CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Development of information technology and communication technology
has resulted in ever increasing expansion of the flow of information.
Developed countries have advanced technology so they are getting all the
benefits of information. They are well educated, and well informed. Under
developed countries on the contrary neither has advanced technologies nor
the facilities.
In this age of information explosion our lives are based on information.
Rapid changes in every field have made it a key resource for survival in
this world. Every moment of our life depends on information, without
which, it would be difficult to exist in the present information oriented
society and the process does not stop anywhere as technical, economical
commercial and cultural fields changes are occurring almost every
moment. With the deep-rooted transformation of the worried our crucial
need is to be informed of what is going on around us. Ever-growing
competition among nations in the field of trade, education, technology etc
leads to the acquirement of information and knowledge. With the
1
revolution in information and communication technologies, flow of
information is tremendously increased. Access to information has become
rapid and cheap. People can get to know a lot of everything without going
anywhere. Abundant information is available in their houses and offices.
Now they can enter in libraries, information centers, documentation centers
or an organization in cyber environment and use their resources without
entering their four walls. We can say that the physical movement of people
in this age has decreased while the movement of information has increased.
There are so many electronic channels and sources available by which
speedy and rapid communication of information has become possible. As
information has become easily accessible, the use of information,
cultivation of ideas and rate of generation of new information doubles each
year.
1.1 Nature of Information
Information is not restricted to printed words or words of mouth alone. It is
also present in the form of artwork, colors, gestures, facial expressions, and
body movements. Information may be a physical entity, which can be
quantifiable, for example sound waves of a whistle, speed of a car,
temperature of the room. Its consumption can be quantified. Information is
2
also a fact, for example, what is your name? What are your job timings?
What is the number of students?
Information is used as knowledge. "Knowledge implies a state of
understanding beyond awareness." (Debons and Croneweth, 1988)
Information is a commodity. It has economic value. Information is also
used to influence and persuade. Sellers get economical benefits through
advertisements. "Information is the substance of cultural enrichment and
amusement. People are willing to pay for it, which is the basis for the
entertainment industries." (Cawkell, 2003) Information can be a service as
well. Business is providing information-based services that produce
information products and services.
Different authors and researchers have given various definitions of
information and have described various uses on the characteristics and
impacts of information on man, his environment and society.
"Information is process oriented concept in that movement from source to
destination is internal to both sender and the receiver. This implies no
physical change in state takes place". (Debons and Croneweth, 1988)
"Information can be applied to a continuum of cognitive state from sensory
awareness to a synthesis of ideas". (Debons and Croneweth, 198B)
3
"Information is an assemblage of data in a comprehensible form capable of
communication and use." (Cawkell, 2003)
"It is the cognitive state beyond awareness. Knowledge implies an active
involvement and understanding to meet life's contingencies." Debons and
Croneweth, 1988)
Brookes says "Knowledge is sum of many bids of information and when
more information is added to the existing knowledge structure, it gets
modified." "Information is core of all education and of all personal growth
and development" (Walpert, 1986)
Farradane suggested that information should be defined as any physical
form of representation or surrogate, of knowledge or of a particular thought
used for communication. (Farradane, 1979)
"Information refers to facts and opinions provided and received during the
course of daily life." Encyclopedia Britannica (cited in Eliot)
"Information is an intrinsic property of various systems which exist
irrespective of whether any human or other forms of intelligence perceive it
or utilize it. Information is something that a person communicates to
another; the meaning of it can only be understood in socio-cultural
context." (Soren Brier, 1992) Information is that which adds to or modifies
a knowledge structure." Information establishes a vital link between a
4
living system and its environment and communication is the process which
transforms information. Information is an artifact and representation of
example; text, a vocalization, a document or an image. Information arises
out a communication; it is the product of communication."
Cleveland (1982) describing its nature says that
 It is expandable,
 It is compressible,
 It is substitutable.
 It is transportable,
 It is diffusible and
 It is shareable,
Eaton and Bawden (cited in Meyer 2005) describe various attributes of
information that focus on its Intangibility. They combine the views of
various authors and describe as under
Value of information: Information is not readily quantifiable - that is, it is
impossible to predict the ultimate value of information to its users. Also,
over time, there is no predictable change in the value of information.
Multiplicative quality of information: Information is not lost when given
to others, and does not decrease when 'consumed' Sharing information will
5
almost always cause it to increase - that is, information have a selfmultiplicative quality.
Dynamics of information: It is a dynamic force for bringing a change to
the system within which it operates. It adds value to an organization
through encouraging innovation and change without being tangible.
Individuality of information: Information comes in many different forms
and is expressed in many different ways. Information can take on any
value in the context of an individual situation.
Extension of the knowledge base: From a development point of view,
there is more emphasis, first, on improving peoples' lives socially and only
secondly on economic improvement.
Culture dependency: It is culture dependent - involving conceptual and
cognitive differentiation. Pickering (1996) is of the opinion that because
information is culture specific, it is incommunicable unless acculturated that is, adapted for the cultural environment or the cultural mind-set of the
recipient group. Here, Shields and Serves (1989) also point out that
information is not totally value-free, but it is socially conditioned and
shaped by the social structures that apply it.
6
Medium dependency- Once information is concretized outside the human
memory it should be packaged in some format (i.e., print, images, sound,
electronic digits, etc.) to be communicated to someone else. Unless
receivers know how to use that particular format, the information will
remain inaccessible and will be rendered as useless; for example, an
electronic medium directed at users who are unfamiliar with such facilities
can impede access to the available information.
Information is presented in words. It needs medium to store. It is stored in
a number of mediums in the early days it was stored on clay tablets,
papyrus, and vellum, Parchment etc. The invention of paper brought a
revolution in the field of information storage. It is a cheap, durable and
portable medium of information storage. Even in this electronic age it is
still the most used and reliable medium. Information can be stored in audio
(i.e. sound), video (i.e. pictures or images, video films) and digital form,
each of which has its own meaning. According to Farradane (1979)
"Information is sterile." Contents of information are only words and the
recipient of information give meaning to these words in which their mental
capability, existing knowledge and understanding of communication are
involved. Information cannot be consumed and it cannot be depleted, as it
rotates in a life cycle. Increase in use keeps its life cycle going.
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The concept of information-rich and information-poor or information
poverty has been developed. Information poverty is defined as "the lack of
skills and experience in using various kinds of information systems,
receipts of too much or repetitious information". (Tidline, 2002)
Consequently information-rich countries face the problems of information
overload. As continuous input increase lead to decrease in output>
Information-rich nations are suffering for an information anxiety due to
information overload.
"We need information to help deal with, adjust to, prepare for, and enjoy
our environment. Facts, experiments, people and places all give us
information — How we know the world and how we relate to people,
experience and events depend on what we know, what we have learnt, and
what we think of an experience —- Our future experience depends on our
ability to learn" (Wolpert, 1986).
1.2 Role of Information
The world is changing constantly. Everything has improved and
developed. Fast means of communication are available. Information is
the means, which helps us to scope the changes which are rapidly taking
place in this world. A society rich in information is rich in socio
economic spheres.
8
It plays an important role in the society. It not only shapes the society
and creates its structure but also affects the elements, which constitute it.
It is also important in the exploitation of resources. The resources, of
which the society is not aware, cannot be used effectively and the
effective use of resources is the basis of development. Thus, information
is the basic element for development. It has diffusive characteristics. It
penetrates in human life and leads to social change.
Information develops and increases the interaction or understanding
between human beings and their society. It helps human beings to adapt to
their society and to the changes occurring in it. It changes our motivation
and expectation. It also changes our knowledge structure. Knowledge
structure is the collection of concepts and their interrelationship.
It plays a key role in an individual's personal life and provides a ground to
acquire knowledge. It facilitates the process of knowing and increases the
level of understanding. It causes drastic changes in personality. The
decisions and actions of a well-informed person are the evidence of his
being well informed.
It increases cognitive process and our intellectual capabilities. This in turn,
increases our common sense, imaginative power and sharpens our thinking
and understanding process. It serves as the raw material for decision-
9
making, Therefore, unless one is fully aware about the situation and the
factors affecting it, he/she will not be able to make the correct decision. It
helps man in making valuable judgment and the acquired knowledge in a
new situation. For example, the admission of a child in a new school or the
profession to be chosen. It also helps in problem solving. No matter can be
resolved without proper and sufficient information as information helps to
analyze a situation. A person who does not have any know how about a
machine would not be able to mend it. It perfects one's abilities to use the
new knowledge and apply one's knowledge creatively.
It also broadens our vision. A person who is well informed about an issue
i.e. he is aware of the historical background, the efforts of organization to
solve the matter, and its importance etc, would be able to see the matter in
a broader context.
It provides lifelong learning. "Life long learning is a deliberate
progression throughout the life of an individual, where the initial
acquisition of knowledge and skills is reviewed and upgraded
continuously to meet the challenges by an ever changing society"
(Center for research in library and information management CERLIM).
Life long learning enables us to cope the changes occurring in the world.
Individual and societies prosper. Lifelong learning is leading the
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information society to the road of learning society. It acts as lifeblood
for society. Its uninterrupted flow the society cannot improve and
developed in all fields: Without its unremitting flow the society can
improve
and
developed
business,
education,
travel,
economy,
communication, leisure, and national and international affairs. In under
developed countries like India and Bangladesh there is lack of awareness
of information. As a consequence, these countries are facing problems in
achieving the goal of self-reliance and to become economically stable.
Lack of information is one of the main hindrances in achieving this goal.
Lack of resources, poverty and illiteracy are some of the factors, which
contribute towards the problem.
1.3 Formats of Information
There are four types of formats, which are used for storage
1. Book format
2. Non Book format
3. Computerized format.
4. Advance electronic format
1. Book format include books, magazines and journals etc.
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2. Non Book format include cartographic material that is maps, atlas,
globe, motion pictures, sound recordings, microforms that is microfilm,
microfiche card etc.
3. Computerized format With technological innovations, information is
stored in digital form. This is called computerized format. In this format
information is stored magnetically or optically. These forms store
information in compact size.
•
Magnetic Storage
In magnetic storage, computer stores data on disk and tapes by magnetizing
selected particles of an oxide base surface coating.
Floppy Disk, Hard Disk and CD, are the example of magnetic storage.
Alteration can be done in the data stored on magnetic media but they
ultimately lose data due to disruption of magnetic field.
•
Optical Storage
Optical media store data in a form that is readable with beams of laser
light. CD ROM and WORM (Write Once Read Many) are example of
optical media. They provide a larger storage capacity then the magnetic
media but not all of the optical media allow alterations or modifications in
the data. It provides capacity 68 mega bytes equivalent to over 300,000
printed pages of text.
12
4. Advance Electronic Forms
Advanced electronic forms have diminished the geographical barriers. It
has made communication speedy and easier. Some examples of advance
electronic forms are e- mail, voice mail, facsimile transmission (fax), video
teleconferencing, videotext, teletext and electronic document delivery.
Information is stored in digital form of database. Database is a collection of
similar records. Catalogue, files, lists of borrowers and indexes are all
types of databases. There are two types of databases. Bibliographic and
Non-bibliographic database. Bibliographic databases contain descriptive
bibliographic references about documents like books, periodicals,
newspaper, reports, patents or thesis.
1.4 Information and Communication Technology
Information and communication technology (ICT) plays a vital role in
bringing out changes in our society. As technology becomes more
sophisticated and more affordable, the range of services that are provided
also increases our life style, our business, our educational system, our
political and our social values. In this age of information and
communication technology the role of University Libraries has changed
radically in developed countries. They are providing more sophisticated and
user friendly services to its users (Shuva, 2005). The accelerated adoption
13
and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has resulted
in the globalization of information and knowledge resources (Islam and
Islam, 2007). That is why it has become very important to adopt the
technology for the betterment of the education sector (Dunmill and
Arslanagic, 2006). According to Blurton (1999) ICT are a diverse set of
technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create,
disseminate, store, and manage information. The academic library
environment is in a state of transition in terms of resources and users; many
information sources once available only in print are now available in print,
CD-ROM, online and other sources; other sources may only be available in
electronic form (Abels et at., 1996). The observed transition is apparently
necessitated by the emergence of the modern information and
communication technology (ICT) and its unprecedented impacts on the
provision of library services. Therefore, the use of information technology
(computers, telecommunication, reprography, etc.) has a special role in the
modernization of library practices. Hence, with ICT, such things as
electronic cataloguing, electronic online public access catalogues (OPACs),
electronic acquisition and serials control, electronic circulation functions,
electronic distribution of commercial publications, electronic availability of
raw data, multimedia information delivery systems, digitized collections
14
and online textbooks are all now practicable with a higher degree of user
satisfaction (Ajayi, 2002; Abels et at., 1996). It is recognition of this, that
universities have begun to developed IT and IS strategies to deal with the
need to respond to rapid changes in technology which affect content of
nearly very course; graduates must be up to date with the latest systems and
software if they are to keep pace with the current demands in the
knowledge economy (Gallimore, 1996).The panacea to this problem lies in
effective adoption of ICT in academic libraries. Through ICT libraries users
can have access to variety of information available on computer networks
and online services across the globe. Thus Omoniwa (2001) has posited
that in the twenty-first century, globalization of information and the
adoption of information technology will be the hallmark of great libraries.
The size of libraries or their collections may not be the benchmark but
rather accessibility to the major thrust of the library automation. For any
library to derive maximum benefit in this information age, it has to be
online.
1.5 Information Seeking
Information seeking is a basic activity indulged in by all people and
manifested through a particular way of behavior. It is also an aspect of
scholarly work most interesting to academic librarians who strive to
15
develop collections, services, and organizational structures that facilitate
seeking of information (Wiberley, 1989). There is a universal assumption
that man was born innocent and should actively seek knowledge.
‗Information seeking is thus a natural and necessary mechanism of human
existence‘ (Marchionini, 1995). Information seeking behavior is the
purposive seeking of information as a consequence of a need to satisfy
some goal. In the course of seeking, the individual may interact with
manual information systems such as a newspaper or a library, or with
computer-based systems such as the Web.
Information seeking behavior involves personal reasons for seeking
information, the kinds of information which are being sought, and the ways
and sources with which needed information is being sought. Information
seeking behavior is expressed in various forms, from reading printed
material to research and experimentation. Scholars, students and faculty
actively seek current information from the various media available in
libraries, e.g.
Encyclopedias, journals and more currently, electronic
media. Abels (2004) mentioned that the frequency of use of the internet in
1998-2000 had greatly increased. At the same time, expenditure on
monographs showed steady increase. The library, therefore, is the most
widely used source of information available to literate societies. The
16
librarian should be are of what kind of information is being sought, and
how it can be obtained. Due to the rapidly escalating cost of purchasing and
archiving printed scholarly journals and electronic media, the library has
the duty to provide and maintain efficient services.
1.6 Study Area: An Introduction
After India became independent in 1947, the Planning Commission was
entrusted to oversee and direct the development of the nation. India grew
rapidly in the 1950s, and in the late 1950s the Commission started facing
difficulties in finding suitable managers for the large number of public
sector enterprises that were being established in India as a part of its
industrial policy. To solve this problem, the Planning Commission in 1959
invited Professor George Robbins of the University of California to help in
setting up an All India Institute of Management Studies. Based on his
recommendations, the Indian government decided to set up two elite
management institutes, named Indian Institutes of Management. Calcutta
(now Kolkata) and Ahmadabad were chosen as the locations for the two
new institutes.
The institute at Calcutta was established first, on 13 November 1961, and
was named Indian Institute of Management Calcutta or IIM Calcutta. It
was set up in collaboration with the MIT Sloan School of Management, the
17
government of West Bengal, the Foundation and the Indian industry. The
institute at Ahmadabad was established in the following month and was
named Indian Institute of Management Ahmadabad. Like MIT Sloan in the
case of IIM Calcutta, Harvard Business School played an important role in
the initial stages of IIM Ahmadabad.
In 1972, a committee headed by Ravi J. Matthai took note of the success of
two established IIMs and recommended the setting up of two more IIMs.
Based on the committee's recommendation, a new IIM was established in
Bangalore (IIM Bangalore) the next year, and was originally intended to
cater exclusively to the needs of public sector enterprises. In 1981, the first
IIM Review Committee was convened to examine the progress of the three
existing IIMs and to make recommendations. The committee noted that the
three IIMs were producing around 400 PGP graduates every year and that
they had reached their optimum capacity. It proposed the opening of two
more IIMs to meet the rising demand of management professionals. It also
recommended expanding the Fellowship programmes to meet the growing
demand of faculty in management schools in India. The fourth IIM (IIM
Lucknow)
was
established
in
1984
based
on
the
committee's
recommendation.
18
Two
more
IIMs
were
established in Kozhikode (IIM
Kozhikode)
and Indore (IIM Indore) in 1996. Since 2007, seven new IIMs have been set
up, taking the total number of IIMs to 13.
1.7 Objectives of the Study:
The study is based on the following objectives:-
1.
To determine and examine Information seeking behavior of
users of IIM's Libraries.
2.
To determine the kind of information used by users for seeking
information.
3.
To study the purpose of information seeking by users of IIM's
Libraries.
4.
To explore the use of information communication technology by
users of IIM's Libraries.
5.
To examine the information requirement of users of IIM's
Libraries.
6.
To know about the various sources of information used by users
of IIM's Libraries..
7.
To know about the factors responsible for information gathering.
8.
To determine awareness of users about required resources.
19
9.
To study the problems faced by users while seeking and using
the information.
10.
To assess the present status of library services.
11.
To assess the satisfaction level of users in the present library
services.
12.
To suggest strategies of improving users information seeking
behavior.
1.8 Scope of the Present Study:
The present study is restricted to assess the impact of Information
Communication Technology on information seeking behavior of IIM's
library users. There are 7 IIM's in India. The study includes the information
seeking behavior of professors, Readers, Lectures, Research Scholars etc.
of the following Indian Institute of Management (IIM's) in India :1.
IIM, Ahmadabad, (IIM-A)
2.
IIM, Bangalore, (IIM-B)
3.
IIM, Calcutta, (IIM-C)
4.
IIM, Indore, (IIM-I)
5.
IIM, Kozhikode (IIM-K)
6.
IIM, Lucknow and (IIM-L)
20
7.
IIM, Shillong (IIM-S)
1.9 Hypotheses:
1.
Most of the users of IIM's seek latest information for the purpose
of improving academic Excellency irrespective of the format in
which information available.
2.
Most of the users of IIM's seek information that supports their
teaching and research programme.
3.
Users i.e., Professors, Readers and Lecturers and other
professionals depend heavily on electronic resources.
1.10 Methodology:
Survey method:
In this research the survey method will be followed. There will be a sample
survey of the users of IIM's in India. Survey method will be supported by
questionnaire and informal interview with the concerned users. The
primary data will be collected from users i.e. Professors, Readers,
Lecturers Research Scholars etc. of the IIM's in India.
Questionnaire:
21
A questionnaire will be prepared with objective type questions for
collection of data from the users of the IIM's libraries.
Sampling:
Sampling is the process of selecting units (e. g., people, and organization)
from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly
generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen.
There are a huge number of users in IIM's in India and it is very difficult
for a researcher to visit personally in every IIM's library for collecting data.
So a sample of about 200 professionals will be selected to collect the data
through questionnaire and interview.
Data Analysis:
After collecting the data from users it will be systematized and tabulated.
Data will be analyzed by using statistical method.
1.11 Expected Outcome Of The Present Work:
1. Most of the users use information communication technologies for
seeking their desirable information because of ICT facilities are
available in IIM's libraries.
22
2. Most of the users seek the information to know about the new
developments in their field.
3. Most of the users of IIM's depend mainly upon national and
international Journals to get their desirable information.
4. The information seeking behavior of IIM's users are affected by
some factors such as extra duties, Lack of time and lack of other
facilities.
5. Most of the IIM's users attend the national and International
seminars regularly to know about the new developments in their
field of specialization.
1.12 Organization of the Thesis:
Chapter One Named “Introduction” Consists the outline of the thesis,
concept of Information , Information needs , forms of Information, role of
Information, Information & Communication Technology, nature of
Information, objective on the study, hypothesis, research methodology etc.
Chapter Two ―Review of Literature‖ consists previous studies done in the
field of Information & Communication Technology in libraries,
Information needs, information seeking behavior at national and
international level etc.
23
Chapter Three ―Information & Communication Technology and its Impact
on IIM Libraries‖ we reviewed the forms of Information & Communication
Technology , Traditional & Modern ways for seeking information and
studied its impact on IIM libraries.
Chapter Four ―Profile of Indian Institute of Management libraries‖ gives a
brief introduction of study area i.e. libraries of seven IIM‘s and its users.
Chapter Five ―Information Seeking Behavior of users in IIM libraries‖
evaluate the concept and changes in Information Seeking Behavior of
academic users and its impact on IIM libraries.
Chapter Six ―Data Analysis, Interpretation and Representation‘ dealt with
the user survey, its methodology, data analysis technique used for
interpretation and Representation.
Chapter Seven ―Finding & Suggestion‘ dealt with major finding of the
survey and contains future suggestion.
1.13 Limitations of the Study
Research is a process with never ending scope. Study of a region and that
to, from tourism point of view, is particularly a complicated process, owing
to complex, multi- disciplinary and non –quantifiable nature of the subject.
Here, much depends on individual perceptions, value system and
interpretations, which obviously differs from person to person. While
24
working on the present research problem, the researcher, besides the above
constraints had many other limitations, some situational and few self
imposed.
1. Due to extreme dearth of authentic and systematic information on
the region, the scholar had to depend on mythological sources, lore
and legends.
2. Extensive field study would have yielded authentic and vital
information about various potential tourist resources but the same
was not possible on account of the size of study area vis-à-vis, time
and money constraints.
3. Likewise authentic data on the existing resource use
4. There has not been a model study available on the subject
particularly in Indian context and thus, at times the scholar has to
depend on her own perceptions.
5. Many performing art forms had either vanished altogether or
radically transformed.
25
References:
1. Meyer, H.W.J. (2005). The nature of information and effective use
of information in rural development. Information Research 10 (2)
paper 214. Available: http://InformationR.net/ir/10-2/paper214.html
2. Debons, Anthony, Esther Horne, and Scott Cronenweth. Information
science: an integrated view. GK Hall, 1988.
3. Farradane, J. (1979). The nature of information. Journal of
information science,1(1), 13-17.
4. Brier,
S.
(2000).
complementarity
Trans‐scientific frameworks
views
of
the
different
types
of
knowing:
of
human
knowledge*. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(5), 433458.
5. Cleveland, H. (1982). Information As a Resource. Futurist, 16(6),
34-39.
6. Eaton, J. J., & Bawden, D. (1991). What kind of resource is
information?.International
journal
of
information
management, 11(2), 156-165.
7. Pickering, M. J. (1996). Plausibility and the processing of
unbounded dependencies: An eye-tracking study. Journal of
Memory and Language, 35(3), 454-475.
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8. Tidline, T. (2002). LIBRICIDE: THE STATE-SPONSORED
DESTRUCTION OF BOOKS AND LIBRARIES. Encyclopedia of
Library and Information Science: Volume 72: Supplement 35, 234.
9. Zaman
Shuva,
N.
(2005).
Implementing
information
and
communication technology in public libraries of Bangladesh⋆. The
International information & library review, 37(3), 159-168.
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Emperical Study of Selected Libraries in Bangladesh. Library
Philosopy
and
Practice,
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Literature Review. New Zealand, University of Canterbury.
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14. Gallimore, A. (1996). A public library IT strategy for the
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28
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of related literature is conducted to enable the researcher to get a
clear understanding about the specific field of study. It also helps the
researcher to have an insight into the tested methods, procedures and
interpretations of similar studies conducted elsewhere. Considerable
amount of literature is available regarding application of Information
Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries, professional development
and continuing education needs of library professionals.
But studies are relatively few regarding the impact of ICT on professional
development and educational needs of library professionals. A survey of
the literature found that most of the studies are reported from foreign
countries and that such studies are not given due importance by the
researchers in library and information science. An attempt is made in this
chapter to present a survey of the literature available in India and abroad
under the subheadings listed below. The studies are further grouped under
national, international and arranged in a chronological sequence.
29
ICT In Libraries
ICT has changed the traditional methods of library activities and services
providing new dimensions for teaching, learning and research in higher
educational institutions. With the help of ICT tools, it is possible to store,
retrieve, disseminate and organize information by creating websites and
databases. Information is now published both electronically and by print
making it accessible to users according to their demands. It is important to
assess the ICT applications in library and information centre‘s in the
context of changing user needs.
Research Studies
Kannappanavar and Vijayakumar (2001) survey the use of hardware
and software facilities in University of Agricultural science libraries in
Karnataka. The aim of the study was to evaluate the access of networks,
information services and barriers in information technology applications.
The survey also covers collections of the agricultural university libraries, In
house database, use of IT in administration and the impact of IT
applications on libraries. Results reveal that none of the University libraries
at the time of study is having databases and full implementation of IT
applications in their libraries.. Though the agricultural university libraries
30
are having hardware and software facilities to some extent, the results are
not reaching the clientele. It recommends that the librarians should
approach the university authorities to train the library personnel on IT
application and approach funding agencies like INFLIBNET and ICAR for
their library automation and provide IT based information services to their
clientele. Jeevan and Saji (2004) present the results of a survey conducted
among the premier libraries in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to assess the
Information Technology adoption in these libraries. A survey using
questionnaire and interview was used for getting information about the
different IT components useful for better library organization and
comprehensive as well as swift information services. Eighteen scientific,
technical and research libraries both under Central and State Governments
based in Thiruvananthapuram participated in the survey. All eighteen
libraries were of the opinion that IT had a positive impact on the day-to-day
work of the library and that IT played a positive role in enhancing services,
user satisfaction, meeting users' demands, and overall library image.
Problems faced in IT adoption included inadequacy of funds, shortage of IT
skilled manpower, difficulties in periodic up gradation of infrastructural
facilities, frequent change and advancement of technology, high hardware
31
and software costs, insufficient training of professionals and absence of
hands-on training.
Cholin (2005) provides an overview of information technology
implementation in different university libraries in India that provides
effective access to resources available within universities and elsewhere.
This study was an attempt to understand the use of information technology
in university libraries by studying the status of information technology
applications in Indian university libraries at various levels. The survey
method was used to study the application of information technology in the
Indian Universities. The study was conducted among 66 university libraries
which is approximately 25% of the total number of universities during the
period of the study and the responses were received from 54 (81.8%) of the
total libraries covered. The factors studied include manpower in the
universities, user population, budget, IT infrastructure-hardware, software,
network tools, database development, etc. The author predicts that the
universities across the country can overcome distance and time with the use
of ICT tools in universities and UGC Info net to provide scholarly access to
resources. The study reveals that the university libraries in India are at
various stages of development in the application of information technology
tools in their day-to-day activities.
32
Suku and Pillai (2005) present the results of a survey to assess the status of
automation in the university libraries of Kerala. A structured questionnaire
was used to elicit data from the Librarian/Librarian in- charge of the
Central libraries of six universities. The survey mainly covers various
aspects of library automation such as information technology infrastructure,
in-house activities, information services and their usage, manpower
development, and budget. The study also deals with the role of
INFLIBNET Centre in supporting the automation activities of university
libraries. It is seen that library automation has been rather slow in Kerala
due to various reasons like absence of University Librarian in most of the
libraries; and lack of adequate qualified professional staff. 50% of
university libraries in Kerala, introduced comprehensive automation of
housekeeping activities. LAN facility is available in all university libraries.
All university libraries in Kerala are using computers for their services. All
the libraries, without any exception, are using only personal computers for
the entire range of automation activities. The survey also reveals that all
university libraries have conducted sufficient number of training programs
to its staff members before acquiring the new technology.
Walmiki and Ramakrishnegowda (2009) in a survey of University
libraries in Karnataka outline the status of ICT infrastructure of selected six
33
University libraries. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data
from the University librarians. The data collected include details of
hardware infrastructure like availability of servers, PC‟s, Laptops, printers,
scanners etc. Software facilities for automation of housekeeping operations,
digital library activities are included in the survey. Availability of campus
LAN and internet facilities to provide access to information sources are
detailed in the study. The survey reveals that most of the libraries lack
sufficient hardware and software facilities, and internet with required
bandwidth. The University libraries have to plan, implement and develop
ICT infrastructure to exploit the benefits of digital information
environment.
Singh, Sharma and Negi (2009) reports a study of the current state-of-theart use and applications of ICT in LICs in Noida. The study is based on 25
LICs of public, government, corporate, public, and private enterprises in
Noida. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire through
mail/e-mail among the librarians of selected institutions. The study tries to
find the opinion of the librarians about the barriers in application of ICT in
LICs and their attitudes towards adopting the technology. The results show
that that lack of awareness, interest and initiation of library professionals
towards ICT application in the library are the major barriers of ICT
34
application in the LICs even though the attitude of the librarians towards
ICT application/use in the LICs was very positive. The majority of LICs in
Noida has good hardware, software facilities to some extent but ICT based
services, and products are not reaching the users to the extent expected due
to the problems of inadequate finance, infrastructure, and trained library
professionals leaving available ICT infrastructure underutilized. Therefore,
it is essential that ICT resources should be enhanced; ICT skilled staff
should be increased or trained in using and handling ICT.
Sampath Kumar and Biradar (2010) observe the use of information
communication technology (ICT) in 31 college libraries in Karnataka, India
by analyzing the ICT infrastructure, status of library automation, barriers to
implementation of library automation and librarians' attitudes towards the
use of ICT. The survey carried out using questionnaire, observation and
informal interview with selected college librarians show that lack of
budget, lack of manpower, lack of skilled staff and lack of training are the
main constraints for not automating library activities. Even though library
professionals have shown a positive attitude towards the use of ICT
applications and library automation, majority expressed the need for
appropriate training to make use of ICT tools.
35
Ugah (2007) evaluated the use of university libraries with particular
reference to Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
and found out that both students and staff use the library, although students
constitute the majority of the users. The findings also showed that nearly
three quarters of users browse the shelves to locate materials, which shows
their inability to use the library catalogue. He recommended intensive
library orientation on the use of the catalogue as an effective tool for
information retrieval.
Oyesiku and Oduwele (2004) focus on academic library use. The
investigation reveals that the students used the library mostly during
examinations and to do class assignments. The study further revealed that
collections were inadequate to meet users‘ demands. The study
recommends acquisition of current materials and proper organization of
such materials for effective information retrieval.
Edem and others (2009) conducted a study on students‘ perceived
effectiveness in the use of library resources in some selected Nigerian
Universities. Questionnaire was the main instrument for collecting data.
600 copies of questionnaires were distributed, 530 were returned. The
overall response was 88.3%. The responses showed that, majority of the
users source their information through the catalogue indexes. While those
36
not satisfied in their quest for information attributed them to lack of
physical materials and the cumbersome library organization. Some
recommendations were made for improvement, such as the role of e-library
and its application, orderliness, relevance of resources and user education
through orientation.
Arua and Chinaka (2011) found in his study that one hundred and fifty
respondents
representing
(42.86%)
replied
that
their
libraries
accommodation is adequate while two hundred (200) representing
(57.14%) indicated that their library accommodation is not adequate. Lack
of current and up-to-date information materials (42.86%) is the most
outstanding problems militating against the use of these libraries followed
by poor library accommodation (25.71%) and poor library orientation
(20%).
Siddiqui (1997) reports the use of information technology in seven
university libraries of Saudi Arabia. Questionnaires to deans of academic
libraries and interviews of individual library professionals was used to get
information about
availability and use of information technology like
computers, networks, electronic mail, online information retrieval, CDROMs, facsimile transmission, personal computers (PCs) and the Internet
in the academic libraries. The survey also tries to determine computerized
37
library systems, databases and services used in the libraries, the most
widely used automation systems (DOBIS and MINISIS) and the numbers
of online and CD-ROM databases acquired by specific libraries. The survey
results show that information technologies used by the academic libraries
are: automation, networks, electronic mail, online searching, CD-ROM
searching, telefacsimile, and personal computers. The academic libraries
are using these information technologies to provide excellent services to
library users. In addition all seven academic libraries are using IT in
performing their day-to-day work of processing and services.
Al-Qallaf and Al-Azmi (2002) in a survey study the availability and use of
information technology in public libraries in Kuwait. The study includes
hardware/software, patterns of connectivity such as LANs, Internet, etc.,
training and development activities The study shows that few libraries have
internet connectivity, limited use of ICT applications, and the
implementation of an automated library system are very slow . Factors
impeding the development of information technology are planning,
funding, human resources, and building structure. The survey results also
show that there is a positive attitude among library personnel towards IT.
Baruchson-Arbib and Bronstein(2004) reports a Delphi study conducted
in Israel during 1998-2000 to examine the views of library science experts
38
regarding the future of library science profession and the skills of library
science professionals due to
developments in information technology.
Developments in information technology.40 experts participated in the
study through e-mail. The questionnaire includes three main issues :
traditional versus virtual library model , user- centered approach , and
library professionals skills and roles. A highly optimistic picture of the
library science profession is drawn from the study. Library and information
centers will survive, and both traditional and virtual model will co-exist in a
symbiotic relationship. The most salient skill the library professional is to
acquire is the training role and act as guides in information technology
related issues. The LIS professionals need to promote and market their
skills and thereby acquire necessary social and communication skills.
Information Needs and information seeking behavior
We are living in the information age. The term ―Information Age‖ has been
used to represent the impacts of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) on every aspect of life. Baby, et al (2000) has mentioned
that twentieth century witnessed an ―information explosion‖ owing to the
exponential growth of printed material every minute at the global level. The
growth rate of publication is greater in science and technology than that of
social sciences. The term Information explosion describes the rapidly
39
increasing amount of published information and the effects of this
abundance of data. As the amount of available data grows, the problem of
managing the information becomes more difficult, which can lead to
information overload. Information overload refers to the state of having too
much information to make a decision or remain informed about a topic
(Wikipedia, 2009). This information explosion and information overload
gave the birth to the concept of studying the information needs and seeking
behaviors of different groups of users. Information need is an individual or
group's desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or
unconscious need (Wikipedia, 2007). As Sharma (1992) and Vickery
(n.d.) has stated that understanding the user is the half battle in providing
information-services. The key operation is to select from the store the
information needed by a particular user at a particular time.
The concept of ―information behavior‖ was coined in the late 1990s, but it
traces its roots to the concept of ―information needs and uses‖ that arose in
the 1960s. There has been a gradual shift in the focus of information
behavior research from a system orientation to a user orientation (LISWiki,
2007). At the end of 1970's and in the beginning of 1980's researchers
began to realize that questions in information needs, seeking and use
couldn't been seen only from the systems point of view. The user of the
40
information and his/her needs came into focus and research in cognitive
science was applied in the studies. The new view was called the new
paradigm or the cognitive view (Dervin, 1986). The origins of human
information seeking behavior are found in the work on the users of libraries
and in readership studies in general. The post-war increase in the amount of
scientific literature which was either newly published or recently released
from war-time restrictions led, in 1948, to the Royal Society Scientific
Information Conference, which marks the beginning of the modern study of
human information seeking behavior. However, the subject goes rather
further back in time (Wilson, 2000). With the advent of information need
and seeking behavior research different models were proposed for
identifying different steps involved in this process. For example, Kuhlthau
(1991) studied as how students searched for information as part of their
writing process. She proposed a model that was consisted on seven stages.
The stages of Kuhlthau's model are: a) Initiation b) Selection c) Exploration
d) Formulation e) Collection f) Presentation. Jarvelin and Wilson (2003)
reviewed different models for information behavior (Wilson 1981), and
information seeking behavior (Wilson 1981; Dervin, 1986; Ellis, 1989;
Kuhlthau, 1991). They discussed the functions of conceptual models in
scientific research in IS & R research and concluded that some models are
41
of summary type and others more analytic. Such models serve different
research purposes.
Most of the earlier studies of information needs were based on indirect
methods, like citation counting of recent documents, library issue records,
reference records, etc. It is true that such studies can bring out some aspects
of the use of literature. The Royal Society‘s Conference held in London in
1948 helped much to focus documental lists‘ concern and interest in this
area. Before the Washington Conference there appeared, in 1956, one of the
most important studies entitled Pilot study on the use of scientific literature
by scientists conducted by Ralph R. Shaw. This study and a few others
brought an element of pessimism into such studies. They were compared
with public opinion polls conducted for the improvement of consumer
services and it was held that in library and information services, which
were essentially technical services, there was hardly any scope for such
surveys (Dawra, 2003, pp. 182-183). One of the pioneer studies was
conducted on teaching of psychology in teacher-training institutions of the
South by Dunkle and Peterson (1926) with the help of questionnaire.
Watson, Blakeley, and Abbott (1998) carried out a study on the use of
communication technologies in teacher education. Findings showed that
teacher educators, whether in universities or schools appeared to have
42
limited understanding and experience of ICT, with a complex set of
perceptions that might be at odds with reality. The staff of university
computer networks failed to understand users‘ needs of distributed and
distance networks. Shokeen and Kushik (2002) studied information
seeking behavior of social scientists working in the universities located in
Haryana. They reported most of the social scientists visit the library daily.
The first preferred method of searching the required information by the
social scientists followed by searching through indexing and abstracting
periodicals, and citations in articles respectively. The social scientists use
current journals followed by books. Cothey (2002) examined the
information seeking behavior of 206 college students using the World Wide
Web during a 10-month period. The study was intended to suggest how the
general population uses the web. It was concluded that Web users have
become more passive and more eclectic as they become more experienced
using the Web. It was also discovered that they use less querying
techniques; however their Web usage was more sporadic, which might
suggest greater selectivity. Suriya, Sangeetha and Nambi (2004) carried
out a research on information seeking behavior of faculty members from
Government Arts Colleges in Cuddalore District. The purpose of their
study was to investigate, how faculty members seek information from the
43
library. It was concluded that most of the respondents 61 (38.12 percent)
used to visit the library several times a week to meet their information
needs. Regarding the type of search made by the respondents, majority of
the respondents (57%) made their search by subject. Similarly Lewin and
Stokes (2004) explored the information-seeking behavior of a group of
lecturers, based on one site, delivering a nursing and midwifery curriculum
in the School of Health Studies of a higher education institution. Findings
showed that in order to access information, lecturers were most likely to
access the institutional libraries, the Internet, advice from colleagues and
their personal collections. Refereed journals were the top ranked
information resources with professional studies and research cited as the
most sought after topics. Lecturers mentioned the role of library staff as
integral to the information-seeking process.
The information-seeking activities of 31 faculties at Stanford University
were studied by Reneker (1992) Using a naturalistic approach and
qualitative techniques for the data collection, mainly personal interviews,
the study found a close relationship between knowledge of the information
environment and the sources used. Sethi (1990) used a questionnaire to
study the information-seeking behavior of 256 social science faculty
members in Indian universities. It was found that respondents preferred
44
journals, books, government documents, and reference sources for meeting
their information needs. Hart (1993) reported faculty made about seven
visits each semester to the library and looked at how scholars in different
disciplines vary in their use of library resources.
Some studies investigating the information-seeking behavior of scholars
and academics have examined the role of the library in relation to other
information providers. Smith (1987) reported that about one-half of the
respondents from Pennsylvania State University relied more on their
personal collections and borrowing materials from other libraries. Guest
(1987) noted that 85 percent of the respondents relied on their personal
collection as a major source for information for teaching and research. The
author also found that librarians were rated lowest as a source for getting
information.
The advent of information technology has revolutionized the field of library
and information services and has brought considerable changes in the
information-seeking behavior of users (Adedibu and Adio, 1997).
Electronic communication facilities such as e-mail, discussion groups,
bulletin boards, electronic conferencing, and chat groups have opened new
channels for communication.
45
References
1. Adedibu, L., & Adio, G. (1997). Information needs and information
seeking patterns of medical students at Lautech, Ogbomoso. Aslib
Proceedings 49 (9): 238-242.
2. Al-Qallaf, C., & Al-Azmi, H. M. (2002). Information Technology in
Public Libraries in Kuwait: A First Study. International Information
and Library Review 289-308.
3. Arua, Uche and Chinaka, George I. (2011). Use of Library
Resources by Staff and Students of Secondary Schools in Umuahia
North Local Government Area of Abia State. Library Philosophy
and Practice. 1-7.
4. Baruchson-Arbib, S., & Bronstein, J. (2004). A view to the future of
library and information profession : A Delphi study. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science And Technology , 53, 397408.
5. Baby, et al. (2000). Changing trends in library and information
science. Modern Trends In Information Technology. New Delhi: Ess
Ess Publication.
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6. Cothey, V. (2002). A longitudinal study of World Wide Web users‘
informationsearching behavior. Journal of the American Society for
Information Science
7. Cholin, V. S. (2005). Study of the application of information
technology for effective access to resources in Indian university
libraries. International Information and Library Review , 37 (3),
189-197.
8. Dervin , B., & Nilan, M. (1986). Information needs and uses. Annual
Review of Information Science and Technology (Vol. 2), l3-33.
9. Dawra, M. (2003). Encyclopaedia of modern library and information
science (Vol. 4). Information Needs of Users. New Delhi: Rajat
Publications.
10. Dunkle, G., & Peterson, J. (1926). The teaching of psychology in
teachertraining institutions of the South. Psychological Review,
33(5), 385-396.
11. Edem, Nkoyo, Ani, Okon and Ocheibi, Jonathan A. (2009).
Students‘ perceived effectiveness in the use of library resources in
Nigerian universities. Educational Research and Review, 4(6), 322326.
47
12. Ellis, D. (1989). A behavioral approach to information retrieval
design. Journal of Documentation, 46(3), 318-338.
13. Guest, S.S. (1987). The use of bibliographic tools by humanities
faculty at the State University of New York at Albany. Reference
Librarian 18 : 157-172.
14. Hart, R.L. (1993). The information-gathering behaviour of the
faculty of a four-year state college . Ph.D. Thesis: University of
North Carolina.
15. Jeevan, V. K., & Nair, S. S. (2004). Information technology
adoption in libraries of Kerala : A survey of selected libraries in
Thiruvananthapuram. Annals of library and information studies , 51
(4), 137-144.
16. Jarvelin, K., & Wilson, T.D. (2003). One conceptual model for
information seeking and retrieval research. Information Research,
9(1), 163.
17. Kuhlthau, C. C. (1991). Inside the search process: information
seeking from the user's perspective. Journal of the American Society
for Information Science (JASIS), 42(5), 361-371.
48
18. Kannappanavar, B. U., & Vijayakumar, M. (2001). Use of IT in
university of agricultural science libraries of Karnataka: A
Comparative Study. Desidoc bulletin of information technology , 21
(1), 21-26.
19. LISWiki, (2007). Information behavior theories. History. Retrieved
August
28,
2012,
from:
http://liswiki.org/wiki/Information_behavior_theories
20. Oyesiku FA, Oduwole AA (2004).Use of an Academic Library: A
Survey on the Olabisi Onabanjo University Libraries. Lagos J. Libr.
Info. Sci., 2(2): 96-101.
21. Reneker, M. (1992). Information–seeking among members of an
academic community. DLS thesis, Columbia University. (AAT
9313665).
22. Singh, K. P., Sharma, N., & Negi, N. (2009). Availability, use and
barriers to ict in the r&d institutions: a case study of the libraries and
information centres in Noida. DESIDOC Journal of Library &
Information Technology , 29 (6), 21-31.
23. Sharma, D. C. (1992). Advances in library & information science
(Vol. 3). Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers
49
24. Smith, E.S. (1987). Document supply: Developments and problems .
IAALD Quarterly Bulletin 32 (1): 19-23.
25. Sampath Kumar, B. T., & Biradar, B. S. (2010). Use of ICT in
College Libraries in Karnataka, India: a Survey. Program:
Electronic Library and Information Systems , 44 (3), 271 - 282.
26. Siddiqui, M. A. (1997). The use of information technology in
academic libraries in Saudi Arabia. Journal of librarianship and
Information Science , 29 (4), 195-203.
27. Shokeen, A., & Kushik, S.K. (2002). Information seeking behavior
of social scientists of Haryana Universities. Library Herald, 40(1), 811.
28. Suriya, M., Sangeetha, G., & Nambi, M. A. (2004). Information
seeking behavior of faculty members from Government Arts
Colleges in Cuddalore District. Library and Information Networking,
285-292.
29. Suku, J., & Pillai, M. G. (2005). Perspectives on automation of
university libraries in Kerala: status,problems and prospects. Journal
of Academic Librarianship , 31 (2), 151-159.
50
30. Sethi, A. (1990). Information-seeking behaviour of social scientists:
An
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31. Ugah D (2007). Evaluating the Use of University Libraries in
Nigerria: A Case Study of Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike. Library Philosophy and Practice 1-8.
32. Vickery, B. (n.d.). Techniques of information retrieval. London:
Butterworth & Co.
33. Walmiki, R. H., & Ramakrishnegowda, C. K. (2009). ICT
infrastructure in university libraries in Karnataka. Annals of Library
and information studies , 56, 236-241.
34. Wilson, T. D. (2000). Human information behavior. Special Issues
on Informtion Science Research, 3(2).
35. Watson, D., Blakeley, B. & Abbott, C. (1998). Researching the use
of communication technologies in teacher education. Computers &
Education, 30(1-2), 15-21.
51
CHAPTER THREE
Information Communication Technology and its Impact on
IIM Libraries
Digital Divide
In the era of the knowledge society and the knowledge
economy,
access
to
the infrastructure
to
share
information
and
knowledge is paramount for social and economic development. It is
evident
that
the
traditional
forms of
knowledge acquisition are
insufficient to foster an inclusive knowledge society. People and
communities in the developing world need access to the mechanisms
that provide multiple sources of rapid information - and information
exchange - which traditional ways of accumulating and exchanging
knowledge cannot deliver.
The Internet and associated technologies are pivotal to the new
means of knowledge acquisition. However, disparities of access,
language barriers, low literacy levels, the cost of the technologies and
of connectivity are creating a growing digital divide which hampers
vital access to new knowledge resources for many in the developing
countries. As a result, the knowledge revolution is actually resulting
52
in relative knowledge poverty for most of the world‘s population.
Efforts to eradicate poverty through development that is endogenous,
bottom-up and community-driven are increasingly hinging on the
harnessing of information and communication, now seen by many as
the ―missing link‖ in the development process. In other words,
information and communication are no longer seen as the prerogative of
national governments and international development experts, but as the
basic tools of the poor in their own efforts to improve their lives.
Information systems and the intermediaries who manage them
traditionally have been driven by a bibliographic paradigm centered on
collecting and classifying texts and devising search strategies for their
retrieval. This has promoted a view of information use from the
system‘s perspective and has concentrated retrieval on questions that
best match the system‘s representation of texts rather than responding
to users‘ problems. The bibliographic paradigm is based on certainty
and order, whereas users‘ problems are characterized by uncertainty
and confusion. There appears to be a gap between the system‘s
traditional patterns of information provision and the user‘s natural
process of information use.
53
Traditional Ways of Information
Information is an important tool used in the realization of any
objective or goal set by individuals. It remains the lifeblood of any
individual or organization. It is a valuable resource required in any society;
thus acquiring and using information are critical and important activities.
Users of information use it for different reasons. Some use it for health;
others use it for advancement in knowledge, others for politics. To all these
people information seeking is a fundamental human process closely related
to learning and problem solving (Goldfrab, 2008). Many factors initiate the
search for information; among these are: individual tasks for knowledge
advancement, creativity and for future documentation. Information seeking
process depends on these tasks, and the complexity of the task/difficulty is
an important factor that influence individual in seeking information.
This reason of seeking for information depends on searcher‘s job,
subject and educational attainment. The importance of information in the
developmental process is increasingly recognized, not only by those
involved in development work, but also by the recipients of such
information (Abraham, 2009). ‖ Information is now accepted as an
important factor in the sustained development of any society because it
54
reduces uncertainty, and enhances awareness of possible actions to take to
solve problems‖ (Adimorah, 1995). Lack of information is argued to act
as a barrier to development because of importance of information provision
in ―capacity building‖ and ―empowering communities‖ (Wakelin &
Simelane, 1995).
Mass media plays a crucial role in connecting the world of
individuals. It has the ability to reach wide audiences with strong and
influential messages which impact upon society. Television and Radio have
been influential on people‘s daily lives and routines, affecting the content
and times that audiences watch and listen. The mass media has at least three
important roles to play: to inform, to educate and to influence opinion.
These distinctive features of traditional media have been challenged by new
media, which is changing the participation habits of the audiences. Mass
media enables people to participate in events and interact with communities
over long distance. One needs only to think of democratic elections, World
Cup soccer and royal weddings to appreciate the intensity with which
people can share in these events. TV, radio and newspapers bring the
outside world into our homes. The broadcast times of programmes set the
routine of life within homes. Their content provides viewers and listeners
55
with something to talk about for days. Traditional media has served as a
companion as well as an important source of information for the audience.
All these worked until a decade ago when new media emerged with
all the fanfare of technological innovation.
Fig No.2.1 Different Sources of Information
New Media
New Media can be divided in two parts:
1. Information Technology
2. Communication Technology
56
―Information technology‟ is a generic term with wider implications. In the
present context it includes computer and telecommunication technologies
used for collecting organizing and disseminating information. According to
Rowley (1996), information technology includes the following four major
areas:
 Methods and tools of recording knowledge like computer storage
media (Magnetic: Floppy disk, hard disk, tapes and Optical Storage
Devices – like CD-ROM, DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) Rewritable
CDs and DVDs)
 Methods of keeping records (Computer hardware, software, creating
databases, etc.)
 Methods of indexing documents and information (Computerized
indexes, Machine readable catalogues, etc.) and
 Methods of communicating knowledge (Electronic mail, facsimile
transmission,
Electronic
journals,
teleconferencing
and
data
communication networks).
The application of Information technology in library services and the
resultant changes in information activities from conventional practices to
the advanced methods can be summarized in the following table:
57
The computer has evolved from „abacus, ‟ which was introduced about
5000 years ago, to aid basic arithmetic to several generations of computers
as a mere device to one that is used for information access. Today,
advances in CPU speed, storage capacity, and features like low power
consumption and multitasking have resulted in the design and development
of highly advanced microprocessors. Even though new personal computers
and notebooks have evolved in the market, the conventional personal
computers will remain the main computing device for providing basic
services in an academic environment. According to Battin (1984), early
efforts to apply computer technology to library activities took place
between 1960 and early 1980s as the first generation of library computing.
During this period, development of networks, the first online public access
catalogue (OPAC), International protocols, evolution of Internet, etc., made
the transfer of information easier across national boundaries. Though the
concept of audio and video technologies are said to have initiated in the
1880s it was in mid 1980s many libraries in US started using video USB
(Universal Serial Bus) 1.1 or 2.0 interfaces. Its memory capacity can vary
from 16 MB to 8 GB or even 64 GB.
Communication has evolved from machine codes and punched cards to
keyboard, mouse, scanner, bar code readers, graphics tablets, joysticks,
58
touch screen, etc., and output devices like monitor, printer, etc. Keyboards
are widely used, as they are a flexible method of data entry and are used in
most applications. Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), Optical
mark readers (OCR) and Optical character recognition (OCR) are faster and
cheaper than keyboard entry, but in libraries, the most commonly used
input hardware in encoding bibliographic information of books and other
materials are keyboards, barcode scanners for reading barcodes and
member IDs, and flatbed scanners for images and other documents. In the
future, academic libraries will be able to make use of voice recognition
software, which is also a powerful tool for assisting disabled users. The
common output devices used in academic libraries are printers like DotMatrix printers, Ink-jet printers, Laser printers and Monitor. Computer
output microform (COM) is a further means of outputting large quantities
of data. Voice outputs, which present output in the form of speech and
multimedia kiosks with wide applications in advertising, are also different
forms of output devices. Multimedia is an interactive education tool
providing an environment friendly system to the library, integrating various
media like audio, text, graphic and animation into one platform for efficient
information handling. Multimedia systems denote computers, which have
the capability to handle the audio, video and graphic information in
59
addition to text at the same time. Computer-aided learning using
multimedia has assisted students at all levels of education. The
development of expert systems along with availability of low-cost
computers as a means of providing high-level intellectual support for the
human experts has evolved as an innovation in man-machine interface.
Expert systems are computer-based systems, which use artificial
intelligence techniques to provide advice and make judgments to aid in
solving complex problems in subject areas requiring the use of specialized
knowledge and expertise (Kawatra, 2000).
Communication Technology
The progresses in communication technology and media have helped to
increase access to educational resources and thereby enhance the quality of
education. The use of interactive communication media has facilitated
expansion of opportunities for higher education. To meet the increase in
demands to access, locate and transform large amounts of data, libraries are
struggling to make the best use of available telecommunications
technology. A communication network provides interconnection of several
computers wherein a user can communicate with any computer as local
user. The system will have facilities to create, transmit and print a message
60
or document electronically (Kawatra, 2000). Email or electronic mail is
one of the most commonly used communication method by which a person
can create and transmit messages electronically to an individual or group of
individuals. In an academic institution, email is used effectively for
providing better services like Current awareness service, SDI, Alert service
for new books, etc. Voice mail is an advanced form of email where a
person can dictate or transmit a message over telecommunication lines
using modem. Facsimile transmission or Tele fax is a useful system for
communicating data images over telecommunication lines enabling a user
to transmit a text or graphics securely. It is used in some academic libraries
for document delivery and other scholarly communications. A dedicated
telephone line and fax machine is to be installed for this purpose. Video
conferencing is another communication technology that uses high-speed
telecommunication network to transmit audio and video allowing people to
conduct meetings across the world. In an academic institution, this can be
applied effectively to link several classrooms to hold debates or discuss
topics with an eminent person. Networking in libraries play a major role in
information resource sharing and support activities through a network of
computer and databases with the help of telecommunication. Network
technology is the backbone of data communication and dissemination in
61
academic libraries. A network can be local within an institution, i.e., local
area network, LAN, or it can be national, regional or international, i.e.,
Wide area network or WAN. Examples of national networks are ERNET,
DELNET, and INFLIBNET. International networks include UNISIST,
AGRIS, etc. UGC through INFLIBNET has initiated a major project of
networking IIM libraries all over India and recently extended to selected
colleges, by providing consortia-based subscription to online journals in
collaboration with ERNET. Another initiative of networking library
resources is INDEST, a project of Ministry of Human Resources
Development (MHRD) and AICTE linking IITs and technical institutions
all over India. Internet is now a common term, which signifies
interconnections of multiple networks (both LANs and WANs), located in
different parts of the world enabled through the TCP/IP protocol. It is a
powerful means of speedy dissemination and retrieval of information in
text, graphics, audio or video format. It is a boon for the academic
community worldwide, providing infrastructure to support digital libraries,
virtual learning, research, collaboration and publications. The ―Web‖ or
World Wide Web provides a means of accessing and sharing information
on the internet using hypertext transfer protocol or HTTP. The Web now
enables the user to access bibliographic databases, full texts of journals,
62
courseware and provide links to other library catalogs through Online
Public Access Catalog or OPAC. Internet has helped to integrate all library
activities like email, discussion through list serves, support reference
service through remote databases, avail interlibrary loan, ordering journals
and books online, etc.. There are innumerable applications of Internet and
web based services .Some of these are Subject gateways, Portals, Subject
directories, Search Engines, etc. Subject gateways are internet services
where all internet resources on a particular subject are indexed for the users
to access easily. Examples are SOSIG in social sciences and PINAKES, a
comprehensive index of subject gateways. Portals provide information
services to a specific group of users. The information provided by portals
includes web searching, news, shopping information, reference tools and
communication in the form of chat and email. Examples are consumer
portals like Yahoo, MSN, AOL, etc. Subject directories include categories
and sub categories of subjects indexed in such a way that users can go
through several subject layers to get to an actual web page. It gives a
collection of links to resources organized under different subjects (Mutula
& Wamukoya, 2007). Search engine, one of the most popular internet
application widely used around the world is software used to search a
63
database. Search engine is useful to get an idea about a subject or concept.
Examples are Google, Bing, etc.
Wireless Network technology
Though there are a lot of developments in wireless network technology, in
most academic libraries in India, cabled computer networks are more
common than wireless broadband network. The emerging wireless, mobile
and internet technologies may take some more time to have an effect in the
IIM Libraries; however, a brief outline of some of the recent developments
in wireless, mobile, internet and web technologies are listed below.
Bluetooth is an emerging wireless technology meant for broadband wireless
communication between devices like digital cameras, laptops, mobile
phones, Personal computers, printers, scanners, etc., within a short range.
3G telecommunication or third-generation wireless communication
technology is meant for wide area wireless cellular telephone network. It
can process audio, graphics, video, etc., at high speed. WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a broadband
wireless access capable of transmitting data over 30 metres of area. It
provides data rates up to 70mbps greater than Wi-Fi's 54 mbps. GPRS or
General Packet Radio Service is a mobile technology that helps to
64
download web pages and send text messages in cell phones quickly. It
helps the users to have uninterrupted access to internet through mobile
phones or computer. VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol is an internet
technology to transfer digitized voice over broadband network. As
communication is over internet, the cost of phone call is less than that of
regular phone. VoIP can empower academic libraries to promote and
expand their distance learning services, virtual reference services and other
global collaboration services. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification or
electronic tagging is a non contact automatic wireless identification
technology to track objects at a distance from a couple of inches to 20 to 30
ft away (Li, 2009). It uses microchip, which transmits a stored code to a
reader, which can be fixed or handheld. Compared to traditional barcode
technology RFID has many advantages like quick access, greater storage
capacity, resistance to high temperatures, water resistance, etc. RFID
implementation in IIM libraries will help to increase efficiency in
circulation section, in better security management and can be used for stock
verification. Before implementing RFID tags in IIM Libraries, the cost
involved, the range of frequencies applicable, and other issue-related
standards, health issues, etc., are to be solved. Semantic Web is an
intelligent web technology that allows machines to understand the meaning
65
or "semantics" of information on the World Wide Web. World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) director Tim Berners-Lee coined the term. According to
W3C, the core of semantic web is the resource description format (RDF),
an XML based mark-up language for defining metadata about web
information. The semantic web is a vision of information that is
understandable by computers, so that computers can process the
information on the web.
Electronic Publishing
Electronic publishing covers all aspects of traditional publishing, but in a
digital environment, it is another major technological development
facilitated by the convergence of computer and communication network.
Electronic publishing means the use of electronic devices in the publication
and distribution of information. The end product of electronic publishing
can be print-based or non print based. In the non print form, the end
products are accessed electronically through traditional medias like
CDROMs, or through Internet as Electronic journal, Online databases , Ebook, or in the form of OPACs, blogs, wikis, podcasts, etc. Digital Library
is a virtual library providing access to information based on resources,
including text, images, audio, video and other scholarly library materials
66
that have been electronically converted or in electronic formats. There are
many different kinds of digital libraries creating, delivering and preserving
digital objects from many different formats of data. It is a managed
collection of digital objects, created or collected according to principles of
collection development (Deegan & Tanner, 2002). A digital library
provides instant access to digitized information and offers a solution to the
problems of storage and maintenance. It can provide access to simultaneous
users from multiple locations. Another example of electronic publishing is
electronic journal, which is a full text journal published electronically, and
can be accessed on the web. Either an electronic journal can be free or
subscription based. Advantages of electronic journal are its ease of access
and regular updating, ease of downloading articles, etc. Many publishers
now offer electronic journals along with print version with sometimes free
access to the electronic journal on subscribing to the print version. An
increasing number of journals are now available only electronically
whereas online databases are large amounts of information stored in a
search tool‘s website. It refers to information transferred to hard disks,
magnetic tape, etc., which are accessed through communication network
(Mutula & Wamukoya, 2007). Libraries subscribe various types of online
database depending on the subject requirements of the academic
67
community. Most of the online databases have a user-friendly search
interface to search the database and save the required results for future use.
Examples are Ebsco, (Humanities and social sciences), Web of science,
Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), Manupatra (Legal
studies), etc. E-books are the latest addition in the world of electronic
publishing. E-books are designed to use with E book readers. Though they
can save a lot of space, due to the high cost, Ebooks are not very popular in
academic libraries. With the progress in electronic publishing, a number of
academic institutions are making available their collection of doctoral
thesis and dissertations online. NDT LD digital thesis and in India,
Vidyanidhi digital thesis, Shodhganga of INFLIBNET, Electronic thesis
collection of Mahatma Gandhi University and Cochin University of
Science and Technology
Web 2.0 in Libraries
Technological innovations together with the influence of Internet and
WWW have transformed the methods of communication, entertainment,
teaching, and learning in the academic community and society as a whole.
The developments in web applications and services are now termed as the
Social Web or Read /Write Web or Web 2.0. There are different definitions
68
for Web 2.0 .It is a user-centric web, including various web tools like
Blogs, Podcast, Wikis, RSS feeds, Social networks, social bookmarking,
Mash ups, etc. The application of Web 2.0 in libraries can be termed as
Library 2.0. Some of the tools that are relevant to libraries are briefly
described here. An individual with regular entries, events or materials such
as graphics or video usually maintains Weblogs or Blogs. It is a kind of
web portal containing chronological web publication for personal or
professional purposes. There are different types of blogs defined by the
method in which content is written, by type of media, device like mobile
phone, by type of subject, etc. Blogs are created using blogging software
available on the net. E.g., Blogger (free), Web logger (fee based). Its
application in library setting is to organize a library‘s activities, news,
notices, reports, etc., in a chronological order. It can be used to announce
new services of library and publish web pages easily without depending on
hardware and HTML skills. Librarians can get current information on
different subjects, .e.g., forthcoming conferences through blogs and provide
this current information to users through library blogs. Using blogs library
staff can directly communicate with the users. Podcast is a pre-recorded
piece of audio and sometimes video, available online. It is usually
downloaded and saved for future listening. Librarians have to explore this
69
method of content delivery as users can access different types of content
from media and other service-oriented institutions. Libraries can
experiment by sharing audio content and, including book reviews,
interviews with authors, etc. Podcasts also enable students and teachers to
share information, and teachers may create podcasts to be used as a
preparation tool for students.
RSS or Really Simple Syndication is a service that transfers contents from
blog or other syndicated content to an aggregator. It facilitates users to keep
track of new updates on selected web sites. All blogging software create an
RSS feed as back end of HTML web pages. RSS feeds is a family of web
feed format used to publish frequently updated works such as blog entries,
news headlines, audio, and video in a standardized format. Librarians can
place RSS feeds of content on their web sites to build awareness about their
new services, forthcoming books, etc. Wiki is innovative server software,
which permits any user or specified users to create and edit web contents
via web browser or build knowledge management application. To enhance
intranet communication, a library can use Wiki as an information gateway
to access, create and edit information guides, resources, services, tutorials
etc. Wikipedia is an example of Wiki. Instant Messaging or IM service or
„Chat‟ enables real time conversation between two or more people on the
70
internet platform. Google talk, Meebo, MSN and Yahoo messenger are
leading free IM applications commonly used. In Libraries, it can be used
for online reference service and real time consulting service. Social
Networks are websites that encourage interaction among users. These
contain user-generated contents focusing on community where users get a
chance to make connections, post pictures and share various types of
information. Libraries can create a forum through social networking sites to
discuss about library related issues, services and resources. Popular social
networking sites are Orkut, My space, Linked In, Face book, Twitter a
micro blogging service, Flicker an image hosting community, LastFm a
music-sharing site, YouTube a video sharing, and hosting community.
Social bookmarking is a service for internet users to store, manage and
organize web pages. Delicious is an example of Social bookmarking site.
Yet another Web tool is Mashup, a hybrid application of the web, which
combines two or three internet-based applications, or all applications of
web 2.0 in one platform. It thus combines data or functionality from two or
more external sources to create a new service For instance pictures
uploaded on Flicker can be combined with Google Map to show correct
location. Librarians have started using Web 2.0 tools finding that their users
are actively living and playing online. As new web tools are added,
71
Librarians have to be alert to familiarize these tools from a user‘s
perspective and use their experience to devise new strategies and apply
these developing tools to provide innovative library services.
ICT Improving Library Services
Once librarians were considered only the custodians of the library
collection, but the change in information media from print to electronic has
shown the new sunrise in the life of librarians. The basic aim of a library is
to meet the teaching, learning, scholarly-research and other information
needs of its faculty, students and research scholars and that too effectively
and with efficiency. Medical library and information professionals ensures
that health care providers have access to reliable, relevant, accurate, up to
date and timely information that enhances the quality of health care. The
migration of information from paper to electronic media has changed the
whole nature of research. With the easy availability of office computers and
the transformation of media, the popularity and usage of digital and virtual
libraries has been increased. World Wide Web has totally changed the
meaning of a library. Physical presence has been decreased rapidly with the
invention of virtual library. There is a universal assumption that man was
born innocent or ignorant and should actively seek knowledge.
72
"Information seeking is thus a natural and necessary mechanism of human
existence" (Marchionini, 1995).
Information seeking behavior is the purposive seeking for
information as a consequence of a need to satisfy some goal. In the course
of seeking, the individual may interact with manual information systems
(such as a newspaper or a library), or with computer-based systems (such as
the Web). Information seeking behavior involves personal reasons for
seeking information, the kinds of information which are being sought and
the ways and sources with which needed information is being sought.
Information seeking behavior is expressed in various forms, from reading
printed material to research and experimentation. Scholars, students and
faculties actively seek current information from the various media available
in libraries, e.g. encyclopedias, journals and more currently, electronic
media. In this era of ‗E‘, a sea change can be seen in the informationseeking behavior of the users of library. In the phase of print media, users
had no choice except going to the library and search for the material in
books, journals and archives for hours. Search was very time consuming in
print phase. Changing needs of users have changed the role of a librarian,
which has transformed a librarian into information professional. Librarians
have always acted as a link between knowledge source and its users. In this
73
era of ‗E‘, librarians are playing the role of an electronic middleman. They
are now helping the readers in the best possible way by using the latest
technology and searching techniques. Users are being connected to the
information resources via Internet for hyper-links and for many more
options and choices for advance search. The change in the informationseeking behavior is the result of the invention of E-resources. Readers felt
relaxed with this invention and inclination towards these resources was
natural. There are many types of E-resources like EBooks, E-journals,
various open sources, gateways and databases. Chronologically we can
divide these resources specifically journals as, in-print journals, on-line
journals free with print, only on-line journals, on-line databases (which
provide cross-links to related articles and other websites/gateways etc). In
the era of ‗E‘, readers demand has become significant as they ask for an
article or topic in place of a book or journal and at the same time they
prefer to search online databases to fulfill their needs. With the invention Eresources quantity and quality of research both have been affected.
Different search techniques are undertaken by library users to search and
locate relevant information. To understand how users of libraries search and
locate relevant documents, we librarians, need to understand the search
74
techniques and what resources and sources of information they generally
use and require.
Information professionals and users both suffer from the problem of
exhaustive information, from a wide range of sources and shortage of time
to find, manage and evaluate. Sometimes users search internet
indiscriminately without knowing the facts. Here librarian plays an
important role by making the users aware of the importance of the
evaluation of the retrieved information by guiding them, how to retrieve,
what to retrieve and how to further use that retrieved information, which is
called evaluation of information. The challenge posed by the information
explosion is being successfully met by electronic information sources.
Further this information explosion, diversity of user need, financial crunch
and impossibility of self-sufficiency has led to the formation of consortia at
local, regional, national and international level.
The successful operation of any library depends to a large extent on the
choice of library collections. The choice of the collection should meet the
need and requirements of the end users. Consequently, librarians must be
aware of how the user community connected to that library seeks
information. Survey revealed that 40% of respondents reported frequently
visiting a medical library, while in the overall group, those who never or
75
rarely visited a library indicated that E-resources are not sufficient. Most
respondents
reported
performing
database
searches
independently.
Regarding access to the full text, few respondents said they visited a library
to check document availability and more than half of respondents preferred
electronic tools for literature searching. Online databases
are the most preferred form in contrast to the print only format that is the
least preferred one. This observation directly shows the shift of the
preferences of the users from print to the online formats which is again the
result of technological innovations.
Among the problems identified in the information searching process
difficulties in choosing among the large number of documents retrieved in
searches was the basic one. Common obstacles in the information-seeking
process identified by respondents include lack of time, doubt about the
existence of relevant information, retrieval of too much information and
difficulties with navigation and searching.
According to the librarians, internet search engines, E-print services, author
websites, full-text databases, electronic journals and print resources are all
used to some extent by most of the users. Convenience remains the single
most important factor for information retrieval. Speed of access, ability to
download, print and send articles are top advantages of electronic journals
76
and databases for all groups. It can be further concluded that consortia are
playing an important role in meeting the increasing needs of the users and
E-databases help them to achieve their objectives.
Impacts of ICT on IIM libraries
Given below are the details of regarding the seven IIM libraries included in
the study, viz., Indian Institute of Management – Ahmadabad (IIM-A) ,
Indian Institute of Management –Kolkata (IIM-C), Indian Institute of
Management – Lucknow (IIML), Indian Institute of Management –
Bangalore (IIMB), Indian Institute of Management – Shillong (IIMS) ,
Indian Institute of Management –Indore (IIMI), Indian Institute of
Management –Kozhikode (IIMK). Details were collected for E- Library
collection, Details of Hardware and Software used, Details of library
automation, Networking facilities, and other ICT application in IIM
Libraries.
Table 3.1 Library Collection Including E-Documents
S/NO.
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK IIMS
Books
157915
78122
115900 45123 12145 17188
8176
13811
8122
10199
690
Volume
5122
822
2477
Based
77
Journals
Online
17
Infonet
-
-
-
-
-
6450
4107
7800
1453
423
342
159
Reports
455
122
347
21
-
-
11
Databases
12
5
6
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CD-ROMS
5600
1200
2384
100
76
15
17
DVD’s
2300
600
1059
-
-
-
-
Microforms
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Journals
Thesis/
Dissertations
CD-ROM
Database
N/A
N/A
N/A
ICT Hardware Facilities
A comparative study of the hardware available in IIM Libraries is shown in
table As evident from the table there is no shortage of computer
workstations in all IIM Libraries. The hardware details shows that IIMA
has better facilities than other libraries. All IIM Libraries have a number of
personal computers around or more than 50, with IIMA having maximum
number 80. Laptops are used in among all the IIM Libraries expect IIMI. In
78
the case of printers, laser printer is the most common, followed by dot
matrix and ink jet printer. Network printer is a highly powerful printer for
providing print from internet for users.
Table 3.2 Hardware facilities available in IIM libraries
S/NO.
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
Server
5
4
4
5
3
4
4
80
60
60
60
40
45
35
35
25
25
20
-
20
10
3
1
1
-
1
-
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
-
-
1
-
machine
Client
workstations
Laptop
computers
Dot Matrix
Printer
Ink
Jet
Printer
Laser
Printer
Network
Printer
79
Barcode
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
2
1
2
1
5
4
3
2
3
2
2
Printer
Flat
bed
Scanner
LCD
projector
UPS (5 KV)
Details of Software
It clearly shown in the table below all the IIM libraries equipped with latest
software‘s like windows and Linux. For library management all libraries
using Libsys 4, SOUL and Koha, for Digital Collection Using Dspace and
other related software‘s.
Table 3.3 Software facilities available in IIM libraries
S/NO.
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
Network
Windo Windo
Windo
Windo
Windo
Windo
Windo
ws/
ws/
ws/
ws/
ws/
ws/
Linux
Linux
Linux
Linux
Linux
Linux
Operatin
g
ws/
Linux
system
80
Library
Libsys
Libsys
Libsys
Libsys
Libsys
Libsys
Libsys
manage
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ment
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
SOUL,
SOUL,
SOUL,
SOUL,
SOUL,
SOUL,
SOUL,
Koha
Koha
Koha
Koha
Koha
Koha
Koha
Digital
Dspac
Dspace
Dspace
Dspace
Dspace
Dspace
Dspace
library
e,
,
,
,
Software Techfo
cuz
Database
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
manage
ment
Networking Facilities
It clearly shown in the table below that all the IIM libraries is well
connected by internet facilities like ernet, asianet etc.
81
Table 3.4 Networks available in IIM libraries
S/NO.
IIMA IIMB
IIMC IIML
IIMI
IIMK IIMS
Library LAN
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Campus LAN
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Link with
INFLIBNET
Link with
DELNET
Link with any
other networks
ICT Based Library Services
The information services provided by an IIM Library depend on a large
extent on the facilities available. The table provides a broad picture of the
ICT based services in all IIM Libraries. Current awareness services are
provided by all IIM Libraries. With the exception of IIMS, new addition
lists are circulated by all libraries. Reference books in Multimedia formats
are available in all libraries except IIMS. All IIM Libraries provide
CDROM or DVD based services. In addition to the online databases
available to all IIM Libraries through UGC Infonet consortium,. IIMA also
82
provides access to online database like Proquest, Manupatra (reference
source in Law), Emerald database, ACM portal, CMIE prowess, SciFinder, and Crisil research. All libraries provide internet and e-journal
services to its users through dedicated terminals. The UGC Infonet
consortium enabled access to e-journals to all IIM. Users are permitted to
take printouts from Dot Matrix, Inkjet and Laser printers and can download
journal articles in CDs or floppy diskettes. No separate charge is levied for
CD writing. As IT facilities are provided as a separate section, the
professionals were reluctant to use these facilities.
Table 3.5 ICT Based libraries Services provided by IIM libraries.
S/NO.
Current awareness
IIMA IIMB IIMC IIML IIMI IIMK IIMS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SDI services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Circulation of new
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
services
additions
Electronic
document delivery
Multimedia service
83
CD/DVD based
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Online databases
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Library Website
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Internet services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
E journals
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
E-Books
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
service
Conclusion
The advancement of science and technology has made a tremendous
improvement and changed almost all walks of life. Especially, the magnetic
word Information technology has been chanted in all corners of the global
arena and been incorporate in organizational, managerial, developmental
and marketing sectors. The services rendered with the help of ICT are faster
and more effective. Moreover, it creates faith and confidence about the
products and services of an organization among its customers.
Benefits of use of ICT in libraries services can be broadly explained in
terms of 4 Es, namely economy, ease, extension (or expansion) and
efficiency. ICT enabled LIS can be grouped into two categories, ICT
enabled conventional LIS, and new services.
84
Conventional LIS such as OPAC, User Services, Reference Service,
Bibliographic Service, Current Awareness Service, Document Delivery,
Inter-library loan, Audio-Visual Services and Customer Relations can be
provided more efficiently and effectively by using ICT, as they offer
convenience of time and place, cost effectiveness, faster and most up to
date dissemination and end user‘s involvement in the LIS processes. OPAC
and Web OPAC use power of computers to find the library material and
also provide many additional benefits such as online reservation of books,
remote access, requesting books for loan, loan renewals, books suggestions
etc. Impact of ICT on information services is characterized by changes in
format, contents and methods of production & delivery of information
products, emergence of Internet as largest repository of information and
knowledge, changed role of LIS professional from intermediary to
facilitator, new tools for dissemination of information, shift from physical
to virtual service environment, and extinction of some conventional
information services and emergence of new and innovative web based LIS.
Web enabled services are provided through library web page. New services
include access to internet and internet based tools and services, access to
electronic information sources and digital library of local and institutional
documents. Journals, books, dissertation & theses, course material and
85
patents are some of important sources of information that are now available
in electronic form. Electronic resources provide 24 hours any where
flexibility and convenience of use by multiple users and full text searches
and faster delivery. Subject gateways are one of the useful tools to provide
web access to internet resources. Digital libraries provide local contents in
the electronic form through internet to global clients.
References :
1. Abraham, B., & Ledolter, J. (2009). Statistical methods for
forecasting (Vol. 234). John Wiley & Sons.
2. Goldfarb, A., & Prince, J. (2008). Internet adoption and usage
patterns are different: Implications for the digital divide. Information
Economics and Policy,20(1), 2-15.
3. Adimorah, E. N. O. (1995). Education and training of agricultural
information personnel and agricultural information users in
Africa. Agricultural information in Africa, 154-168.
4. Wakelin, F., & Simelane, S. (1995). The Regional Consultative
Forum on rural development and information provision to rural
communities. INNOVATION-PIETERMARITZBURG-, 40-43.
86
5. Rowley, J. (1996). Motivation and academic staff in higher
education. Quality assurance in education, 4(3), 11-16.
6. Battin, P. (1984). The Electronic Library--A Vision for the
Future. EDUCOM,19(2), 12.
7. Kawatra, P. S. (2000). Textbook of information science. APH Pub..
8. Mutula, S., & Wamukoya, J. (2007). Web Information Management:
A cross-disciplinary textbook. Elsevier.
9. Deegan, M., & Tanner, S. Exploring charging models for digital
cultural heritage: Digital image resource cost efficiency and income
generationcompared with analog resources, Hatfield, University of
Hertfordshire, 2002.
10. Burnett, G. (2000). Information exchange in virtual communities: a
typology.Information research, 5(4).
87
CHAPTER FOUR
Profile of Indian Institute of Management Libraries
IIIIM
M ––A
AH
HM
MA
AD
DA
AB
BA
AD
D
The decade following independence in 1947 was witness to a surge of
innovative ideas to build a fledgling independent nation into a model
democratic state committed to growth with equity in the development of its
people. The establishment of Indian Institute of Management Ahmadabad
(IIMA) was the outcome of one such innovative initiative.
Led by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Shri Kasturbhai Lalbhai and proactively
supported by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Dr. Jivraj Mehta, a group
of enlightened individuals set up IIMA. This group ably wove together a
coalition of five actors - the governments at the centre and the state, the
local industrialists, the Ford Foundation and the Harvard Business School,
in a true spirit of public private partnership to establish the Institute. To
ensure that the new institution was not stymied by bureaucracy, the
constitution for governance of IIMA was different from that for traditional
universities. It was set up as an institution that would be managed by a
Society, the IIMA Society, created under the Societies Act, for the purpose.
88
The Institute was to be run by the Board of Governors, constituted by the
IIMA Society; the Board would have wide representation from all the
relevant constituencies to reflect the multifarious needs of a developing
nation. IIMA was therefore conceived as an Institute that would be a Board
managed institution, free from exclusive control of government. Thus,
operational freedom is an inseparable part of the DNA of IIMA.
IIMA has consistently been ranked as the number one management school
in the country year after year in the last several years. In its latest ranking,
The Economist has ranked IIMA at 56 among the top 100 international Bschools in the world that offer full time MBA. The Financial Times (FT)
has ranked the two-year post graduate programme in management (PGP) of
IIMA in the top ten programmes in the category of Masters Programmes in
Management that do not require work experience as pre-requisite for
admission. FT reported that this was the first time that any Indian B-school
was not only included in the survey but also achieved such high ranking.
The Financial Times has also ranked the one-year post graduate programme
in management for executives (PGPX) among the top MBA programmes
globally. The two post graduate programmes in management with
specialization in agri-sector (PGP-ABM) is ranked at number one among
comparable programmes globally by Eduniversal.
89
In 2008, IIMA also became the first business school in the country to be
awarded EQUIS (European Quality Improvement System) accreditation.
This accreditation awarded by the EFMD (European Foundation for
Management Development) certifies that the quality of IIMA‘s academic
processes and programmes are on par with the best business schools
globally that have similar accreditation.
Vikram Sarabhai Library at IIM-A
The Vikram Sarabhai Library is an invaluable resource for students,
researchers and faculties of business and management. The library has over
the years built a robust collection of over 1,79,411 books, 42,004 bound
volumes, current subscription to journals (print - 226 & online - 945), 30
news papers, 2257 working papers, and many other resources like 265
thesis, 1745 student's project reports, 2177 CDs and 132 videos.
The library, spread over 20,120 sq. ft., also provides access to the
best of business and management related digital resources through its
subscription to various databases consisting of scholarly and industry
relevant content. The library has set up 3i (Information Infrastructure for
Institution) network to provide business, industry, and environment,
agricultural and economic information to the users.
90
Library Timings
Issue / Return
Days
Library Hours
Hours
9:00
10:00
AM
PM
Monday-Friday
24 x 7
Saturday &
9:00
05:45
Sunday
AM
PM
Resources:
The library has over the years built a robust collection of over 1,79,411
books, 42,004 bound volumes (periodicals), current subscription to Journals
(print - 226 & online - 945), 30 Newspapers, 2,257 working papers, and
many other resources like 265 thesis, 1745 project reports, 2177 CDs and
132 videos.
Services:
VSL provides all the basic services for Library like:
 Circulation
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 Reference and Information
 Document Delivery
 Inter Library Loan
 Photocopy
 Indexing and Bibliography
 Abstracting
 Database Search Service
 RemoteXS Facility
Membership:
VSL members include all faculty, students and staff of IIM-A. External
membership
is
provided
to
IIM-A‘s
Alumni,
outside
Ph.D.
students/corporate executives/ professionals/ faculty in other educational
Institutions on payment basis in addition to institution members. External
members need for apply for membership through forms available at the
circulation counter in the library. Reading only membership is meant for
reference purposes only without any borrowing privileges. Membership is
not meant for undergraduate, graduate or post graduate students of other
institutions.
92
IIIIM
MC
CA
AL
LC
CU
UT
TT
TA
A
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIM Calcutta or IIMC) is a
public business school located in Kolkata (Calcutta), West Bengal, India. It
was the first Indian Institute of Management to be established. It is
consistently ranked as one of the best business schools in India and the
Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1961, IIM Calcutta is a fully
autonomous
institution
and
offers
several
postgraduate and doctoral programmes in management, as well as a
bouquet of executive education programmes. In addition to its main
academic programmes, IIM-C is also engaged in research, consultancy,
seminars, academic conferences and research publications.
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was the first of these IIMs, and
was established on 13 November 1961 in collaboration with the MIT Sloan
School of Management, the government of West Bengal, the Ford
Foundation and the Indian industry. Its first Director was K. T. Chandy, the
former Chairman of Hindustan Unilever Limited. During the initial years of
IIM Calcutta, several renowned academics and visionaries formed part of
its core team, including Paul Samuelson, Jagdish Sheth, J K Sengupta,
Peter S King, and Thomas Hill.
93
In its initial years, IIM Calcutta operated from Emerald Bower, Barrackpur
Trunk Road, Kolkata. The foundation stone of the current IIM-C campus in
Joka, Kolkata, was laid by Morarji Desai, who was then the Deputy Prime
Minister of India on 15 Dec 1968. The institute moved to the new campus
in 1975. IIM Calcutta is the only Indian business school that is a member of
the Global Alliance in Management Education (CEMS).
B. C. Roy Memorial Library at IIMC
Library of Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was set up in March
1962 and named as B. C. Roy Memorial Library in the memory of Dr. B. C.
Roy, the first Chairman of the Institute. The Library has been primarily
designed to meet the requirements of the Institutes academic programmes.
The Library has a collection of more than 1.6 lakhs volumes of books and
bound journals. It subscribes to 500 journals and provides access to more
than 40,000 online full text journals. It is considered as one of the best
management libraries in Asia. The functions and services of the library are
computerized.
Library Timings
Monday to Friday: 09:15AM - 1:00AM
94
Weekends and other holidays:
10:00AM - 1:00AM
The Library remains open for 362 days every year. Books can be borrowed
between 10:00AM to 12:30 PM and between 1:30PM- 12:30AM. Books
from Overnight Section can be borrowed only for 13 hours.
Library Rules
Category
Entitlement
Duration of
borrowing
Students(PGP/PGDCM/PGP a)5 books
EX/VLMP)
b)1 CD accompanying
books
a)15 days
b)15 days
c)Maximum 13
c)1book from Overnight
hours between
Section
11:00 pm11:59AM
Fellowship Student
a)20 books
a)90 days
b) 1 CD accompanying
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books
b)90 days
c) 1book from Overnight
c) Maximum 13
Section
hours between
11:00 pm11:59AM
Faculty and Visiting Faculty a)30 books
b)2 CDs accompanying
a)90 days
b)90 days
books
Visiting Faculty for the term a)5 books
b)1 CD accompanying
a)30 days
b)30days
books
Library Professional Staff
a)15 books
a)30 days
b) 1 CD accompanying
b)30 days
books
Administrative Officer
a)10 books
a)30 days
b) 1 CD accompanying
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Staff members
books
b)30 days
a) 2 books
a)15 days
b) 1 CD accompanying
b) 15 days
books
Penalty
Type of materials
Penalty for late return
Penalty for loss of
materials
Books from general
Re1/- per day per book
stock
up to first 30 days;
Rs2/- per day per book
for the rest of the
default period
Books from Overnight
Re 1/- per hour per
Section
book
-do-
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CD accompanying
Same as books
-do-
books
IIM Libraries consortium
Libraries of IIMs at Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Indore, Kozhikode
and Lucknow formed a consortium in 2000. Since then, this small
organization has been constantly striving to get maximum benefits in the
procurement of electronic resources.
INDEST
Indian National Digital Library for Engineering, Science, & Technology a
consortium was formed under the aegis of Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Govt. of India. IIM Calcutta is one of its 38 core members
since the inception of the consortium. IIM Calcutta Library has benefited
tremendously due to its membership of the consortium. Resources
available through this consortium are:
 ABI/INFORM
 ACM DIGITAL LIBRARY
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 BUSINESS SOURCE PREMIER
 CRISIL RESEARCH
 EMERALD
 IEEE XPLORE
 INSIGHT
 ISI EMERGING MARKETS
 JCCC
 SCIENCE DIRECT
99
IIIIM
M-- L
LU
UC
CK
KN
NO
OW
W
Situated at the outskirts of the historic and culturally rich city of Lucknow,
the Indian Institute of Management (IIML), was established in 1984, by the
Government of India, as a national level school of excellence in
management science. IIML‘s mission is to be a global, socially conscious
and integrated school of management, towards management development,
both in India and abroad. Towards this, IIML undertakes a diverse range of
academic activities and interventions aimed at creation, dissemination, and
application of management knowledge and practices. These include : the
Post Graduate Programme; the Fellow Programme; the Management
Development
Programme;
Research
Programmes;
and
Consulting
Programmes. IIML is also entering into collaborative arrangements with
leading business schools and research centers in India, Europe, Canada,
South and Southeast Asia. The Institute has state-of-the-art computing and
class-room facilities, supported by an extensive library of books, journals,
films, and databases. IIML academic programmes are fully residential. The
serene and pollution free campus is well equipped to meet all the essential
requirements of its residents. Life at the Noida campus of IIM Lucknow
promises an enriching, yet thrilling ride. The vast experience and
knowledge of the faculty, shared with the students in both formal and
100
informal settings, combined with the swapping of personal experiences
amongst the students themselves, contribute to a rich learning environment.
There is a is a rich mix of cultural and regional diversity, and battlehardened professionals from all across the globe converge at a common
point in search of higher learning. Since time is at a premium, the pace of
life picks up, as students will go through grinding ―48 hour days‖, replete
with case-studies, planning sessions that precede them, pre-planning
sessions that precede the planning sessions (and so on), classroom
discussions, extra-classroom discussions and over-a-tea discussions, all
amongst the backdrop of relentlessly approaching deadlines. Then there
will be the other forms of learning, the ones which textbooks don‘t impart –
market-surveys to be done, events to be organized, speakers to be invited
and sponsors to be arranged. Oh, and of course, there are the after-event
parties to look forward to!
Library at IIM-L
Stocking a rich collection of over 60,000 select learning resources in the
discipline of management and related areas, in a variety of formats and
operating from a 30,000 sq. ft. spacious, centrally located, air-conditioned
building, built on most modern lines, equipped with ergonomically
designed furniture & fittings, managed by a highly dedicated team of
101
professionals, the library caters to the information needs of its highly
demanding clientele, by offering a wide range of Information Technology
(IT) based (and value added) services and products.
Mission
In keeping with the vision and mission of the Institute, the library has been
established ―to promote knowledge generation and application through its
effective dissemination". The library, therefore, acts as main learning
resource centre of the Institute and provides services and facilities to meet
the requirements of the Institute's teaching, training, research and
consultancy programmers.
Timings
Library remains open round-the-clock, all days of the week, including
Saturdays and Sundays (12 noon to 08:30 PM) except gazetted holidays.
However full ranges of library services are provided from 9.00 hrs to 1730
hrs. Whereas circulation services take place upto 21.00 hrs only.
Collections
Recognizing the role of library and information services in meeting the
requirements of the Institute‘s academic, research, training and consultancy
102
programs, the LIBRARY was set-up as one of the key Divisions of the
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow. A modest beginning was made
in May, 1985 (the first academic session began in July 1985) when the
library started functioning from a small room in the rented premises of the
Giri Institute of Development Studies. Over a period of 28 years, the
library has grown quite impressively, in that it now stocks a core collection
of over 70,000 select documents (in various forms) and subscribes to 533
learned periodicals. Equipped with latest designed furniture and fittings, the
library has all modern equipment to support its diverse range of activities.
State-of-the-art Information Technology (IT) products are in place to
modernizes its operations and services. It meets the complex information
requirements of a variety of its users (both from within the Institute and
outside) satisfactorily. All this has been made possible through the team
work exhibited by all the members of the team working in the Library.
Library Rules
Membership
Internal: Members from the Institute community are granted membership
on presentation of duly filled in registration cards, which can be obtained
from the Circulation Counter.
103
External: Members from business/industrial and government set-ups as well
as from the academics are granted membership under certain specified
conditions.
Membership Category:
Term Membership: The business and industrial organizations may apply for
annual membership for their executives. For every executive designated to
avail of the library services, payments to be made towards registration and
annual subscription will be as per the following rates:
Registration
Annual Subscription
Rs.5,000.00
Rs.5,000.00
Life Membership: The business and the industrial organizations may opt for
life membership by paying Rs.1, 00,000.00 towards registration and
subscription charges for library services. The life member may designate
four of its executives to avail the library services.
Entitlement:
A member is entitled to make free use of reading, reference, and referral
facilities of the library. In addition, members may avail the following feebased services:
104
Reprographic Services:
On request, photocopy/ices of the document/s available in the library may
be provided subject to copyright restrictions. The fee for this service will be
determined by the Institute from time to time, on the basis of variable and
overhead costs.
Retrospective Searches:
On request, retrospective literature searches, on topics of interest, will be
conducted by the library. The service would include all the sources held by
the library in print, non-print as well as the magnetic media and the charges
will depend on comprehensiveness of the service required.
Select Dissemination of Information (SDI) Services:
It is proposed to start the service wherein monthly lists of articles matching
the Interest Profiles of the members, would be sent to keep them updated
with the latest literature coming in the most recent issues of national and
international periodicals. The service would cover 500 periodical titles and
the charges will depend on the comprehensiveness of the service required.
105
Borrowing:
Books:
Borrowing facilities will be extended to a member against a refundable
deposit of Rs.5,000.00 provided that the member concerned gives an
undertaking that the book/s will not be taken outside Lucknow and will be
returned within 24 hours as and when asked to do so. A member would be
entitled to borrow a maximum of four books at a time for a retention period
of 30 days. Over-retention charges will be Rs.5.00 per day upto a maximum
of 90 days beyond which the membership will be cancelled and deposit
forfeited.
Audio-visual Cassette:
Educational Video Cassettes: Fee Rs. 100/- per day per cassette.
Educational Audio Cassettes: Fee Rs. 10/- per day per cassette. Overretention charges will be Rs.20.00 (for Video Cassette) and Rs. 5.00 (for
Audio Cassette) per day upto a maximum of 7 days beyond which the
membership will be cancelled and the deposit forfeited.
106
IIIIM
M--B
BA
AN
NG
GA
AL
LO
OR
RE
E
The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB) is an autonomous
institute which was established in 1973. IIMB consistently figures among
the top business schools in India in domestic and international surveys. In
the Business Today 2012 rankings, IIMB has come out in top position. For
the fifth consecutive year IIMB has been nominated the best school in the
region by Eduniversal, and retained its 'Five Palmes' status as a 'Universal
Business School with Major Influence' in 2012. The Institute received the
NCPEDP-Mphasis Universal Design Award 2012 for pioneering work in
the field of promoting Accessibility and Universal Design and ensuring life
of equality and dignity for disabled people.
IIMB's Career Development Services team won 'Best Placement Cell' for
helping in implementing of education and development in the India Today
Aspire Education Summit 2012. In June 2010, IIMB received European
Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) accreditation by the European
Foundation of Management Development (EFMD). IIMB has applied
for EQUIS Re-accreditation this year. The Institute offers a wide range of
Doctoral, Post-Graduate, and Executive Education programmes. The long
duration, diploma-granting programmes offered by the Institute are the
Fellow Programme in Management (FPM), the Post Graduate Programme
107
in Management (PGP) the Executive Post Graduate Programme in
Management (EPGP), the Post Graduate Programme in Enterprise
Management (PGPEM) and the Post Graduate Programme in Public Policy
& Management (PGPPM). IIMB's Executive Education is aimed at
broadening the outlook and strengthening the skills of practicing middle
and senior managers across the globe to make them more effective in a fastchanging world scenario. The Executive Education Programmes comprise
short and long duration Open Programmes, both programmes, Customized
Programmes that are designed to meet the specific needs of organizations
and International Programmes offered in collaboration with leading
international business schools and universities for global practicing
managers.
IIMB's focus on research and education in the area of management is
enabled by faculty from amongst leading universities worldwide who are
actively engaged in research, teaching, consulting and pedagogy
development. IIMB is the first B-School in Asia to sign an agreement with
Harvard Business Publishing (HBP) to distribute faculty teaching cases.
IIMB has also entered into a partnership with Richard Ivey School of
Business to co-brand and distribute faculty-authored cases on a global
basis. IIMB Centers of Excellence are engaged in adding value to their
108
communities in the area of Public Policy, Financial Management & Risk
Management, Corporate Governance & Citizenship, Entrepreneurship,
Software & IT Management and Supply Chain Management, to name a
few.
IIMB
has
also
established
academic
exchange
partnership
arrangements with 101 business schools and universities around the world.
IIM-B Library
IIMB library is housed in an independent building of 55,000 square feet
spread across four floors with a reading area that can accommodate more
than 200 users. It is open from 9 am to 10 pm on all days except three
national holidays.
Its collection comprises predominantly literature pertaining to Business,
management apart from other allied areas. Its collection development
policies and information services are mandated by Institute's teaching;
research and training objectives. All house-keeping operations are
automated using State - of - the- art - library management system.
The library has a total collection of 2.35 lakh documents (books, back
volumes of journals, government publications, technical reports, conference
proceedings, non-book materials etc. The library has access to 72 eresources and 884 e-books from Elsevier Science & Cambridge University
press and subscribes to 2330 print and e-journals, and 27 newspapers. Apart
109
to from this more than 35,000 full text journal titles are available in the
databases subscribed to by the library. It also receives around 200
Newsletters and has 2200 Annual Reports from public and private
organizations and about 1289 multimedia resources.
Working Hours:
Library is open on all days from 9 am to 10 pm except three national
holidays.
1. Republic Day - 26th January
2. Independence Day - 15th August
3. Gandhi Jayanti - 2nd October
Services
Online Catalogue
IIMB online catalogue is a single-stop window to browse and discover
bibliographic information. The Library has a rich collection of books, ebooks, books with CD-ROMS, audio-visual resources, reports, Working
papers, Electronic journals, new arrivals etc., offering a wealth of
knowledge and information that can be sourced through this online facility.
The search interface is powered by various types of searches, which
includes browse search, keyword search and expert search.
110
The IIMB Library online portal enables you to login to your account to
view checked-out items, overdue books, renew items, rate and review a
resource, and recommend a title to library, along with a number of other
services.
Inter Library Loan
You may request for a book on inter library loan, if that book is not
available in our library. Please submit your request by the interlibrary
requisition form. For journal articles please use this link to submit your
request.
Remote Access
Most of our electronic resources reside on publisher' site and access is
enabled on intranet (within campus). However, we have installed
a tool through which these resources are accessible off campus as well.
Members who have LDAP ID may login using their LDAP credentials to
access the databases. It may be noted that databases which are accessible
only on designated terminals in the data center of library such as
Bloomberg, SDC platinum Mergers and Acquisition, Joint ventures etc and
those which require a client software ( CMIE) modules are not accessible
through this tool.
111
Photocopying Services
A photocopier desk services is available in the ground floor on all days
from 9:00 am to 6 pm. Amount of Rs 0.60 per exposure is charged for
single page and Rs 1.00 for double exposure on single page for Faculty,
Staff, Students and research scholars of the institute.
Academic Literature at Library
ABI/INFORM Complete (4000+ Journals)
ABI/INFORM Complete is the most comprehensive business database
covering more than 4,000 journals. The combination of products forms a
business database package covering business & economic conditions,
corporate strategies, management techniques, as well as competitive and
product information. Its international coverage gives researchers a complete
picture of companies and business trends around the world.
ACM Digital Library (40+ Journals)
ACM Digital Library is the full-text repository published in the computing
field and serves the computing profession with leading-edge publications,
conferences, and other career resources. It covers Core Package of 39 titles
published by (ACM) Association of Computing Machinery.
112
EBSCO
Business Source Complete
This is the world's definitive scholarly business database, providing the
leading collection of bibliographic and full text content. As part of the
comprehensive coverage offered by this database, indexing and abstracts
for the most important scholarly business journals back as far as 1886 are
included. In addition to the searchable cited references provided for more
than 1,300 journals, Business Source Complete contains detailed author
profiles for the 40,000 most-cited authors in the database. Journal ranking
studies reveal that Business Source Complete is the overwhelmingly
superior database for full text journals in all disciplines of business,
including marketing, management, MIS, POM, accounting, finance, and
economics. Additional full text content includes financial data, books,
monographs, major reference works, book digests, conference proceedings,
case studies, investment research reports, industry reports, market research
reports, country reports, company profiles, SWOT analyses, faculty
seminars (videos), and more.
Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts
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Library, Information Science & Technology Abstract (LISTA), indexes
more than 690 periodicals, plus books, research reports and proceedings.
Subject
coverage
includes
librarianship,
classification,
cataloging,
bibliometrics, online information retrieval.
PsycARTICLES
PsycARTICLES, from the American Psychological Association (APA), is a
definitive source of full-text, peer-reviewed scholarly and scientific articles
in psychology. The database contains more than 100,000 articles from 59
journals - 48 published by the American Psychological Association (APA)
and 11 from allied organizations. It includes all journal articles, letters to
the editor and errata from each journal. Coverage spans 1894 to present.
SocINDEX
SocINDEX with Full Text is the world's most comprehensive and highest
quality sociology research database. The database features more than
1,600,000 records with subject headings from a 15,600 term sociological
thesaurus designed by subject experts and expert lexicographers.
Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection
114
Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection is a comprehensive database
covering information concerning, emotional and behavioral characteristics,,
psychiatry
&
psychology,
mental
processes,
anthropology,
and
observational & experimental methods.
Elsevier (Science Direct) (272 Journals)
Library subscribes many e-journals from different packages related to
Business and Economics. These all are available with back-files (Vol. 1,
Issue 1). Following subject back-files are included in the collection.
Business, Management and Accounting
Decision Sciences
Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Emerald Management Extra (150 Journals)
Emerald Management Extra presents an entirely new approach to the
provision and use of management information. It was developed by talking
through the ideas, problems, and headaches of our academic community
members including deans, directors, researchers, teachers, students.
IEL Online (40+ Journals)
115
It includes access to the full text published since 1988 and selected contents
published since 1913 from IEEE journals, transactions, and magazines,
IEEE conference proceedings, IET journal, IET conference proceedings,
IEEE published standards, IEEE Spectrum Magazine and Proceedings of
the IEEE.
INFORMS (13 Titles)
INFORMS serves the scientific and professional needs of Operations
Researchers and those in the Management Sciences including educators,
scientists, students, managers, and consultants. The Institute serves as a
focal point for O.R. professionals, permitting them to communicate with
each other and reach out to other professional societies, as well as the
varied clientele of the profession's research and practice.
JSTOR (150 Journal)
JSTOR has created a high-quality, interdisciplinary archive of scholarship,
is actively preserving over one thousand academic journals in both digital
and print formats, and continues to greatly expand access to scholarly
works and other materials needed for research and teaching globally.
JCCC (J-Gate)
116
JCCC is J-Gate Custom Content for a group of homogeneous consortia
members, and JCCC-INDEST is J-Gate Custom Content for the Indian
National Digital Library in Science and Technology (INDEST), a
consortium set up by the Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India.
Sage (453 Journals)
SAGE publishes journals in Business, Humanities, Social Sciences, and
Science, Technology and Medicine. IIMB has access to more than 450
Journals.
Springer-link (57 Journals)
Springer-Link is one of the world's leading interactive databases for highquality STM journals, book series, books, reference works, and the Online
Archives Collection. Springer-Link is a powerful central access point for
researchers and scientists.
Taylor & Francis (116 Journals)
Taylor & Francis, founded in the City of London in 1798, is the oldest
commercial journals publisher in the world, and one of the leading global
117
academic publishers. We subscribed 42 peer-reviewed journals on
Economics, Business, finance, and allied subjects.
Wiley InterSciences (Incudes BLACKWELL Journals from July 2008 (461
Journals)
After merger of Blackwell into Wiley, IIMB has more than 500 journals
including Blackwell HSS and AGRI collection. Wiley InterSciences
collection includes 64 titles subscribed under IIM Consortia.
118
IIIIM
M--IIN
ND
DO
OR
RE
E
IIM Indore, which came into existence in 1996, was established as the sixth
Indian
Institute
of
Management
after IIM
Calcutta (1961),
IIM
Ahmadabad (1963), IIM Bangalore (1972), IIM Lucknow (1984) and IIM
Kozhikode (1996). The institute was the youngest among the IIM's until
2008, when IIM Shillong was instituted. IIM Indore started offering its
flagship two-year full-time (residential) Post Graduate Programme in
Management (PGP) at Ras al-Khaimah (UAE) in 2011. It is the first IIM to
have started operations outside India. This is a crucial step with IIM
Indore's Philosophy to transform itself into a truly Global B-School. The
institute also offers its flagship two-year full-time (non-residential) Post
Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) in Mumbai, from 2012. Till
date, no IIM had a presence in the financial capital of India (Mumbai).
The institute operated out of a temporary campus in Rajendranagar in
Indore till 2003, before moving to its current campus. On October 3, 1998,
the foundation stone of the Indore campus was laid by Mukesh Ambani.
The 193 acres (0.78 km2) campus is located at Prabandh Shikhar, on RauPithampur Road, close to the Pithampur Special Economic Zone, off AgraBombay Highway. Expansion plans include building more hostels to
119
accommodate the growing number of post graduate and executive students,
a state of the art sports complex and residential quarters for doctoral
students. Now Situated atop a scenic hillock, the beautiful 193 acre campus
provides an ideal backdrop for some of the brightest minds in the country to
work their best to become the best they can be. To back this up, IIM Indore
has a solid infrastructure ranging from a very beautiful campus and hostels
to a strong IT backbone and the latest in teaching aids. The geographical
proximity to the fastest growing industrial belt in India and the presence of
Special Economic Zones around Indore provide the right environment for
both giving hands-on experience to the students and in enabling the
industry to make use of the wealth of management expertise available in the
institute. IIM Indore‘s achievements in such a short span of time can be
attributed to its innovative spirit, its will to excel, and, to a great extent, to
the relationship it has developed with the Indore community.
Library at IIM-I
The IIMI Library with its modern collection of knowledge resources and
innovative information services fills an essential role for students, faculty,
and the surrounding community in their intellectual pursuits. It is a hybrid
library with the state-of-the-art technological applications. The Library
120
holds knowledge resources predominantly related to management and allied
subjects. The entire Library collection including the CD-ROM databases
and the online databases are made available through Institute‘s network.
Users can access the online databases and also find out the real-time
availability of library materials from their own computer terminals. The
Library offers a range of information services to support the learning
process set to the highest professional standards. IIMI Library is an active
member of IIM Consortia & INDEST Consortia.
Resources at Library:
A need-based collection of knowledge resources is being developed in lines
with the objectives and activities of the Institute in mind. Resources include
books, journals, audio-visual materials, CD-ROMs, e-journals, and online
databases.
Books: The Library has a highly selective collection of over 24139 books in
the area of management and related subjects. Besides, there are also many
new technical and reference books available in electronic form.
Journals & Electronic Resources: The Library subscribes 49 print journals
(6 Foreign, 13 Indian and 30 on exchange basis) specific to the academic
and research needs of the academic community. Besides, there are about
121
50,000 electronic materials (e-journals, articles, e-books, These &
Dissertation, Company Reports, Annual Reports, Industry Reports, trade
literature, etc.) available in full-text through the online databases subscribed
by the library. The Library has a collection of 6806 bound volumes
journals.
Report Linker is a professional search engine, which gives you access to an
exclusive database of 1.2 million market reports and counting. Find and
download unlimited official Industry reports, Company profiles and Market
Statistics.
Videos: 153+ Educational videos from BBC, Harvard, INSEAD, Stanford
Business School, etc. are available for consultation in the library.
CD-ROMs: The Library has 416 CDs/DVDs on statistical data,
encyclopedias, dictionaries, CBTs, etc. Most of the CDs are mounted on the
CD-NET server and can be accessed through the Institute‘s network.
Other Resources: The library also holds a collection of case studies (1317),
working papers (1073), annual reports (325+) etc., in the area of
management and related subjects.
122
Facilities in Library
The library building has a sprawling space of 2,500 sq. mt., with central airconditioning and having designated areas for different sections of the
library, which stimulate a nice ambiance for reading.
Library has a Tulsient CD-MIRROR server, which can host more than
1500CDs and another Pentium server to host the IIMI Digital Library. All
the databases have been web-enabled and made available on the Institute‘s
LAN through the Digital Library. Every functional unit in the library has
been equipped with a network computer to enable smooth information
flow. Also there are six computers kept inside the library to facilitate
information accessing by users. Library also has DVD, VCR, Scanner,
Video Camera and HP LaserJet Printer.
Library is using Virtua,-an integrated library management system for
automating various functions in the Library like book procurement,
circulation. Virtua provides web enabled online public access catalogue
(OPAC) and is available through institute‘s LAN. Library is using RFID
technology
for
circulation
and
book
security
purpose.
123
Library Services
Web OPAC (Search Library Catalogue): The entire Library collection
including books, journals, etc. can be searched through the web enabled
Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). Users can access the OPAC to
find out the real-time availability of library materials from their own
computer terminals. Faculty and students can reserve items, which are on
loan. Faculty is also encouraged to send request for new acquisitions in the
Library though the OPAC.
Lending service: Lending service is available to faculty, students,
administrative, research and other staff members of IIMI community.
Inter
Library
Loan/Resource
Sharing: Library
has
co-operative
arrangements with other IIMs to get documents, which are not available in
the IIMI Library. Faculty and researchers can avail this facility.
Proactive Information Services: Library provides specific information
services such as alert on upcoming conferences, CAS, SDI, etc. to the
academic community.
Reference and Research Services: Library staff support the faculty and
researchers in various ways like conducting extensive literature surveys,
preparation of subject bibliographies on any given topic, reading lists,
124
database searches, etc. Staff also help the students with information
resources in doing their projects as part of the course work, conducting case
studies, etc.
Reprographic service: On request, photocopy/ies of the document/s
available in the library may be provided subject to copyright restrictions.
The Institute will determine the fee for this service from time to time.
Children Section: A special section for children has been organized in the
library.
Ask the Librarian: Users are encouraged to contact the Library staff via
email if they have a query. We will reply usually within 24 hours. If the
question involves in-depth research assistance, the user is encouraged to
speak to one of our library staff.
External Membership Services: External members from business/industrial
and government setups as well as from the academics are granted
membership under certain specified conditions.
Information services: Most of the information services are available
through the Digital Library accessible through the Institute‘s LAN. Other
major services include inter-library loan, book exhibitions and reference
125
services. Three Dell workstations were installed to provide online and
offline access to library resources to the users visiting the library.
126
IIIIM
M-- SSH
HIIL
LL
LO
ON
NG
G
IIM Shillong has been set up with a vision of expansion and mobilization of
facilities for offering good quality management education and research in
the North Eastern region of India. The decision of coming up with an
Indian Institute of Management in the North East was unanimously taken
by the Union Minister of Human Resource Development along with the
Chief Ministers of the North Eastern States in the Review Meeting held at
Shillong during June 2004. Shillong was drafted as the permanent location
for the institute after consultation between the Ministry of Development of
North Eastern Region (DONER) and the Chief Ministers of States of the
region.
The Rajiv
Gandhi
Indian
Institute
of
Management
(RGIIM) offers a comprehensive two years Post-Graduate Diploma in
Management Programme (PGDM). The course has been designed to
provide a holistic approach towards addressing business problems of the
new millennium and beyond. The institute aims to develop unbeatable
leaders for an economically and ecologically sustainable society, with the
help of a unique curriculum that comprises a mix of compulsory and
elective courses, supplemented by specialized courses on industry sectors.
The Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management (RGIIM) also offers
one year program Post Graduate Program for Executives - Managing
127
Business in India and China. The Executive Management Program aims at
equipping the participants with adequate knowledge and business skills for
managing businesses in India and China, and also enabling them to operate
at strategic levels with a global outlook by synergizing all functional areas
of Management. Moreover the participants will be trained to in Chinese
language, Chinese Culture and Chinese tradition understanding which is
important for doing business in China.
The Knowledge Centre
The Knowledge Centre (library) of RGIIM, which is one of the most
modern and tech savvy libraries in the country, has started functioning right
from the time of inception of the Institute. Our goal is to make the library
one of the most vibrant and productive branches of the Institute so that it
may keep pace with the global, dynamic and technology enabled
information age, and meet the expectations of its end users. With the above
aim in view, within a short span of time, we have acquired an excellent
collection of management related books, journals and non book materials,
which we consider as our greatest asset. The library maintains separate
collection of Reference Books, Text Books, General books, Working
Papers and other documents, whereas the non book collection consists of
128
video cassettes, Compact Discs, etc. Faculty members are requested to
make regular requisition of latest books to add value to the Knowledge
Centre and equip the library with the latest collection of books. The library
also has the latest collection of periodicals, magazines and newspapers. We
have also begun the process of updating the Centre with rich collection of
both Indian and Foreign Journals for which the process in underway.
Journals are available both online as well as in printed volumes.
The Library is also equipped with the latest E-Resources (E-Books, EJournals, and Data-base) such as CMIE – Prowess, ISI-Emerging Markets,
ProQuest, and EBSCO – Business Source Complete. We also have access
to HBR cases which are widely used by all students and faculty members.
The Library also has some special Collections of i) EXIM Bank, ii) World
Bank, and iii) Harvard Business Review.
The Knowledge Centre also joined the IIM Consortia Cross Sharing of EJournals with three Publishers: (i) Taylor and Francis, (ii) Wiley- Blackwell
and (ii) Springer.
We have also arranged for a Tie up with:
 AIMS (Association of Indian Management Schools)
 American Library, Kolkata
129
 ASSOCHAM (Association of Chamber of Commerce)
 British Council Library, Kolkata,
 Exim Banks,
 All the Indian Institute of Managements, IIMs
 HBSP (Harvard Business School Publishing)
 IGCC (Indo-German Chamber of Commerce)
 AACSB (Association to Advanced Collegiate Schools of Business)
International to become part of the premier Global Management
education network.
 National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) for greater and
better exchange of library resources.
The varied type of services that we make available in our Knowledge
Centre apart from lending are the References Services, CAS (Current
Awareness Services), SDI (Selective Dissemination of Information),
Reprographic Services, Information Alert Services (E- Mail Services),
Lest-you-miss (newspaper clippings) services, and ILL (inter library Loan)
services and services related to newspaper clippings.
All the above mentioned online facilities are available through the
Knowledge Centre E-Portal of the Institute.
130
The most significant achievement as far as the library facilities are
concerned is related to the ―Library Automation‖ Services. We are one of
the few libraries in the country which is fully automated and the VTLS
software with RFID Library Management System is being used for the
purpose of house-keeping of library activities and networking systems such
as intranet, internet and Wi-Fi. The RFID technology makes the Circulation
of books easier as the end-users can do the ISSUE and RETURN through
the KIOSK and DROP BOX machine respectively, along with the use of
smart proximity cards. The entire Library is covered by CCTV. This new
technological environment enables the library to serve its clientele in a
better, faster and in a more efficient manner.
The five different levels of automation which needs to be highlighted are as
follows:
Library cataloguing system - OPAC for easy access by users
House-keeping operations and networking
Development of CD-ROM library/products
E-mail System and Internet
RFID (Rapid Radio Identification) - for security purposes
131
Our Library is forever open to new and innovative ideas and we are
determined to make our Knowledge Centre one of the best and user friendly
library in the country.
132
IIIIM
M-- K
KO
OZ
ZH
HIIK
KO
OD
DE
E
Spread over about 100 acres of land, the Indian Institute of Management
Kozhikode is situated on two hillocks in the Kunnamangalam Area of
ancient city of Calicut in Kerala. Boasting of one of the most picturesque
and oxy-rich campuses in the country, the world class infrastructure
includes air-conditioned classrooms, guest care areas and LAN/WAN
connectivity which enables every IIMK resident to be exposed to a
wholesome experience. Managed by a dedicated regular administrative staff
of 66, it is one of the most efficient Institutions in the country, which knows
how to keep balance sheet green and keep all the stakeholders happy. With
its roots dating back to 1996, the Indian Institute of Management
Kozhikode (IIMK), started with its first batch of 42 students in 1997 and
has grown tremendously over the years with a current batch strength of 356
odd students, making it the fastest growing management school in the
country.
IIMK pioneered the Interactive Distance Learning (IDL) Program for
working executives in India. Having started with 300 class contact hrs in
2001-02, the year-long Executive Management Education Programme is
today the richest available in the country having 450 class contact hours.
133
The institute moved to its new campus in January 2003 and the number of
programs increased manifold with this step. The training activity is
expected to witness further growth with the latest 64 room executive hostel
and the construction of a modern 200 bed management development
complex. The Institute today is a leader in Faculty Development
Programmes (FDP), conducting the largest number of programmes (18)
totaling 20 weeks in 2008-09, and is the major QIP (Quality Improvement
Programme) Centre of the All Indian Council of Technical Education, in
the field of management education.
IIMK is also one of the few Centers for Development of Digital Libraries in
the world and is a country leader. A prominent achievement which comes
to the limelight is the establishment of an Incubation Centre for Excellence,
in collaboration with the Government of Kerala to help the Scheduled
Castes/tribes students overcome their deficiencies in communication,
personality etc. Incidentally, IIMK is one of the few management institutes
in the country who have filled full quota of SC/ST candidates in its
Postgraduate Programme on regular basis with sound track record in job
placement. With a highly qualified and experienced faculty, and backed by
a large number of committed adjunct and visiting faculty from Industry and
134
other leading management institutes including foreign universities,
academics is always a high priority.
The Institute has a strong International Exchange Programme for students
and faculty with several leading Management Institutes in EU and ASEAN
countries like SDA, Bacconi, Jonkoping, Sweden, Copenhagen Business
School, Denmark, ESCAP-EAP, France; University of Queensland,
Austria, Victoria University of Wellington and so on. An active member of
the Strategic Management Forum, IIMK lays stress on organizing
Seminar/Conferences and conducts management programs for teachers.
Leading Management Institutions like IIM Ahmadabad, Bangalore,
Calcutta, Indore and Lucknow along with MDI, Gurgaon, XLRI,
Jamshedpur and IIFT, New Delhi join hands to conduct week long faculty
development programme on various subjects in the field of Strategic
Management.
Library & Information Center (LIC)
IIM Kozhikode hosts a fully automated Library & Information Center
(LIC) which is one of the Centers of Development of Digital Libraries in
the world. The institute coordinated the South Asia Support Network for
Greenstone Digital Library Software at the request of UNESCO and
suggested the idea of IIM Library Consortium Movement. The library
135
provides services as an institutional archive. A balanced programme on the
development of the collection of hard copy, audio/video, CD-ROM, and
other electronic forms of documents is being followed. The LIC has one of
the finest collections of latest management publications. IIMK library has
become one of the finest and best in class management information centers
in the country, complemented with state-of-art technology supports to the
users. It is a cornerstone that supports learning, teaching, and research
activities. With a variety of knowledge and information resources, facilities,
and latest information and communication technologies available in this
library, it is our earnest Endeavour to help you expand your knowledge,
skills and performance. In addition to print materials, the library offers
thousands of electronics books, journals, magazines, videos, cases,
newspapers and many more. You can access these resources anytime from
anywhere in the campus
Information Resources:
A balanced programme on the development of the collection of hard copy,
audio/video, CD-ROM, and other electronic forms of documents is being
followed. The LIC has one of the finest collections of latest management
publications.
136
Books: The LIC has acquired over 15375 books. The books are classified
according to the UDC Scheme of Library Classification. LIC Digital
Catalogue (OPAC) is available in the Institute LAN and the OPAC client is
available at most of the workstations in the LAN.
Journals (Alphabetical / Subject Catalogue) : The LIC subscribes to around
360 print and over 900 electronic journals, along with a massive set of over
4000 aggregated full-text contents of e-journals, both Indian and foreign.
Videos (Alphabetical / Subject Catalogue) : The Audio-Visual Unit in the
LIC hosts about 226 educational videos, covering the entire range of
disciplines in management.
CDs/CBTs : The LIC has acquired over 150 CDs and CBTs.
A comprehensive set of international bibliographic databases on CD-ROM
are available in the Institute LAN through CD-NET Server "TNT 2000".
They are:
1. ABI/Inform (Global - 2000 +
2. Business & Industry - 1994-1998
3. Business & Mgmt Pract - 1995-1998
4. Business Source Premier - 1984 +
137
5. Capitaline - 2002 +
6. CRIS Infac - 2002 +
7. Econlit (abstracts) - 1969 +
8. Equity Research Station - 2002 +
9. IBID - 2002 +
10. India Informer - 2002 +
11. Indiastat.Com - 2002 +
12. Social Sci. Citatn Ind.- 1998-2000
13. World Magazine Bank - 1984-2000
14. VANs Electronic Library- 1999 +
15. Prowess - 1998 +
16. MRMR (MICA Rrl Mkt Rtn)- 2000 +
Corporate Databases: The national corporate database of Centre for
Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), "Prowess", is being subscribed to.
Cases: It is proposed to develop a strong "Case Unit" in the LIC.
138
References :
1.
www.iimahd.ernet.in/
2.
www.iimb.ernet.in
3.
www.iiml.ac.in
4.
www.iimidr.ac.in
5.
www.iimcal.ac.in
6.
www.iimshillong.in
7.
www.iimk.ac.in
8.
www.iimb.ernet.in/library
9.
www.iimahd.ernet.in/library/index.php?option=com_content
10.
library.iimcal.ac.in:8080/webopac/html/
11.
iimk.ac.in/libportal/
12.
iimk.ac.in/libportal/indestconsortium.htm
13.
ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bit stream/1944/1124/1/10.pdf
14.
www.iimshillong.in/iim-shillong/knowledge-centre.asp
139
CHAPTER FIVE
Information Needs and Information Seeking Behavior Of
Users In IIM Libraries
80
2
2
IIMB
100
80
76
4
3
IIMC
100
75
73
2
4
IIML
100
100
99
1
5
IIMI
100
100
100
-
6
IIMK
100
58
57
1
7
IIMS
100
43
41
2
700
538
526
11
The above table clear indicated that total 700 Questionnaires was
mailed/sent or personally given by the researcher. Due to constraint of time
and cost researcher visit their nearby IIM campuses namely IIM-L and IIM-
140
response
82
adequate
100
with
IIMA
returned
response
aires
adequate
Questionn
with
returned
Distribute
Total
d/
received
Sent/maile
Questionn
Questionn
d
aires
aires
Institute
1
aires
S. No.
Questionn
Table 5.1 Institute wise responses
I, other institute will covered by through mail/postal/ telephonic services.
After several reminders researcher could manage to get from 538
respondents. Faculties of all IIM‘s are quite busy in their academic works,
so they returned their responses through post and Email. Research students
are punctual to return the duly filled Questionnaires with any fail. The
management students also seems to be busy or not showing any interest to
take part in the survey process. But some of the students spare their voluble
time to share their experiences regarding library uses and information
seeking pattern. Most of the students found in canteen or walking in
campus, when researcher contacts them. It is admired that only 11
Questionnaires not filled properly out of 538 Questionnaires were received.
The brief profile of the respondents is given below:Table 5.2 Profile of the Responses
Age-
Male
Female
Total
20-24
156
74
230
years
[29.6%]
[14.0%]
[43.6%]
25-28
133
36
169
Group
141
years
28+
years
[25.2%]
[06.8%]
[32.0%]
108
19
127
[20.6%]
[03.6%]
[24.2%]
397
129
526
[75.55]
[24.4%]
[100%]
Total
Figure 5.1 Gender Wise Age Group
20-24 years
156
Male
25-28 years
(397)
133
28+ years
108
Gender
20-24 years
74
Female
25-28 years
129
36
28+ years
19
142
Table 5.1 Institute & Gender Classification of the Respondents
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Institute
Male
Female
Total
65
15
80
[81.2%]
[18.7%]
[15.2%]
60
16
76
[78.8%]
[21.05%]
[14.4%]
61
12
73
[83.5%]
[16.4%]
[13.8%]
76
23
99
[76.7%]
[23.2%]
[18.8%]
70
30
100
[70%]
[30%]
[19%]
44
13
57
[77.1%]
[22.8%]
[10.8%]
21
20
41
[51.2%]
[48.7%]
[07.9%]
397
129
526
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
143
[75.4%]
[24.5%]
[100%]
Figure 5.1 Institute and Gender classification of the respondents
80
76
70
70
65
61
60
60
50
44
40
Male
30
Female
30
23
20
15
16
IIMA
IIMB
21 20
13
12
10
0
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
Table 5.3 shows that the responses from the users in regard of gender. is
response of the question respondent gender 65 (81.2 %) were male and 15
(18.7%) were female in IIM-A ; 60 (78.8%) were male and 16 (21.5%)
were female in IIM-B ; 61(83.5%) were male and 12 (16.4%) were female
in IIM-C ; 76(76.7%) were male and 23 (23.2% ) were female in IIM-L; 70
144
(70%) were male and 30 (30%) were females in IIM-I; 44 (77.1%) were
males and 13 (22.8%) respondents were female at IIM-K and 21 (51.2%)
were male and 20 (48.7%) were female in IIM-S.
Table 5- 1 Institute and Age Classification of the Respondents
S. No.
INSTITUT
20-24
25-28
E
Years
Years
40
22
18
[50%]
[27.5%]
[22.5%]
31
21
24
[40.7%]
[27.6%]
[31.5%]
30
30
13
[41.0%]
[41.0%]
[17.8%]
43
37
19
[43.4%]
[37.3%]
[19.1%]
45
30
25
[45%]
[30%]
[25%]
24
19
14
[42.1%]
[33.3%]
[24.5%]
17
10
14
[41.4%]
[24.3%]
[34.1%]
230
169
127
[43.7%]
[32.1%]
[24.1%]
1
IIMA
2
IIMB
3
IIMC
4
IIML
5
IIMI
6
IIMK
7
IIMS
28+ years
145
Figure 5-2: Institute & Respondents Age
45
43
45
40
40
37
35
31
3030
20-24 Years
25-28 Years
30
30
25
20
25
24
22
28+ years
24
21
19
18
19
17
14
13
15
14
10
10
5
0
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
Table 5.4 shows that in IIM-A 40 respondents were belongs to age
group of 20-24 years , 22 respondents belongs to 25-28 years age group and
18 respondents were has age 28+ years; in IIMB 31, 21, 24 respondents
belongs to these age groups respectively; in IIMC 30, 30,and 13
respondents belongs to these age groups respectively; in IIML 43, 37, 19
respondents belongs to these age groups respectively; in IIMI 45, 30, 25
respondents belongs to these age groups respectively; in IIMK 24, 19, 14
146
respondents belongs to these age groups respectively and in IIMS 17, 10,
14 respondents belongs to these age groups respectively.
Table 5.2 Institute and Respondents Designation Classification
RESEARCH
INSTITU
STUDENT
TE
S
S. No.
FACULTY
SCHOLARS/FP
MEMBERS
M
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
43
25
12
[53.7%]
[31.2%]
[15%]
34
28
14
[44.7%]
[36.8%]
[18.4%]
30
32
11
[41%]
[43.8%]
[15%]
44
40
15
[44.4%]
[40%]
[15%]
45
40
15
[45%]
[40%]
[15%]
25
26
6
[43.8%]
[45.6%]
[10.5%]
22
12
7
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
147
[53.6%]
[29.2%]
[17%]
243
203
80
[46.1%]
[38.5%]
[15.2%]
Figure 5-4 Institute and Respondents Designation Classification
50
45
45
44
43
40
40
40
34
35
STUDENTS
32
30
30
RESEARCH
SCHOLARS/FPM
28
26
25
25
25
22
20
15
15
14
12
15
12
11
10
6
7
5
0
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
The above table shows that most of the respondents are faculty members is
from IIMB is 14(18.4%) and from Research Scholars/FPM Students were
148
26 (45.5 %) Respondents and from PG Students were IIMA respondents
has 43 (53.7%).
Table 5.4 Institute & classification of Respondents Qualification
S. No. INSTITUTE
IIMA
Graduates
PG
PhD/FPM
43
25
12
[53.7%]
[31.2%]
[15%]
34
28
14
[44.7%]
[36.8%]
[18.4%]
30
32
11
[41%]
[43.8%]
[15%]
44
40
15
[44.4%]
[40%]
[15%]
45
40
15
[45%]
[40%]
[15%]
25
26
6
[43.8%]
[45.6%]
[10.5%]
22
12
7
1
IIMB
2
IIMC
3
IIML
4
IIMI
5
IIMK
6
7
IIMS
149
[53.6%]
[29.2%]
[17%]
243
203
80
[46.1%]
[38.5%]
[15.2%]
Figure 5 Institute & classification of Respondents Qualification
50
45
45
44
43
40
40
40
34
35
32
30
30
28
26
25
25
Graduates
25
22
PG
PhD/FPM
20
15
15
14
12
15
12
11
10
6
7
5
0
IIMA
IIMB
IIMC
IIML
IIMI
IIMK
IIMS
The above table shows that most of the respondents are Highly Qualified
from IIMB is 14(18.4%) and from IIMK most students are PG were 26
150
(45.5 %) Respondents and from Graduates were IIMA respondents has 43
(53.7%).
GENERAL USE
Table 5.5 Classification on the basis on Visit of Library by profession
of respondents
Research
S. No.
1
Faculty
Students
Total
Scholars
Members
40
178
60
278
[16.4%]
[87.6%]
[73.1%]
[52.8%]
60
22
2
84
[24.6%]
[10.8%]
[2.4%]
[15.9%]
122
-
8
130
[10%]
[25%]
Daily
More than once a
2
week
3
Once a week
[50.2%]
4
5
12
3
10
25
[4%]
[1.4%]
[12.1%]
[4.7%]
9
-
-
9
Fortnightly
Once a month
[3.7%]
6
When ever needed
-
[1%]
-
-
-
151
7
-
-
Rarely
-
Table 5.7 indicates that most of the Researcher scholars (87.6%)
daily visit IIM libraries and in addition to load of academic work most of
the faculty members (73.1%) visit libraries on the daily basis, most of the
students(50.2%) also visit libraries at least once a week to polish their
knowledge.
Table 5.6 Classification on the basis of purpose for use of Library by
profession of respondents
S. No.
1
2
3
Purpose for
use of Library
Recreation
Academic
Professional
Research
Faculty
Scholars
Members
N=203
N=80
10
0
8
18
[4.1%]
[%]
[10%]
[3.4%]
199
171
13
[81.8%]
[84.2%]
[16.2%]
5
10
55
70
[2%]
[4.9%]
[68.7%]
[13.3%
Students
N=243
Total
383
[72.8%
]
152
]
4
5
6
Reference and
information
Inspiration
Others
24
12
3
39
[9.8%]
[5.9%]
[3.7%]
[7.4%]
0
10
0
10
[%]
[4.9%]
[%]
[1.9%]
0
0
1
[%]
[%]
[0.1%]
1
[0.01%
]
Table 5.7 Types of Sources Referred for Seeking Information by
profession of respondents
Format
Student
Research
Faculty
S.
Total
s
Scholars
Members
No.
N=526
N=243
N=203
N=80
Text
Printed
155
165
54
374
Books
Digital
88
38
26
Reference
Printed
178
200
67
445
Books
Digital
Periodical
Printed
78
178
70
326
s
Digital
News
Printed
192
90
14
298
1
2
3
4
153
Digital
papers
The above table evidenced that most of the student‘s (63.7%) visit
the library for referring text books whereas other users less referred the text
books in libraries; on the other side references books is every ones favorite
and they love to referred the references books for seeking relevant
information periodicals are researchers tools most of the research scholars
and faculty members use this tool to enhances their knowledge; again news
paper are students favorites for current awareness.
Table 5. 7A Sources of Information for Keeping Knowledge with
Current Developments (Students) N=243
Source of
Used
S.
informatio
Used
Used
Never
Some times
Occasionally
Used
12
60
52
119
19
34
43
147
Frequentl
No.
n
y
Abstracting
1
Journals
Indexing
2
Journals
154
3
Books
183
23
37
0
4
Handbooks
18
35
108
82
15
32
23
173
27
23
67
126
Research
5
reports
Conference
6
proceeding
s
7
Patents
0
0
19
224
8
Standards
0
9
14
218
211
23
10
0
Attending
9
lectures
The above table no. 5.10A clearly shows that students acquired necessary
information through attending lectures and reference/text books. Most of
the students never use the patents and standard for searching information
followed by research reports and indexing journals.
155
Table 5. 8 Sources of Information for Keeping Knowledge with
Current Developments (Research Scholars) N=203
S.
No.
1
2
Source of
Used
informatio
Frequentl
n
Abstracting
Journals
Indexing
Journals
Used
Used
Some times
Occasionally
200
03
0
0
188
19
02
0
y
Never Used
3
Books
175
28
0
0
4
Handbooks
187
14
2
0
124
76
3
0
15
155
30
03
5
Research
reports
Conference
6
proceeding
s
7
Patents
12
15
27
149
8
Standards
21
04
55
123
167
23
13
0
9
Attending
lectures
156
The above table no. 5.9B clearly shows that Research Scholars use all the
information resources to acquired necessary information except standards
and patents.
Table 5.9 Sources of Information for Keeping Knowledge with Current
Developments (Faculty Members) N=80
Source of
Used
S.
informatio
Used
Used
Some times
Occasionally
68
12
0
0
75
5
0
0
Frequentl
No.
n
Never Used
y
Abstracting
1
Journals
Indexing
2
Journals
3
Books
34
46
0
0
4
Handbooks
27
16
37
0
78
2
0
0
63
10
7
0
Research
5
reports
Conference
6
proceeding
s
157
7
Patents
15
22
10
33
8
Standards
16
25
09
30
35
30
15
0
Attending
9
lectures
It is interesting to find that most of the faculty members use all the
information resources to gather the information for their academic/
professional purpose. Only some faculties never use the patents and
standards to acquire the knowledge.
Table 5.10 Classification of Computer Literacy by profession of
Respondents
Research
S. No.
1
2
3
Use of Computer
Faculty
Students
Total
Scholars
Members
0
10
19
29
[0%]
[4.9%]
[9.3%]
[5.5%]
30
02
13
45
[12.3%]
[0.9%]
[15.8%]
[8.5%]
213
191
46
450
At Home
In Campus
Both Places
158
[87.6%]
[94%]
[58.5%]
[85.9%]
Never Use a
0
0
02
02
Computer
[0%]
[0%]
[2.4%]
[0.3%]
4
Figure 5.7
250
213
191
200
150
100
50
Students
46
19
10
0
Research Scholars
30
13
2
002
Faculty Members
0
Above
table
and
figure
shows
the
importance
of
Information
communication technology in the daily life of the users. Over 85% users
use the computer in home and campus both the places where they spent
their most of the time. It is very much interesting to find that two faculty
members never use a computer.
159
Table -5.11 Classification of Internet users by profession of
Respondents
Internet
S. No.
Research
Faculty
Scholars
Members
78
11
Students
users
Total
124
35
1
At Home
[23.5%
[14.40%]
[38.4%]
[13.4%]
]
In
2
184
102
72
10
[41.9%]
[35.4%]
[12.1%]
Campus/Depa
[34.9%
rtment
]
187
99
3
42
46
At Library
[35.9%
[40.7%]
[20.6%]
[58.5%]
]
4
7
10
6
23
[2.80%]
[4.90%]
[7.3%]
[4.3%]
Any other
0
1
7
8
place
[0%]
[0.4%]
[8.50%]
[0.1%]
Cyber café
5
160
The above table revels that most of the users use the Internet facilities in
their home or in campus/department or in the library. It is interesting to find
that most of the users access E-resources in Library.
Fig 5.8
120
100
80
102
78
72
46
42
60
40
20
0
35
11
99
10
Students
7106
7
01
Research Scholars
Faculty Members
161
Table 5.12 Classification of Internet uses frequency by profession of
Respondents
S. No.
1
Internet users
Research
Faculty
Scholars
Members
235
188
65
488
[14.40%]
[38.4%]
[13.4%]
[23.5%]
8
15
15
[41.9%]
[35.4%]
[12.1%]
Students
Total
Daily
38
2
Weekly
[34.9%]
Fig No. 5.9
250
235
188
200
150
Daily
100
Weekly
65
50
8
15
15
0
Students
Research Scholars
Faculty Members
162
All most all the professional‘s daily access/ use the Internet services in
Library or in Home or in the Campus/Department.
163
CHAPTER SIX
Data Analysis, Interpretation and Representation
Information Needs and Information Seeking Behavior
Zhang (1998) stresses that a thorough understanding of user information
needs and information-seeking behavior is fundamental to the provision of
successful information services. Wilson (1994) points out that the scope of
information-seeking behavior research is vast and many new concepts and
methods are being developed with the help of this research. It is clear that
the study of human information-seeking behavior is now a well-defined
area of research. According to Devadason and Lingman (1997), the
understanding of information needs and information-seeking behavior of
various professional groups is essential as it helps in the planning,
implementation, and operation of information system, and services in work
settings. White (1975) states that if academic librarians are to realistically
serve academic researchers, they must recognize the changing needs and
variations in information gathering and provide services that would be most
useful.
The study of information needs and gathering behavior dates back to 1948
when Bernal and others presented a paper on scientific information at the
1948 Royal Society conference (Bernal, 1960). During the past 30 years or
164
so, a considerable body of literature has been produced dealing with
information needs and information-seeking behavior of both individuals
and groups in a variety of contexts (Anwar, Al-Ansari, and Abdullah,
2004). It is estimated that the number of publications on informationseeking behavior were more than ten thousand in the 1990s alone (Case,
2002). Many studies have been conducted to investigate the informationseeking behavior of library users based on their subject interest, occupation,
information environment, and geographical location. Information needs and
information-seeking behavior of academics have also been a popular area
of research for the information scientists for decades. Many authors have
pointed out that the studies on information-seeking behavior and needs of
social scientists are fewer than those involving the natural sciences, and the
studies of humanists' information needs are fewer still (Line, 1969;
Hopkins, 1989; Blazek, 1994; Challener, 1999).
Knowledge of the information needs and information-seeking behavior of
users is vital for developing library collections, upgrading facilities, and
improving services to effectively meet the information needs of users.
6.0 COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR
USEFULNESS
165
The collection of printed documents has been analyzed on the basis of
Demographic parameters earlier. However the some are the reproduce
below for easy reference.
1. Institute
2. Gender
3. Age
4. Profession
5. Qualification
6. Contribution in Publication
7. Qualification
(Brown, 2007) study ravels that printed information resources useful
than their counterparts in other disciples. Books, for example, are
regarded as ‗very useful‘ by 75% of arts and humanities researchers as
compared to 55% in social sciences, 47% in physical sciences and 34%
in life sciences. Similar margins of differences are evident for current
and back issues of journals and reference only items. The greatest interdisciplinary differences pertain to archives in print or manuscript and
special collection in print. Archives are rated very useful by 50% of arts
and humanities researchers and special collection by 46%.
166
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.1 Collection of Printed Books
according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Institute
Standard Error (of
Mean)
IIMA
80
2.64
1.05
0.119
IIMB
76
2.73
1.03
0.119
IIMC
73
2.75
1.04
0.123
IIML
99
2.62
1.03
0.104
IIMI
100
2.62
1.02
0.103
IIMK
57
2.87
0.95
0.127
IIMS
41
2.95
0.87
0.138
Male
397
2.71
1.02
0.051
Female
129
2.78
1.00
0.088
230
2.72
1.00
0.066
169
2.77
1.01
0.078
28+ years
127
2.80
1.00
0.088
Students
243
2.71
1.04
0.067
Gender
20-24
Years
Age Group
25-28
Years
Profession
167
Research
203
2.77
1.01
0.071
Faculty
80
2.77
1.01
0.113
Graduate
243
2.68
1.02
0.066
Qualification PG/FPM
203
2.73
1.01
0.071
PhD
80
2.76
1.03
0.115
Contribution Yes
227
2.75
1.02
0.068
299
2.71
1.01
0.058
Scholar
in
No
publication
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. it is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMS have viewed the collection of total printed books to be more
favorable (Mean= 2.95) with the standard deviation of 0.87. this is followed
by IIMK (Mean= 2.87) with standard deviation 0.95. IIMC (Mean= 2.75)
with the standard deviation 1.04, IIMB (Mean= 2.73) with standard
deviation 1.03, IIMA (Mean = 2.64) with standard deviation 1.05 and IIML
and IIMI has lowest Mean =2.62 with standard deviation 1.03 and 1.02
respectively.
168
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. the Mean value of collection of total printed books for
male respondents (Mean= 2.71) with standard deviation 1.02 is lower than
female respondents which mean value is 2.78 with standard deviation 1.00.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 2.72, 2.77 and
2.80 respectively with standard deviation being 1.00, 1.01 and 1.00
respectively. it is interesting to find that the respondents more then 28+
years have viewed the collection of total printed books more favorably
(M=2.80) the youngest group is lowest with mean score of 2.72. (Woo,
2005) identify and find out user preferences for print. The results showed
71.8% of the respondents prefer to use printed books. (Brown, 2007) study
reveals that researchers who rate print information recourses provided by
their institution library ‗very useful‘ 45% Special Collection, 75% Books
and 42% references book. Kaur & Verma (2009) reveals that 71.8 %
prefer to use printed books as compared to 28.27 % who prefer to use
electronic books.
169
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 2.71, 2.77 and 2.77 respectively with standard deviation being 1.04,
1.01 and 1.01 respectively. It is to find that faculty members and research
scholars show much interest with respect to students.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. in the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates ( N=243) , in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
2.68, 2.73 and 2.76 respectively with standard deviation 1.02, 1.01 and 1.03
respectively. It is to find that third group PhD/FPM viewed the collection of
printed books with respect to graduates with mean score 2.68.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). it is find that the first group have more interest
170
in total collection of printed books with mean score 2.75 in compared to
second group with mean score 2.71.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.2 Collection of Digital Books
according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Institute
Standard Error (of
Mean)
IIMA
80
4.41
0.70
0.078
IIMB
76
4.53
0.50
0.057
IIMC
73
3.61
0.95
0.112
IIML
99
3.71
0.93
0.094
IIMI
100
3.72
0.94
0.095
IIMK
57
3.35
0.90
0.120
IIMS
41
4.05
0.87
0.138
Male
397
3.72
0.98
0.047
Female
129
3.74
0.92
0.081
230
3.82
0.94
0.062
169
3.94
0.92
0.071
Gender
20-24
Years
Age Group
25-28
Years
171
28+ years
127
3.74
0.92
0.082
Students
243
3.68
0.91
0.058
203
3.74
0.97
0.068
Faculty
80
3.75
1.02
0.115
Graduate
243
3.77
0.93
0.059
Qualification PG/FPM
203
3.74
0.94
0.066
PhD
80
3.58
0.92
0.103
Contribution Yes
227
3.73
0.93
0.062
299
3.72
0.93
0.054
Research
Profession
Scholar
in
No
publication
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMB have viewed the collection of total Digital books to be more
favorable (Mean= 4.53) with the standard deviation of 0.50. This is
followed by IIMA (Mean= 4.41) with standard deviation 0.70. IIMS
(Mean= 4.05) with the standard deviation 0.87, IIMC (Mean= 3.61) with
standard deviation 0.95, IIML (Mean = 3.71) with standard deviation 0.93,
172
IIMI (Mean = 3.72) with standard deviation 0.94 and IIMK has lowest
Mean =3.35 with standard deviation 0.90.
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total printed books for
male respondents (Mean= 3.72) with standard deviation 0.98 is lower than
female respondents which mean value is 3.74 with standard deviation 0.92.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.82, 3.94 and
3.74 respectively with standard deviation being 0.94, 0.92 and 0.92
respectively. it is interesting to find that the respondents between 25-28
years have viewed the collection of total Digital books more favorably
(3.94) the group aged 28+ is lowest with mean score of 3.74.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
173
been 3.68, 3.74 and 3.75 respectively with standard deviation being 0.91,
0.92 and 1.02 respectively. It is to find that faculty members and research
scholars show much interest with respect to students.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.77, 3.74 and 3.58 respectively with standard deviation 0.93, 0.94 and 0.92
respectively. It is to find that first group graduates viewed the collection of
digital books with respect to PhD‘s with mean score 3.77.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of printed books with mean score 3.73 in compared to
second group with mean score 3.72.
174
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.3 Collection of Printed Books of
Specialization of their subject according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error
(of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
3.62
1.19
0.133
IIMB
76
3.61
1.21
0.138
IIMC
73
3.68
1.14
0.133
IIML
99
3.62
1.20
0.120
IIMI
100
3.7
1.14
0.114
IIMK
57
3.63
1.16
0.153
IIMS
41
3.5
1.23
0.190
Male
397
3.63
1.16
0.058
Female
129
3.64
1.17
0.103
20-24 Years
230
3.63
1.18
0.079
25-28 Years
169
3.65
1.14
0.087
28+ years
127
3.64
1.15
0.102
Students
243
3.59
1.18
0.076
Research
203
3.61
1.18
0.083
Gender
Age Group
Profession
175
Scholar
Faculty
80
3.54
1.20
0.133
Graduate
243
3.64
1.15
0.074
PG/FPM
203
3.70
1.13
0.079
PhD
80
3.63
1.16
0.129
Contribution in Yes
227
3.77
1.16
0.077
299
3.51
1.18
0.068
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMI have viewed the collection of total Printed specialized books
to be more favorable (Mean= 3.7) with the standard deviation of 1.14. All
other IIM respondents show similar interest with slight variations expect
IIMS which Mean Score is 3.5 and the standard deviation of 1.23
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Printed
specialized books for male respondents (Mean= 3.63) with standard
176
deviation 1.16 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 3.64
with standard deviation 1.17.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.63, 3.64 and
3.63 respectively with standard deviation being 1.18, 1.14 and 1.15
respectively. it is interesting to find that all the respondents shows almost
same interest in the collection of total Printed specialized books more
favorable.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 3.59, 3.61 and 3.54 respectively with standard deviation being 1.18,
1.18 and 1.20 respectively.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
177
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.64, 3.70 and 3.63 respectively with standard deviation 1.15, 1.13 and 1.16
respectively.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of printed specialized books with mean score 3.77 in
compared to second group with mean score 3.51.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.4 Collection of Digital Books of
Specialization of their subject according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error
(of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
4.25
0.60
0.068
IIMB
76
3.97
0.83
0.096
IIMC
73
3.94
0.83
0.098
178
IIML
99
4.01
0.74
0.075
IIMI
100
4.01
0.74
0.074
IIMK
57
3.63
0.67
0.089
IIMS
41
4.66
0.47
0.076
Male
397
4.01
0.74
0.037
Female
129
4.03
0.67
0.059
20-24 Years
230
4.03
0.70
0.046
25-28 Years
169
4.17
0.68
0.052
28+ years
127
4.03
0.67
0.060
Students
243
4.12
0.74
0.047
203
4.02
0.74
0.052
Faculty
80
4.26
0.61
0.068
Graduate
243
4.12
0.74
0.047
PG/FPM
203
4.02
0.74
0.052
PhD
80
4.16
0.57
0.085
Contribution in Yes
227
4.32
0.76
0.050
299
4.06
0.75
0.043
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
Scholar
Qualification
publication
No
179
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMS have viewed the collection of total Digital specialized books
to be more favorable (Mean= 4.66) with the standard deviation of 0.47.
This is followed by IIMA (Mean= 4.25) with standard deviation 0.60. IIML
and IMMI has (Mean= 4.01) with the standard deviation 0.74 each, IIMB
(Mean= 3.97) with standard deviation 0.83, IIMC (Mean = 3.94) with
standard deviation 0.83, and IIMK has lowest Mean in the group 3.63 with
standard deviation 0.67.
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital
specialized books for male respondents (Mean= 4.01) with standard
deviation 0.74 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 4.03
with standard deviation 0.67.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
180
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 4.03, 4.17 and
4.03 respectively with standard deviation being 0.70, 0.67 and 0.68
respectively. it is interesting to find that the respondents between 25-28
years have viewed the collection of Digital specialized books more
favorably (4.17) the other two groups is lowest with mean score of 4.03.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 4.12, 4.02 and 4.26 respectively with standard deviation being 0.74,
0.74 and 0.61 respectively. It is to find that faculty members show much
interest with respect to students and research scholars.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
4.12, 4.02 and 4.16 respectively with standard deviation 0.74, 0.74 and 0.57
respectively.
181
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of printed books with mean score 4.32 in compared to
second group with mean score 4.06.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.5 Collection of Printed Reference
Books according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
Gender
IIMA
80
4.11
0.74
0.056
IIMB
76
4.19
0.78
0.078
IIMC
73
3.79
0.58
0.056
IIML
99
3.77
0.67
0.012
IIMI
100
4.05
0.57
0.014
IIMK
57
3.82
0.72
0.051
IIMS
41
3.96
0.74
0.054
Male
397
3.94
0.80
0.032
182
Female
129
4.06
0.96
0.050
20-24 Years
230
4.10
0.75
0.061
25-28 Years
169
3.88
0.67
0.079
28+ years
127
4.02
0.72
0.061
Students
243
4.04
0.76
0.041
203
3.91
0.64
0.044
Faculty
80
3.96
0.66
0.051
Graduate
243
4.06
0.80
0.041
PG/FPM
203
3.88
0.82
0.052
PhD
80
3.92
0.82
0.058
Contribution in Yes
227
4.14
1.02
0.060
299
3.74
1.06
0.012
Age Group
Research
Profession
Scholar
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMB have viewed the collection of total Printed reference books to
be more favorable (Mean= 4.19) with the standard deviation of 0.78. This is
183
followed by IIMA (Mean= 4.11) with standard deviation 0.74. Followed by
IIMI (Mean= 4.05) with the standard deviation 0.57, IIMS (Mean= 3.96)
with standard deviation 0.74, IIMK (Mean = 3.82) with standard deviation
0.80, IIMC (Mean=3.79) with standard deviation 0.58 and IIML has lowest
Mean in the group 3.77 with standard deviation 0.67.
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital
specialized books for male respondents (Mean= 3.94) with standard
deviation 0.80 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 4.06
with standard deviation 0.96.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 4.10, 3.88 and 4.2
respectively with standard deviation being 0.75, 0.67 and 0.72 respectively.
it is interesting to find that the respondents between 20-24 years have
viewed the collection of Total Printed reference books more favorably
(4.10) the other two groups is lowest with mean score of 3.88.
184
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 4.04, 3.91 and 3.96 respectively with standard deviation being 0.74,
0.64 and 0.66 respectively. It is to find that students show much interest
with respect to faculty members and research scholars.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
4.06, 3.88 and 3.92 respectively with standard deviation 0.80, 0.82 and 0.82
respectively.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of printed books with mean score 4.14 in compared to
second group with mean score 3.74.
185
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.6 Collection of Digital Reference
Books according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
2.35
1.03
0.078
IIMB
76
2.45
1.03
0.057
IIMC
73
2.51
1.02
0.112
IIML
99
2.46
1.03
0.094
IIMI
100
2.54
1.05
0.095
IIMK
57
2.57
1.02
0.12
IIMS
41
2.44
1.05
0.138
Male
397
2.66
1.04
0.047
Female
129
2.39
1.02
0.081
20-24 Years
230
2.43
1.02
0.062
25-28 Years
169
2.49
1.04
0.071
28+ years
127
2.37
1.02
0.082
Students
243
2.33
1.02
0.058
Research
203
2.32
1
0.068
Gender
Age Group
Profession
186
Scholar
Faculty
80
2.56
1.04
0.115
Graduate
243
2.45
1.01
0.059
PG/FPM
203
2.56
1.01
0.066
PhD
80
2.76
1.02
0.103
Contribution in Yes
227
2.43
1.01
0.062
299
2.56
1.03
0.054
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 2.54
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 2.46
and then IIMA
(N=80) mean value is 2.35 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 2.45 and
then IIMC (N=73) mean value is 2.51 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean
value is 2.57 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean
score 2.44. The mean value indicates that the IIMK have viewed the
collection of total Digital reference Books to be more favorable (Mean=
2.57) this is followed by IIMI (Mean= 2.54).
187
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital reference
Books for male respondents (Mean= 2.66) with standard deviation 1.04 is
lower than female respondents which mean value is 2.39 with standard
deviation 1.02.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 2.43, 2.49 and
2.37 respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents between 2428 years have viewed the collection of Total Digital reference Books more
favorably (2.49) the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 2.33, 2.32 and 2.56 respectively. It is to find that Teaching Staff
shows much interest with respect to other groups.
188
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
2.45, 2.56 and 2.76 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
interest in total collection of Digital reference Books with mean score 2.56
in compared to second group with mean score 2.43.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.7 Collection of Printed
Thesis/Dissertations according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
IIMA
80
3.01
0.7
0.133
IIMB
76
3.13
0.5
0.138
Institute
189
IIMC
73
3.11
0.95
0.133
IIML
99
3.09
0.93
0.12
IIMI
100
3.12
0.94
0.114
IIMK
57
3.14
0.9
0.153
IIMS
41
3.01
0.87
0.19
Male
397
3.05
0.98
0.058
Female
129
3.14
0.92
0.103
20-24 Years
230
3.25
0.94
0.079
25-28 Years
169
2.97
0.92
0.087
28+ years
127
2.95
0.92
0.102
Students
243
2.85
0.91
0.076
3.11
0.97
0.083
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
2.98
1.02
0.133
Graduate
243
3.12
0.93
0.074
PG/FPM
203
2.84
0.94
0.079
PhD
80
2.98
0.92
0.129
Contribution in Yes
227
2.99
0.93
0.077
299
3.09
0.93
0.068
Qualification
publication
No
190
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 3.12
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 3.09
and then IIMA
(N=80) mean value is 3.01 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.13 and
then IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.11 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean
value is 3.14 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the
mean score 3.01. The mean value indicates that the IIMK have viewed the
collection of total Printed Thesis/dissertations to be more favorable (Mean=
3.14) This is followed by IIMB (Mean= 3.13).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Printed
Thesis/dissertations for male respondents (Mean= 3.05) with standard
deviation 0.98 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 3.14
with standard deviation 0.92.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
191
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.25, 2.97 and
2.95 respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents between 2024 years have viewed the collection of Total Printed Thesis/dissertations
more favorably (3.25) the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 2.85, 3.11 and 2.98 respectively. It is to find that Research Scholars
shows much interest with respect to other groups.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.12, 2.84 and 2.98 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
192
interest in total collection of Printed Thesis/dissertations with mean score
2.99 in compared to second group with mean score 3.09.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.8 Collection of Digital
Thesis/Dissertations according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
4.25
0.6
0.068
IIMB
76
3.97
0.83
0.096
IIMC
73
3.94
0.83
0.098
IIML
99
4.01
0.74
0.075
IIMI
100
4.01
0.74
0.074
IIMK
57
3.63
0.67
0.089
IIMS
41
3.66
0.47
0.076
Male
397
4.01
0.74
0.037
Female
129
4.03
0.67
0.059
20-24 Years
230
4.03
0.7
0.046
25-28 Years
169
4.17
0.68
0.052
28+ years
127
4.03
0.67
0.06
Gender
Age Group
193
Students
243
4.12
0.74
0.047
4.02
0.74
0.052
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
4.26
0.61
0.068
Graduate
243
4.12
0.74
0.047
PG/FPM
203
4.02
0.74
0.052
PhD
80
4.16
0.57
0.085
Contribution in Yes
227
4.32
0.76
0.05
299
4.06
0.75
0.043
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 4.01 and
SD is 0.74 followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 4.01 with SD
0.74 and then IIMA (N=80) mean value is 4.25 with SD 0.6 and Then
IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.97 with SD 0.83 and then IIMC (N=73)
mean value is 3.94 with SD 0.83 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean value is
3.63 with SD 0.67 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the
mean score 3.66 and SD is 0.47. The mean value indicates that the IIMA
have viewed the collection of total Digital Thesis/dissertations to be more
194
favorable (Mean= 4.25) with the standard deviation of 0.6. This is followed
by IIML & IIMI (Mean= 4.01) with standard deviation 0.74.
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital
Thesis/dissertations for male respondents (Mean= 4.01) with standard
deviation 0.74 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 4.03
with standard deviation 0.67.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 4.03, 4.17 and
4.03 respectively with standard deviation being 0.7, 0.68 and 0.67
respectively. it is interesting to find that the respondents between 24-28
years have viewed the collection of Total Digital Thesis/dissertations more
favorably (4.17) the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
195
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 4.12, 4.02 and 4.26 respectively with standard deviation being 0.74,
0.74 and 0.61 respectively. It is to find that Faculty shows much interest
with respect to students and research scholars.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
4.12, 4.02 and 4.16 respectively with standard deviation 0.74, 0.74 and 0.57
respectively.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of Digital Thesis/dissertations with mean score 4.32 in
compared to second group with mean score 4.06.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.9 Collection of Printed
Research/Project reports/Case studies according to their Usefulness
196
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
3.62
1.19
0.056
IIMB
76
3.61
1.21
0.078
IIMC
73
3.68
1.14
0.056
IIML
99
3.62
1.2
0.012
IIMI
100
3.70
1.14
0.014
IIMK
57
3.63
1.16
0.051
IIMS
41
3.50
1.23
0.054
Male
397
3.63
1.16
0.032
Female
129
3.64
1.17
0.05
20-24 Years
230
3.63
1.18
0.061
25-28 Years
169
3.65
1.14
0.079
28+ years
127
3.64
1.15
0.061
Students
243
3.59
1.18
0.041
3.61
1.18
0.044
3.54
1.2
0.051
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
197
Graduate
243
3.64
1.15
0.041
PG/FPM
203
3.7
1.13
0.052
PhD
80
3.63
1.16
0.058
Contribution in Yes
227
3.77
1.16
0.06
299
3.51
1.18
0.012
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 3.70
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 3.62
and then IIMA
(N=80) mean value is 3.62 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.71 and
then IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.68 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean
value is 3.63 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean
score 3.50. The mean value indicates that the IIMI have viewed the
collection of total Printed Research/Project reports/Case studies to be
more favorable (Mean= 2.57) this is followed by IIMI (Mean= 2.54).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Printed
Research/Project reports/Case studies for male respondents (Mean=
198
3.63) with standard deviation 1.16 is lower than female respondents which
mean value is 3.64 with standard deviation 1.23.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.63, 3.65 and
3.64 respectively. It is interesting to find that the all the respondents have
viewed the collection of Total Printed Research/Project reports/Case
studies more favorably. Profession: - on the basis of profession whole
sample is divided in to three groups. In the first group all types of students
considered as students (N=243) in the second group research scholar
(N=203) and the third group all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been
considered. The mean score has been 3.59, 3.61 and 3.54 respectively. It is
to find that Students and research scholars shows much interest with respect
to Faculty members.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
199
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.64, 3.70 and 3.63 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
interest in total collection of Printed Research/Project reports/Case
studies with mean score 3.77 in compared to second group with mean score
3.51.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.10 Collection of Digital
Research/Project reports/Case studies according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
IIMA
80
4.41
0.7
0.078
IIMB
76
4.53
0.5
0.057
IIMC
73
3.61
0.95
0.112
IIML
99
3.71
0.93
0.094
Institute
200
IIMI
100
3.72
0.94
0.095
IIMK
57
3.35
0.9
0.12
IIMS
41
4.05
0.87
0.138
Male
397
3.72
0.98
0.047
Female
129
3.74
0.92
0.081
20-24 Years
230
3.82
0.94
0.062
25-28 Years
169
3.94
0.92
0.071
28+ years
127
3.74
0.92
0.082
Students
243
3.68
0.91
0.058
3.74
0.97
0.068
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
3.75
1.02
0.115
Graduate
243
3.77
0.93
0.059
PG/FPM
203
3.74
0.94
0.066
PhD
80
3.58
0.92
0.103
Contribution in Yes
227
3.73
0.93
0.062
299
3.72
0.93
0.054
Qualification
publication
No
201
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 3.72
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 3.71
and then IIMA
(N=80) mean value is 4.41 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 4.53 and
then IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.61 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean
value is 3.35 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean
score 4.05. The mean value indicates that the IIMB have viewed the
collection of total Digital Research/Project reports/Case studies to be
more favorable (Mean= 4.53) this is followed by IIMA (Mean= 4.41).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital
Research/Project reports/Case studies for male respondents (Mean=
3.72) with standard deviation 0.98 is lower than female respondents which
mean value is 3.74 with standard deviation 0.92.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
202
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.82, 3.94 and
3.74 respectively. It is interesting to find that the almost all the respondents
have
viewed
the
collection
of
Total
Digital
Research/Project
reports/Case studies more favorably.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 3.68, 3.74 and 3.75 respectively. It is to find that Faculty and research
scholar‘s shows much interest with respect to Students.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.77, 3.74 and 3.58 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
203
interest in total collection of Digital Research/Project reports/Case
studies with mean score 3.73 in compared to second group with mean score
3.72.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.11 Collection of Printed Journals
and Serials according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
3.82
0.94
0.133
IIMB
76
3.94
0.92
0.138
IIMC
73
3.74
0.92
0.133
IIML
99
3.68
0.91
0.12
IIMI
100
3.74
0.97
0.114
IIMK
57
3.75
1.02
0.153
IIMS
41
3.77
0.93
0.19
Male
397
3.74
0.94
0.058
Female
129
3.58
0.92
0.103
20-24 Years
230
3.73
0.93
0.079
25-28 Years
169
3.72
0.93
0.087
Gender
Age Group
204
28+ years
127
4.41
0.7
0.102
Students
243
4.53
0.5
0.076
3.61
0.95
0.083
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
3.71
0.93
0.133
Graduate
243
3.72
0.94
0.074
PG/FPM
203
3.35
0.9
0.079
PhD
80
4.05
0.87
0.129
Contribution in Yes
227
3.72
0.98
0.077
299
3.74
0.92
0.068
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 3.74
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 3.68 and then IIMA (N=80)
mean value is 3.82 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.94 and then
IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.74 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean value is
3.75 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean score
3.77. The mean value indicates that the IIMB have viewed the collection of
205
total Printed Journals and Serials to be more favorable (Mean= 3.94) this
is followed by IIMA (Mean= 3.82).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Printed Journals
and Serials for male respondents (Mean= 3.74) with standard deviation
0.94 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 3.58 with
standard deviation 0.92.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.73, 3.72and 4.41
respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents aged 28+ have
viewed the collection of Total Printed Journals and Serials more
favorably then the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
206
been 4.53, 3.61 and 3.71 respectively. It is to find that students show much
interest with respect to research scholar‘s and faculty.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.72, 3.35 and 4.05 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
interest in total collection of Printed Journals and Serials with mean
score 3.72 in compared to second group with mean score 3.74.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.12 Collection of Digital Journals
and Serials according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Res.
Mean
SD
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
207
Institute
IIMA
80
4.25
0.7
0.068
IIMB
76
3.97
0.5
0.096
IIMC
73
3.94
0.95
0.098
IIML
99
4.01
0.93
0.075
IIMI
100
4.01
0.94
0.074
IIMK
57
3.63
0.9
0.089
IIMS
41
4.66
0.87
0.076
Male
397
4.01
0.98
0.037
Female
129
4.03
0.92
0.059
20-24 Years
230
4.03
0.94
0.046
25-28 Years
169
4.17
0.92
0.052
28+ years
127
4.03
0.92
0.06
Students
243
4.12
0.91
0.047
4.02
0.97
0.052
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Qualification
Faculty
80
4.26
1.02
0.068
Graduate
243
4.12
0.93
0.047
PG/FPM
203
4.02
0.94
0.052
PhD
80
4.16
0.92
0.085
208
Contribution in Yes
publication
No
227
4.32
0.93
0.05
299
4.06
0.93
0.043
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 4.01
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 4.01 and then IIMA (N=80)
mean value is 4.25 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.97 and then
IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.94 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean value is
3.63 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean score
4.66. The mean value indicates that the IIMS have viewed the collection of
total Digital Journals and Serials to be more favorable (Mean= 4.66) this
is followed by IIMA (Mean= 4.25).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital Journals
and Serials for male respondents (Mean= 4.01) is lower than female
respondents which mean value is 4.03.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
209
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 4.03, 4.17 and
4.03 respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents aged between
24-28 have viewed the collection of Total Digital Journals and Serials
more favorably then the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 4.12, 4.02 and 4.26 respectively. It is to find that faculty show much
interest with respect to research scholar‘s and Students.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
4.12, 4.02 and 4.16 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
210
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
interest in total collection of Digital Journals and Serials with mean score
4.32 in compared to second group with mean score 4.06.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.13 Collection of Printed Indexing/
Abstracting journals according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
4.11
0.74
0.056
IIMB
76
4.19
0.78
0.078
IIMC
73
3.79
0.58
0.056
IIML
99
3.77
0.67
0.012
IIMI
100
4.05
0.57
0.014
IIMK
57
3.82
0.72
0.051
IIMS
41
3.96
0.74
0.054
Male
397
3.94
0.80
0.032
Female
129
4.06
0.96
0.050
20-24 Years
230
4.10
0.75
0.061
Gender
Age Group
211
25-28 Years
169
3.88
0.67
0.079
28+ years
127
4.02
0.72
0.061
Students
243
4.04
0.76
0.041
203
3.91
0.64
0.044
Faculty
80
3.96
0.66
0.051
Graduate
243
4.06
0.80
0.041
PG/FPM
203
3.88
0.82
0.052
PhD
80
3.92
0.82
0.058
Contribution in Yes
227
4.14
1.02
0.060
299
3.74
1.06
0.012
Research
Profession
Scholar
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMB have viewed the collection of total Printed Indexing/
Abstracting journals to be more favorable (Mean= 4.19) with the standard
deviation of 0.78. This is followed by IIMA (Mean= 4.11) with standard
deviation 0.74. Followed by IIMI (Mean= 4.05) with the standard deviation
212
0.57, IIMS (Mean= 3.96) with standard deviation 0.74, IIMK (Mean =
3.82) with standard deviation 0.80, IIMC (Mean=3.79) with standard
deviation 0.58 and IIML has lowest Mean in the group 3.77 with standard
deviation 0.67.
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Printed
Indexing/ Abstracting journals for male respondents (Mean= 3.94) with
standard deviation 0.80 is lower than female respondents which mean value
is 4.06 with standard deviation 0.96.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 4.10, 3.88 and 4.2
respectively with standard deviation being 0.75, 0.67 and 0.72 respectively.
it is interesting to find that the respondents between 20-24 years have
viewed the collection of Total Printed Indexing/ Abstracting journals
more favorably (4.10) the other two groups is lowest with mean score of
3.88.
213
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 4.04, 3.91 and 3.96 respectively with standard deviation being 0.74,
0.64 and 0.66 respectively. It is to find that students show much interest
with respect to faculty members and research scholars.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
4.06, 3.88 and 3.92 respectively with standard deviation 0.80, 0.82 and 0.82
respectively.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of Printed Indexing/ Abstracting journals with mean
score 4.14 in compared to second group with mean score 3.74.
214
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.14 Collection of Digital Indexing/
Abstracting journals according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
3.62
1.19
0.133
IIMB
76
3.61
1.21
0.138
IIMC
73
3.68
1.14
0.133
IIML
99
3.62
1.20
0.120
IIMI
100
3.7
1.14
0.114
IIMK
57
3.63
1.16
0.153
IIMS
41
3.5
1.23
0.190
Male
397
3.63
1.16
0.058
Female
129
3.64
1.17
0.103
20-24 Years
230
3.63
1.18
0.079
25-28 Years
169
3.65
1.14
0.087
28+ years
127
3.64
1.15
0.102
Students
243
3.59
1.18
0.076
Research
203
3.61
1.18
0.083
Gender
Age Group
Profession
215
Scholar
Faculty
80
3.54
1.20
0.133
Graduate
243
3.64
1.15
0.074
PG/FPM
203
3.70
1.13
0.079
PhD
80
3.63
1.16
0.129
Contribution in Yes
227
3.77
1.16
0.077
299
3.51
1.18
0.068
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100). The mean value indicates
that the IIMI have viewed the collection of total Digital Indexing/
Abstracting journals to be more favorable (Mean= 3.7) with the standard
deviation of 1.14. All other IIM respondents show similar interest with
slight variations expect IIMS which Mean Score is 3.5 and the standard
deviation of 1.23
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Digital Indexing/
Abstracting journals for male respondents (Mean= 3.63) with standard
216
deviation 1.16 is lower than female respondents which mean value is 3.64
with standard deviation 1.17.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.63, 3.64 and
3.63 respectively with standard deviation being 1.18, 1.14 and 1.15
respectively. it is interesting to find that all the respondents shows almost
same interest in the collection of total Digital Indexing/ Abstracting
journals more favorable.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 3.59, 3.61 and 3.54 respectively with standard deviation being 1.18,
1.18 and 1.20 respectively.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
217
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.64, 3.70 and 3.63 respectively with standard deviation 1.15, 1.13 and 1.16
respectively.
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the first group have more interest
in total collection of Digital Indexing/ Abstracting journals with mean
score 3.77 in compared to second group with mean score 3.51.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.15 Collection of Video Cassettes
according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
2.35
1.03
0.041
IIMB
76
2.45
1.03
0.044
IIMC
73
2.51
1.02
0.051
218
IIML
99
2.46
1.03
0.041
IIMI
100
2.54
1.05
0.052
IIMK
57
2.57
1.02
0.058
IIMS
41
2.44
1.05
0.06
Male
397
2.66
1.04
0.012
Female
129
2.39
1.02
0.05
20-24 Years
230
2.43
1.02
0.061
25-28 Years
169
2.49
1.04
0.079
28+ years
127
2.37
1.02
0.061
Students
243
2.33
1.02
0.056
2.32
1
0.078
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
2.56
1.04
0.056
Graduate
243
2.45
1.01
0.012
PG/FPM
203
2.56
1.01
0.014
PhD
80
2.76
1.02
0.051
Contribution in Yes
227
2.43
1.01
0.054
299
2.56
1.03
0.032
Qualification
publication
No
219
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 2.54
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 2.46
and then IIMA
(N=80) mean value is 2.35 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 2.45 and
then IIMC (N=73) mean value is 2.51 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean
value is 2.57 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean
score 2.44. The mean value indicates that the IIMK have viewed the
collection of total Video Cassettes to be more favorable (Mean= 2.57) this
is followed by IIMI (Mean= 2.54).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Video Cassettes
for male respondents (Mean= 2.66) with standard deviation 1.04 is lower
than female respondents which mean value is 2.39 with standard deviation
1.02.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
220
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 2.43, 2.49 and
2.37 respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents between 2428 years have viewed the collection of Total Video Cassettes more
favorably (2.49) the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 2.33, 2.32 and 2.56 respectively. It is to find that Teaching Staff
shows much interest with respect to other groups.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
2.45, 2.56 and 2.76 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
221
interest in total collection of Video Cassettes with mean score 2.56 in
compared to second group with mean score 2.43.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.16 Collection of Audio Cassettes
according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
Institute
IIMA
80
3.01
0.7
0.056
IIMB
76
3.13
0.5
0.078
IIMC
73
3.11
0.95
0.056
IIML
99
3.09
0.93
0.012
IIMI
100
3.12
0.94
0.014
IIMK
57
3.14
0.9
0.051
IIMS
41
3.01
0.87
0.054
Male
397
3.05
0.98
0.032
Female
129
3.14
0.92
0.05
20-24 Years
230
3.25
0.94
0.061
25-28 Years
169
2.97
0.92
0.079
28+ years
127
2.95
0.92
0.061
Gender
Age Group
222
Students
243
2.85
0.91
0.041
3.11
0.97
0.044
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
2.98
1.02
0.051
Graduate
243
3.12
0.93
0.041
PG/FPM
203
2.84
0.94
0.052
PhD
80
2.98
0.92
0.058
Contribution in Yes
227
2.99
0.93
0.06
299
3.09
0.93
0.012
Qualification
publication
No
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 3.12
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 3.09
and then IIMA
(N=80) mean value is 3.01 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.13 and
then IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.11 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean
value is 3.14 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the
mean score 3.01. The mean value indicates that the IIMK have viewed the
collection of total Audio Cassettes to be more favorable (Mean= 3.14) this
is followed by IIMB (Mean= 3.13).
223
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total Audio Cassettes
for male respondents (Mean= 3.05) with standard deviation 0.98 is lower
than female respondents which mean value is 3.14 with standard deviation
0.92.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 3.25, 2.97 and
2.95 respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents between 2024 years have viewed the collection of Total Audio Cassettes more
favorably (3.25) the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 2.85, 3.11 and 2.98 respectively. It is to find that Research Scholars
shows much interest with respect to other groups.
224
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
3.12, 2.84 and 2.98 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
interest in total collection of Audio Cassettes with mean score 2.99 in
compared to second group with mean score 3.09.
Data Depicted in the Table No. 6.1.17 Collection of CD/DVD’s
according to their Usefulness
Indicators
Variable
No. of
Mean
SD
Res.
Standard
Error (of
Mean)
IIMA
80
4.25
0.6
0.047
IIMB
76
3.97
0.83
0.052
Institute
225
IIMC
73
3.94
0.83
0.068
IIML
99
4.01
0.74
0.047
IIMI
100
4.01
0.74
0.052
IIMK
57
3.63
0.67
0.085
IIMS
41
4.66
0.47
0.05
Male
397
4.01
0.74
0.043
Female
129
4.03
0.67
0.059
20-24 Years
230
4.03
0.7
0.046
25-28 Years
169
4.17
0.68
0.052
28+ years
127
4.03
0.67
0.06
Students
243
4.12
0.74
0.068
4.02
0.74
0.096
Gender
Age Group
Research
Profession
203
Scholar
Faculty
80
4.26
0.61
0.098
Graduate
243
4.12
0.74
0.075
PG/FPM
203
4.02
0.74
0.074
PhD
80
4.16
0.57
0.089
Contribution in Yes
227
4.32
0.76
0.076
299
4.06
0.75
0.037
Qualification
publication
No
226
Institute: on the basis of Institute whole sample has been divided into
seven categories. It is evident that the maximum number no respondents
taken in the present sample from IIMI (N=100) with mean value is 4.01
followed by IIML (N=99) which mean value is 4.01 and then IIMA (N=80)
mean value is 4.25 and Then IIMB (N=76) mean value is 3.97 and then
IIMC (N=73) mean value is 3.94 followed by IIMK (N=57) mean value is
3.63 and then IIMS has lowest no. of respondents (N=41) the mean score
4.66. The mean value indicates that the IIMS have viewed the collection of
total CD/DVD’s to be more favorable (Mean= 4.66) this is followed by
IIMA (Mean= 4.25).
Gender: the number of male respondents of 397 is grater then female
respondents of 129. The Mean value of collection of total CD/DVD’s for
male respondents (Mean= 4.01) is lower than female respondents which
mean value is 4.03.
Age: the respondents on the basis of age were classified in to three groups.
The first group is respondent‘s age 20-24 years; the second groups are those
who between 25-28 years and finally the third group consist of those above
28+ years. The number of respondents in each category happened to be
230, 169 and 127 respectively. The mean score has been 4.03, 4.17 and
227
4.03 respectively. It is interesting to find that the respondents aged between
24-28 have viewed the collection of Total CD/DVD’s more favorably then
the other two groups.
Profession: - on the basis of profession whole sample is divided in to three
groups. In the first group all types of students considered as students
(N=243) in the second group research scholar (N=203) and the third group
all types of teaching staff (N= 80) has been considered. The mean score has
been 4.12, 4.02 and 4.26 respectively. It is to find those faculties show
much interest with respect to research scholar‘s and Students.
Qualification: on the basis of qualification whole sample is divided in to
three groups. In the first group all types of respondents considered as
Graduates (N=243), in the second group Post Graduates (N=203) and third
Group PhD/FPM (N=80) have been considered. The mean value has been
4.12, 4.02 and 4.16 respectively
Contribution in Publication: - on the basis of contribution in publication
respondents divided in to two groups. First group consists who get
published in last five years (N= 227) second group has respondents who
never published (N= 299). It is find that the Second group have more
228
interest in total collection of CD/DVD’s with mean score 4.32 in compared
to second group with mean score 4.06.
INFORMATION SEEKING PATTERN
In this section we analyze the information seeking pattern of the
respondents, for which we analyze the methods and sources of information,
Importance of Different Information Resources in Research, Source for
Acquiring Required Information Resources, Methods and Sources Used for
Current Awareness, Purposes of Information-seeking, and Problems Faced
by Respondents in Information-seeking. Each parameter has own attributes
to check the validity which is ranked 1-5 on link art type scale
Table 6.2.18 Methods and sources of information
S. No.
Method/Source
HS
LS
Mea
n
1
Library catalogues
5
2
3.41
2
Attending conferences, seminars, and 5
1
2.98
workshops
3
Bibliographies
5
2
2.56
4
Browsing the collections in libraries
5
1
3.11
229
5
Internet search engines
5
2
4.12
6
Consultation with experts in the field
5
1
3.09
7
Conversation with library staff
3
1
1.77
8
Electronic databases
5
2
3.78
9
Abstracting journals
5
1
3.45
10
Indexing journals
5
1
3.66
11
Current awareness services of libraries 4
1
2.12
12
Internet
1
2.24
discussion
forums
or 4
newsgroups
It is clearly evidenced in the above table that respondents seeking
information using electronic media in compared to traditional media.
Browsing search engine ranked no one source for seeking information
(M=4.12) followed by electronic database and Indexing journals. On the
other hand Conversation with library staff ranked last with mean score of
1.77 which indicates that the library staff not well supported to information
seeking.
Table 6.2.19 Importance of Different Information Resources in
Research
230
S. No.
Method/Source
HS
LS
Mea
n
1
Library catalogues
5
2
2.78
2
Attending conferences, seminars, and 5
1
2.14
workshops
3
Bibliographies
5
1
2.56
4
Browsing the collections in libraries
5
1
2.66
5
Internet search engines
5
3
4.23
6
Consultation with experts in the field
5
3
4.12
7
Conversation with library staff
4
1
1.89
8
Electronic databases
5
2
3.12
9
Abstracting journals
5
2
3.34
10
Indexing journals
5
2
3.67
11
Current awareness services of libraries 5
1
2.17
12
Internet
1
2.43
discussion
forums
or 5
newsgroups
Again it is clearly evidenced in the above table that respondents given to
importance to these sources for seeking information for their research using
231
electronic media in compared to traditional media. Browsing search engine
ranked no one source for seeking information (M=4.23) followed by
Consultation with experts in the field with mean 4.12. On the other hand
Conversation with library staff ranked last with mean score of 1.89 which
indicates that the library staff is not important source of information
seeking during their research.
Table No 6.2.20 Methods and Sources Used for Current Awareness
S. No.
Method/Source
H
LS
S
Mea
n
1
Personal Collection
5
1
2.36
2
Main Library
5
3
3.78
3
Departmental Library
5
1
2.56
4
Colleagues
5
1
2.45
5
New Book Purchase
5
1
2.65
It is clearly evidenced in the above table that respondents given importance
to their main library with the mean score 3.78 followed by new book
purchase. On the other hand their personal collection of the users is not
enough for current/relevant information.
232
Table No. 6.2.21 Problems Faced by Respondents in Informationseeking
S. No.
Method/Source
HS
LS
Mean
1
Required material is not available
5
1
2.56
2
Information is scattered in too many 5
1
2.11
sources
3
Information sources are located far away
5
1
2.34
4
Latest electronic information sources are 5
1
1.89
not available
5
Lack of time for searching
5
1
2.34
6
Non availability of electronic resource (e- 3
1
1.25
5
1
2.52
electronic 4
1
2.15
Lack of information about available 4
1
1.23
1
1.89
journals and databases)
7
Too Much academic work
8
Lack
of
training
in
resources/products
9
sources
10
Lack of support from Technical library 5
staff
233
11
Language Barrier (Foreign)
5
1
2.43
Data from the above table shows major factors that affected the information
seeking behavior in libraries through the problems they faced in
information seeking process. Attribute ―Required material is not available‖
on the first rank as the respondents didn‘t get their required information on
the prompt when they need the most after that attribute ―too much academic
work‖ in second hurdle in information seeking process after that ―
Language Barrier‖ is the main hurdle cos that required information not in
our mother language. on the other hand ―Non availability of electronic
resource (e-journals and databases)‖ and ―Lack of information about
available sources‖ ranked last as they do not hassle the respondents in
information seeking process.
Table 6.2.22 Satisfaction level of Respondents towards library services
S. No.
Services
HS
LS
Mea
n
1
Documentation Service
5
2
3.73
2
Reprographic services
5
3
4.11
234
3
Internet facility
5
3
3.98
4
ICT Infrastructure
5
3
4.09
5
Bibliographies
3
1
1.67
6
Interlibrary loan
3
1
1.23
7
Location of documents
4
1
2.08
8
Circulation
3
1
1.28
9
Reference Service
4
1
2.48
On the basis of mean score depicted in table no. 6.2.22 users satisfied with
some library services and dissatisfied with some libraries like
documentation services provided by the IIM libraries were ranked
excellent, reprographic service provided by the IIM libraries were also
ranked good, Internet facility and ICT Infrastructure were also ranked good
by the users. on the other hand some library services like interlibrary loan
facility, reference service, location of documents, and circulation were not
satisfied the users.
Conclusion
In this chapter we analyze the Knowledge of the information needs and
information-seeking behavior of users of IIM libraries. In the first part we
235
analyze the choice of library collection according to their usefulness, which
broadly categorized in two categories namely printed and digital further
also categorized in sub- categories. It is fascinating to find that Digital form
of collection is much popular among the users according to their usefulness
and also faculty members also prefer printed material for references.
In the second part we analyze the Information seeking pattern of the users
through some Parameters like the methods and sources of information,
Importance of Different Information Resources in Research, Source for
Acquiring Required Information Resources, Methods and Sources Used for
Current Awareness, Purposes of Information-seeking, and Problems Faced
by Respondents in Information-seeking. Each parameters has own
attributes. It is interesting to find that users mainly use the Internet for
information searching followed by browsing the collection of libraries.
Apart from that users given much more importance to new media in
compare to traditional ways for searching information while they do
research. It is also is interesting to find that users heavily depends on their
main library for their current development of information rather than their
personal collection. Analysis also reveals that users face some problems
while they use the library like the material in not available when they
236
needed most, apart from that too much academic load is also nuisance the
users for searching new information.
REFERENCES:
1. Anjum, M. A. K. (1978).Information needs of humanities teachers of
the University of the Punjab. Unpublished Master‘s Thesis,
Department of Library and Information Science, University of the
Punjab, Lahore.
2. Anwar, M. A. (2007). Research on information seeking and use in
Pakistan: An assessment. Pakistan Journal of Library and
Information Science 8: 15-32.
3. Anwar, M. A., Al-Ansari, H., & Abdullah, A. (2004). Information
seeking behaviour of Kuwaiti journalists. Libri 54 (4):228-236.
4. Bernal, J. D. (1960). Scientific information and its users. ASLIB
Proceedings12: 423-38.
5. Blazek, R., & Aversa , E. (1994). The humanities: A selective guide
to information resources. (4 th ed .) Library Science Text Series.
Englewood, CO : Libraries Unlimited.
237
6. Case, D.O. (2002).Looking for information: A survey of research in
information seeking, needs, and behavior. Amsterdam: Academic
Press.
7. Challener, J. (1999). Information seeking behaviour of professors of
art history and studio art. Unpublished Master's Thesis , Kent State
University.
8. Devadason, F. J., & Lingman, P. P. (1997). A methodology for the
identification of information needs of users. IFLA Journal23 (1); 4151.
9. Hopkins, R. (1989). The information seeking behaviour of literary
scholars. Canadian Library Journal 46(2): 113-115.
10. Line, M. B. (1969). Information requirements in the social sciences:
Some preliminary considerations. Journal of Librarianship 1(1): 119.
11. Majid, S., & Kassim, G. M. (2000), Information-seeking behaviour
of
International
Islamic
University
Malaysia
Law
Faculty
Members.Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science5 (2):
1-17.
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12. Psacharopoulous, G. (1982). Information: An essential factor in
education
planning
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Policy.Comparative
Educational
Review 26(2): 322.
13. Shahzad, K. (2007).Information-seeking behavior of Government
College University teachers: A survey. Unpublished Master's Thesis,
Department of Library and Information Science, University of the
Punjab, Lahore .
14. Wilson, T.D. (1994). Information needs and uses: Fifty years of
progress. In B. C. Vickery (Ed.), Fifty years of information progress:
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Available:http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/papers/1994FiftyYears.ht
ml
15. White, M. D. (1975). The communication behavior of academic
economists in research phases. Library Quarterly 45(5): 337-354.
16. Zhang, W. (1998). Analyzing faculty and staff's information needs
and use of electronic technologies: A liberal arts college's
experience. Journal of Education Media and Library Sciences 35(3):
218-241
239
CHAPTER SEVEN
Findings and Suggestions
Major Findings:
Information-seeking behavior includes "those activities a person may
engage in when identifying their own needs for information, searching for
such information in any way, and using or transferring that information
have defined information-seeking behavior as an individual's way and
manner of gathering and sourcing for information for personal use,
knowledge updating, and development. Information-seeking behavior of
students, researchers, and professors has been the focus of enquiry for
decades. Initially, however, user studies were conducted primarily to
evaluate library collections.
On the basis of analyzed in the previous chapters we find out these major
finding as per objective of the study.
 Majority of the users (72.8 %) users goes library for conducting
academic work followed by professional work like writing books
and writing research papers. 81.8 % students and 84.2 % research
scholars use the library for academic purpose and 68.7 % faculty
members use the library for professional use.
240
 Mostly users preferred both versions print as well as electronic to
use/obtain their required information, but it is certain that AA users
preferred to get their required information in form of e-version
compare to print version.
 Reference books and periodicals are all time favorite of all kind of
users of the IIM libraries. Over 98 % research scholars refer the
reference books for seeking information and on the other side they
also interested in periodicals along with faculty members.
 this research as it found that users are using various IT based
components for IIM for their various purpose as research and
teaching works, etc and using different databases (both free and
commercial databases), search engines through internet/intranet and
as well as conventional sources of information available at their
local libraries.
 Currently users of IIM‘s are using difference sources of information
including electronic information sources for their research and
teaching and getting latest and updated information in their subject‘s
fields.
241
 Most of the users first prefer their main library for required
information then look other options for seeking information.
 Over 70 % of users use the Internet services in campus or in the
library and some of the users has internet facility in their home also
been they use the internet for seeking information.
 Over 50 % user visit daily the library for current development and
25 % users visit the library at least ones in week for information.
 Abstract journal, index journals, handbooks, books and attending
lectures are most favorite sources of information for the students as
well as research scholars also.
 On the other side
Abstract journal, index journals, Research
reports, Conference proceedings and attending lectures much
favorable by the faculty members.
 Printed and Digital both the information sources available in the IIM
libraries. Abstract journal, index journals, handbooks, text books,
Patents, Research reports, Conference proceedings, Video Cassettes,
audio Cassettes, CD/DVD‘s are available in the IIM libraries.
 Academic Pressure, passion to learn new things, update with the
current developments, readiness for better performance, fame is the
factors responsible for gathering information.
242
 Too much academic work and material is not available when the
need most along with language barrier in the most common
problems faced by the users when they seeking information.
 Most of the users quite satisfied with some of the library services
like Documentation Service, Reprographic services, Internet facility,
ICT Infrastructure. But on the other hand some of the service likes
Bibliographies, Interlibrary loan, and Circulation services not
satisfied the users.
 Conventional LIS such as OPAC, User Services, Reference Service,
Bibliographic Service, Current Awareness Service, Document
Delivery, Inter-library loan, Audio-Visual Services and Customer
Relations can be provided more efficiently and effectively by using
ICT, as they offer convenience of time and place, cost effectiveness,
faster and most up to date dissemination and end user‘s involvement
in the LIS processes. OPAC and Web OPAC use power of
computers to find the library material and also provide many
additional benefits such as online reservation of books, remote
access, requesting books for loan, loan renewals, books suggestions
etc. Impact of ICT on information services is characterized by
changes in format, contents and methods of production & delivery of
243
information products, emergence of Internet as largest repository of
information and knowledge, changed role of LIS professional from
intermediary to facilitator, new tools for dissemination of
information, shift from physical to virtual service environment, and
extinction of some conventional information services and emergence
of new and innovative web based LIS.
 Web enabled services are provided through library web page. New
services include access to internet and internet based tools and
services, access to electronic information sources and digital library
of local and institutional documents. Journals, books, dissertation &
theses, course material and patents are some of important sources of
information that are now available in electronic form. Electronic
resources provide 24 hours any where flexibility and convenience of
use by multiple users and full text searches and faster delivery.
Subject gateways are one of the useful tools to provide web access to
internet resources. Digital libraries provide local contents in the
electronic form through internet to global clients.
244
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1 “ Most of the users of IIM’s seek latest information for
the purpose of improving Academic Excellency irrespective of the
format in which information available.”
For the purpose of improving academic excellence either through taken
notes or writing research papers or writing books users use any format
Printed or digital of the library collection to acquire the latest information.
On the basis of position, Faculty members prefer to get the documents/
information in Printed format followed by the research scholars. Users
prefer to get the documents in printed format and used it for contribution in
publishing work.
Table 5.8 clearly evidenced those faculty members, research Scholars and
students prefer to read news paper in print format for their current
development, even students and research scholars prefer to read/refer
text/reference books in print format. On the other side table 5.12 evidenced
that most of the user‘s daily access internet in office or in library or in
home.
245
In table no. 6.1.1 Collection of Printed Books according to their Usefulness
Institute wise results shows that IIMS [mean= 2.95] users refer to printed
books for gather information followed by IIMK users with the Mean value
=2.87. Gender wise female users much favorably seek printed book
collection rather than male users. Profession wise research scholars and
faculty members with the mean value= 2.77 shares the top rank for
referring printed books for seeking latest information. In table 6.1.2
Collection of Digital Books according to their Usefulness Institute wise
IIMB and IIMA ranked top in the category with the Mean value 4.53 and
4.41 respectively. Profession wise the entire professionals equally refers
digital collection of books with the mean score 3.68. 3.74 and 3.75
respectively . In the table 6.1.3 and table no. 6.1.4 Collection of
Printed/Digital Books of Specialization of their subject according to their
Usefulness IIMI users prefer to the printed books Specialization of their
subject according to their Usefulness. On the other hand IIMS users prefer
to digital format for gather the information in their specialized subject area.
Gender wise both the groups prefer the equally to see the collection of
Digital/printed collection of specialized subject books. Contributations in
publication wise users prefer the printed format in compare to digital
format with the mean score 4.66 in compare to 3.77 those who published in
246
last five years. Table no 6.1.5 and table no. 6.1.6 Collection of
Printed/Digital Reference Books according to their Usefulness Institute
wise users indicates that IIMB and IIMA users prefer the Printed format of
Reference Books and IIMK and IIMI users prefer digital format of
reference to gather information for publication. Gender wise female
respondents prefer printed format of reference books rather than male
respondents who love to see the reference books in digital format.
Profession wise students much prefer the printed format of information
rather than research scholars who prefer digital format of information.
Table 6.1.11 and 6.1.12 Printed/Digital Journals and Serials according to
their Usefulness almost all the institute users equally prefer the printed
Journals and Serials for information in compare to verity is seen in digital
format users. Profession wise faculty members taking much interest in
serials and journals in both the formats. Table no. 6.1.13 and 6.1.14
evidenced that students and faculty members taking much interest in
Collection of printed and Digital Indexing/ Abstracting journals
respectively. the shift of the preferences of the users from print to the online
formats. It is strongly supported by the findings in which online journals
and databases have become the most preferred form of document as 75%
users need only online resources in form or the other. Further users prefer
247
taking print of the required information as they feel discomfort in reading
directly from the screen.
In the conclusion from the above analysis it is clearly prove that users seek
latest information for the purpose of improving Academic Excellency either
form printed format or through digital format. Hence the hypothesis is
proved. The central role of the library profession remains the same, but
methods and tools for information storage and retrieval continue to grow
and change dramatically.
HYPOTHESIS TWO
“Most of the users of IIM’s seek information that supports their
teaching and research programme”
The basic aim of a library is to meet the teaching, learning, scholarlyresearch and other information needs of its faculty, students and research
scholars and that too effectively and with efficiency. Medical library and
information professionals ensures that health care providers have access to
reliable, relevant, accurate, up to date and timely information that enhances
the quality of health care.
Table no.5.8 clearly indicates that over 72 % library users visit their library
for academic purpose only. in table No. 5.9A table No. 5.9 B and table no.
248
5.9C clearly shows that students, research scholars and faculty members
Frequently refers all the information resources available in the libraries for
gathering information they needed. In table 6.2.19 importance of different
information resources in research clearly indicates the users seek the
different information resources in their research Programme. Even in
answer of one question they admit that Academic Pressure is too high
which affected their performance in teaching.
In the conclusion we said that users of the IIM libraries seek only concise
information which support their teaching and Research Programme. Hence
the hypothesis is proved.
HYPOTHESIS THREE
“Users i.e. Students, Research Scholars, faculty members and other
professionals depend heavily on electronic resources”
The basic aim of a library is to meet the teaching, learning, scholarlyresearch and other information needs of its faculty, students and research
scholars and that too effectively and with efficiency. The migration of
information from paper to electronic media has changed the whole nature of
research. With the easy availability of office computers and the
transformation of media, the popularity and usage of digital and virtual
249
libraries has been increased. World Wide Web has totally changed the
meaning of a library. Physical presence has been decreased rapidly with the
invention of virtual library. There is a universal assumption that man was
born innocent or ignorant and should actively seek knowledge.
"Information seeking is thus a natural and necessary mechanism of human
existence". Information seeking behavior is the purposive seeking. In this
era of ‗E‘, a sea change can be seen in the information-seeking behavior of
the users of library. In the phase of print media, users had no choice except
going to the library and search for the material in books, journals and
archives for hours. Search was very time consuming in print phase. The
change in the information-seeking behavior is the result of the invention of
E-resources. Readers felt relaxed with this invention and inclination
towards these resources was natural. There are many types of E-resources
like EBooks, E-journals, various open sources, gateways and databases.
Chronologically we can divide these resources specifically journals as, inprint journals, on-line journals free with print, only on-line journals, on-line
databases (which provide cross-links to related articles and other
websites/gateways etc). In the era of ‗E‘, readers demand has become
significant as they ask for an article or topic in place of a book or journal
and at the same time they prefer to search online databases to fulfill their
250
needs. With the invention E-resources quantity and quality of research both
have been affected. Different search techniques are undertaken by library
users to search and locate relevant information. To understand how users of
libraries search and locate relevant documents, we librarians, need to
understand the search techniques and what resources and sources of
information they generally use and require. The status of information and
communication technologies in Indian libraries with special reference to
special libraries and the efforts made by various institutions to propagate einformation products and services.
Electronic environment of the 21st
century will demand a range of skills from library and information science
(LIS) professionals, including technical skills, IT skills , and managerial
skills Users may turn for help and advice on search techniques, database
quality, database development, and the range of databases that are
available.
In table 4.1 shows that all the IIM libraries have large collection of
documents including E-resources IIMA has largest collection of
documents. In table 4.2 evidenced that all the libraries sufficient Hardware
infrastructure for their users. In table 4.3 shows that all the libraries has up
to date software provided to its users and e-collection. Table 4.4 states that
all the libraries using best knowledge networking available in India.
251
In table we analyze the electronic services provided by the IIM‘s, which is
traditionally either not available or users did not want to use because of
their tedious/ time taking process.
In table 5.10 shows that all the users have knowledge to operate and use the
ICT Infrastructure and table 5.11. Shows that majority of users access
internet for content development and table 5.13 revels that most of the
professionals spent their more than 8 hrs per week in library using Eresources.
it is concluded that majority of users of IIM libraries use the E-resources
and now much depends on it for everything like information seeking, using
library services etc. hence the hypothesis is proved.
Suggestions for Future Research
Two types of solutions can be recommended in order to overcome the
difficulties faced by the users. First, long term solutions are necessary to
improve and develop the resource collections within the entire system.
Second, short-term solutions are also necessary as temporary adjustments to
maximize the facilities and the library services. Proper planning and
management is imperative to increase the efficiency and to provide better
services with the available resources. For that purpose, exploration by
evaluation and assessments can be done in the existing system to identify
252
the weaknesses and strengths in the short-run, it is the way to avoid the
predicament in the system. Introducing a proper classification scheme,
organizing a separate resource collection with sufficient space should also
be looked into. Extending the opening hours of libraries on weekdays and
weekends can be identified as a short term solution. For this purpose the
library should also organize a quarterly training for both faculty and
students on the use of library materials and services. It is recommended that
faculty give reading assignments that will require students to consult
journals and other resources in the library, not just for examination
purposes.
253
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QUESTIONNAIRE
267
―IMPACT OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON
INFORMATION NEEDS AND INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF
USERS OF INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LIBRARIES IN
INDIA : A STUDY”
This questionnaire is prepared to investigate the information needs and
information-seeking behavior of Library users in IIM Libraries.
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR USER
Section One
Demographic Information
1. Name :
Dr./Mr./Ms………………
2. Designation:
…………………………………..
3. Gender
4. Age
………………………………..
:
:
5. Qualification:
……………………………………..
…………………………………..
6. E-mail address:
…………………………………………..
7. Name and address of the
Institute………………………………………………………..
8. Have you contributed research papers/books etc. during the last five years
?
268
Yes/No
If yes, please indicate the number of your contributions.
Library use in general
9. How often do you visit the library?
(a) Daily
(b) More than once a week
(c) Once a week
(d) Fortnightly
(e) Once a month
(f) When ever needed
(g) Rarely
10. What type of publications and other sources of information do you use?
(i) Text Books
(ii) Reference books
(iii) Periodicals
(iv) News papers
269
11. Indicate the purpose of using the library.
(a) Recreation
(b) Academic
(c) Professionals
(d) Reference and information
(e) Inspiration
(f) Knowledge
(g) Others
12. Mark (tick) for using the following sources of information for keeping
knowledge with current developments.
Used
Used
Used
Never
Frequently
Some times
Occasionally Used
(a) Abstracting journals(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(b) Indexing journals (
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(c) Books
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(d)Handbooks
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
270
(e) Research reports (
)
(f) Conference proceedings(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(g) Patents
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
(h) Standards
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
(i) Attending lectures (
)
( )
( )
( )
ICT awareness
13. Where do you use the Computer?
At Home/ At Institution/Both/non
14. Where do you use Internet?
At Home/ At Office/ At Library/ At Cyber Cafe/ other place
15. How frequently you use the Internet?
Daily/Weekly
16. Purpose of using the Internet?
Academic Work/ Research Work/ Latest Developments in Subject Field/ Latest
General Information/ Electronic Discussion Group/ Project Consultancy work/ Emails only/ online Trading/Banking/ All these Purpose
271
Section Two
Library Collection
Books
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
1. Please Rate the Documents According to their usefulness
5
4
3
2
1
Printed
Digital
In the area of your
specialization
Reference books
Printed
Digital
Printed
Digital
Theses/Dissertations
Printed
Digital
Research/Project
reports/Case studies
Printed
Digital
272
Journals and Serials
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
2. Periodicals
5
4
3
2
1
Printed
Digital
Indexing/ Abstracting journals Printed
Digital
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
3. Non Book Materials
5
4
3
2
1
Video Cassettes
Audio Cassettes
CD-ROMs/DVDs
273
Information Seeking Pattern of Users
1. Methods and Sources of Required Information
S. No.
Method/Source
Rank
1
Library catalogues
1
2
Attending conferences, seminars, and workshops
3
Bibliographies
4
Browsing the collections in libraries
5
Internet search engines
6
Consultation with experts in the field
7
Conversation with library staff
8
Electronic databases
9
Abstracting journals
10
Indexing journals
11
Current awareness services of libraries
12
Internet discussion forums or newsgroups
2
3
4
5
1= Not at all important; 2= somewhat important; 3= Important; 4= Very
important; 5=extremely important.
274
2. Importance of Different Information Resources in Research
S. No.
Method/Source
Rank
1
Library catalogues
1
2
Attending conferences, seminars, and workshops
3
Bibliographies
4
Browsing the collections in libraries
5
Internet search engines
6
Consultation with experts in the field
7
Conversation with library staff
8
Electronic databases
9
Abstracting journals
10
Indexing journals
11
Current awareness services of libraries
12
Internet discussion forums or newsgroups
2
3
4
5
1= Not at all important; 2= somewhat important; 3= Important; 4= Very
important; 5=extremely important.
275
3. Source for Acquiring Required Information Resources
S. No.
Method/Source
Rank
1
1
Personal Collection
2
Main Library
3
Departmental Library
4
Colleagues
5
New Book Purchase
2
3
4
5
1=Never; 2=Seldom; 3=Sometimes; 4=Frequently; 5=Always
276
4. Purposes of Information-seeking
S. No.
Method/Source
Rank
1
1
Support research
2
Develop competence
3
Keep up with current developments
4
Writing a book or article
5
Workshop and seminar presentations
6
General knowledge
7
Reading purposes only
8
Carry out Academic work
2
3
4
5
1= Not at all important; 2= Somewhat important; 3= Important; 4= Very
important; 5=Extremely important
277
5. Problems Faced by Respondents in Information-seeking
S. No.
Method/Source
Rank
1
1
Required material is not available
2
Information is scattered in too many sources
3
Information sources are located far away
4
Latest electronic information sources are not available
5
Lack of time for searching
6
Non availability of electronic resource (e-journals and
2
3
4
5
databases)
7
Too Much academic work
8
Lack of training in electronic resources/products
9
Lack of information about available sources
10
Lack of support from Technical library staff
11
Language Barrier (Foreign)
1= Not at all important; 2= Somewhat important; 3= Important; 4= Very
important; 5=Extremely important
278
6. Satisfaction level of Respondents towards library services
S. No.
Services
Rank
1
1
Documentation Service
2
Reprographic services
3
Internet facility
4
ICT Infrastructure
5
Bibliographies
6
Interlibrary loan
7
Location of documents
8
Circulation
9
Reference Service
2
3
4
5
1= Not at all Satisfied; 2= Somewhat Satisfied; 3= Satisfied; 4= Very Satisfied;
5=Extremely Satisfied
*************Thank You for Your Cooperation*********
279