$)"15&35)3&&
0/5)&3&-"5*0/4)*1 #&58&&/$0%"4"/%
0/4&5$-645&34
4UVBSU%BWJTBOE,BSFO#BFSUTDI
Introduction
"TUBOEBSEWJFXJOTZMMBCMFUIFPSZJTUIBUUIFSFBSFOPEFQFOEFODZ
SFMBUJPOTCFUXFFOPOTFUTBOEDPEBT5PDJUFBOFYBNQMFGSPN;FD
i*GBMBOHVBHFSFRVJSFTPOTFUTJUEPFTOPUCBOPSSFRVJSF
codas, and vice versa.” Similarly, Clements (1990, 303), who defines
UIFEPNBJOPGTPOPSJUZTFRVFODJOHBTUIFEFNJTZMMBCMFTUBUFTUIBUiUIF
sonority profile of the first part of the syllable [i.e. the beginning of
the syllable to the vocalic peak] is independent of the sonority profile
PGUIFTFDPOEu<JFGSPNUIFWPDBMJDQFBLUPUIFFOEPGUIFTZMMBCMF>
This chapter takes issue with this view in one very particular way. This
DIBQUFSBTTVNFTUIBUUIFSFJTBDMPTFSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOBTFDPOE
NFNCFSPGBOPOTFUDMVTUFSBOEBDPEBDPOTPOBOUBOEUIBUUIJTSFMB
UJPOTIJQTIPVMECFBDDPVOUFEGPSJOBGPSNBMUIFPSZPGTZMMBCMFTUSVD
ture. This chapter presents such a theory, the split margin approach to
UIFTZMMBCMFJOTFDUJPOPGUIFDIBQUFS4FDUJPOTmTIPXIPXUIFTQMJU
margin approach to the syllable can offer new insight and explanation
into a variety of typological and language specific phenomena. SpecifiDBMMZTFDUJPOTIPXTIPXUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMF
DBOGPSNBMMZBDDPVOUGPSBOJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMQVUGPSXBSECZ
,BZFBOE-PXFOTUBNN
IFODFGPSUI,-UIBUUIFQSFTFODFPGB
DPNQMFYPOTFUJOBMBOHVBHFJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPEBJFUIFSF
are no languages having CCV syllables but lacking CVC syllables). The
SFWFSTFEPFTOPUIPMEUIBUJTJGBMBOHVBHFBMMPXTDPEBTJUNBZPSNBZ
OPUBMMPXPOTFUDMVTUFST4FDUJPOFYBNJOFTUXPDBTFTPGUIFQBSBMMFM
development of onset clusters and codas. The first case concerns diaDISPOJDDIBOHFTJO$BNQJEBOJBO4BSEJOJBOBMTPEJTDVTTFEJO%BWJT
BOE#BFSUTDI
XIJMFUIFTFDPOEDBTFDPODFSOTUIFTJNVMUBOFPVT
EFWFMPQNFOUPGPOTFUDMVTUFSTBOEDPEBTJODPMMPRVJBM#BNBOBBMTP
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!"
$6"!678"85559:";:885<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
LOPXOBT#BNCBSBTQPLFOJO.BMJBOEFMTFXIFSFJO8FTU"GSJDB
*O
CPUIUIFTFMBOHVBHFTUIFQBSBMMFMDIBOHFTGPVOEJOPOTFUDMVTUFSTBOE
UIFDPEBBSFWJFXFEBTJOEFQFOEFOUEFWFMPQNFOUTJOPUIFSBQQSPBDIFT
UPUIFTZMMBCMFXFDPOUFOEUIBUUIFQBSBMMFMDIBOHFTJOPOTFUDMVTUFST
BOEDPEBTBSFJOUJNBUFMZDPOOFDUFE4FDUJPOTIPXTIPXUIFTQMJU
margin approach to the syllable offers a deeper explanation for the
PDDVSSFODFPG%PSTFZT-BXFQFOUIFTJTJFUIFJOTFSUJPOPGBWPXFMJO
PCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUDPOTPOBOUTFRVFODFT
JO8JOOFCBHP8IJMFQIP
netic explanations have been offered for Dorsey’s Law epenthesis in
8JOOFCBHPFH'MFJTDIIBDLFS#MFWJOT
UIFTFFYQMBOBUJPOT
BSFOPUEFFQJOUIFTFOTFUIBUUIFZEPOPUFYQMBJOXIZPCTUSVFOUTPOP
SBOUTFRVFODFTBSFUBSHFUFEGPSFQFOUIFTJTJO8JOOFCBHPBTPQQPTFE
UP&OHMJTIXIFSFUIFTBNFTFRVFODFTEPOPUVOEFSHPFQFOUIFTJT
OPS
EPUIFZDPOOFDUUIFQIFOPNFOPOUPPUIFSBTQFDUTPG8JOOFCBHPTZM
MBCMFTUSVDUVSF4FDUJPODPODMVEFTUIFDIBQUFS
The Split Margin Approach to the Syllable
*OUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFBTQSPQPTFEJO#BFSUTDI
BOEGVSUIFSEFWFMPQFECZ#BFSUTDIBOE%BWJT
BOE%BWJT
BOE#BFSUTDI
UIFNBSHJOFMFNFOUTPGUIFTZMMBCMFJFUIFDPO
TPOBOUT
BSFEJWJEFEJOUPUXPQPTJUJPOTMBCFMFE. BOE. "TTIPXO
JO
UIF. QPTJUJPOJTSFTFSWFEGPSBTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMPOTFUDPOTPOBOU
(be it a singleton onset or the first member of an onset cluster). What
JTOPWFMBCPVUUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIJO
JTUIF.
QPTJUJPO
XIJDINBSLTCPUIUIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUBOEUIFDPEBDPOTP
OBOUJOUIFTBNFXBZUIVTTVHHFTUJOHUIBUUIFSFTIPVMECFBTJNJMBSJUZ
PGQBUUFSOJOHPGUIFUXP. QPTJUJPOT 4ZMMBCMFJOUFSOBMTUSVDUVSFVOEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIF
TZMMBCMF..BSHJO11FBL
5XPJTTVFTUIBUXJMMOPUCFEJTDVTTFEJOUIJTDIBQUFSBSFUIFBOBMZTJTPGDPEBDMVT
ters and the status of a word-final coda consonant, which, in some languages, has freer
QIPOPUBDUJDTUIBOBXPSEJOUFSOBMDPEBDPOTPOBOU4FF1JHHPUUGPSEJTDVTTJPO
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!7
$6"!678"85559:";:8"5<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
σ
Onset
Rhyme
Nucleus
M1
(M 2 ) P
(CoEa)
M2
*OEFFEUIFSFBSFBOVNCFSPGQIPOPMPHJDBMQIFOPNFOBGSPNUZQPMPHZ
BDRVJTJUJPOBOEQIPOPUBDUJDTEJTDVTTFECZ#BFSUTDIBOE%BWJT
UIBUQPJOUUPBTJNJMBSJUZJOQBUUFSOJOHCFUXFFOBDPEBDPOTPOBOUBOE
UIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUTVDIUIBUUIFZTIPVMECFNBSLFEJOB
TJNJMBSXBZ.PTUJNQPSUBOUMZWBSJPVTSFTFBSDIFSTIBWFPCTFSWFEUIBU
CPUIUIFDPEBFH(PVTLPWB
BOEUIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBO
POTFUFH(SFFO
BSFQPTJUJPOTUIBUGBWPSDPOTPOBOUTPGIJHI
TPOPSJUZXIJMFUIFTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMDPOTPOBOUJFUIF. QPTJUJPOJO
BTOPUFECZTVDISFTFBSDIFSTBT$MFNFOUT
GBWPSTBDPOTP
OBOUXJUIMPXTPOPSJUZ
The split margin approach to the syllable expands on Prince and
4NPMFOTLZT
.BSHJO)JFSBSDIZUIBUHJWFTQSFGFSFODFUPDPOTP
OBOUTPGMPXTPOPSJUZJOBMMNBSHJOQPTJUJPOTXJUIJOUIFTZMMBCMF8IJMF
1SJODFBOE4NPMFOTLZT.BSHJO)JFSBSDIZDBQUVSFTWFSZXFMMUIFMPX
TPOPSJUZQSFGFSFODFPGBTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMDPOTPOBOUJUTBZTMJUUMFBCPVU
UIFQSFGFSFODFGPSIJHITPOPSJUZJOPUIFSNBSHJOQPTJUJPOT6OEFSUIF
TQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFBTEJTDVTTFECZ#BFSUTDI
1SJODFBOE4NPMFOTLZT
.BSHJO)JFSBSDIZFYQSFTTFEBTPQUJ
NBMJUZUIFPSFUJDDPOTUSBJOUTJTBVHNFOUFETPBTUPEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFO
TUSVDUVSBMQPTJUJPOTUIBUQSFGFSMPXTPOPSJUZBTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMDPOTP
OBOUUIF. QPTJUJPO
GSPNUIPTFQSFGFSSJOHIJHITPOPSJUZDPEBTBOE
UIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUDMVTUFSUIF. QPTJUJPO
1SJODFBOE
4NPMFOTLZT.BSHJO)JFSBSDIZJTSFUBJOFEJOUIJTBQQSPBDIBTUIF. IJFSBSDIZHJWFOJO
XIJDIBDDPVOUTGPSUIFMPXTPOPSJUZQSFGFSFODF
PGBTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMDPOTPOBOU
(2) The .IJFSBSDIZ
.<-IJ>.
0CTUSVFOU
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!=
<+IJ>
.
S. M. /BTBM.
$6"!678"85559:";:8"5<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
The MIJFSBSDIZHJWFOJO
BDDPVOUTGPSUIFIJHITPOPSJUZQSFG
FSFODFPGBTJOHMFUPODPEBDPOTPOBOUBOEUIFTFDPOETFHNFOUPGBO
POTFUDMVTUFS (3) The .IJFSBSDIZ .0CTUSVFOU.
.<-IJ>
/BTBM.
M. S. <+IJ>
This theoretical approach affords us a number of advantages. The M
IJFSBSDIZJO
FODPEFTUIFQSFGFSFODFGPSMPXTPOPSJUZTFHNFOUT
JOTJOHMFPOTFUQPTJUJPOBOEJOJUTJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIGBJUIGVMOFTTDPO
TUSBJOUTBMMPXTGPSBANBYJNVNTPOPSJUZMFWFMGPSTJOHMFUPOPOTFUT
CFZPOEXIJDITFHNFOUTXJMMTJNQMZOPUCFQBSTFEBTPOTFUT*OTPNF
DBTFTUIJTNBYJNVNMFWFMNBZCFWFSZIJHIPOMZOPOIJHIWPXFMT
BSFBCTPMVUFMZCBOOFEGSPNPOTFUQPTJUJPOJO&OHMJTI
PSMPXFSPOUIF
TPOPSJUZTDBMFBTJO:BLVUXIFSFSIPUJDDPOTPOBOUTBMPOHXJUIBOZ
segments more sonorous than rhotics are banned; Baertsch 2002). The
.IJFSBSDIZJO
FODPEFTUIFQSFGFSFODFGPSIJHITPOPSJUZTFHNFOUT
BTBTJOHMFDPEBBOEJOJUTJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIGBJUIGVMOFTTDPOTUSBJOUTDBO
BMMPXGPSBANJOJNBMTPOPSJUZMFWFMGPSTJOHMFUPODPEBT;FD
CFMPXXIJDIUIFTFHNFOUDBOOPUCFQBSTFEBTBDPEB-BOHVBHFTJO
XIJDIPOMZTPOPSBOUDPOTPOBOUTDBOBQQFBSJODPEBQPTJUJPOJODMVEF
*UTIPVMECFVOEFSTUPPEUIBUUIFSFJTBQFSDFQUVBMCBTJTGPSUIFIJHITPOPSJUZQSFG
FSFODFPGCPUIUIFDPEBDPOTPOBOUBOEUIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFU4JODFBDPEB
JTBUUIFFOEPGUIFTZMMBCMFOPUGPMMPXFECZBWPXFM BTPOPSBOUDPOTPOBOUXPVME
CFNPSFQFSDFQUVBMMZTBMJFOUUIBOBOPCTUSVFOUHJWFOUIBUUIFTBMJFODZPGBOPCTUSVFOU
is often in its release into a following vowel. On the other hand, the preference for
BTPOPSBOUDPOTPOBOUBTTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUPWFSBOPCTUSVFOU
SFMBUFTUP
UIFGBDUUIBUUIFSFMFBTFGFBUVSFTPGBTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMPCTUSVFOUJTNPSFSFBEJMZQFSDFQ
UJCMFXIFOSFMFBTFEJOUPBTPOPSBOUSBUIFSUIBOBOPUIFSPCTUSVFOU4FF8SJHIU
GPSEJTDVTTJPOPOUIFSPMFPGQFSDFQUVBMDVFTJOQSFGFSSFETFHNFOUBMTFRVFODJOH0VS
JOUFSFTUJOUIJTDIBQUFSUIPVHIJTPOUIFGPSNBMBOBMZTJTPGUIFQBUUFSOJOH
/PUFUIBUXFIBWFQMBDFEUIFWPDBMJDQPSUJPOTPGUIFNBSHJOIJFSBSDIJFTJO
and (3) in parentheses. This chapter only focuses on true consonants. The patternJOHPG<IJHI>FMFNFOUTJFIJHIWPXFMTHMJEFT
BTFJUIFSQBSUPGUIFQFBLPSTZMMBCMF
NBSHJOJTCFZPOEUIFTDPQFPGUIFQSFTFOUDIBQUFSCVUTFF4NJUI
UIFJSQBUUFSO
JOHXPVMEJOWPMWFUIFJOUFSBDUJPOPGDPOTUSBJOUTGSPN1SJODFBOE4NPMFOTLZT1FBL
)JFSBSDIZXJUIUIF.BSHJO)JFSBSDIJFTJO
BOE
"TBGVSUIFSQPJOUPGDMBSJUZ
SFHBSEJOH
BOE
JGUIFSFJTBTJOHMFDPOTPOBOUJOBTZMMBCMFPOTFUJUJTHPWFSOFE
CZUIF. IJFSBSDIZBOEOPUCZUIF. IJFSBSDIZFWFOJGJUJTPGIJHITPOPSJUZ
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!0
$6"!678"85559:";:8"5<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
1POBQFBO(PPENBO
BOE$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBUPCFEJTDVTTFE
JOTFDUJPO
'VSUIFSUIFSFBSFBDRVJTJUJPOBMBOEQIPOPUBDUJDQIFOPNFOBUIBU
MJOLUIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUBOEBDPEBUIBUDBOCFOFBUMZ
BDDPVOUFEGPSVOEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMF"OJOUFS
FTUJOHBDRVJTJUJPOBMDBTFEJTDVTTFEJONPSFEFUBJMCZ#BFSUTDI
BOE%BWJTBOE#BFSUTDI
DPNFTGSPN'JLLFSUT
TUVEZPG
Jarmo, a child acquiring Dutch as his first language. At around 24
NPOUITPGBHF+BSNPIBTMJRVJETBTTFDPOENFNCFSTPGPOTFUTBOEBT
TJOHMFUPODPEBTCVUEPFTOPUIBWFMJRVJETBTTJOHMFPOTFUDPOTPOBOUT
From one perspective such a pattern is difficult to grasp as specifiDBMMZOPUFECZ'JLLFSUBOEEF)PPQ
TJODFPOFXPVMEOPS
NBMMZBTTVNFUIBUUIFQSFTFODFPGBMJRVJEBTBTFDPOENFNCFSPGBO
POTFUDMVTUFSJNQMJFTJUTQSFTFODFBTBTJOHMFUPOPOTFU)PXFWFSTVDI
BOJNQMJDBUJPOEPFTOPUGPMMPXVOEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUP
UIFTZMMBCMF+BSNPTTZTUFNDBOCFBDDPVOUFEGPSJOUIFTQMJUNBSHJO
BQQSPBDIVOEFSBOBOBMZTJTXIFSFUIFDPOTUSBJOUT. MBOE. SBSF
SBOLFEMPXCFMPXSFMFWBOUGBJUIGVMOFTTDPOTUSBJOUT
TPUIBU<M>BOE<S>
DBOPDDVSJO. QPTJUJPOCVUXIFSFUIFDPOTUSBJOUT. MBOE. S
BSFSBOLFEIJHIBCPWFSFMFWBOUGBJUIGVMOFTTDPOTUSBJOUT
UIVTQSFWFOU
JOHUIFTFUXPTPVOETGSPNTVSGBDJOHJO. QPTJUJPOBTBTJOHMFPOTFU
The phonotactic evidence for a connection between onset clusters
BOEDPEBTDPNFTGSPNPCTFSWBUJPOTCZ$MFNFOUTBOE,FZTFS
%BWJT
$BJSOT
BOEPUIFSTOPUJOHBMJOLJOMBOHVBHFTMJLF
English, Dutch, and German that disallows sequences like *plil, *flilf,
BOETOBOWTMJMUOVOQPQ
QSPCBCMZCFTUTUBUFEBTXIBU$BJSOT
UFSNTBTAQBOTZMMBCJDDPOTUSBJOUTUIBUQSFWFOUJEFOUJDBMDPOTP
nants from flanking both sides of a vowel only if there is a (marked)
onset cluster. As Cairns (1988, 231) specifically notes, “this would sugHFTUUIBUUIFMJO$ S<SIZNBMDPOTPOBOU>JTNBSLFEUIFTBNFXBZ
BTJO" P<TFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFU>BOEEJTUJODUGSPN$ P<JOJUJBM
5PCFDMFBSUIFSFDBOCFSFTUSJDUJPOTPODPEBTUIBUBSFOPUTPOPSJUZCBTFE'PS
FYBNQMF;FD
OPUFTUIBUUIFSFBSFTPNFMBOHVBHFTUIBUSFTUSJDUDPEBTUPTFH
NFOUTQPTTFTTJOHDFSUBJOGFBUVSFT4IFPCTFSWFTUIBU,JPXBDPEBDPOTPOBOUTBSF
MJNJUFEUPMBCJBMPSDPSPOBMTFHNFOUTUIBUBSF<DPOUJOVBOU>*O-BSEJM)BMF
TVSGBDJOHDPEBTNVTUCFDPSPOBM;FDSFGFSTUPTVDIDPOTUSBJOUTBTAFEHFDPOTUSBJOUT
8FBMTPOPUFUIBUMBOHVBHFTTVDIBT+BQBOFTFNBZSFRVJSFDPEBDPOTPOBOUTUPTIBSF
place features with a following onset (Itô 1988). While we do not discuss these differFOUUZQFTPGDPEBSFTUSJDUJPOTIFSFBEFUBJMFEEJTDVTTJPOPGUIFWBSJPVTUZQFTPGDPEB
SFTUSJDUJPOTDBOCFGPVOEJO%BWJTUPBQQFBS
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!9
$6"!678"85559:";:8"5<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
NFNCFSPGBOPOTFU>UPBDDPVOUGPS klull”. The split margin approach
JO
EPFTNBSLUIFTFQPTJUJPOTJOUIFTBNFXBZBOETVDIQBOTZMMBCJD
phonotactic restrictions then can be understood as reflecting an OCP
UZQFDPOTUSBJOUPOUIF. QPTJUJPO
The following section develops the split margin approach to the sylMBCMFGVSUIFSCZDPOTJEFSJOHUIFUZQPMPHJDBMDPOOFDUJPOCFUXFFOPOTFUT
DMVTUFSTBOEDPEBTQPTUVMBUFECZ,-OBNFMZUIBUUIFQSFTFODFPGB
DPNQMFYPOTFUJOBMBOHVBHFJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPEB
On the Implicational Universal that Complex Onsets Imply the
Presence of Codas
0OFPGUIFNPTUJOUSJHVJOHDPOOFDUJPOTNFOUJPOFEJOUIFMJUFSBUVSF
SFHBSEJOHBSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOBTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUBOEB
DPEBJTUIFJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMQPTJUFECZ,-Q
XIPDMBJN
UIBUiUIFFYJTUFODFPGTZMMBCMFTXJUICSBODIJOHPOTFUTJNQMJFTUIFFYJT
UFODFPGTZMMBCMFTXJUICSBODIJOHSJNFTu4JODF,-BSFDMFBSJOUIFJS
BSUJDMFUIBUCZCSBODIJOHSJNFUIFZNFBOCSBODIJOHJOUPBDPEBBT
PQQPTFEUPCSBODIJOHXJUIJOBOVDMFVT
XFDBOSFTUBUFUIFJSHFOFSBM
J[BUJPOBTAUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPNQMFYPOTFUJOBMBOHVBHFJNQMJFTUIF
QSFTFODFPGBDPEBJOUIBUMBOHVBHF"OJOUFSFTUJOHDPOTFRVFODFPG
UIJTQPTJUFEJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMGPSTZMMBCMFUZQPMPHZJTUIBUNBYJ
NBMTZMMBCMFUZQFTXPVMECFBTJOBmD
XIJMFE
XPVMECFSVMFE
out. This is contrary to Blevins’s (1995, 2006) typological survey of
UIFTZMMBCMF
.BYJNBMTZMMBCMFUZQFTVOEFS,BZFBOE-PXFOTUBNNTJNQMJDB
UJPOBMVOJWFSTBM
B$7
C$7$
D$$7$
E$$7
,-EPOPUCBTFUIFJSJNQMJDBUJPOBMHFOFSBMJ[BUJPOPOBUZQPMPHJDBMTVS
vey of syllable types across different languages, but on the formal property of syllable markedness. Specifically, they note that syllable rimes
BSFMFTTNBSLFEUIBOTZMMBCMFPOTFUTTJODFUIFSJNFJTUIFSFRVJSFEDPN
ponent of the syllable. They assume that there is a formal constraint
POUIFTZMMBCMFUIBUUIFPOTFUDBOOPUCFNPSFNBSLFEUIBOUIFSJNF
DPOTFRVFOUMZJGBMBOHVBHFBMMPXTGPSBNBSLFEPOTFUJFCSBODIJOHPS
complex onset) then it must allow for a marked (branching) rime. That
JTKVTUBTUIFQSFTFODFPGBOPOTFUJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGBSJNFUIF
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!;
$6"!678"85559:";:8"5<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
QSFTFODFPGCSBODIJOHJOUIFPOTFUJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGCSBODIJOH
JOUIFSJNF8IJMFUIFFNQJSJDBMCBTJTGPS,-TJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBM
IBTOFWFSCFFOGVMMZFYQMPSFEBOEUIFSFBSFBQQBSFOUDPVOUFSFYBNQMFT
FHUIF8FTU"GSJDBOMBOHVBHF'POHCFJO-FGFCWSFBOE#SPVTTFBV
UIFSFMBUJWFJOGSFRVFODZPGMBOHVBHFTXIPTFNBYJNBMTZMMBCMFJT
$$7TVHHFTUTUIBU,-TJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMJTBUMFBTUBSFBMUZQP
MPHJDBMUFOEFODZ This section shows that this typological tendency has
BGPSNBMFYQMBOBUJPOVOEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMF
We will then briefly discuss whether there are true counterexamples.
'JSTUUIPVHIJOPSEFSUPEFNPOTUSBUFIPXUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDI
QSFEJDUTUIBUUIFSFTIPVMEOPUCFMBOHVBHFTXJUIPOTFUDMVTUFSTCVU
MBDLJOHDPEBTJFOPMBOHVBHFXIPTFNBYJNBMTZMMBCMFJT$$7
XF
IBWFUPEFUBJMIPXPOTFUDMVTUFSTBSFGPSNBMMZBDDPVOUFEGPSVOEFSUIF
TQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDI
*OUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFPOTFUDMVTUFSTBSF
BDDPVOUFEGPSJOBOPQUJNBMJUZUIFPSFUJDHSBNNBSCZUIFMPDBMDPO
KVODUJPOPGUIF. DPOTUSBJOUTJO
XJUIUIF. DPOTUSBJOUTJO
SFQFBUFECFMPXBT
BOE
XIFSFUIFWPDBMJDFMFNFOUTBSFFYDMVEFE
GSPNUIFIJFSBSDIZ
(5) The .IJFSBSDIZ
.
S. M. /BTBM. 0CTUSVFOU
(6) The .IJFSBSDIZ
.
0CTUSVFOU.
/BTBM. M. S
The conjoined constraints are intrinsically ranked with respect to each
other (reflecting the ranking of the component MBOE.IJFSBSDIJFT
*OPVSEJTDVTTJPOPGPOTFUDMVTUFSTUISPVHIPVUUIJTDIBQUFSXFEPOPUDPOTJEFS
TZMMBCMFJOJUJBMTJCJMBOUQMVTTUPQDMVTUFSTBOEPUIFSBQQBSFOUTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMPCTUSVFOU
PCTUSVFOUDMVTUFST
UIBUPDDVSJOTPNFMBOHVBHFTUPCFQSPQFSPOTFUDMVTUFST8FDPO
TJEFSUIFNBTABEKVODUDMVTUFST8IJMFUIFTFDMVTUFSTDBOPDDVSXPSEJOJUJBMMZJONBOZ
MBOHVBHFTUIFZGSFRVFOUMZEJTQMBZCFIBWJPSUIBUEJTUJOHVJTIFTUIFNQIPOPMPHJDBMMZ
from other syllable-initial clusters and are often best analyzed with the sibilant (or
PUIFSJOJUJBMPCTUSVFOU
CFJOHBEKPJOFEBUBIJHIFSMFWFMPGQSPTPEZPSQFSIBQTJOUIF
DBTFPGTUDMVTUFSTBTTJOHMFTFHNFOUT4FF%BWJTBOE4FMLJSLGPSBOBMZTFT
SFHBSEJOHTDMVTUFSTJO*UBMJBOBOE&OHMJTISFTQFDUJWFMZ
8IJMFXFIBWFOPUZFUQSF
TFOUFEBGPSNBMBOBMZTJTPGTVDIABEKVODUDMVTUFSTJOPVSXPSLPOUIFTQMJUNBSHJO
BQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFPOFQPUFOUJBMJOUFSFTUJOHBOBMZTJTPGTVDIDMVTUFSTJTUIBUUIFZ
JOWPMWFUIFBEKBDFOUPDDVSSFODFPG. DPOTPOBOUT8FMFBWFUIJTGPSGVUVSFSFTFBSDI
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!!
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
(JWFOUIJTBDMVTUFSPGBOPCTUSVFOUGPMMPXFECZBSIPUJDXJMMCFUIF
favored onset cluster. This is because *M0CTJTUIFMPXFTUSBOLJOH.
DPOTUSBJOUBOE. SJTUIFMPXFTUSBOLJOHSFMFWBOU
. DPOTUSBJOU"T
BDPOTFRVFODFUIFDPOKVODUJPO< Ϫ.0CT. SXPVMECFUIFMPX
FTUSBOLJOHPGUIFDPOKPJOFE. .DPOTUSBJOUTXIFSF< ϪJOEJDBUFT
UIFEPNBJOPGUIFMPDBMDPOKVODUJPOBTUIFCFHJOOJOHPGUIFTZMMBCMF
JFUIFTZMMBCMFPOTFU
$POTJEFSUIF4QBOJTIEBUBJO
"TUIFTFEBUB
TIPX4QBOJTIBMMPXTGPSPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFSTCVUOPU
PCTUSVFOUPCTUSVFOUPOFT"OVOEFSMZJOHPCTUSVFOUPCTUSVFOUDMVTUFS
UIBUDPVMEQPUFOUJBMMZTVSGBDFJOTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMQPTJUJPOD
BDUVBMMZ
TVSGBDFTXJUIBQSPUIFUJDWPXFMBWJPMBUJPOPGUIFDPOTUSBJOU%FQ
CVU
UIFVOEFSMZJOHPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUTFRVFODFTPGBmC
BSFBMMPXFEUP
TVSGBDFBTDPNQMFYPOTFUT
Exemplification from Spanish
B CMBOLB
C QSPOUP
D
TQPTB
<CMBûLB>
<QSPOUP>
<ϞTQPTB>
AXIJUF
ATPPO
AXJGF
The patterning of (7) reflects the constraint ranking in (8) with the
SFMFWBOUUBCMFBVYTIPXOJO
BOE
0CTFSWFUIBUJOUIFDPOTUSBJOU
SBOLJOHJO
UIFDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUTBSFJOUSJOTJDBMMZSBOLFE'PS
FYBNQMF< Ϫ.0CT. 0CTNVTUCFIJHIFSSBOLFEUIBO<
Ϫ.
0CT.MCFDBVTFBTTFFOJOUIF. IJFSBSDIZJO
. 0CTPVU
SBOLT. /l. The Spanish analysis in (8)–(10) demonstrates how the
TQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIOFBUMZBDDPVOUTGPSPOTFUDMVTUFSTFTQFDJBMMZUIF
QSFGFSFODFGPSPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFST
$POTUSBJOUSBOLJOHGPS4QBOJTI
<Ϫ.0CT. 0CT%FQ<
0CT. S
Ϫ
.0CT. M<
.
Ϫ
CMB <CMB>
CMB
BCMB
CϞCMB
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!%
<Ϫ.0CT
.0CT
%FQ
<Ϫ.0CT
.M
<Ϫ.0CT
.S
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
TQP <ϞTQP>
<Ϫ.0CT
.0CT
TQP
BTQP
CϞTQP
%FQ
<Ϫ.0CT
.M
<Ϫ.0CT
.S
This approach to the analysis of complex onsets provides a natural
FYQMBOBUJPOGPS,-TJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMUIBUUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPN
QMFYPOTFUJOBMBOHVBHFJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGDPEBTJOUIBUMBOHVBHF
(JWFOUIFMPHJDPGDPOTUSBJOUDPOKVODUJPOBDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUNVTU
EPNJOBUFUIFJOEJWJEVBMDPOKVODUTGPSJUUPCFBDUJWFJOBMBOHVBHF
*GUIFDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOU< Ϫ.0CT.SJTSBOLFEMPXFOPVHI
CFMPXUIFSFMFWBOUGBJUIGVMOFTTDPOTUSBJOUT
TPBTUPBMMPXGPSPOTFU
DMVTUFSTBTJO4QBOJTI
UIFOJUNVTUGPMMPXUIBUSIPUJDTCFBMMPXFEBT
TJOHMFDPEBTHJWFOUIBUBDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUPVUSBOLTFBDIPGUIF
single conjuncts. This is shown in (11).
Faith
*M1/Obs&*M2 /r
*M 1 /Obs
*M 2 /r
The consequence of this ranking is that if a language allows for an
POTFUDMVTUFSJUBMTPBMMPXTGPSUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPEBUIVTHJWJOH
BGPSNBMFYQMBOBUJPOGPS,-TQSPQPTFEJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMUIBU
UIFQSFTFODFPGBDPNQMFYPOTFUJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPEB*G
we then consider syllable typology, we would expect to find languages
XIPTFNBYJNBMTZMMBCMFJT$7DPOTUSBJOUSBOLJOHB
$7$C
BOE$$7$D
XIFSFGPSDPOWFOJFODFXFVTF. 4PODPMMBQTJOH
.MBOE. S
"DDPVOUJOHGPSTZMMBCMFUZQPMPHZ
B SBOLJOHGPSB$7MBOHVBHF
<Ϫ.0CT. 4PO. 4PO'BJUI
C SBOLJOHGPSB$7$MBOHVBHF
<Ϫ.0CT. 4PO'BJUI. 4PO
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555!$
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
D SBOLJOHGPSB$$7$MBOHVBHF
'BJUI< Ϫ.0CT. 4PO. 4PO
)PXFWFSBMBOHVBHFUIBUIBTBNBYJNBMTZMMBCMF$$7XJUIPVUIBWJOH
$7$TZMMBCMFT
JTQSPCMFNBUJDHJWFOUIFSPMFPGDPOTUSBJOUDPOKVODUJPO
BTTIPXOCZUIFIZQPUIFUJDBMSBOLJOHJO
)ZQPUIFUJDBMSBOLJOHPGB$$7MBOHVBHF
.
4PO'BJUI<
Ϫ
.0CT. 4PO
The main problem with (13) is that a potential candidate with a surGBDFPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFS$$7XPVMEJODVSBWJPMBUJPOPG
CPUIUIFMPXSBOLFEDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUBOEUIFIJHISBOLFE. Son (ranked above Faith). The violation of *M4POXPVMECFGBUBM
"DBOEJEBUFUIBUXPVMEWJPMBUF'BJUIFHBDBOEJEBUF$7UIBUIBT
POFPGUIFDPOTPOBOUTEFMFUFEGSPN$$7WJPMBUJOHUIFGBJUIGVMOFTT
DPOTUSBJOU.BY
XPVMECFQSFGFSSFETJODFJUXPVMEOPUIBWFBOZWJPMB
UJPOPGIJHISBOLFE. /Son. Thus, under the split margin approach
UPUIFTZMMBCMFUIFSFJTBGPSNBMFYQMBOBUJPODPVDIFEXJUIJOPQUJNBMJUZ
UIFPSZGPS,-TJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMUIBUUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPNQMFY
POTFUJOBMBOHVBHFJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPEBJOUIBUMBOHVBHF
"OJOUFSFTUJOHRVFTUJPOUIFOCFDPNFTXIFUIFSPSOPU,-TQPTJUFE
JNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMQISBTFEIFSFBTAUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPNQMFY
POTFUJOBMBOHVBHFJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGBDPEBJOUIBUMBOHVBHFDBO
CFNBJOUBJOFEPOFNQJSJDBMHSPVOET8FTVHHFTUUIBUJUDBOEFTQJUF
BQQBSFOUDPVOUFSFYBNQMFTTVDIBTUIF8FTU"GSJDBOMBOHVBHF'POHCF
-FGFCWSFBOE#SPVTTFBV
'JSTUBTNFOUJPOFEJOGPPUOPUFXF
BSFSFBMMZPOMZDPOTJEFSJOHPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFST"SF
UIFSFMBOHVBHFTUIBUBMMPXGPSPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFSTCVU
EPOPUIBWFDPEBTXIJDIXPVMECFVOBDDPVOUFEGPSHJWFOUIFEJTDVT
TJPOPG
BOE
BCPWF
4VDIMBOHVBHFTBSFOPUDPNNPOMZGPVOE
JOUIFMJUFSBUVSFUIPVHIBOVNCFSPG8FTU"GSJDBOMBOHVBHFTTVDIBT
'POHCF
BSFJOEFFESFQPSUFEUPIBWFPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUTXJUI
PVUIBWJOHDPEBT4FDPOEJOEFBMJOHXJUIMBOHVBHFTUIBUPOMZBMMPX
GPSTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMDMVTUFSTPGDPOTPOBOUQMVTHMJEFUIFSFJTBMXBZTUIF
JTTVFPGUIFBOBMZTJTPGUIFHMJEFBTCFJOHQBSUPGUIFPOTFUPSQBSU
of the nucleus. Thus, this chapter does not consider such languages.
Third, a number of languages cited as having a maximal CCV syllable
JOUIFMJUFSBUVSFEPBMTPBMMPXGPSDPEBT'PSFYBNQMF#MFWJOT
DJUFT$IFLF)PMPBTCFJOHBMBOHVBHFXIPTFNBYJNBMTZMMBCMFJO$$7
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%8
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
CVUUIFOOPUFTUIBUDPEBTPDDVSJOMPBOXPSET4JNJMBSMZUIF"GSJDBO
MBOHVBHFTEJTDVTTFEJO.PSSJMM
BTIBWJOH$$7BTBNBYJNBM
syllable all take on a coda consonant under certain types of suffixation.
'JOBMMZJGXFDPOTJEFS'POHCFBMBOHVBHFUIBUIBTPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOU
POTFUDMVTUFSTXJUIPVUIBWJOHDPEBT-FGFCWSFBOE#SPVTTFBV
#IBUU/EBZJSBHJKFBOE/JLJFNB
JUJTJOUFSFTUJOHUPOPUFUIBU
Haitian Creole, which some researchers consider to reflect the gramNBSPGJUTQSJNBSZ"GSJDBOTVCTUSBUFMBOHVBHF'POHCF-FGFCWSF
maintains coda consonants. This is somewhat mysterious given the
MBDLPGDPEBDPOTPOBOUTJO'POHCF8FTVHHFTUUIBUXIJMFMBOHVBHFT
XJUIBNBYJNBM$$7TZMMBCMFTEPFYJTUTVDIBT'POHCFUIFZBSFADPEB
GSJFOEMZ'PSNBMMZUIJTNFBOTUIBUUIFZBSFDPWFSU$$7$MBOHVBHFT
having the ranking shown in (12c). Their lack of coda consonants has
NPSFUPEPXJUIUIFBCTFODFPGQPUFOUJBMDPEBTJOJOQVUTFRVFODFT
8IFODPOGSPOUFEXJUIQPUFOUJBMDPEBTJOMPBOXPSETPSTJUVBUJPOTPG
language contact, these are not repaired. This is a matter for future
SFTFBSDI
The Parallel Development of Onset Clusters and Coda
*OUIJTTFDUJPOXFQSPWJEFNPSFFWJEFODFGPSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDI
UPUIFTZMMBCMFCZDPOTJEFSJOHDBTFTXIFSFUIFSFJTQBSBMMFMEFWFMPQNFOU
PGPOTFUDMVTUFSTBOEDPEBT5PCFDMFBSHJWFOUIFEJTDVTTJPOPGUIF
QSFDFEJOHTFDUJPOUIFSFBSFMBOHVBHFTUIBUIBWFDPEBTUIBUEPOPUIBWF
onset clusters, specifically languages with the ranking shown in (12b).
0CWJPVTMZTVDIMBOHVBHFTEPOPUTIPXQBSBMMFMQBUUFSOJOHCFUXFFO
POTFUDMVTUFSTBOEDPEBT8IFSFXFFYQFDUQBSBMMFMQBUUFSOJOHJTJOUIF
GPMMPXJOHTJUVBUJPOT0OFXIFOBMBOHVBHFBUPOFTUBHFIBTCPUIPOTFU
DMVTUFSTBOEDPEBTBOECFHJOTUPSFTUSJDUJUTDPEBJODFSUBJOXBZTUIFO
POTFUDMVTUFSTTIPVMEBMTPCFDPNFSFTUSJDUFE 5XPJGB$7MBOHVBHF
*OBQPTUFSQBQFSQSFTFOUFEBUUIF$6/:$POGFSFODFPOUIF4ZMMBCMF#IBUU
Ndayiragije, and Nikiema (2008) specifically note the oddity of a language like Fongbe
UIBUBQQFBSTUPIBWFPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFSTCVUXJUIPVUIBWJOHDPEBT
Their solution, working in the framework of government phonology, is to posit an
FNQUZOVDMFVTCFUXFFOUIFPCTUSVFOUBOEUIFTPOPSBOUTPUIBUUIFPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOU
TFRVFODFJTOPUSFBMMZBOPOTFUDMVTUFS*OPVSBOBMZTJTPG'POHCFXFEPDPOTJEFSTVDI
TFRVFODFTUPCFPOTFUDMVTUFST'POHCFJTBDPWFSU$$7$MBOHVBHFXJUIUIFDPOTUSBJOU
SBOLJOHPGD
/PUFUIBUXFEPOPUNBLFBQSFEJDUJPOBCPVUUIFSFWFSTFTDFOBSJP*GB$$7$
MBOHVBHFTUBSUTUPSFTUSJDUPSFMJNJOBUFJUTPOTFUDMVTUFSTJUNBZPSNBZOPUSFTUSJDUPS
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%"
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
EFWFMPQTPOTFUDMVTUFSTUIFOJUTIPVMEBMTPBMMPXDPEBT*OUIJTTFDUJPO
XFXJMMEFUBJMPOFFYBNQMFPGFBDIPGUIFTFUXPDBTFT*OCBTFE
PO%BWJTBOE#BFSUTDI
XFDPOTJEFS$BNQJEBOJBO4BSEJOJBO
BEBVHIUFSPG-BUJOJOXIJDIEJBDISPOJDBMMZDPEBTBOEPOTFUDMVTUFST
CFDPNFNPSFSFTUSJDUJWFUIBOJO-BUJOJOBQBSBMMFMXBZ*OXFXJMM
DPOTJEFSUIFTJNVMUBOFPVTEFWFMPQNFOUPGDPNQMFYPOTFUTBOEDPEBT
JODPMMPRVJBM#BNBOB#BNCBSB
GSPNTUBOEBSE#BNBOBBMBOHVBHF
XIPTFNBYJNBMTZMMBCMFJT$7*OCPUI$BNQJEBOJBO4BSEJOJBOBOE
DPMMPRVJBM#BNBOBDPOTUSBJOUTIBWFBDUFEVQPOUIFDPEBBOEUIFTFD
ond member of an onset in a parallel way reflecting a link between
UIFTFUXPQPTJUJPOT
Campidanian Sardinian
$BNQJEBOJBO4BSEJOJBO$4
#PMPHOFTJ"MCFS4NJUI
'SJHFOJ
EFTDFOETGSPN-BUJOB$$7$MBOHVBHFJHOPSJOH
UIFJTTVFPGTDMVTUFSTBOEDFSUBJODBTFTPGDPNQMFYDPEBT
JOXIJDI
CBTJDBMMZBOZDPOTPOBOUSFHBSEMFTTPGTPOPSJUZWBMVF
DPVMECFBTJOHMF
DPEB-BUJODPEBTDBOCFBDDPVOUFEGPSCZUIFDPOTUSBJOUSBOLJOHJO
XIFSFUIFFOUJSF. IJFSBSDIZJTEPNJOBUFECZ'BJUI
3BOLJOHPGUIF. )JFSBSDIZJO-BUJO
'BJUI. 0CTUSVFOU.
/BTBM. M. S
-BUJOBMMPXTGPSPOTFUDMVTUFSTDPOTJTUJOHPGBOPCTUSVFOUGPMMPXFECZB
sonorant. This means that the relevant conjoined constraints are also
SBOLFECFMPX'BJUIBTJO
3BOLJOHQFSNJUUJOHPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFSTJO-BUJO
'BJUI < Ϫ.0CT. M < Ϫ.0CT. S . M .S
$4POUIFPUIFSIBOEIBTBTZMMBCMFTUSVDUVSFUIBUJTNPSFSFTUSJDUFE
UIBOJO-BUJOCPUIXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFOBUVSFPGUIFDPEBBOEUIFPOTFU
DMVTUFST.PSFPWFSUIFMBOHVBHFEJTUJOHVJTIFTJOJUJBMTZMMBCMFTXIJDI
eliminate its coda. This is because given the ranking for CCVC languages as in (12c),
POTFUDMVTUFSTDBOCFDPNFSFTUSJDUFECZUIFEFNPUJPOPG'BJUICFMPX.
.CVU
BCPWFUIFTJNQMF. DPOTUSBJOUT
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%7
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
BMMPXPOTFUDMVTUFSTGSPNOPOJOJUJBMTZMMBCMFTXIJDIMBDLUIFNGPSUIF
NPTUQBSU4FF"MCFSPOUIFJNQPSUBODFPGUIFJOJUJBMTZMMBCMFJO
$4
8FGPDVTPOUIFJOJUJBMTZMMBCMF*O$4UIFPOMZVOBTTJNJMBUFE
TJOHMFUPODPEBBMMPXFEJTUIFSIPUJD$PEBMBUFSBMTGSPN-BUJOIBWF
rhotic reflexes in CS as exemplified in (16) where Latin forms are indicated in capital letters. (The lateral can occur syllable-initially in CS, a
QPTJUJPOHPWFSOFECZUIF. IJFSBSDIZ
"-#64BSCBAXIJUF
03,6PSLVAPHSF
8FDBOBDDPVOUGPSUIJTCZUIFSBOLJOHJO
XIFSFCZUIFSFM
FWBOUGBJUIGVMOFTTDPOTUSBJOU*%<.BOOFS>JTSBOLFECFMPX.
M
*%<.BOOFS>JTWJPMBUFEJGBMBUFSBMMJRVJEDIBOHFTUPBSIPUJDMJRVJE
or vice-versa. The relevant tableau is shown in (18) where we assume
HJWFOSJDIOFTTPGUIFCBTF
BOJOQVUMBUFSBM
3BOLJOHGPS$4. M*%<.BOOFS>. S
BMCB<BSCB>AXIJUF
BMCB
BBMCB
!!>"#$"%&$#%
.M
*%<.BOOFS>
.S
*ODPNQBSJTPOUPUIFSBOLJOHJO-BUJO
UIF$4SBOLJOHJO
SBOLTUIF'BJUIDPOTUSBJOU*%<.BOOFS>CFMPX. MEJTBMMPXJOHMBU
FSBMDPEBTCVUTUJMMBCPWF. SUIVTQFSNJUUJOHSIPUJDDPEBT
3BOLJOHGPS-BUJO*%<.BOOFS>. M. S
8IBUJTJOUFSFTUJOHJO$4BOEXIBUQSFWJPVTSFTFBSDIFSTIBWFOPUFE
CVUIBWFWJFXFEBTBOJOEFQFOEFOUDIBOHFJTUIFMPTTPGUIFMBUFSBM
XIFOJUJTUIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUDMVTUFSBTJOB
3IPUJDT
JODMVTUFSTSFNBJOFEC
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%=
$6"!678"85559:";:875<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
0OTFU DMVTUFST
B
C
-BUJO
1-64
$-"7&
-0/(64
13*.6
$3"4LSB[J
4BSEJOJBO
QSVT
LSBJ
MPOHV
QSJNV
AUPNPSSPX
(MPTT
ANPSF
ALFZ
AMPOH
‘first’
The change follows naturally from the ranking in (17) under the split
NBSHJOBQQSPBDIBTXFTFFJOUIFUBCMFBVJO
QMVT<QSVT>ANPSF
QMVT
.M
BQMVT
CQSVT
*%<.BOOFS>
.S
8FTIPXUIFGVMMFSSBOLJOHXJUIUIFSFMFWBOUDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUT
JO
BMPOHXJUIBNPSFEFUBJMFEUBCMFBVYJO
8IBU
TIPXT
JTUIBUUIFEPNJOBUJPOPG*%<.BOOFS>CZ. MBMTPFOUBJMTJUTEPNJ
OBUJPOCZ. 0CT./l. Thus, it is expected that if Latin /l/ has
CFDPNF<S>JODPEBQPTJUJPOJO4BSEJOJBOUIFOJUTIPVMEEPUIFTBNF
BTUIFTFDPOENFNCFSPGBDPNQMFYPOTFU"OEHJWFOUIFSBOLJOHJO
-BUJOPCTUSVFOUSIPUJDPOTFUDMVTUFSTSFNBJOVODIBOHFEJO$4
in (24). Thus, our analysis under the split margin approach formally
DPOOFDUTUIFIJTUPSJDBMDIBOHFJOUIFDPEB
XJUIUIFDIBOHFJO
POTFUDMVTUFSTB
'VMMFSSBOLJOHGPS$4
<Ϫ.0CT. M< Ϫ.0CT. S. M*%<.BOOFS>
.S
QMVT<QSVT>ANPSF
QMVT
BQMVT
CQSVT
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%0
<Ϫ.0CT
.M
<Ϫ.0CT
.S
.M
*%<.BOOFS>
.S
$6"!678"85559:";:8=5<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
/primu/ [primu] ‘first’
QSJNV
BQSJNV
CQMJNV
<Ϫ.0CT
.M
<Ϫ.0CT
.S
.M
*%<.BOOFS>
.S
/PUFUIBUUIFFYBDUSBOLJOHPG< Ϫ.0CT. SJO
JTOPUDSJUJ
DBMKVTUBTMPOHBTJUJTBCPWF. SBOECFMPX< Ϫ.0CT. M*UJT
UIFSBOLJOH. M*%<.BOOFS>. SUIBUUSJHHFSTUIFDIBOHF
JOUIFPOTFUDMVTUFSDPOUBJOJOHBOJOQVUMBUFSBMBTJO
KVTUBTJU
triggers the change in a potential lateral coda as in (18). There are
PUIFSJOUFSFTUJOHEFUBJMTPG$4DPEBTNFOUJPOFECZ%BWJTBOE#BFSUTDI
UIBUXFEPOPUEJTDVTTIFSF Nonetheless, as reflected in our
BOBMZTJTQSFTFOUFEJO
m
$4QSPWJEFTBDMFBSJMMVTUSBUJPOPGUIF
EJBDISPOJDMJOLCFUXFFOPOTFUDMVTUFSTBOEDPEBTTVDIUIBUBSFTUSJD
UJPOUIBUIBTEFWFMPQFEPODPEBTJFUIFSFTUSJDUJPOBHBJOTUMBUFSBMT
JTNJSSPSFEJOUIFTFDPOEQPTJUJPOPGPOTFUDMVTUFSTCFDBVTFCPUIBSF
. positions. The parallel nature of the restriction is neatly captured
JOUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDI
Bamana
*OUIFQSFWJPVTTVCTFDUJPOXFEFUBJMFEIPXBMBOHVBHFCFDPNFTNPSF
SFTUSJDUFEJOJUTTZMMBCMFTUSVDUVSFXJUISFTQFDUUPCPUIDPEBTBOETFD
ond members of onsets in a parallel way, reflecting the MQPTJUJPOPG
UIFTZMMBCMF*OUIJTTFDUJPOXFXJMMDPOTJEFSUIFPQQPTJUFDBTFXIFSFB
MBOHVBHFCFDPNFTMFTTSFTUSJDUJWFJOJUTTZMMBCMFTUSVDUVSFXJUISFTQFDU
$4DPEBTBSFNPSFDPNQMJDBUFEUIBOXIBUJTEJTDVTTFEIFSFJOUIBUJOBEEJUJPOUP
UIFTPOPSJUZDPOTUSBJOUUIBUPOMZBMMPXTUIFIJHIMZTPOPSPVTSIPUJDBTBTJOHMFVOBT
TJNJMBUFE
DPEB$4IBTBMTPXJUOFTTFEUIFSJTFPGUIF$PEB$POEJUJPOJOUIFTFOTFPG
*UÔXIFSFBDPEBTIBSFTQMBDFGFBUVSFTXJUIBGPMMPXJOHPOTFU
JODPNQBSJTPOUP
Latin. Specifically, with the exception of a singleton coda [r], as in arbaAXIJUFJO
CS obeys the Coda Condition. This means that CS codas may include an obstruent
only if it is the first part of a geminate (ignoring certain problems regarding the syllabification of s-clusters) or if it is homorganic to a following onset. While we do not
BOBMZ[FUIJTIFSFPOFXPVMEOFFEUPSFGFSFODFUIF$PEB$POEJUJPOBTBDPOTUSBJOUJO
BEEJUJPOUPUIF. constraints. CS thus offers an interesting interplay of coda (M
DPOTUSBJOUTUIBUSFGFSFODFIJHITPOPSJUZ;FD
BOEUIFDMBTTJD$PEB$POEJUJPO
*UÔ
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%9
$6"!678"85559:";:8=5<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
UPUIFTFUXPQPTJUJPOT8FXJMMFYFNQMJGZUIJTXJUIBDPOTJEFSBUJPOPG
UIFDPNQBSJTPOPGTUBOEBSE#BNBOB#BNCBSB
XJUIDPMMPRVJBM#BN
BOB8FBTTVNFIFSFUIBUUIFGPSNFSJTUIFNPSFDPOTFSWBUJWFWBSJFUZ
XIJMFUIFMBUUFSEFWFMPQTGSPNJU
$POTJEFSUIFDPNQBSJTPOPG4UBOEBSE#BNBOBXIJDIJTB$7MBO
HVBHFJHOPSJOHBQPTTJCMFDPEBOBTBMXIJDITPNFDPOTJEFSBTTZMMBCJD
with Colloquial Bamana in (25). Through vowel syncope, Colloquial
Bamana has developed onset clusters and codas. (The data and disDVTTJPOIFSFBSFCBTFEPO%JBLJUF
UIFBVUIPSCFJOHBOBUJWF
TQFBLFSMJOHVJTU
4UBOEBSEWT$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOB
4UBOEBSE$PMMPRVJBM
<CVVSV><CSV>
<NPSJCB><NPSCB>
<NBSJGB><NBSGB>
<CBSBNB>
<CSBNB>PS<CBSNB>
<GBSBUJ>
<GSBUJ>PS<GBSUJ>
<LBCJMB><LBCMB>
<NFMFLVZB><NFMLVZB>
HMPTT
ACSFBE
/BNF
AHVO
AQPU
ADBSFMFTTOFTT
AUSJCVUF
AMJUFSBUVSF
"TUIFDPNQBSJTPOCFUXFFOUIF4UBOEBSEBOE$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBEBUB
SFWFBMUIFDPMMPRVJBMMBOHVBHFIBTBTZODPQFQSPDFTTUIBUQSFGFSBCMZ
deletes a non-final high vowel, though a non-high vowel can be deleted
if there are no target high vowels. The effect of this is to make syllable
TUSVDUVSFMFTTSFTUSJDUJWFJO$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBUIBOJO4UBOEBSE#BN
ana, which is basically a CV language. Through syncope, Colloquial
#BNBOBIBTEFWFMPQFECPUIDPNQMFYPOTFUTBOEDPEBTTPUIBU$7$
BOE$$7TZMMBCMFTBSFBMMPXFEJOBEEJUJPOUP$7TZMMBCMFT8IBUJT
OPUFXPSUIZJTUIBUTZODPQFJO#BNBOBFJUIFSDSFBUFTBDPNQMFYPOTFU
JOXIJDIUIFTFDPOENFNCFSJTBTPOPSBOUFH<CSBNB>AQPU<LB
CMB>AUSJCVUF>
PSBDPEBJOXIJDIUIFTJOHMFDPEBDPOTPOBOUJTBTPOP
SBOUFH<NBSGB>AHVO<NFMLVZB>AMJUFSBUVSF
*OPUIFSXPSETUIF
SFTVMUPGTZODPQFMFBWFTBTPOPSBOUJO. QPTJUJPOJUOFWFSSFTVMUTJO
BOPCTUSVFOUJOUIBUQPTJUJPO$POTJEFSGPSFYBNQMFUIFXPSETHJWFO
JO
UBLFOGSPN%JBLJUF
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%;
4UBOEBSE
$PMMPRVJBM
HMPTT
<TBGOϞ><TGBOϞ><TBGOϞ>
<LMBCÈDJ><LBMCÈDJ><LBMBCDJ>
ATPBQ
AIZQPDSJUF
<TBGVOϞ>
<LBMBCÈDJ>
$6"!678"85559:";:8=5<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
The examples in (26) make clear that the result of syncope does not
MFBWFBOPCTUSVFOUJO. QPTJUJPO(JWFOUIJTXFDBOBDDPVOUGPSUIF
difference between Standard and Colloquial Bamana by a difference in
UIFSBOLJOHPGUIF.DPOTUSBJOUT6OEFSUIFBTTVNQUJPOUIBU4UBOEBSE
#BNBOBJTB$7MBOHVBHFBMMUIF. DPOTUSBJOUTXPVMECFIJHISBOL
JOH$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBPOUIFPUIFSIBOEXJUOFTTFTUIFEFNPUJPOPG
.TPOPSBOUDPMMBQTJOH. S. MBOE. OBTBM
CFMPXBDPO
TUSBJOUPSTFSJFTPGDPOTUSBJOUT
UIBUGBWPSTZODPQBUFEPVUQVUTXIJDI
XFXJMMDBMM4ZODPQFIFSFBOEMFBWFUIFEFUBJMTPGJUGPSGVSUIFSSFTFBSDI
UIPVHI4ZODPQFGBWPSTUIFEFMFUJPOPGBXPSEJOUFSOBMIJHIWPXFMBMM
FMTFCFJOHFRVBM‡TFF(SFFOFUBMGPSBQSFMJNJOBSZTUVEZ
4UBO
EBSE#BNBOBXPVMEIBWFUIFDPOTUSBJOUSBOLJOHJO
XJUIBSFMFWBOU
UBCMFBVJO
)FSFXFGPDVTPOUIFBOBMZTJTPGDPEBT
3BOLJOHGPS4UBOEBSE#BNBOB
.0CT. 4PO4ZODPQF. 4PO. 0CT
NPSJCB<NPSJCB>/BNF
NPSJCB
BNPSJCB
CNPSCB
.0CT
.4PO
4ZODPQF
.4PO
.0CT
The winning candidate in (28a) violates Syncope in that it does not
undergo syncope. The losing candidate in (28b) respects Syncope, but
UIJTSFTVMUTJOBWJPMBUJPOPGUIFIJHIFSSBOLFE.
4PODPOTUSBJOU
since it has [r] in coda position. The winning candidate has no codas
UIVTSFTQFDUJOHUIFIJHIFSSBOLFE. DPOTUSBJOUT5VSOJOHUP$PMMP
RVJBM#BNBOBXFDBOBOBMZ[FJUCZUIFEFNPUJPOPGUIF. 4POPSBOU
constraint below Syncope. The ranking for Colloquial Bamana is given
JO
XJUIUIFSFMFWBOUUBCMFBVJO
/PUFUIBUUIFSBOLJOHJO
CFUXFFO. 4POBOE. 4POJTOPUDSVDJBMKVTUBTMPOHBT. 4PO
JTSBOLFECFMPX4ZODPQF
3BOLJOHGPS$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOB
.0CT4ZODPQF. 4PO. 4PO. 0CT
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%!
$6"!678"85559:";:8=5<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
NPSJCB<NPSCB>/BNF
NPSJCB
.0CT
4ZODPQF
BNPSJCB
CNPSCB
.4PO
.4PO
.0CT
The winning candidate in (30b) has a sonorant in its coda. The demoUJPOPG. 4POCFMPX4ZODPQFJO$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBBMMPXTGPSB
TPOPSBOUJODPEBQPTJUJPO
8FOPXDPOTJEFSUIFGVMMFSSBOLJOHXJUIUIFSFMFWBOUDPOKPJOFE
DPOTUSBJOUTJO
BDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFOBUVSFPGUIFDPNQMFYPOTFU*O
4UBOEBSE#BNBOBDPNQMFYPOTFUTBSFOPUBMMPXFE8IBU
TIPXT
JTUIBUUIFEPNJOBUJPOPG4ZODPQFCZ. 4POBMTPFOUBJMTJUTEPNJOB
UJPOCZ< Ϫ.0CT. /Son. Thus, just as possible forms with a coda
DPOTPOBOUDBOOPUTVSGBDFJO4UBOEBSE#BNBOBOFJUIFSDBOBQPTTJCMF
form with a complex onset. This is shown by the tableau in (32).
3BOLJOHGPS4UBOEBSE#BNBOBXJUIDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUTGPS
DPNQMFYPOTFUT
<Ϫ.0CT. 4PO. 4PO4ZODPQF.
0CT
4PO. LBCJMB<LBCJMB>AUSJCVUF
LBCJMB
BLBCJMB
CLBCMB
<Ϫ.0CT
.4PO
.4PO
4ZODPQF
.4PO
.0CT
$BOEJEBUFC
WJPMBUFTUIF. 4PODPOTUSBJOUCFDBVTF<M>JTUIFTFD
POENFNCFSPGBDPNQMFYPOTFU$BOEJEBUFB
JTUIVTUIFXJOOFS
TJODFJUEPFTOPUWJPMBUF. 4POFWFOUIPVHIJUWJPMBUFT4ZODPQF
CVUUIBUJTOPUBGBUBMWJPMBUJPOTJODFJUJTMPXFSSBOLFEUIBO. 4PO
/PUFUIBUBQPTTJCMFDBOEJEBUFMJLF<LBCMB>GPS
XPVMECFSVMFE
PVUCZ. 0CTXIJDIJTOFDFTTBSJMZIJHIFSSBOLFEUIBO.
4PO
HJWFOUIF. IJFSBSDIZJO
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%%
$6"!678"85559:";:8=5<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
'PS$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBOPUPOMZIBTUIF. 4POPSBOUDPOTUSBJOU
CFFOEFNPUFECFMPX4ZODPQFBTTIPXOCZUIFSBOLJOHJO
CVU
UIFSFJTUIFGVSUIFSEFNPUJPOPGUIFDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOU<
Ϫ.
0CT. 4POCFMPX4ZODPQFBTTIPXOCZUIFGVMMFSSBOLJOHJO
This accounts for the output with a complex onset as seen by the tabMFBVJO
3BOLJOHGPS$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBXJUIDPOKPJOFEDPOTUSBJOUTGPS
DPNQMFYPOTFUT
4ZODPQF< Ϫ.0CT. 4PO. 4PO. 4PO. 0CT
LBCJMB<LBCMB>AUSJCVUF
LBCJMB
BLBCJMB
CLBCMB
4ZODPQF
<Ϫ.0CT .4PO
.4PO
.4PO
.0CT
/PUFUIBUBQPTTJCMFDBOEJEBUFMJLF<LBCMB>GPS
XPVMETUJMMCF
SVMFEPVUCZ. 0CTTJODFUIBUXPVMECFIJHIFSSBOLFEUIBOUIFDPO
KPJOFEDPOTUSBJOU< Ϫ.0CT.4POUIPVHIUIJTXPVMEOPUCFBO
intrinsic ranking.) Our detailed analysis of the different varieties of
#BNBOBBDDPVOUTGPSUIFQBSBMMFMFNFSHFODFPGCPUIPOTFUDMVTUFSTBOE
DPEBTJO$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOB "MPOHXJUIUIF$BNQJEBOJBO4BSEJOJBO
DBTFEJTDVTTFEJOJUQSPWJEFTTUSPOHFWJEFODFGPSUIFMJOLCFUXFFO
POTFUDMVTUFSTBOEDPEBTUIBUJTJOTJHIUGVMMZDBQUVSFECZUIFTQMJUNBS
HJOBQQSPBDI
There are restrictions on Bamana syncope that are not discussed here but are
FYQMPSFENPSFGVMMZJO(SFFOBOE%JBLJUF
TVDIBTBQPTTJCMFNFUSJDBMSFTUSJD
UJPO0OFJOUFSFTUJOHPCTFSWBUJPOPO$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBTZODPQFJTUIBUNVMUJQMFEFMF
tions are disfavored in a single word. That is, typically, only one deletion can occur
JOBXPSEFWFOJOMPOHFSXPSETXIFSFUIFSFNBZCFNPSFUIBOPOFQPUFOUJBMUBSHFU
4JODFTZODPQFBMXBZTSFTVMUTJOUIFPDDVSSFODFPGBO. TFHNFOUUIJTTVHHFTUTUIBUJO
$PMMPRVJBM#BNBOBUIFSFDBOPOMZCFBUNPTUPOF. TFHNFOUJOBOZHJWFOXPSE8F
MFBWFUIFBOBMZTJTPGUIJTGPSGVUVSFSFTFBSDI
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555%$
$6"!678"85559:";:8=5<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
On Dorsey’s Law in Winnebago
This section considers the application of the split margin approach
UPUIFTZMMBCMFUP%PSTFZT-BXJO8JOOFCBHPBMTPDBMMFE)PDBOL
Our contention is that the split margin approach to the syllable offers
BEFFQFSFYQMBOBUJPOBTUPXIZ%PSTFZT-BXPDDVSTJO8JOOFCBHP
JODPNQBSJTPOUPQIPOFUJDFYQMBOBUJPOT%PSTFZT-BXJO8JOOFCBHP
JOTFSUTBOFQFOUIFUJDWPXFMUPCSFBLVQBQPUFOUJBMPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOU
onset, as we see in (35). The inserted vowel has the same quality of the
vowel that immediately follows the sonorant consonant. (The WinOFCBHPEBUBBSFGSPN.JOFSBOE)BMFBOE8IJUF
&BHMF
%PSTFZT-BXJO8JOOFCBHP)PDBOL
BIJQSFT
C LSFQOÈ
DTHBB
ELØFF
FIBSBDBCSB
G IBLSVHBT
HQØPPQØPD
<IJQFSFT>
<LFSFQÈOÈ>
<THBB>
<LØFF>
<IBSBDBCSB>
<IBLVSVHBT>
<QØPPQØPD>
ALOPX
AVOJUPGUFO
AXIJUF
ASFWFOHF
AUIFUBTUF
A*UFBSNZPXO
‘fine’
"MEFSFUF
PCTFSWFTUIFBQQBSFOUPEEJUZPG%PSTFZTMBXTJODF
JUBDUTUPCSFBLVQQPUFOUJBMPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFSTXIJDI
BSFUIFNPTUQSFGFSSFEDMVTUFSTDSPTTMJOHVJTUJDBMMZ"TXFTFFJOD
E
BOEH
UXPBEKBDFOUPCTUSVFOUTBSFOPUTQMJUVQUIFZDBO
PDDVSXPSEJOJUJBMMZPSTZMMBCMFJOJUJBMMZBTMPOHBTPOFJTBTUSJEFOU8F
XPVMEDPOTJEFSTVDIPCTUSVFOUPCTUSVFOUTFRVFODFTBTBEKVODUDMVT
UFSTBTNFOUJPOFEJOGPPUOPUF/PUFUIBUXIJMFPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOU
sequences do not surface morpheme-internally or over a prefix boundary (the /k/ in (35f) is a reflexive prefix), Winnebago does allow a
TFRVFODFPGBOPCTUSVFOUGPMMPXFECZBTPOPSBOUJOTFQBSBUFTZMMBCMFT
over a suffixal boundary as in (35e) where /-ra/ is a suffix (or enclitic)
marking definiteness.
"QIPOFUJDFYQMBOBUJPOGPS%PSTFZT-BXFQFOUIFTJTIBTCFFOQSP
QPTFECZSFTFBSDIFSTTVDIBT#MFWJOT
BOE'MFJTDIIBDLFS
'PSFYBNQMF#MFWJOTTVHHFTUTUIBUUIFBVEJCMFSFMFBTFPGUIFPCTUSVFOU
before the sonorant is misperceived as a vowel. The vowel is perceived
UPCFDPMPSFECZUIFQPTUTPOPSBOUWPXFMCFDBVTFPGBOUJDJQBUPSZBSUJD
VMBUJPOPGWPXFMHFTUVSFTBOEJTUIFOQIPOPMPHJ[FETJODFUIFJOTFSUFE
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555$8
$6"!678"85559:";:805<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
WPXFMDPVOUTGPSTUSFTTQMBDFNFOUBOEDBOCFTUSFTTFE4FF)BMFBOE
8IJUF&BHMF)BMMFBOE7FSHOBVEBOE4USZDIBSD[VL
BNPOHPUIFSTGPSGPSNBMBOBMZTFTPGUIFJOUFSBDUJPOPG%PSTFZT-BX
with stress.) The difficulty we see with this phonetic explanation is
UIBUJUEPFTOPUFYQMBJOXIZUIFiNJTQFSDFQUJPOuPDDVSTJO8JOOF
CBHPCVUOPUJO&OHMJTIPSPUIFSMBOHVBHFT
XIFSFUIFTBNFVOEFSMZ
ing sequences occur as onset clusters with no vowel epenthesis. Thus
XFOPUF"MEFSFUFT
RVFSZ‡8IZXPVME%PSTFZT-BXCSFBLVQ
QPUFOUJBMPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUPOTFUDMVTUFSTXIFOUIFZBSFDSPTTMJO
HVJTUJDBMMZUIFNPTUQSFGFSSFEDPNQMFYPOTFUT
"MEFSFUFT
BOTXFSJTUIBUBTZMMBCMFDPOUBDUDPOTUSBJOUJT
BDUJWFJO8JOOFCBHPTVDIUIBUUIFSFDBOOPUCFBTPOPSJUZSJTFPGHSFBUFS
UIBOPOFTPOPSJUZJOUFSWBMPWFSBTZMMBCMFCPVOEBSZ$POTFRVFOUMZJO
"MEFSFUFTBOBMZTJT%PSTFZT-BXPDDVSTTPBTUPCSFBLVQCBETZMMBCMF
contact (i.e. rising sonority over a syllable boundary). The difficulty
XJUIUIJTBOBMZTJTJTUIBUJUTFFNTUPQSFEJDUUIBUXPSEJOJUJBMDMVTUFST
MJLFUIFPOFTIPXOJOC
TIPVMEOPUCFCSPLFOVQCFDBVTFTZMMBCMF
DPOUBDUJTOPUBUJTTVFXPSEJOJUJBMMZ"MEFSFUFT
BOBMZTJTTVH
HFTUTUIBUXPSETUIBUCFHJOXJUITVDIBDMVTUFSBDUVBMMZCFHJOXJUIB
iTJMFOUWPXFMuTPUIBUUIFTZMMBCMFDPOUBDUDPOTUSBJOUXPVMEBQQMZUP
UIFN)PXFWFSUIFSFJTOPJOEFQFOEFOUFWJEFODFGPSUIFTJMFOUWPXFM
FHJUEPFTOPUJOUFSBDUXJUITUSFTTBTUIFFQFOUIFUJDWPXFMEPFTBOE
has no reflex diachronically).
0VSQSPQPTFEFYQMBOBUJPOGPSUIF%PSTFZT-BXGBDUTJO8JOOF
CBHPJTUIBU%PSTFZT-BXPDDVSTEVFUPMBOHVBHFJOUFSOBMQSFTTVSFGPS
obstruent-sonorant sequences not to surface. The salient observation
BCPVU8JOOFCBHPUIBUJTPWFSMPPLFEJOUIFQIPOFUJDEJTDVTTJPOTPO
%PSTFZT-BXJTUIBUUIFMBOHVBHFEJTBMMPXTTPOPSBOUDPOTPOBOUTJO
DPEBQPTJUJPO.JOFS
8IJMFUIJTPCTFSWBUJPONBZTFFNVODPO
OFDUFEUP%PSTFZT-BXVOEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZM
MBCMFJUJTDSVDJBMMZDPOOFDUFE(JWFOUIF. IJFSBSDIZBTJO
JGB
MBOHVBHFEPFTOPUBMMPXTPOPSBOUDPOTPOBOUTJODPEBQPTJUJPOUIFO
UIFFOUJSF. IJFSBSDIZBCCSFWJBUFEBT. JO
EPNJOBUFT'BJUI
%FQCFJOHUIFGBJUIGVMOFTTDPOTUSBJOUWJPMBUFECZUIFXJOOJOHDBOEJ
EBUFTJO8JOOFCBHP
UIPVHINPTUPGUIF. IJFSBSDIZBCCSFWJBUFEBT
.) is dominated by Faith. Thus, CVC reduplication as in (36) results
JOUIFFQFOUIFTJTTIPXOJODBOEJEBUFC
NPUJWBUFEOPUCZBTZMMBCMF
DPOUBDUSFTUSJDUJPOCVUCZUIFEJTQSFGFSFODFPG8JOOFCBHPUPQBSTFB
SIPUJDJODPEBQPTJUJPO
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555$"
$6"!678"85559:";:805<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
8JOOFCBHP3ØBSB<ØBSBØBSB>ACPMEJOTQPUT
ØBSØBSB
B ØBSØBSB
C ØBSBØBSB
.
%FQ
.
.0CT. 0CT. <S>
.0CT. 0CT. <S>. <S>
.<S>
(JWFOUIFIJHISBOLFEOBUVSFPGUIF. IJFSBSDIZJO8JOOFCBHPJU
GPMMPXTUIBUDPNQMFYPOTFUTXIJDIJODMVEFBO. QPTJUJPO
BSFEJT
BMMPXFEBTXFMM6OEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFB
MBOHVBHFXJMMOPUBMMPXPOTFUDMVTUFSTVOMFTTBUMFBTUBQPSUJPOPGUIF
.IJFSBSDIZJTEPNJOBUFECZ'BJUI%FQJO
(JWFOUIBUUIF.
IJFSBSDIZPVUSBOLT%FQBTTFFOJO
DPNQMFYPOTFUTDBOOPUTVSGBDF
BTTIPXOJO
8JOOFCBHPLSFQOÈ<LFSFQÈOÈ>AVOJUPGUFO
LSFQOÈ
.
B LSFQOÈ
C LSFQÈOÈ
D LFSFQÈOÈ
%FQ
.
This analysis thus far provides a principled account of the epentheTJTJO8JOOFCBHPXJUIPVUSFTPSUJOHUPTUSVDUVSFTGPSXIJDIUIFSFJT
no overt evidence. However, the analysis of stem-final consonants in
8JOOFCBHPSFNBJOTBOPVUTUBOEJOHJTTVF3FDBMMUIFXPSENFBOJOH
AUIFUBTUFJOF
SFQFBUFECFMPXJO
)FSFXFTFFUIBU%PSTFZT
Law does not apply over a final stem boundary and the obstruentTPOPSBOUTFRVFODFTVSGBDFT
Lack of Dorsey’s Law over a stem-final boundary
IBSBDBCSB
<IBSBDBCSB><IBSBDBCBSB>
AUIFUBTUF
We suggest that stem-final codas that are not word final may, in fact,
TVSGBDFBTBO. FMFNFOUDPNQFMMFECZBIJHISBOLFEBMJHONFOUDPO
straint requiring a stem-final element to be syllable final, i.e. AlignR
TUFNTZMMBCMF
OBNFMZUIBUUIFSJHIUFEHFPGUIFTUFNBMJHOTXJUIUIF
right edge of the syllable. The /b/ in (38) is in stem-final position. This
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555$7
$6"!678"85559:";:805<-
POUIFS FM BUJPOT IJQCF U XFFODPE B TBOEPOT FUDM VTUFST
BMJHONFOUDPOTUSBJOUQSFWFOUT%PSTFZT-BXGSPNBQQMZJOHUP
BT
TIPXOJO
IBSBDBCSB‡<IBSBDBCSB>AUIFUBTUF
IBSBDBCSB
BIBSBDBCSB
CIBSBDBCSB
DIBSBDBCBSB
"MJHO3TUFNTZMMBCMF
.
.0CT
.S
%FQ
.
8FUIVTVOEFSTUBOE%PSTFZT-BXFQFOUIFTJTBTQSPWJEJOHFWJEFODF
GPSUIFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOPOTFUDMVTUFSTBOEDPEBTBOEGPSUIFTQMJUNBS
HJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFNPSFHFOFSBMMZ0VSBOBMZTJTEPFTOPU
EFOZUIFQIPOFUJDBDDPVOUTPG%PSTFZT-BXFQFOUIFTJTJOUPPCTUSVFOU
TPOPSBOUTFRVFODFTQVUGPSXBSECZTVDISFTFBSDIFSTBT#MFWJOT
and Fleischhacker (2002), rather it offers a deeper explanation for why
obstruent-sonorant sequences are targeted to be broken up in the first
place. There is internal systemic pressure from within the phonology
PG8JOOFCBHPGPSUIFTPOPSBOUOPUUPTVSGBDFBTBTFDPOENFNCFSPG
UIFPOTFUTJODF8JOOFCBHPEPFTOPUQFSNJUTPOPSBOUTUPTVSGBDFJO
DPEBQPTJUJPO8FDPOTJEFSUIJTUPDPOTUJUVUFBEFFQFSGPSNBMFYQMBOB
UJPOGPS%PSTFZT-BXJO8JOOFCBHP Conclusion
This chapter has offered a detailed exploration of the relationship
CFUXFFODPEBTBOEPOTFUDMVTUFST7BSJPVTBTQFDUTPGUIJTSFMBUJPOTIJQ
Fleischhacker (2002) and Flemming (2008) offer perceptual accounts of Dorsey’s
Law epenthesis. They note that epenthesis is more likely to occur to split up an underMZJOHPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUTFRVFODFUIBOUPTQMJUVQBOVOEFSMZJOHPCTUSVFOUPCTUSVFOU
TFRVFODF6OEFS'MFNNJOHTBDDPVOUJOQBSUJDVMBSUIJTIBTUPEPXJUIUIFQFSDFQUVBM
TJNJMBSJUZPGPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOU04
TFRVFODFTXJUIPCTUSVFOU7TPOPSBOU074
TFRVFODFT&QFOUIFTJTJTMFTTMJLFMZUPPDDVSJOBOPCTUSVFOUPCTUSVFOUTFRVFODF
CFDBVTFUIFSFTVMUJOHPCTUSVFOUWPXFMPCTUSVFOUTFRVFODFXPVMEOPUCFUIBUQFSDFQ
UVBMMZTJNJMBSUPUIFVOEFSMZJOHPCTUSVFOUPCTUSVFOUTFRVFODF
)PXFWFSUIFQFSDFQ
UVBMTJNJMBSJUZBDDPVOUEPFTOPUUFMMVTXIZPCTUSVFOUTPOPSBOUDMVTUFSTBSFUBSHFUFE
GPSSFQBJSJO8JOOFCBHPOPSEPFTJUBDDPVOUGPSUIFQIPOPMPHJDBMOBUVSFPGUIFQSP
cess (e.g., the process in Winnebago does not apply over a suffix boundary; also, the
FQFOUIFUJDWPXFMJOUFSBDUTXJUINFUSJDBMTUSVDUVSF
OPSEPFTJUSFGFSFODFUIFOBUVSFPG
8JOOFCBHPTZMMBCMFTUSVDUVSFNPSFHFOFSBMMZ
!"#$%&'()*+,&*()-.&/012344555$=
$6"!678"85559:";:805<-
TUV B S U EBWJTL B S FOCBFS UTDI
IBWFCFFOOPUFECZQSFWJPVTSFTFBSDIFSTTVDIBT$BJSOT
XIP
DPNNFOUTUIBUQBOTZMMBCJDDPOTUSBJOUTTVHHFTUUIBUUIFDPEBBOEUIF
TFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUTIPVMECFNBSLFEJOUIFTBNFXBZPS
,-XIPQSPQPTFBOJNQMJDBUJPOBMVOJWFSTBMUIBUUIFQSFTFODFPGBO
POTFUDMVTUFSJNQMJFTUIFQSFTFODFPGUIFDPEBPSSFTFBSDIPOTPOPSJUZ
TIPXJOHUIBUUIFDPEBBOETFDPOENFNCFSPGBOPOTFUBSFQPTJUJPOT
UIBUQSFGFSDPOTPOBOUTPGIJHITPOPSJUZ8IJMFUIFTFPCTFSWBUJPOTIBWF
been made, previous researchers have not offered a formal account
UPFYQMBJOUIFTFPCTFSWBUJPOTOPSIBWFUIFZFYQMPSFEUIFJNQMJDBUJPOT
of the relationship between the coda and onset clusters. This chapter,
CVJMEJOHPOPVSQSFWJPVTXPSLFH#BFSUTDI#BFSUTDIBOE%BWJT
2003, Davis and Baertsch 2005), fills this gap by detailing the split marHJOBQQSPBDIUPUIFTZMMBCMFBOETIPXJOHIPXJUBDDPVOUTGPSUIFPOTFU
DMVTUFSDPEBSFMBUJPOTIJQ4FDUJPOTIPXTIPXUIFGPSNBMSFMBUJPOTIJQ
CFUXFFOBTFDPOENFNCFSPOBOPOTFUBOEBDPEBCPUI. QPTJUJPOT
under the split margin approach to the syllable) allowed us to offer
BOVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGTPNFQIPOPUBDUJDBOEBDRVJTJUJPOBMQIFOPNFOB
Sections 3–5 show how the split margin approach to the syllable offers
JOTJHIUBOEGPSNBMFYQMBOBUJPOUPBWBSJFUZPGQIFOPNFOBMBZJOHB
QBUIGPSUIFEJSFDUJPOPGGVUVSFSFTFBSDI4FDUJPOEFUBJMTBGPSNBM
FYQMBOBUJPOVOEFSUIFTQMJUNBSHJOWJFXPGUIFTZMMBCMFGPS,-TJNQMJ
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are claimed to be covert CCVC languages. This is a provocative claim
that requires further research. Section 4 shows specific cases of parallel
development affecting codas and onset clusters. Especially in the case
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mately connected. This also lays the groundwork for future research.
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margin approach to the syllable specifically predict? Section 5 offers a
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Law epenthesis in Winnebago. The major criticism of phonetic discusTJPOPGUIFPDDVSSFODFPG%PSTFZT-BXJO8JOOFCBHPJTUIBUJUEPFT
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the syllable developed here offers a novel perspective and understandJOHBCPVUUIFSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFODPOTPOBOUTXJUIJOUIFTZMMBCMF
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