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World Conflicts
3. The Cold War – 1945 - 1960
1. The Road to War – 1921-1941
2. World War Two – 1941 - 1945
4. Society After WWII – 1945 -1960
•The Great Depression touched off global economic
problems that led to the rise of dictators in Europe
and set the stage for another world war.
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The Road to War
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1921 - 1941
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Search for Peace
Relations with Latin America
The Rise of Militarism
War Breaks Out
•The Great Depression affected not only the United
States but also the entire world. The economic
hardship led to the rise of dictators in Europe and
Latin America who tried to limit the United States
influence in the international community.
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1. The Search for Peace
•The whole scheme [the League of Nations] has just one ultimate
power and that is military force – the same power and the same
principle which every despot [dictator] has relied upon his efforts
against the people when the people were seeking greater liberty
and greater freedom, the same power which George III and
Wilhelm II made the basis of their infamous designs. . . . Let us
leave these things-the lives of our people, the liberty of our whole
nation-in the keeping and under the control of those people who
have brought this Republic to its present place and prestige and
power.” William E. Borah, “Militarism in a League of Nations,” 1919
•What is the senators view of
the League and the United
States in world affairs?
•How do his views differ
from the present?
•How do you think Mr. Schenk
feels? How about you? Why
do you feel that way?
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Legacies of WWI
•
•
Following the years of WWI and
seeing all the horrors of a great
war, the United States entered a
period of Isolationism.
– Senator Hiram
Johnson -withdrawal
from foreign affairs,
1920’s and the 1930’s
– Isolationism did not
mean complete
withdrawal-it meant
avoid “entangling
alliances”
The United States did try to
become a member of the World
Court, but the court refused
Senate stipulations.
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Promoting Peace
•
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Disarmament
– America used diplomacy instead of militarism to
promote world peace.
– Disarmament-reducing the size of the military of a
country
– Many organizations played a role in peace efforts.
» Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, Jeannette
Rankin and women’s rights
» Women’s International League for Peace and
Freedom
» Addams and Balch – Nobel Peace Prize
Jane Addams
Emily Greene Balch
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Washington Conference
•
•
•Charles Evan Hughes
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International conference in
Washington, D.C. that focused on
disarmament and Pacific security
-organized by Charles Evan
Hughes.
Hughes, as secretary of state
under Harding, helped formulate
the Five Power Naval Treaty United States, Great Britain,
Japan would retire warships to
limit naval strength
» Great Britain and the
United States had an
equal number of shipsJapan 60 % less
» Italy and France half the
size of Japan
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Five Powers Naval Treaty
• Great Britain
• The United States
• Japan
• Italy
• France
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Other Treaties
•
•
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Four Power’s Treaty –U.S, Great Britain, France, Japan –
pledged to respect one another in the Pacific
The Nine Power’s Treaty (5 powers & Belgium, China,
Netherlands, Portugal – guaranteed China’s territorial
integrity and uphold Open Door Policy
•Charles Evan Hughes
•“We emerge from the war with a new
national consciousness; with a consciousness
of power stimulated by extraordinary
effort; with a consciousness of the
possibility and potency [power] of
cooperation. . . . We are unworthy of our
victory, if we look forward with timidity.
This is the hour and power of light, not of
darkness. . . . If we are to establish peace
within our own borders, we must cooperate
to destroy the . . . Spirit of tyranny
wherever we find it.” Charles Hughes, “Our
After War Dangers,” 1919
•By the way, I thought I defeated Wilson
in the election, but I lost by 26 votes! I am
a little upset, but I am using the
Conference to try to achieve some of my
goals!!!
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Unsuccessful Measures
–
–
–
Kellogg-Briand Act -proposal for France and
the United States to sign an agreement to
outlaw war -eventually 62 nations signed the
pact.
How do you think this worked out!?!
This pact proved extremely ineffective. Not
very well, huh!
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X
X
X
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War Debts & Reparations
•
•
•
The issue of war debts weakened
efforts to maintain peace.
– The United States a creditor nation granted $10 billion
to Europe in loans.
– British Prime
Minister David Lloyd
George urged the
United States to
forgive debts owed.
Germany was responsible to pay
back a large amount of war
reparations to Europe as well as a
loan to the United States (Dawes
Plan).
The country was near financial
collapse on the eve of the World
Depression; she was very
vulnerable and seeking a leader,
Adolf Hitler.
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British Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
The Truth About War
Debts
•
•
•
“The United States did not from
first to last make any sacrifice or
contribution remotely comparable to
those of her European Associates, in
life, limb, money, material or trade,
towards the victory which she shared
with them.”
• David Lloyd George, The
Truth A bout Reparations
and War-Debts
How does the British Prime Minister
feel about the United States and
War Reparations?
How do you feel about his comments
about American contributions to the
first World War?
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British Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
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2. Relations with Latin
America
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•“Ever since the World War we have been
manufacturing more goods than we can sell. We
are looking for new markets. Latin America and
South American afford [provide] these
markets. And yet in order to allow a few
bankers to exploit [take advantage of]
Nicaragua, our oil to exploit Mexico, we are
willing to ruin the legitimate commercial
business of this country. We are willing to let
thousands of men remain out of employment
who could be working in manufacturing plants of
this country if we by peaceful means sought he
friendship and trade of Central and South
America.”
•Burton K. Wheeler, “ Condemns the
Intervention in Nicaragua,” 1927
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Intervention in Nicaragua
•
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America played an important role in Nicaragua
politics through the 1920’s and the 1930’s.
– General Emiliano Chamorro overthrew
the government in Nicaragua.
– America did not recognize his
government.
– President Coolidge sent diplomat Henry
Stimson to negotiate peace, which was
reached in 1927.
Emiliano Chamorro
Henry Stimson
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American Withdrawal
•
•
•
•
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Augusto Cesar Sandino refused Stimson’s proposalopposed Chamorro’s regime and his successor Adolfo
Diaz
The U.S. never defeated Sandino’s forces.
By 1933, because of depression, the United States
withdrew her troops. General Anastasio Somoza, a U.S.
friendly, or ally, defeated Sandino and ruled Nicaragua
until 1979.
The Sandinista revolution, in honor of Sandino,
overthrew the dynasty shortly thereafter.
Augusto Cesar Sandino
Anastasio Somoza,
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A Change in Policy
•
•
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The Good Neighbor -mutual respect toward Latin
America- FDR-gave up U.S. rights in many
countries-Panama, Cuba, Haiti
Banana Republics - Latin American governments
who supported U.S. or foreign companies or
investments in banana, coffee, and sugar
•“In the field of world policy I
would dedicate the good
neighbor-the neighbor who
resolutely respects himself and
, because he does so, respects
the rights of others.”
•FDR, “Inaugural address, 1913
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Relations with Mexico
•
•
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President of Mexico, Lazaro Cardenas, began to
nationalize the country’s oil industry, which ousted
U.S. and British oil companies.
U.S. companies criticized Cardenas and asked
President Roosevelt to intervene-his decisionwanted to maintain good relations with Mexico and
he acknowledged Mexico’s rights to control its own
natural resources.
Lazaro Cardenas
New Latin American
Leaders
–
–
–
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Inequality between wealthy landowners in Latin
America and poor landless people.
Caudillos -military leaders who used force to
maintain order.
The United States generally supported
Caudillos because they maintained order.
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3. The Rise of Militarism
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•“The peace, the freedom, and the security of 90 percent
of the population of the world is being jeopardized by the
remaining 10 percent who are threatening a breakdown of
all international order and law. . . . War is a contagion
[disease]. . . . IT can engulf states and peoples remote from
the original scene of hostilities. . . . If civilization is to
survive, the principles of [peace] must be restored.” FDR,
October 5, 1937
Mussolini in Italy
•
•
Italians faced problems of
depression as a result of the First
World War. Many unemployed
Italians decided to join the
Communist Party.
– To rise to his own
power, Benito Mussolini
formed the Fascist
Party in 1921 to
destroy the Communist
Party.
– Mussolini believed that
a military-dominated
government should
control all aspects of
society.
– The Blackshirts -an
army of Fascistsmarched on Rome and
seized power.
The Italian King, appointed Mussolini
as the prime minister and granted
him dictorial powers.
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Stalin in the Soviet Union
•
•
During the early 1900’s, Vladimir
Lenin led the Bolshevik Revolution
and formed the communist state
of the Soviet Union.
• His death in 1924 spurred
a struggle for power and
the Soviet Union was
reorganized under Joseph
Stalin.
• Stalin turned the Soviet
Union into a totalitarian
state -a country in which
the government had
complete control.
Historians argue that Stalin killed
over 30 million Russians to gain
complete control over the Soviet
Union.
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Hitler in Germany
•
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In 1932, The Nazi Party, under Adolf Hitler,
received a majority of the vote in the national
election. Shortly thereafter, Hitler became
supreme Chancellor.
– He wrote Mein Kumpf, My Struggle,
while in prison after WWI.
– Talked about how he would fix Germany.
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The Third Reich
–
–
–
–
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The Third Reich claimed dictatorial powers by
prohibiting, outlawing strikes, and made
military service mandatory.
Brownshirts, members of the Reich, crushed all
political opposition.
Hitler looked to expand-building a military was
good for the economy of Germany.
March, 1936-Germany occupied the Rhineland;
two years later occupied Austria, and then
Czechoslovakia. He asked the Czechs to turn
over their power to Germany and they refused
to do so.
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Anti Semitism
–
–
The hatred of Jews became official
government policy of Germany. 1935
Nuremberg laws deprived any Jew of German
citizenship.
Krisallnacht-“night of broken glass” Nov 9
1938-chilling preview of what lay ahead for
Jewish people
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Franco in Spain
•
•
•
Fascism spread to Spain.
Francisco Franco tried to
overthrow government and
started a Civil War in
Spain between Fascists
and Loyalists.
Popular Front -an
international alliance of
organizations against
Fascism.
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Militarism in Japan
–
–
–
–
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Prior to World War Two, Japanese expansion
loomed in Asia.
Strong military leaders, gaining increasing
power in Japan, wanted to reduce Western
influence in Asia.
Japan also sought to expand her empire to
lesson the need for foreign natural resources.
July 1937-Japan and China were at war. (SinoJapanese –victory for Japan)
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4. War Break Outs
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•“Ladies and gentlemen, this is the most terrifying
thing I have ever witnessed. . . .A humped shape is
rising out of the pit. I can make a small beam of
light against a mirror. What’s that? There’s a jet of
flame springing from that mirror, and it leaps right
of the advancing men. It strikes them head on! Good
Lord, they’re turning into flame!
•Orson Welles, “The War of the Worlds,” CBS
Radio, October 30, 1938
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Response to Fascism
•
Axis Powers
– The spread of
fascism throughout
Europe and Asia
caused a shake-up
of international
diplomatic
relationships.
– Most surprising was
U.S. Soviet
relations; after
several years of
hostility, the
United States
recognized the
Soviet Union in
1933.
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Munich Conference
–
–
–
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Four leaders of the United States, Great
Britain, Germany, and Italy in Munich in 1938 to
try to resolve world conflicts.
European leaders adopted a policy called
appeasement, or giving in to demands in an
attempt to avoid a larger conflict.
Hitler was given control of the Sudetenland.
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Winston Churchill
–
–
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Churchill of Great Britain criticized the leaders
for giving into Hitler’s demands.
This would encourage Hitler to seize additional
land, and he does.
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Fighting Begins
–
–
–
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By early 1939, Hitler had controlled all
of Czechoslovakia.
» That same year, Italian troops
invaded Albania.
» Recognizing this threat, France and
Great Britain signed a pact to go to
war if Germany attacked Poland.
The Soviet Union signed a non
aggression pact with Germany hoping to
secretly divide Poland between the two
nations.
In August, 1939, Germany attacked
Poland, and two days later France and
Great Britain formed the Allied Powers
and declared war on Germany.
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U.S. Response
–
–
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Three weeks after the German invasion of Poland, The
United States Congress agreed to a compromise that
allowed any nation to buy military supplies from the
United States, but required that all goods be shipped
on foreign vessels.
Roosevelt in 1940 won an unprecedented third term
and pledged that he would keep the United States out
of War.
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Lend Lease
•
•
•
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In March 1941, the United States passed
the Lend-Lease Act which appropriated $7
billion for ships, planes, tanks, and other
supplies to Allied countries.
While Hitler carried on his Blitzkrieg, or
lighting war, Germany also attacked around
the Maginot Line, a line of defenses along
the French-German border.
Germany eventually occupied Belgium,
Denmark, northern France in a town called
Vichy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and
Norway.
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A New Leader
–
–
Winston Churchill, on
May 10, 1940, became
the British prime
minister.
Churchill was not an
appeaser and warned
European leaders of
Hitler’s intentions.
• Hitler knows that will have to break
us in this island or lose the war. . . .
Let us therefore brace ourselves to
our duties, and so bear ourselves
that, if the British Empire and its
Commonwealth last for a thousand
years, men will still say, “This was
their finest hour.” - Winston
Churchill, “Their Finest Hour,” June
18, 1940
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Tensions in the Atlantic
•
•
•
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Germany was turning the North Atlantic into a
graveyard of ships. Roosevelt gave “shoot on site”
orders.
Atlantic charter -secret meeting between
Roosevelt and Churchill -Freedom of international
trade and equal access to raw materials
Germany violated the non aggression pact with the
Soviet Union in 1941, when Hitler invaded the
country.
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Japan Attacks
•
•
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As war raged in Europe, Japan continued to expand
in Asia.
Hideki Tojo -Prime Minister of Japan made plans to
attack the United States if it did not unfreeze
Japanese assets, supply Japanese oil needs, and
cease all aid to China.
Hideki Tojo
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Pearl Harbor
–
–
–
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December 7, 1941 –“a date that will live in
infamy”-Japan attacked Hawaiian Islands at
Pearl Harbor.
Almost 20 U.S. warships and nearly 200
aircraft were destroyed. 2,400 Americans
killed.
The United States immediately declared war on
Japan.
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