghtpj;jy;
tpjp 76. nrbfisf;nfhy;Yk; gjhHj;jj;ij Nghhpay; Kiwiknahd;whfg; ghtpj;jy;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> mit:
m. jilnra;ag;glNtz;ba ,urhad MAjq;fspd; jd;ikAilanjhd;;whf
,Ug;gpd;;
M. jilnra;ag;glNtz;ba
njhd;;whf ,Ug;gpd;;
caphpay;
MAjq;fspd;
jd;ikAila
,.
,uhZt ,yf;nfhd;wpidad;wp jhtutshr;rpiaf; Fwpitj;Js;sjhf
,Ug;gpd;;
<.
cWjpahfTk; NeubahfTk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt mD$yj;ij
tplTk;
kpjkpQ;rpajhf,ilepfo;thd
Fbkf;fsJ
caphpog;G>
Fbkf;fs; fhag;gLjy;> Fbkf;fs; ,yf;FfSf;F NrjNkw;gLj;jy;
my;yJ mit xd;WNrHe;J Vw;gLj;jf;$baitahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;;
my;yJ
c. ,aw;ifr; R+oYf;F gue;jsthd>
Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhf ,Ug;gpd;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
ePz;lfhy
kw;Wk;
fLikahd
tphptile;Jnry;Yk; Njhl;lhf;fs;;
tpjp 77. kdpj clypy; ,yFthf tphptilaf;$baJk; NkhrkhdJkhdJkhd
Njhl;lhf;fspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.]
ntbj;Jr;rpjWk; Njhl;lhf;fs;;
tpjp 78. kdpj clypDs; ntbj;Jr;rpjwf;$ba Njhl;lhf;fspd; Ml;fSf;nfjpuhd
ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh./r.m.M.Nkh.]
fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;glhj kPe;j rpWghfq;fspdhy; gpujhdkhf fhaNkw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fs;
tpjp
79. fz;Zf;Fg;Gyg;glhj vf;];-fjpHfshyhd kPe;j rpWghfq;fshy; kdpj
clypy; mit gpujhdkhff; fhaNkw;gLj;jf;$bajhdMAjq;fspd; ghtidahdJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
46
47
R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfs;
tpjp
80. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; tpNrl ghJfhg;Gf;F chpajhd
,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Ml;fSld; gytopfspy; ,ize;jjhd my;yJ njhlHGgl;ljhd
my;yJ Fbkf;fspd; ftdj;ij <Hf;ff;$bajhd mj;jifa nghUl;fSld;
,izj;Jitf;fg;gl;l R+o;r;rpg;nghwpfspd; ghtidahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
epyf;fz;zp ntbfs;
tpjp 81. epyf;fz;zp ntbfs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> mtw;wpdJ ghFghlw;w
tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd tpNrl ftdk; vLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 82. epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg; ghtpf;fpd;w
$batiu mit itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpidg;
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh. - tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ]
NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W>
gjpTnra;J itj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
tpjp
83. jPtpu NghHeltbf;iffs; Kbtile;jJk;> epyf;fz;zp ntbfisg;
ghtpj;jpUf;fpd;w NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W> Fbkf;fSf;F jPq;ifNaw;gLj;jh
tz;zk; mtw;iw mfw;w my;yJ jfHf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpid mfw;w
cjtpaspj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs;
tpjp 84. vhpA+l;L MAjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> ,ilNeHtpisthd Fbkf;fs;
caphpog;G>
Fbkf;fSf;F
fhaNkw;gLjy;
kw;Wk;
Fbkf;fs;
,yf;FfSf;F
NrjNkw;gLjy; vd;gtw;iw jtpHg;gjw;Fk; vt;tifahd epfo;thapDk; Fiwg;gjw;F
tpNrl ftdk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 85. Nghhpy; njhlHe;J <LglKbahjtuhf xU egiu Mf;Ftjw;F Fiwe;jsT
jPq;ifNaw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fisg; ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy;
jtpu> Ml;fSf;F vjpuhf vhpA+l;L MAjq;fisg; ghtpj;jyhdJ jilnra;ag;
gLfpd;wJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
fz;fisf;FUlhf;Fk; xspf;fjphpaf;f MAjq;fs;
tpjp 86. NghHr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf khj;jpuk; my;yJ NghHr; nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whfg;
ghtpg;gjw;F tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s> Kidg;ghf;fg;glhj fz;ghHitia
epue;jukhf
,of;fr;nra;Ak;
xspf;fjphpaf;f
MAjq;fspd;
ghtidahdJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
47
48
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J NghhpyL
P glKbahJs;s Ml;fspdJk; elhj;Jif
mbg;gil cj;juthjq;fs;
tpjp 87. Fbkf;fSk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLglKbahJs;s Ml;fSk; kdpjhgpkhdkhd
Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 88. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr;rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpy; ,dk;> epwk;> ghy;> nkhop>
rkak; my;yJ ek;gpf;if> murpay; my;yJ NtW mgpg;gpuhak;> Njrpak; my;yJ
r%fj;Njhw;wk;> nry;tk;> gpwg;G my;yJ NtNwNjDk; me;j];j;J vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy;
my;yJ
,tw;iwnahj;j
NtW
tpj;jpahrj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;>
vt;tpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLk; fhl;lg;gLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 89. gLnfhiy jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
90. rpj;jputij> nfh^ukhd my;yJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w elhj;Jif kw;Wk;
Ranfsut
mtkjpg;igNaw;gLj;Jk;
gopr;nray;fs;>
Fwpg;ghf
kjpg;gpof;fr;
nra;Ak;;gbahdJk; juf;FiwthdJkhd elhj;Jif vd;gd jilnra;ag; gl;Ls;sd.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 91. cly;rhH jz;lid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
92. Fwpj;j MspdJ MNuhf;fpa epiyf;fhff; Fwpj;Jr;nrhy;yg;glhjJk;
kUj;Jtj;
juhjuq;fspdhy;
nghJthf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk;
Kuhzhd
mq;fr;rpijg;G> kUj;Jt my;yJ tpQ;Qhdg; ghpNrjidfs;> my;yJ NtNwNjDk;
kUj;Jtr;nra;Kiw vd;gd jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 93. ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; Vida
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tifahd
ghypay;
td;Kiw
tpjp 94. mbikKiw kw;Wk; mbik tHj;jfk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tbtq;fspYk;
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 95. Cjpak; toq;fg;glhj my;yJ J\;gpuNahfkhd fl;lha Ntiy vd;gd
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 96. gzaf;ifjpfshfg; gpbj;Jitj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 97. kdpjf;Nflaq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 98. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhky; Nghfr;nra;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 99. vNjHr;irahd Kiwapy;
gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
Rje;jpuj;ij
,of;fr;nra;jy;
jilnra;ag;
48
49
tpjp 100. epahakhd tprhuiznahd;iw mspf;fpd;w
ePjpKiw cj;juthjq;fSf;F Vw;gtd;wp> vtnuhUtUk;
jz;bf;fg;glNth KbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
mtrpakhd midj;J
Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth
tpjp 101. Fwpj;j nranyhd;W nra;ag;gl;l Ntisapy; Njrpa my;yJ rHtNjrr;
rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Fw;wtpay; jtnwhd;iwj; jhgpf;fhj VNjDnkhU nraYf;F my;yJ
nra;ahikf;F vtnuhUtiuAk; Fw;wtpay; jtnwhd;Wf;F Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;glNth
Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth KbahJ vd;gNjhL> mf;Fw;wQ;nra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpypUe;j
jz;lidapd; mstpidtplf; fLikahdnjhU jz;lidapidr; Rkj;jTk; MfhJ.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 102. vtH xUtUk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nghWg;Gilatuha; ,Ue;jhyd;wp
mtiuj; jtnwhd;Wf;F Fw;wthspahf Mf;fg;glKbahJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 103. $l;Lj;jz;lidfs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 104. Fbkf;fspdJk; njhlHe;J NghhpyPLgl KbahNjhUkhd Ml;fspdJk;
ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; rka eilKiwfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 105. KbAkhdtiuf;Fk;
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
FLk;g
tho;f;iff;F
kjpg;gspj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
NghHtPuUk; NghHf;ifjp me;j];Jk;
tpjp 106. NghHtPuHfs; jhf;Fjnyhd;wpy; my;yJ jhf;Fjnyhd;Wf;fhd Maj;jQ;
nra;Ak;
,uhZt
eltbf;ifnahd;wpy;
<LgLfpd;wNghJ
Fbkf;fspypUe;J
mtHfis
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW
nra;tjw;F
mtHfs;
jtWfpd;wNghJ> NghHf;ifjp vd;w me;j];j;Jf;F mtHfs; chpik ngwkhl;lHfs;.
[r.M.Nkh.]
107.
NtTghHj;jypy;
<LgLfpd;wNghJ
NghHtPuHfs;
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;
tpjp
NghHf;ifjp vd;w me;j];j;Jf;F mtHfs; chpik ngwkhl;lHfs;. Kd;$l;ba
tprhuizapd;wp mtHfs; Fw;wthspahf;fg;glNth my;yJ jz;lidaspf;fg;glNth
MfhJ. [r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 108. Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdL I ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW> $ypg;gilfs; NghHtPuH
kw;Wk; NghHf;ifjp Mfpa me;j];j;Jf;fSf;F chpikngwkhl;lhHfs;. [r.M.Nkh.]
fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;
tpjp 109. Fwpg;ghf NghHeltbf;ifnahd;wpd; gpd;dH> fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l
kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfis ve;jtpjkhd ghjfkhd NtWghLkpd;wp
NjLtjw;F> Nrfhpj;njLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w
xt;nthU jug;Gk; jhkjkpd;wp kw;Wk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; R+o;epiy ,lkspf;fpd;wNjh>
rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
49
50
tpjp 110. fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;
nray;gLj;jj;jf;f KOikahd msTf;F kw;Wk; kpff;Fiwe;jsT rhj;jpakhd
jhkjj;Jld; kUj;Jt ftdpg;igAk; fhpridapidAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;. kUj;Jtf; fhuzq;fs; jtpu ve;jnthU VJtpd; kPJk; mtHfs; kj;jpapy;
ve;jnthU ghFghLk; fhl;lg;gLjyhfhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 111. fhag;gl;l> Neha;tha;g;gl;l kw;Wk; fg;gYile;j epiyapYs;stHfs;
nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ nrhe;jr; nrhj;Jf;fs; R+iwahlg;gLjy;
vd;gtw;Wf;F
vjpuhf
mtHfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
rhj;jpakhd
midj;J
eltbf;iffisAk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
,we;jtHfs;
tpjp 112. Fwpg;ghf NghHeltbf;ifnahd;wpd; gpd;dH> ,we;jtHfis ve;jtpjkhd
ghjfkhd NtWghLkpd;wp NjLtjw;F> Nrfhpj;njLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F
NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; jhkjkpd;wp kw;Wk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; R+o;epiy
,lkspf;fpd;wNjh> rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
113. ,we;jtHfsJ clikfs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; jLg;gjw;F
rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk;
vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,we;j cliy cUr;rpijj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh.
/ r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
114. ,we;jtHfs; vj;jug;Gf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdtHfNsh mj;jug;G my;yJ
mtHfsJ
neUq;fpa
cwtpdH
Ntz;bf;nfhz;ljd;
Nghpy;>
,we;jtHfsJ
cly;fisj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpia NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;Gf;fs;
vspjhf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mtHfs;
,we;jtHfspd;
nrhe;j
clikfisAk;
mtHfSf;Fj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 115. ,we;jtHfs; nfsutkhdnjhU Kiwapy; mfw;wpKbgikjp nra;tJld;>
mtHfsJ fy;yiwfs; kjpf;fg;glTk;
Kiwahfg; guhkhpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 116. ,we;jtHfis milahsq;fz;Lnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy;> NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w
xt;nthU jug;Gk; mfw;wpKbgikjp nra;ag;gL Kd;dH ngwf;$bajhfTs;s
midj;J
jfty;fisAk;
gjpTnra;tJld;>
fy;yiwfspd;
,ltiktpidAk;
Fwpg;gilahskpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
50
51
fhzhky;Nghd Ml;fs;
tpjp 117. MAjNkhjy; fhuzkhf fhzhky;NghAs;sjhf njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fs;
njhlHghfg; nghWg;Gr;nrhy;tjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhd midj;J eltbf;if fisAk;
NkhjypyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;Gk; vLj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mtHfsJ
,WjpKbT
gw;wp
mj;jug;gpdhplKs;s
VNjDk;
jfty;fis
mtHfsJ
FLk;gj;jpdUf;F toq;FjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs;
tpjp 118. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fSf;F czT> ePH> Milfs;>
jq;Fkplk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;G vd;gd NghJkhdsTf;F toq;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 119. FLk;gq;fshf FLk;g myFfspy;; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; jtpu> jkJ
Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s ngz;fs;> Mz;fis tpl;Lk;Ntwhd ,Ug;gplq;fspy;
itj;jpUf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> ngz;fs; cldb fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;
itf;fg;gl;bUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 120. FLk;gq;fshf FLk;g myFfspy;; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; jtpu>jkJ
Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s rpWtHfs; tsHe;Js;stHfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Ug;gplq;
fistpl;Lk; Ntwhf itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 121. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; NghHeilngWfpd;w tyaj;ijtpl;L
ntspapYs;s fl;llq;fspNyNa itj;jpUf;fg;gLtJld;> mq;F mtHfsJ Rfhjhuk;
kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa eyd; vd;gd fhf;fg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 122. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fSf;Fila jdpg;gl;l cilikfis
R+iwahLjy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 123. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fsJ nrhe;j tpguq;fs; gjpTnra;J
itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 124. m. rHtNjr MAjNkhjy;fspy;> jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;stHfsJ epiyik
fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; mj;jifa Ml;fSf;Fk; mtHfsJ
FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis kPsVw;gLj;J tjw;fhfTk;
jkJ
Rje;jpuj;ij
,oe;Js;s
Ml;fis
toikahfr;
nrd;W
ghHg;gjw;F rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;Jf;F tha;g;gspf;fg; gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
M. rHtNjrky;yhj Nkhjypy; <LgLfpd;w jug;gpdUf;F> MAjNkhjy;
fhuzq;fSf;fhfj;
jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;stHfsJ
epiyikfis
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk;
mj;jifa
Ml;fSf;Fk;
mtHfsJ
FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis kPsVw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;
jpw;fhfTk; rHtNjrr; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; jdJ Nritfis
toq;fyhk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.]
51
52
tpjp 125. jpUk;gj;jpUk;g eilngWe;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjpfhhpfsJ jzpf;iff;fhd
Njitg;ghL vd;git njhlHghd epahakhd epge;jidfSf;F mikthf> jkJ
Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; jq;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdUld; njhlHGnfhs;tjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 126. rHtNjrky;yhj MAj NkhjYld; njhlHGgl;l jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fs; tUifjUNthiu> Fwpg;ghf
neUf;fkhd cwtpdHfisr; re;jpf;f eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhdsTf;F mDkjpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 127. jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s Ml;fsJ nrhe;j ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; rka
eilKiwfs; vd;gd kjpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 128. m. jPtpu NghHeltbf;iffs; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH jhkjkpd;wp
NghHf;ifjpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLjYk; jkJ nrhe;j ehl;Lf;F jpUg;gpaDg;gp
itf;fTk;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
M. jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fbkf;fs; jLj;Jitg;gjw;Fj; Njitg;gLj;jpa
fhuzq;fs; ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wNghJ> Mfg;gpe;jpa fhykhf> jPtpu
NghH
eltbf;iffs;
KbTw;wjd;
gpd;dH>
$ba
tpiutpy;
tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
,. rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjy; njhlHgpy; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s
Ml;fs; mt;thW jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs; mw;Wg;
Nghfpd;w NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.]
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd Fw;wtpay; tof;Feltbf;iffs; Kbtilah
jpUg;gpd;
my;yJ
rl;lg;gbahf
tpjpf;fg;gl;l
jz;lidnahd;iw
mtHfs;
mDgtpg;gtHfshf ,Ug;gpd; mtHfsJ Rje;jpuk; njhlHe;J kWf;fg;glyhk;.
,lg;ngaHTk; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fSk;
tpjp 129. m. njhlHGila
Fbkf;fsJ
ghJfhg;G
my;yJ
jtpHf;ftpayhj
,uhZtf;
fhuzq;fs;
mt;thW
Njitg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp>
ifg;gw;wg;gl;Ls;s
Ms;Gy
nkhd;wpYs;s
nghJkf;fis
KOikahfNth gFjpahfNth ehLflj;jNth my;yJ fl;lhag;gLj;jp
,lkhw;wQ;nra;aNth $lhJ. [r.M.Nkh.]
M. rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjypyPLgLfpd;w jug;nghd;W NkhjYld;
njhlHGgl;l
fhuzq;fSf;fhf>
Fbkf;fsJ
ghJfhg;Gld;
njhlHGilajhf my;yJ jtpHf;ftpayh ,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;
mt;thW Njitg;gLj;jpdhy; jtpu> KOikahd my;yJ gFjpasthd
nghJkf;fspd;
,lk;
ngaHnthd;Wf;F
fl;lisapLjy;
$lhJ.
[r.m.M.Nkh.]
52
53
tpjp 130. muRfs; jhk; ifg;gw;wpAs;s Ms;Gynkhd;wpw;Fs; jkJ
nghJkf;fs; njhFjpfis ehLflj;jNth my;yJ ,lkhw;wQ;nra;aNth
[r.M.Nkh.]
nrhe;j
$lhJ.
tpjp
131.
,lk;;ngaHT
tplaj;jpy;>
rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Fbkf;fspd;
thoplk;>
cly;eyr;R+oy;> MNuhf;fpak;> ghJfhg;G> kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;J vd;gd jpUg;jpahd
epiyapy;
fpilf;fg;ngWtjw;Fk;>
xNu
FLk;gj;jpd;
cWg;gpdHfs;
gphpf;fg;glhjpUg;gjw;Fk;
rhj;jpakhd
midj;J
eltbf;iffisAk;
vLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 132. mtHfsJ ,lk;ngaHTf;fhd fhuzq;fs; mw;Wg;Nghfpd;w NghJ>,lk;
ngaHe;j Ml;fs; RatpUg;ghHtj;Jld; jkJ tPLfSf;F my;yJ tof;fkhd
trpg;gplj;Jf;F ghJfhg;ghfj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd chpiknahd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sdH.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 133. ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fsJ Mjd chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpNrl ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida Ml;fs;
tpjp 134. MAjNkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w tpNrl
ghJfhg;G> MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; cjtpfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 135. MAjNkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpWtHfs; tpNrl kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;
chpj;JilatHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 136. rpWtHfs; MAjg;gilapNyh my;yJ MAjf;FOf;fspNyh Ml;NrHg;Gr;
nra;Jnfhs;sg;glf;$lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 137. NghH eltbf;iffspy;
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
rpWtHfs;
gq;nfLg;gjid
mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.
tpjp 138. MAj Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l KjpNahH> ,ayhikAila kw;Wk;
cly;typikaw;wtHfs; tpNrlkhd kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; chpj;JilatHfs;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
nray;Kiwg;gLj;jy;
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;Jelj;jy;
tpjp 139. NghhpyPLgLfpd;w xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F
kjpg;gspg;gJld;> mtHfsJ MAjg;gilfSk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ mwpTWj;jy;fspd;
kPJ my;yJ gzpg;gpd; my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;fs; my;yJ
FOf;fSk; mt;thW kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
53
54
tpjp 140. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; kjpg;gspf;fg;gLtij
cWjpnra;tjw;Fkhd flg;ghL gu];gur; nraw;ghl;lbg;gilapy; jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 141. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghf mtrpakhd
Ntisapy; nghUj;jkhd kl;lq;fspy; ,uhZtf; fl;lisajpfhhpfSf;F MNyhrid
toq;Ftjw;Fr; rl;l MNyhrfHfis mZFtjw;F xt;nthU muRk; ,aYkhf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
142. muRfSk; NghhpyPLgLfpd;w jug;Gf;fSk; jq;fSila MAjg;gil
apdUf;Fk; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; njhlHghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 143. nghJkf;fSf;Fr; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk;
muRfs; Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
fw;gpf;fg;gLtjid
rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
tpjp 144. MAj Nkhjnyhd;wpd; jug;Gf;fspdhy; rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l
kPwy;fs;
,lk;ngWtjid
muRfs;
Cf;Ftpj;jyhfhJ.
mtHfs;
jkJ
nry;thf;fpidg;
gad;gLj;jp
rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lj;jpd;
kPwy;fis
KbAkhdsTf;F epWj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 145. rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jilnra;ag;gl;bUf;Fkplj;J NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F
eltbf;iffs; fz;bg;Gkpf;f epge;jidfSf;fikthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 146. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;fSf;F
NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F eltbf;iffs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. [r.M.Nkh.]
vjpuhd
tpjp 147. n[dPthr; rkthaq;fspdhYk; fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
N`a;f; rkthak; vd;gtw;whYk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhd
NghHrhHe;j gopthq;F vjphPl;L eltbf;ifahdJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. [r.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 148. rHtNjrky;yhj MAj Nkhjy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w jug;gpdUf;F NghHrhHe;j
gopthq;F
eltbf;iffisf;
ifahStjw;F
chpikfpilahJ.
NghH
eltbf;iffspy; Neubahfg; gq;Fngwhj kw;Wk; gq;FngWtjid epWj;jpf;nfhz;l
Ml;fSf;F vjpuhd NtW vjphPl;L eltbf;iffSk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
[r.m.M.Nkh.]
nghWg;GilikAk; ,og;gPL toq;FjYk;
tpjp 149. gpd;tUtd cs;slq;fyhf> rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd; kPwy;fSf;F
xH muR mjdhy; mikag;ngw;w kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gilajhjy; Ntz;Lk;:
(m) mjd; MAjg; gilfs; cl;gl mjd; mikg;GWg;Gf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l
kPwy;fs;;
54
55
(M) murhq;f mjpfhuf;$Wfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F mjdhy; jj;Jtkspf;fg;
gl;Ls;s Ml;fspdhYk; mikg;Gf;fspdhYk; nra;ag;gl;l kPwy;fs;
(,) mjd; mwpTWj;jy;fspd; kPJ my;yJ topfhl;ly;fspd;gb my;yJ
mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nraw;Lfpd;w Ml;fshYk; FOf;fshYk; nra;ag;gl;l
kPwy;fs;;
(<)
jdpegHfshy; my;yJ FOf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;L mjd;
elj;ijahf xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhd kPwy;fs;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
nrhe;j
tpjp 150. rHtNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;l kPwy;fSf;F nghWg;Gila xH muR Vw;gl;l
Nrjq;fSf;Fk;
jPq;FfSf;Fk;
KOikahd
,og;gPl;il
toq;fNtz;Lnkdj;
Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
jdpegH nghWg;Gilik
tpjp 151. jdpegHfs; Ghpfpd;w Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs Fw;wKiwahfg;
nghWg;GilatHfshtH;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 152. fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk; mtHfsJ fl;lisfSf;
fpzq;f Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;Gila
tHfshtH;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 153. fl;lisajpfhhpfSk; Vida caujpfhhpfSk;> mtHfSf;F fPo;gbe;J
elg;gtHfs;
mj;jifa
Fw;wq;fisg;
Ghpag;Nghfpd;whHfs;
my;yJ
Ghpe;J
nfhz;bUf; fpd;whHfs; vd;gJ mtHfSf;Fj; njhpe;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ njhpe;jpUf;
ff;$ba re;jHg;gk; mtHfSf;fpUe;jpUe;jhy;> kw;Wk; mit Ghpag;gLtijj;
jLg;gjw;F mtHfsJ jj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; mtrpakhdJk; epahakhdJkhd midj;J
eltbf;if
fisAk;
vLf;fhjpUe;jhy;>
my;yJ
mj;jifa
Fw;wq;fs;
Ghpag;gl;bUe;jhy; mtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;Gila Ml;fisj; jz;bg;gjd; nghUl;L>
mtHfSf;F fPo;gbe;J elg;gtHfshy; Ghpag;gl;l Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;F mtHfNs
Fw;wKiwahfg; nghWg;GilatHfshtH. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
154.
ntspg;gilahfNt
rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhf
,Uf;fpd;w
fl;lisnahd;Wf;F
fPo;g;gbahjpUg;gjw;F xt;nthU NghHtPuDf;Fk; fliknahd;Ws;sJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 155. ,lg;gl;l fl;lisahdJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;gJ njhpe;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ
fl;lisaplg;gl;l nrayhdJ rl;ltpNuhjj; jd;ikahdJ vd;gJ ntspg;gil
ahdjhf ,Ue;J mjidj;njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;batuhf ,Ug;gpd;> fPo;g;gbe;J elf;Fk;
xUtH
caujpfhhpapd; fl;lisf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L ele;jik vd;gJ fPo;g;gbe;J
elf;Fk; xUtiu Fw;wg; nghWg;GilikapypUe;J tpLtpf;fkhl;lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. /
r.m.M.Nkh.]
55
56
Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs;
tpjp
156.
rHtNjr
kdpjhgpkhdr;
rl;lj;jpd;
ghuJ}ukhd
kPwy;fshdit
Aj;jf;
Fw;wq;fshf mikAk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 157.
Aj;jf;
epahahjpf;fj;ij
Fw;wq;fs;
njhlHghf
toq;Ftjw;F
jkJ
muRfSf;F
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
chpikAs;sJ.
cyfshtpa
[r.M.Nkh.
/
r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 158.
jkJ gpuirfspdhy; my;yJ ,uhZtj;jpduhy;> my;yJ mtHfsJ
Ms;Gyj;jpy;
Ghpag;gl;Ls;sjhfr;
rhl;Ljy;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs;
njhlHghf
muRfs;
Gyd;tprhuizfis
elhj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;>
nghUj;jkhdjhapd;> re;NjfegHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhluTk; Ntz;Lk;.
muRfs; epahahjpf;fKs;s Vida Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fisAk; Gyd;tprhuiz nra;tJld;
nghUj;jkhdjhapd;
re;Njf
egHfSf;nfjpuhf
tof;Fj;njhluTk;
Ntz;Lk;.
[r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp
159.
NghH
eltbf;iffs;
Kbtile;jgpd;dH>
Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs;
njhlHgpy;
re;Njfpf;fg;gl;l>
Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l
my;yJ
jz;lid
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
egHfisj;jtpu> rHtNjrky;yhj MAjNkhjypy; gq;Fgw;wpa egHfSf;F> my;yJ
MAj NkhjYld; njhlHGgl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhf jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;Js;s
mj;jifa egHfSf;F jj;Jtq;nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhhpfs; rhj;jpakhdsT gue;j
kd;dpg;ig toq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. [r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 160. kl;Lg;ghl;L epajpr;rl;lq;fs; Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; Vw;Giladthf
khl;lhJ. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
tpjp 161. Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghf Gyd;tprhuizia ,lhpd;wpr;nra;tjw;Fk;
re;Njf egHfSf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;njhlUtjw;Fk; muRfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH
rhj;jpakhdsTf;F xj;Jiog;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd midj;J Kaw;rpiaAk; vLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. [r.M.Nkh. / r.m.M.Nkh.]
56
57
ICRC- nrQ;rpYit rHtNjrf; FO | 29, nyahl;]; tPjp nfhOk;G-05
ICRC- cd;Hka;r r;= l=rei lñgqj | 29, f,hdÙia mdr fld<U 5
=yq;fh YS%
| njhiyNgrp:
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